Chapter II: Philosophy and Arab Knowledge

1. Grammatical Science 31–35
1. The several Sciences 31
2. The Arabic Language. The Koran 31
3. The Grammarians of Basra and Kufa 32
4. Grammar influenced by Logic. Metrical Studies 33
5. Grammatical Science and Philosophy 35

2. Ethical Teaching 36–41
1. Tradition and Individual Opinion (Sunna,
Hadith, Raʼy) 36
2. Analogy (Qiyas). Consensus of the Congregation
(Idjma) 37
3. Position and Contents of the Muslim Ethical
System (al-Fiqh) 38
4. Ethics and Politics 40

3. Doctrinal Systems 41–64
1. Christian Dogmatic 41
2. The Kalam 42
3. The Mutazilites and their Opponents 43
4. Human and Divine Action 44
5. The Being of God 46
6. Revelation and Reason 48
7. Abu-l-Hudhail 49
8. Nazzam 51
9. Djahiz 53
10. Muammar and Abu Hashim 54
11. Ashari 55
12. The Atomistic Kalam 57
13. Mysticism or Sufism 62

4. Literature and History 65–71
1. Literature 65
2. Abu-l-Atahia. Mutanabbi. Abu-l-Ala. Hariri 65
3. Annalistic. Historical Tradition 67
4. Masudi and Muqaddasi 69