Chapter VIII: The Alpine Fauna (2)

These are the views of Professor Engler and Dr. Christ. They agree in so far as both of them maintain that the bulk of the Alpine flora is post-glacial--that is to say, that it has developed quite recently, or migrated to the Alps after the glaciers had retreated from the plain to the mountain recesses. It is assumed by Dr. Christ that while Europe was practically uninhabitable, a rich flora survived in Northern Asia, because the climate there was too dry for the development of glaciers. Due consideration in this interesting speculation, however, is not given to the fact which he himself emphasised, that Alpine plants are particularly prone to suffer from a dry climate. Even a moderately dry cold kills most of them. How can we then reconcile this fact with the theory of their origin in a dry and intensely cold climate? I quite agree with the views as to the Asiatic origin of the bulk of the Alpine flora, while the dry state of the Siberian climate is certainly indicated by the extremely feeble development of the glaciers during a large part of the Glacial period. We know, however, that in Pliocene and even in early Glacial times the atmospheric conditions must have been very different in Siberia. A great slice of Central Asia was under water, and numerous freshwater lakes covered the lowlands in the north, so that the climate must have been damp though not cold enough for the formation of extensive glaciers. Everything, in fact, seems to indicate that the migration of the Asiatic Alpine flora took place at a very early date--probably long before the Glacial period--either by the Oriental or by the Arctic route _via_ North America, Greenland, and Scandinavia. But would this not necessitate a survival of the Alpine plants in the Alps themselves? That is the view which has already been expressed with regard to the fauna, and the flora probably followed a very similar course. This is by no means a novel theory, however, and though unfortunately an untimely death has removed one of our very best authorities on the Alpine flora before he had completed his life's work, we have some indications in the earlier writings of John Ball that his opinions on the origin of that flora did not coincide with those held by the leading continental authors. To quote the words of this distinguished botanist (p. 576): "Is it credible that in the short interval since the close of the Glacial period hundreds of very distinct species and several genera have been developed in the Alps, and--what is no less hard to conceive--that several of these non-Arctic species and genera should still more recently have been distributed at wide intervals throughout a discontinuous chain some 1500 miles in length, from the Pyrenees to the Eastern Carpathians? Nor would the difficulties cease there. You would have left unexplained the fact that many of the non-Arctic types which are present in the Alps are represented in the mountains of distant regions, not by the same, but by allied species, which must have descended from a common ancestor; that one species of _Wulfenia_, for example, inhabits one small corner of the Alps, that another is found in Northern Syria, while a third allied species has its home in the Himalaya." Mr. Ball is of opinion (p. 584) that the effects of the Glacial period have been greatly overrated. "Even during the period of maximum cold the highest ridges of the Alps were not completely covered with snow and ice; for we still see by the appearance of the surface, the limit above which the ancient ice did not reach, and in the middle zone the slopes that rose above the ancient glaciers had a summer climate not very different from that which now prevails. In my opinion the effect of the Glacial period on the growth of plants in the Alps was to lower the vertical height of the zones of vegetation by from one to two thousand feet." He acknowledges that there was probably a moderate diminution of the mean temperature of Europe with an increased snowfall, so as to cause a great extension of glaciers on all the mountains of Northern Europe. "But that the climate of Middle Europe was such that the plants of the high Alps could spread across the plains seems to me an improbable supposition" (p. 584).

On the Continent, also, some botanists seem to feel that Forbes's theories of the origin of the Alpine flora, which were at first hailed with such delight, and accepted by almost every naturalist as the final verdict, must be modified in the light of recent researches. Professor Krasan believes that many plants which now live in the high Alps flourished in pliocene times at sea-level (p. 37). "Especially the evergreen species exhibit the impression of an originally mild climate--of a climate without winter frosts--for otherwise the plants would have developed into species with deciduous leaves." To the favourable conditions, consisting in periodic snowfalls and high summer temperature, must be attributed the fact that in the highlands so many more species from Tertiary times have survived than in the plains. The temperature was probably much higher during the Glacial period than is generally believed. The climate was more moist, thus contributing to an abundant snowfall, while the survivors of ancient Tertiary times were able to repeople the parts which were temporarily devastated by the advancing glaciers.

In so short a chapter it is impossible to deal with the Alpine fauna in a manner more deserving of this theme. I have merely sought to give a sketch of the general outlines of the subject and to suggest another possible mode of origin of Alpine animals than that currently believed in by naturalists. It is to be hoped these suggestions will be useful to those intending to reinvestigate the problems raised in this chapter. When our knowledge of the fauna of Asia is more complete, it will be possible to give a more thorough and in many respects a more satisfactory history of the European fauna than at present.

SUMMARY OF CHAPTER VIII.

In early Tertiary times the area now covered by the European Alps was covered by the sea. Islands slowly rose above the surface of the waters, which finally coalesced to form a peninsula connected with the mainland in the east. Animals now began to invade the new territory which continued to rise, while the sea retired farther and farther to the north and south. During the Pliocene Epoch the sea ceased to wash the northern shores of the Alps, and both emigration and immigration became possible in that direction, and also from and to the west.

The Alpine fauna and also the flora are made up of a number of elements, the eastern one being the oldest. The latter is represented in the Alps by the older and newer Oriental migration. The general range of the Alpine Steinbock, Chamois, Marmot, Vole, Shrew, and Hare are specially referred to. The Alpine birds are few in number, and all of them are readily traceable to an Asiatic ancestry. Among the Amphibia, the Salamanders are considered of Alpine origin.

Dr. Kobelt tells us that a uniformity of character marks the Alpine molluscan fauna. _Campylaea_,--often considered a sub-genus of _Helix_,--_Pomatias_, _Zonites_, are looked upon as truly Alpine genera. For very long periods the Alps seem to have received no addition to their molluscan fauna from other areas. The case is very different with the _Lepidoptera_, some of the most striking species being evidently Asiatic immigrants. Some examples of _Coleoptera_ and _Orthoptera_ are mentioned, and their origin discussed.

We find as the result of these considerations that the majority of the Alpine species are either indigenous or have come from Asia with the Oriental migration. None of the northern or western immigrants appear to be among the characteristic Alpine species, and it seems that the Siberian migrants have not retired to the Alps, as some naturalists have been led to suppose. It is evident that the fauna must have survived the Glacial period on the Alps, though according to geological evidence glaciers of enormous size originated on these mountains.

The identity of many Alpine species with Scandinavian ones appears at first sight due to a direct migration from the Alps to Scandinavia or _vice versa_. Perhaps such a migration has taken place to some extent, but it is probable that from a Central Asiatic centre some species spread across Arctic America into Northern Europe, and also westward to the Alps. The Grouse family forms an interesting example.

There are two older theories which explain the similarity between the Scandinavian and Alpine faunas. Forbes's view, which gained most adherents among naturalists, was that the Scandinavian and Alpine animals were driven into the plain by the cold during the Glacial period, and when they ultimately regained their homes, some individuals of the northern species moved southward, and a few of the southern ones northward. By the more recent theory of Nehring, the Siberian animals which invaded our continent from the east, and then spread northward to Scandinavia and southward to the Alps, formed the nucleus of the faunas of these two areas. The objections to both of these views are fully set forth in this chapter.

A few remarks on the botanical aspect of the Alpine problem conclude the chapter. The origin of the flora has been explained in a very similar manner to that of the fauna. But already Ball and Krasan have raised their voices against the current theories, as the facts of distribution appear to them more satisfactorily explained on lines more consonant with those which I have used in discussing the origin of the Alpine fauna. One of the most important conclusions obtained by this study of the flora in conjunction with the fauna, is that I have emphasised in most of the preceding chapters--viz., that the Glacial period in Europe was not a time of extreme cold, and that its destructive effect on the animals and plants was by no means such as is currently believed.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(_Titles of Works and Papers referred to in the Text._)

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Barrett-Hamilton, G. E. H. (_vide_ also Thomas and Barrett-Hamilton).--Notes on the Introduction of the Brown Hare in Ireland, "Irish Naturalist," vol. vii., 1898.

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Blytt, A.--"Essay on the Immigration of the Norwegian Flora," 1876.

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Bogdanov, M. M.--Quelques mots sur l'histoire de la faune de la Russie d'Europe, "Archives des Sciences physiques et naturelles" (N.S.), vol. lvi., 1876.

Bonney, T. G.--"Ice-work, Present and Past," 1896.

Boulenger, G. A.--British Museum Catalogue (Amphibia), 1882.

Bourguignat, J. R.--Distribution geographique des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles en Algerie, "Annales des Sciences naturelles" (5th ser.), vol. v., 1864.

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Brauer, A.--Die Arktische Subregion, "Zool. Jahrbuecher" (Abth. System.), 1888.

Brehm, A. E.--"From North Pole to Equator," 1896.

Brooke, Sir V.--On the Classification of the Cervidae, "Proc. Zool. Soc. London," 1878.

Bulman, G. W.--The Effect of the Glacial Period on the Fauna and Flora of the British Islands, "Natural Science," vol. iii., 1893.

Bunge, D.--La faune eteinte des bouches de la Lena et des iles de la Nouvelle Siberie, "Congres Intern. de Zoologie," vol. ii., Moscow, 1892.

Carpenter, G. H.--Problems of the British Fauna, "Natural Science," vol. ii., 1897.

Christ, H.--"Das Pflanzenleben der Schweiz," 1879.

Cole, G. J.--Borderland, "Irish Naturalist," vol. vi., 1897.

Credner, R.--Die Reliktenseen, "Petermann's Geog. Mitth.," 1887.

Croll, J.--"Climate and Time," 1875.

Darwin, C.--"Origin of Species," 6th ed., 1878.

Dawkins, W. Boyd.--=a.= "Early Man in Britain," 1880. =b.= "The British Pleistocene Mammalia," part A, Preliminary Treatise, 1878. =c.= The Former Range of the Reindeer in Europe, "Popular Science Review," vol. vii., 1868.

Drude, O.--Betrachtungen ii. d. hypothetischen vegetationslosen Einoeden im temperirten Klima der Noerdlichen Hemisphaere zur Eiszeit, "Petermann's Geog. Mitth.," vol. xxxv., 1889.

Emery, C.--On the Origin of European and North American Ants, "Nature," vol. lii., 1895.

Engler, A.--"Versuch einer Entwicklungsgeschichte d. extratrop. Florengebiete d. Noerdlichen Hemisphaere," 1879.

Falsan, A.--"La Periode Glaciaire," 1889.

Feilden, H. W.--=a.= Notes on the Glacial Geology of Arctic Europe and its Islands, part 2, "Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.," vol. lii., 1896. =b.= Notes on a small Collection of Spitsbergen Plants, "Trans. Norfolk and Norwich Nat. Hist. Soc.," vol. vi., 1894.

Fischer, P.--Faune malacologique de Cauterets, suivie d'une etude sur la repartition des Mollusques, "Journal de Conchyliologie" (3rd series), vol. xvi., 1876.

Forbes, E.--The Geological Relations of the Fauna and Flora of the British Isles, etc., "Memoirs Geol. Survey," vol. i., 1846.

Geikie, Sir A.--"Text-book of Geology," 1882.

Geikie, J.--=a.= "The Great Ice Age," 1894. =b.= On Changes of Climate during the Glacial Period, "Geological Magazine," vol. ix., 1872.

Haacke, W.--Der Nordpol als Schoepfungs-zentrum der Landfauna, "Biologisches Centralblatt," vol. vi., 1887.

Harle, E.--Sur la succession de diverses faunes a la fin du quaternaire, dans le sud-ouest de la France, "Societe d'Histoire Naturelle," Toulouse, 1893.

Harmer, F. W.--On the Pliocene Deposits of Holland, and their relation to the English and Belgian Crags, "Quarterly Journal Geological Soc.," vol. lii., 1896.

Herdman, W. A., and Lomas, J.--On the Floor Deposits of the Irish Sea, "Proc. Liverpool Geological Society," vol. viii., 1898.

Hofman, E.--Die Isoporien der Europaeischen Tagfalter, "Inaugural Diss. d. Phil. Fakultaet in Jena," 1873.

Hooker, J. D.--Outlines of the Distribution of Arctic Plants, "Trans. Linnean Soc.," vol. xxiii., 1862.

Howorth, Sir H.--"The Mammoth and the Flood," 1887.

Ihering, H. von.--=a.= Die Ameisen von Rio Grande d. Sul, "Berliner Entomolog. Zeitschrift," vol. iii., 1894. =b.= Najaden von Sao Paulo und die geographische Verbreitung d. Suesswasserfaunen von Sued Amerika, "Archiv. f. Naturgesch.," 1893.

Jordan, H.--Die Binnenmollusken der noerdl. gemaess. Laender, "Nova Acta Acad. Carol.-Leop.," vol. xlv., 1883.

Judd, J. W.--Address to the Geological Section, "British Association Report," Aberdeen, 1885.

Karpinski, A.--Uebersicht d. physiko-geograph. Verhaeltnisse d. Europ. Russlands, etc., "Beitraege z. Kenntniss d. Russ. Reichs" (3 Folge), vol. iv., 1888.

Kendall, P. F., and Bell, A.--On the Pliocene Beds of St. Erth, "Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc.," vol. xlii, 1886.

Kennard, A. S., and Woodward, B. B.--The Mollusca of the English Cave-Deposits, "Proc. Malacological Soc.," vol. ii., 1897.

Kew, H. W.--"The Dispersal of Shells," 1893.

Kinahan, G. H.--On possible land-connections in recent geological times between Ireland and Great Britain, "Trans. Manchester Geol. Soc.," vol. xxiv., 1896.

Kobelt, W.--=a.= Das Verhaeltniss d. Europ. Landmoll. z. Westindien und Central Amerika, "Nachrichtsblatt d. deutschen Malak. Gesell.," 1886. =b.= "Studien zur Zoogeographie," vols. i., ii., 1897-98.

Koeppen, F. T.--Das Fehlen d. Eichhoernchens, etc., in der Krim, "Beitraege zur Kenntniss d. Russ. Reichs" (2 Folge), vol. vi., 1883.

Krasan, F.--Zur Abstammungsgesch. d. autochthonen Pflanzenarten, "Mitth. d. Naturw. Ver. Steiermark," 1896.

Lamplugh, G. W.--The Glacial Period and the Irish Fauna, "Nature," vol. lvii., 1898.

Lomas (_vide_ Herdman and Lomas).

Lydekker, R.--=a.= "A Handbook of the British Mammalia," 1895. =b.= "A Geographical History of Mammals," 1896. =c.= "The Deer of all Lands," 1898. =d.= Catalogue of the Fossil Mammalia of the British Museum, pt. 4, 1886.

Major, C. J. Forsyth.--=a.= Die Tyrrhenis, "Kosmos," 7 Jahrg., 1883. =b.= Studien zur Geschichte der Wildschweine, "Zool. Anzeiger," vol. vi., 1883.

Mallet, R.--Some Remarks upon the Movements of Post-tertiary and other Discontinuous Masses, "Journal Geol. Soc. Dublin," vol. v., 1850-53.

Merriam, C. H.--The Geographic Distribution of Life in North America, "Proc. Biological Soc. Washington," vol. vii., 1892.

Murray, Andrew.--"The Geographical Distribution of Mammals," 1866.

Nathorst, A. G.--Kritische Bemerkungen ueber die Geschichte d. Vegetation Groenlands, "Botanische Jahrbuecher," vol. xiv., 1891.

Nehring, A.--"Tundren und Steppen der Jetzt und Vorzeit," 1890.

Neumayr, M.--"Erdgeschichte," vol. ii., 1887.

Ogilvie, W. R. Grant.--"Game Birds," 1895.

Penck, A.--Die grosse Eiszeit, "Himmel und Erde."

Petersen, W.--Die Lepidopterenfauna d. arktisch. Gebiete von Europa, "Beitraege z. Kenntniss d. Russ. Reichs," vol. iv., 1888.

Pettersen, K.--Arktis, "Arch. f. Math. og Naturvid.," 1882.

Pohlig, H.--Dentition und Kraniologie des Elephas antiquus (part 2), "Nova Acta Acad. Carol.-Leop.," vol. liii., 1889.

Reade, Mellard--=a.= The Present Aspects of Glacial Geology, "Geological Magazine," vol. iii., 1896. =b.= High Level Shelly Sands and Gravels, "Natural Science," vol. iii., 1893.

Reid, C.--The Pliocene Deposits of Britain, "Mem. Geol. Survey of the United Kingdom," 1890.

Ruetimeyer, L.--"Die Herkunft unserer Thierwelt," 1867.

Sars, G. O.--Crustacea Caspica, "Bull. Acad. Imp. d. Sciences St. Petersburg," vol. xiii., 1893-94.

Scharff, R. F.--=a.= On the Origin of the European Fauna, "Proc. Royal Irish Acad." (3rd. ser.), vol. iv., 1897. =b.= Some Remarks on the Distribution of British Land and Freshwater Mollusca, "Conchologist," vol. ii., 1893. =c.= Etude sur les mammiferes de la Region Holarctique, "Mem. de la Soc. Zool. de France," vol. viii., 1894.

Schulz, A.--"Grundzuege einer Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Pflanzenwelt Mittel-europas," 1894.

Sharpe, R. Bowdler.--British Museum Catalogue (Birds).

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Sollas, W. J.--On the Origin of Freshwater Faunas, "Trans. Royal Dublin Soc." (2nd ser.), vol. iii., 1884.

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Struckmann, C.--Ueber die Verbreitung d. Rennthiers, in d. Gegenwart, etc., "Zeitschr. d. deutsch. Geol. Gesell.," vol. iii., 1883.

Suess, E.--"Das Antlitz der Erde," vol. i., 1892.

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Thomas, O., and Barrett-Hamilton, G. E. H.--The Irish Stoat distinct from the British species, "Zoologist," 1895.

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Warming, E.--Ueber Groenlands Vegetation, "Botanische Jahrbuecher," vol. x., 1888-89.

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Wright, J.--Boulder-clay a marine deposit, "Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow," vol. x., 1896.

INDEX.

_Ablepharus pannonicus_, 258

_Accentor collaris_, 316
_modularis_, 317

Accidental distribution, 12, 26

_Acipenser ruthenus_, 29

Acme, 323

Adams, Leith, 112, 150

AEgean continent, subsidence of, 272-273

Agriolimax, 284

_Alactaga jaculus_, 204

_Alca impennis_, 92, 142

Alligator, accidental dispersal of, 14

_Allolobophora Georgii_, 115, 302
_veneta_, 115, 302

Alpine Accentor, 316
Chough, 317
fauna, survival of, during Glacial period, 332
flora, 341-348
flora, age of, 78, 79
flora, suitable conditions for, 78-79
Hare, as a test of climate, 316
Snow-finch, 318

Alps, component elements of fauna, 311-312

Alston, E. R., 312

_Alytes cisternasii_, 295
_obstetricans_, 295

_Amalia_, 284

America, introductions from, 24

American beetles in the British Islands, 167
plants, origin of, in the British Islands, 144
plants in Ireland, 166
sponges in Ireland, 166

_Ampelis garrulus_, 205

Amphibia of Europe, 193-194
dispersal of, 21

_Amphicoma_, 268

Andalusian Bush-quail, 291-292

_Anergates_, 167

Anglo-Scotian fauna, 95

Animals as tests of climate, 71-75

Antelope, 39

Ants, European origin of, 161

_Apollo_, 325

_Apus glacialis_, 94, 167

Aralo-Caspian Sea and Arctic Ocean, connection between, 219-231

_Arbutus unedo_, 110, 307

Arctic animals in Caspian Sea, 238
flora in Europe, 238-241
Hare, origin of, 148-149, 158-159
Hare, range of, 136-138
Lepidoptera, 200
plant-beds at Bovey Tracy, 238
plants, 143-144
plants, delicacy of, 185
mollusca in Red Crag, 235-236
Seal, 174
sub-region, 132

_Arctomys bobak_, 204, 313
_marmotta_, 313

_Arion_, 48, 299
_subfuscus_, 49

_Arionidae_, origin of, 48, 299

_Asiminea Grayana_, 99

Aucapitaine, Baron, experiments by, 15

Autochthonous species, 10

Azores, remains of a continent, 19

_Bacillus_, 269-270

Badger, distribution of, 43

_Balea perversa_, 298

Ball, J., 77, 345-347

Baltic Sea, fauna of, 174

Baltic and White Seas, connection between, 175

Banded Lemming, range of, 138

Barn Owl, 98

Barrett-Hamilton, G. E. H., 29, 90, 139, 149

Barriers to animal migration, 38

Barrington, R. M., 105

_Bathyphantes nigrinus_, 94

Baur, G., 19

Bearded Titmouse, 292

Beaver, 203

Beaver absent from Ireland, 121

Beddard, F. E., 19, 58

Bedriaga, J. von, 259-260

Beetles common to North America and Europe, 161
American, in British Islands, 167

Bell (_vide_ Kendall and Bell)

Black Cock, 143

Black Grouse, 336

Blanchard, E., 282

_Blanus cinereus_, 279, 294

_Blethisa multipunctata_, 93

Blytt, A., 34, 52, 79, 185, 239

Boar, distribution of, 44

Bobak Marmot, 204

Boettger, O., 48, 263

Bogdanov, M. M., 53

_Bombinator_, 259-260
_igneus_, 259
_pachypus_, 259

Bonnet, 306

Bonney, T. G., 66, 70, 83, 180, 229

Boulenger, G. A., 259

Boulder-clay, foraminifera in, 84
origin of, 81, 175, 180-181, 229-230
of Continental Europe, 180, 226-231

Bourguignat, J. R., 18, 47, 302

Bovey Tracy, arctic plant beds at, 238

Boyd, E., 104

_Branchinecta palludosa_, 167

Brandt, J. F., 51, 62, 107, 218, 222

Brauer, A., 132-133

Brehm, A. E., 139

Bristle-fern, 115

British flora during Glacial period, 163

British Islands, Lusitanian flora in, 288, 306-307
submergence of, 127

Brooke, Sir V., 247, 250

Brunner von Wattenwyl, 270

_Bufo calamita_, 30

_Buliminus detritus_, 261
_fasciolatus_, 261
_obscurus_, 261
_pupa_, 261

Bullfinch, origin of, 191, 255-256

Bulman, G. W., 114

Bunge, D., 219

Bush-quail, Andalusian, 291-292

Butterflies, Arctic distribution of, 159-161
origin of North European, 55

_Caccabis rufa_, 29

_Campylaea_, sub-genus of _Helix_, 49, 321

Canary Islands, origin of, 19

_Canis lagopus_, 135

Capercaillie, 28, 143, 336-337

_Capra ibex_, 312
_aegagrus_, 61, 312
_pyrenaica_, 312
_sibirica_, 312
_sinaitica_, 312

_Carabus_, 199

_Carduelis_, 257
_caniceps_, 258
_elegans_, 257
_major_, 257

Carpenter, G. H., 64, 94-95, 104, 114, 121-123, 288, 301

Caspian Fishes, 224
post-pliocene deposits, 222, 226
Sea, Arctic animals in, 238
seal, 224

_Castor fiber_, 203

Cave deposits, mixture of Northern and Southern animals in, 54

Cenocosmic species, 24

Centre of distribution, 12, 43, 47
origin, shifting of, 202

_Cervidae_, origin of, 248

_Cervus dama_, 251
_elaphus_, 246-250
_giganteus_, 108, 251

_Chamaeleon vulgaris_, 279

Chamois, 312

Charrs, origin of, 124

_Chioglossa_, 296

Chough, Alpine, 317

Christ, H., 52, 343-344

Christy, Miller, 105

_Chrysochraon_, 330

_Cicindela_, 197-198

_Cinclus_, 255

Clarke, Eagle, 105

_Clausilia_, 47, 262-264, 284
_bidentata_, 47, 262, 284
_biplicata_, 47
_laminata_, 47
_Pauli_, 48, 263
_Rolphii_, 47

_Claviger_, 267-268
_testaceus_, 268

Climate in Glacial period, 65, 81, 127, 149, 182-183
in Pleistocene Europe, 208-209

Close, Maxwell, 129

Cod-fish, origin of, 143

_Coecilianella_, 17

_Coenonympha typhon_, 93

Cole, G. J., 83, 106-107

Coleoptera of Europe, origin of, 197
common to Europe and North America, 161

_Colias_, 266

_Coregonus_, 124
_clupeoides_, 124
_pollan_, 124
_vandesius_, 124

Cosmopolitan species, 24

_Cottus_, 92-93
_bubalis_, 93
_gobio_, 93
_quadricornis_, 175
_scorpio_, 93

Credner, R., 177-178

_Cricetus frumentarius_, 190
_vulgaris_, 204

Crimea formerly an island, 35

Crimean fauna, 57

Croll, J., 66

_Crocidura_, 253
_etrusca_, 253, 279

_Cuniculus torquatus_, 138

Current, Arctic, 172-173

_Cyanopolius Cooki_, 293
_cyanus_, 293

_Cyclostoma elegans_, 16

_Danais chrysippus_, 267

Dartford Warbler, 288

Darwin, C., 13-15, 17-19, 25, 32-33, 339

_Daudebardia_, 323

_Daulias luscinea_, 192

Dawkins, Boyd, 53, 62-63, 72-73, 107, 112-113, 120, 208, 222-223, 282

Day, F., 29

Deperet, C., 44, 276

Dippers, origin of, 255

_Discoglossus pictus_, 279, 295-296

Dispersal of Amphibia, 59
of beetles (_apterous_), 59
of British butterflies, 113
of earthworms, 58
of planarian worms, 59
of spiders, 59
of wood-lice, 59

Distribution, centres of, 12, 43, 47
discontinuous, 114

Dormouse, 316
absent from Ireland, 121

_Drapetisca socialis_, 94

_Dreyssensia polymorpha_, 26, 230-231

Drift, a marine deposit, 129

Drude, O., 52, 77

_Dryas octopetala_, 79, 238

Dual origin, possibility of, 38

Dyer, Th., 79

Earth-worms, distribution of, 19, 23, 58

Edelweiss, 266, 342

Egean Continent, subsidence of, 272-273

Eider-duck, range of, 141

_Elephantidae_, origin of, 202, 252-253

_Elephas primigenius_, 214, 252

Emery, C., 161, 167

Endemic species, 10

Engler, A., 52, 145, 171, 176, 282, 341-342

English Hare, 29

_Ephydatia crateriformis_, 94

_Epoccus_, 167

_Erebia_, 325-326
_aethiops_, 325-326
_epiphron_, 325
_glacialis_, 326
_lappona_, 326

_Eremias_, 258

Erratics, 181-182

_Eryx jaculus_, 259

_Euphorbia hiberna_, 307

European beetles, origin of, 197
butterflies, origin of, 200
land and fresh-water mollusca, origin of, 196
mammals, origin of, 106, 193

_Eurynebria complanata_, 302

_Evotomys Nageri_, 314

Extension of range, mode of, 38

Fallow Deer, 251

Falsan, A., 66, 68-69, 71, 73

Feilden, H. W., 13, 77, 84-85, 164

Finmark, Greenland mollusca on coast of, 171

Fire-toads, origin of, 259

Fischer, P., 103

Fishes, Caspian, 224

"Flotsam and jetsam" theory, 20

Foraminifera in boulder-clay, 84

Forbes, E., 64, 101, 110, 114-115, 171, 288, 339

Forest-Bed an inter-glacial deposit, 70
corresponding to continental inter-glacial deposits, 120
fauna of, 232-234
mollusca, 212-213

Fossil glaciers, 220

Fresh-water faunas, origin of, 177

_Fringilla_, 293
_coelebs_, 293
_madeirensis_, 293
_montifringilla_, 293
_spodiogenys_, 293
_teydea_, 293

Frog, introduction of, into Ireland, 30-31

Gadow, H., 139

Galapagos Islands, 19

_Galeodes_, 270

_Gammaracanthus relictus_, 179

Gardner, J. S., 145

_Garnieria_, sub-genus of _Clausilia_, 48

_Gasterosteus aculeatus_, 92

Gaudry, A., 73, 273

Geikie, Sir A., 116, 309

Geikie, J., 59, 66-67, 70, 75-76, 80-83, 116, 129, 163, 182, 216-217,
226-227, 233, 235, 238

Geographical changes, importance of, 64

_Geomalacus maculosus_, 5, 49, 99, 102, 115, 298-299

Gervais, E., 150

Glacial climate in France, 150
period, climate of, 65-81, 127, 149, 182-183
period in Scandinavia, 176
period, survival of animals and plants during, 65

Glaciation of Ireland, 129

Glutton, 119, 203

Goldfinch, origin of, 257

_Gonepteryx_, 296-297
_cleobule_, 297
_cleopatra_, 296
_rhamni_, 296

Gould, J. E., 20

Great Auk, range of, 92, 142

Greenland flora, 161-162
flora, survival of, 163-164
miocene temperature in, 146
mollusca on coast of Finmark, 171
Tertiary plants, 144-145

Grouse, 91, 334
black, 336

_Gulo luscus_, 119, 203

Haacke, W., 147

Hamilton, John, 161

Hamster, 190, 204

Hanitsch, R., 94

Hare, 2, 29, 90
Arctic, 2, 90-91
English, 29

Hare, Alpine, as a test of climate, 316

Harle, E., 150

Harmer, F. W., 182

Harvest-mouse, 3, 190

Harvie-Brown, J. A., 105

Haughton, W., 86

Hazel-grouse, 337

Hedge Accentor, 317

Hedley, C., 20

Heer, O., 144-145

_Helix_, 4
_acuta_, 102, 298
_aculeata_, 298
_aspersa_, 24, 195
_ericetorum_, 298
_fusca_, 298
_lapicida_, 4
_obvoluta_, 4, 297
_pisana_, 102, 298
_pomatia_, 15, 32, 195, 262
_revelata_, 102
_rotundata_, 122, 274, 298
_ruderata_, 212-213

Herdman, W. A., and Lomas, J., 236

Herring, origin of, 143

_Heteromeyenia Ryderi_, 94

Hofman, E., 54

Hooker, Sir J., 99, 161

_Hopatroides thoracicus_, 268

Howorth, Sir H., 73

Hyalinia, antiquity of, 50

_Hyla_, 260
_arborea_, 260-261, 280
_chinensis_, 260

Ice-Age, climate of, 65, 81

Ice-bridge, migration on, 108

_Idotea entomon_, 178, 224

Ihering, H. von, 19, 20, 24-25

Indigenous species, 10

Inter-glacial deposit, the Forest-Bed an, 70
periods, climate of, 181, 218

Introduced species, 10, 23, 27-29

Introduction by man, 32-33

Introductions from America, 24

Ireland, glaciation of, 129

Irish and Scotch Hare, 136
Elk, 108, 251-252

Irish fauna, composition of, 63
Stoat, 136

Isle of Man, fauna of, 123

_Isotoma littoralis_, 94

Jeffreys, J. G., 27

Jerboa, 204

Jordan, H., 103

Judd, J. W., 61

Karpinski, H., 222

Kendall, P. J., 125

Kendall, P. J., and Bell, A., 174

Kennard, A. S., 167

Kennard, A. S., and Woodward, B. B., 4

Kessler, H., 222

Kew, H. W., 17, 23, 32

Killarney fern, 115

Kinahan, G. H., 107-108, 129

Kirkdale Cavern, remains in, 54

Kobelt, W., 49, 56, 58, 62, 75, 195-196, 212, 281, 297, 303, 321-323

Koeppen, F. T., 51, 62, 222, 248

Krasan, F., 347

_Lagomys_, origin of, 41, 203

_Lagopus_, 334
_albus_, 91, 142, 334
_hyperboreus_, 334
_leucurus_, 335
_mutus_, 91, 142, 334
_rupestris_, 334
_scoticus_, 334

_Laminifera_, sub-genus of _Clausilia_, 48

Lamplugh, G. W., 107-108

Land-connection between America and Northern Europe, 61
British Islands and France, 59-60
British Islands and Scandinavia, 61
Europe and North Africa, 61
Europe and North America, 61, 168-172
Greece and Asia Minor, 61
Greenland and Europe, 155, 159
Ireland and Spain, 110

Land Mollusca, migrations of, 9

Land shells, West Indian, 21

Lartet, E., 51, 73, 107, 150

Lemming, range of, 138-140

_Leontopodium alpinum_, 266, 342

_Lepus_, 27, 29, 31
_alpinus_, 136
_cuniculus_, 27, 31, 291
_europaeus_, 29, 316
_glacialis_, 136
_lacostei_, 291
_variabilis_, 2, 29, 136, 315

Lepidoptera, range of, 159-160
Arctic, 200
surviving Glacial period, 54

Leuckart, R., 176

Lewis, Carvill, 129

_Limax_, 284
_marginatus_, 284
_maximus_, 284

_Limnocalanus macrurus_, 179

_Linyphia insignis_, 94

"Loess" fauna, 75, 196

Lomas (_vide_ Herdman and Lomas)

Loven, S., 177

Lusitanian flora in British Islands, 288, 306-307
spiders, 301

Lydekker, R., 14, 22, 32, 58, 157, 183, 202, 248, 252

Lyell, Sir C., 14, 22

_Lyrurus tetrix_, 336

_Macroptychia_, sub-genus of _Clausilia_, 48

Madeira, 19
molluscan fauna of, 25
remains of a continent, 19

Major, Forsyth, 45-46, 280, 282

Mallet, R., 86

Mammoth in Siberia, 214-217
range of, 252-253

Mammals, dispersal of, 9, 21

_Mantis religiosa_, 269

Maps, general plan of, 8

Margaritana, 93

Marine connection between Caspian Sea and Arctic Ocean, 62, 219-231
mollusca, distribution of, 236
origin of boulder-clay, 82-86, 228-230

Marine shells above sea-level, 127-128
transgression in Northern Russia, 172

Marmot, Alpine, 313
Bobak, 204

Marsh-ringlet, 93

Marshall, Rev., 166

Martins, C., 68

Mediterranean land-connections, 276-282

_Meles_, 43
_albogularis_, 44
_anakuma_, 44
_leucurus_, 44
_maraghanus_, 44
_polaki_, 44
_taxus_, 43

_Melitaea asteria_, 325
_cynthia_, 325
_maturna_, 325

_Melizophilus undatus_, 288

Merriam, C. H., 38

_Metoponorthus cingendus_, 301

_Microtus_, 313
_brecciensis_, 314
_leucurus_, 314
_nivalis_, 313

Mid-wife Toad, 295

Migrations, 8-9
cause of, 208
of British shore-forms, 124

Migration from Asia to Europe by North America, 327

Migration on ice-bridge, 108
waves of, 204-206

Miller's thumb, 93

Milne-Edwards, A., 282

Mingling of Southern and Northern Mammals, 72-75, 209

Miocene geography, 274-276
temperature in Greenland, 146

_Miogale moschata_, 290
_pyrenaica_, 290

_Molge alpestris_, 320
_cristata_, 320
_montana_, 320
_palmata_, 320
_rusconii_, 320
_vulgaris_, 319

Mollusca in Loess, 196

Mollusca, distribution of marine, 236

Molluscan fauna, divisions of British, 102
Madeira, 25
Porto Santo, 25

Molluscs, dispersal of, 17, 24

Mongoose, 28

_Montifringilla nivalis_, 318

More, A. G., 104

Moeschler, E., 160

_Motacilla_, 254, 292
_alba_, 292
_borealis_, 255
_campestris_, 254
_lugubris_, 292
_melanope_, 254

Mountain Avens, 79

Mountain-ringlet, 325

Mouse, distribution of Harvest, 3

Mud-glaciers, 86

Murchison, R., 175, 230

Murray, Andrew, 32-33, 150, 154

_Muscardinus avellanarius_, 316

Musk-Ox, range of, 119, 134-135, 203

_Mus minutus_, 3, 95, 190

_Mustela africana_, 279
_boccamela_, 279
_erminea_, 135-136
_putorius_, 190

_Myodus lemmus_, 138
_obensis_, 138

_Myoxus_, 316

_Mysis caspica_, 223
_micropthalma_, 223
_relicta_, 179, 223

Nathorst, A. G., 163, 169, 240-241

Natterjack Toad, 30

_Nebria atrata_, 328
_livida_, 328

Nehring, A., 96, 107, 119, 196, 208-211, 340

_Nenia_, sub-genus of _Clausilia_, 48

Neumayr, M., 19, 67

Newt, 319

New Siberian Islands, origin of
bone-beds, 219
extinct fauna of, 218

Nightingale, 192

Nordquist, 179

North American marine mollusca in crag deposits, 173

North European Sea, 172

Ocean basins, permanence of, 18

Oceanic Islands, 18

_Oeneis_, 326-327
_aello_, 326

_Onychogomphus_, 268

Oriental migration, old and new, 272

Oriental plants, 282-283

Origin, centre of, shifting, 202

_Otiorrhynchus auropunctatus_, 115, 302

_Ovibos moschatus_, 119, 134-135, 203

Pacific Continent, 20

Painted-lady Butterfly, 98

Palincosmic species, 25

Pallas's Sandgrouse, 205

_Panurus biarmicus_, 292

_Papilio hospiton_, 265

_Parmacella_, 49

_Parnassius_, 265-266, 324
_Apollo_, 265, 324
_delius_, 324
_mnemosyne_, 324
_Nordmanni_, 324

Partridge, 29

_Pelias berus_, 192

_Pelobates_, 295

_Pelodytes punctatus_, 295

_Pelophila borealis_, 93

Penck, A., 66

Perches, origin of, 143

_Periops hippocrepis_, 279

Peschel, O., 177

Petersen, W., 55, 154, 160, 200

_Petronia stulta_, 318

_Pezotettix_, 329-330
_alpinus_, 329
_pedestris_, 329

_Phasianus_, 256-257
_colchicus_, 31, 257

Pheasant, origin of, 256-257

_Phoca annelata_, 174
_caspica_, 224

_Phaedusa_, sub-genus of _Clausilia_, 263

_Phylloxera vastatrix_, 24

Pigs, origin of, 44-46

Pika, 41

Pine-Grosbeak, 191

_Pinicola enucleator_, 191

_Planorbis dilatatus_, 24
_glaber_, 167

Plants, American, in Ireland, 166
as tests of climate, 75-80
migration of, 34

_Platyarthrus_, 299-302

_Plectrophenax nivalis_, 140

Pleistocene climate of Asia, 210, 214-215
Europe, climate in, 208-209
fauna, northern and southern animals in, 72-75
mollusca, 211-213

Pliocene deposits of Sicily, 277
geography, 276-277

Pohlig, H., 176

Polar Bear, 134
Fox, range of, 135, 149
origin of animals, 147

Pole-cat, 190

_Polydesmus gallicus_, 115, 302

Polynesian Islands, 20

_Pomatias_, 49, 321-322

_Pontoporeia affinis_, 179

Porto Santo, molluscan fauna of, 25

Pouched Marmot, 41

Praeger, R. L., 298

Praying insect, 269

_Proboscidea_, origin of, 252

_Psammodromus algirus_, 295
_hispanicus_, 295

Ptarmigan, 91, 142

_Pupa_, antiquity of, 50

_Pupa_, 297-298
_anglica_, 298
_granum_, 297
_ringens_, 102

_Pyrrhocorax alpinus_, 317

_Pyrrhula_, 191, 255
_europaea_, 191, 256
_major_, 191, 256

Rabbit, introduction of, 27, 31, 291

_Rana temporaria_, 194, 320

Range, extension of, 38

_Rangifer tarandus_, 133, 150-158

Reade, Mellard, 127-129

Red Crag, Arctic molluscs in, 235-236

Red Deer, 246-250

Red Grouse, 91, 142

Red-legged Partridge, 29

_Regulus ignicapillus_, 257
_maderensis_, 257
_teneriffae_, 257

Reid, Clement, 76, 163

Reindeer, range and varieties of, 91, 133, 149-158

Relict lakes, 176-179, 223

Reptiles, dispersal of, 21

Reptiles of Europe, 192-193

_Rhax_, 270

Rhinoceros, distribution of, 214-216

_Rhododendron ponticum_, 271

_Rhopalomesites Tardyi_, 302

Rock Sparrow, 318

Route of migration of Siberian mammals, 210

_Rupicapra tragus_, 312

Russia, marine transgression in, 172
submergence of North, 155

Ruetimeyer, L., 43, 57, 281

_Ryothemis_, 269

Saiga Antelope, 39, 204

_Saiga tartarica_, 39, 204

_Salamandra atra_, 319
_caucasica_, 319
_maculosa_, 319

_Salmonidae_, origin of, 92, 143

Sandgrouse, migration of Pallas's, 41, 205

Sars, O., 177, 223-224

Saunders, H., 256

Seal, Arctic, 174

Sea-urchin, 125

Sedgwick, A., 86

Scandinavia, absence of Oriental and Siberian mammals from, 176, 206
during Glacial period, 176

Scandinavian boulders, origin of, 172-173
butterflies in America, 167
flora, antiquity of, 162, 185
glaciers, 172

Scandinavian lepidopterous fauna, 55

Schulz, A., 52, 155

Sclater, P. L., 95

Scotch Argus, 325

Scotch and Irish Hare, 136

Siberia, climate of, during Glacial period, 217

Siberian birds in British Islands, 191-192
mammals absent from Scandinavia, 176, 206
mammals absent from Southern Europe, 206
mammals in Great Britain, 95-96, 190, 202-204
migration, date of, 208
steppe-fauna, 39

Sicily, Pliocene deposits in, 277

_Silurus glanis_, 29

Simpson, C. T., 21

Simroth, H., 48, 299

Sjoegren, H., 226

Slugs, dispersal of, 16-17

Snails, dispersal of, 17

Snow-Bunting, range of, 91, 140

Snow-Finch, 318

Sollas, W., 177

_Somateria mollissima_, 141

_Sorex_, 202, 314-315
_alpinus_, 314-315
_araneus_, 315
_minutus_, 315

Southern mammals in Arctic Siberia, 213-216

Sparrow, introduction of, 28

_Spermophilus_, 41

Speyer, A. and A., 55, 200

Spiders, Lusitanian, 301

Sponges, American, in Ireland, 166

St. Erth fauna, 174

Steinbock, 312

Steppe-fauna, Siberian, 39

Sterlet, introduction of, 29

Stick-insect, 269

Stickleback, origin of, 92, 143, 166-167

Stoat, range of, 90-91, 135-136

Straits of Gibraltar, age of, 277-278, 281

_Strix flammea_, 98

_Strongylocentrotus lividus_, 125

Struckmann, C., 153

Studer, Th., 340

Sub-marine plateau between Norway and Spitsbergen, 154

Suess, E., 61, 273, 282, 303

_Sus scrofa_, 44-46

Swallow-tail Butterfly, 264-265

_Syrrhaptes paradoxus_, 41, 205

Tailless Hare, 41

_Talpa_, 291

Taylor, J. W., 105

Tcherski, J. D., 214-215, 222

Tertiary plants in Greenland, 144-145

_Testacella_, 17, 299
_haliotidea_, 299
_maugei_, 102, 299
_scutulum_, 299

_Tetrao_, 28
_urogallus_, 28, 143, 336-337

_Tetrastes bonasia_, 337

_Tettix_, 330
_bipunctatus_, 330

_Thais cerisyi_, 265

_Thelphusa fluviatilis_, 270, 281

Thomas, O., 90

Thompson, W., 32

Time of disconnection between Great Britain and Ireland, 63

Titmouse, bearded, 292

Toad, Natterjack, 30

Tree-frog, 260, 280

_Trichomanes radicans_, 115

_Tropidonotus viperinus_, 294

_Tubella pensylvanica_, 94

Tundras in Northern Europe, 209-210

_Turnix sylvatica_, 291-292

Tyndall, J., 68

_Typhlops lumbricalis_, 259

Tyrrhenian Continent, 280

_Unio (Margaritana) margaritifer_, 93

_Ursus maritimus_, 134

Ussher, R. J., 92, 105

_Vanessa cardui_, 98

_Vertigo alpestris_, 93

Viper, range of, 192

Vole, range of, 313-314

Wagtails, origin and range of, 254, 292

Wallace, A. R., 12-13, 18-19, 23, 58, 99, 111, 304

Warming, E., 76, 163

Watson, H. C., 100

Wax-bill, migrations of, 205

Welch, R., 298

West-Indian land-shells, 21

White, Buchanan, 509, 113

Willow-grouse, 91, 142

Woodward, B. B. (_vide_ Kennard and Woodward)

Wright, J., 84

Zittel, 252

_Zonites_, 49, 195, 322-323

THE END.

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="The most attractive Birthday Book ever published."=

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=With Twelve Full-Page Portraits of Celebrated Musicians.=

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=THE MUSIC OF THE POETS:=

A MUSICIANS' BIRTHDAY BOOK

Compiled by ELEONORE D'ESTERRE-KEELING.

This is an entirely new edition of this popular work. The size has been altered, the page having been made a little longer and narrower (9 x 6-1/2 inches), thus allowing space for a larger number of autographs. The setting-up of the pages has also been improved, and a large number of names of composers, instrumentalists and singers, has been added to those which appeared in the previous edition. A special feature of the book consists in the reproduction in fac-simile of autographs, and autographic music, of living composers; among the many new autographs which have been added to the present edition being those of MM. Paderewski (to whom the book is dedicated), Mascagni, Eugen d'Albert, Sarasate, Hamish McCunn, and C. Hubert Parry. Merely as a volume of poetry about music, this book makes a charming anthology, the selections of verse extending from a period anterior to Chaucer to the present day.

_Among the additional writers represented in the new edition are Alfred Austin, Arthur Christopher Benson, John Davidson, Norman Gale, Richard Le Gallienne, Nora Hopper, Jean Ingelow, George Meredith, Alice Meynell, Coventry Patmore, Mary Robinson, Francis Thompson, Dr. Todhunter, Katharine Tynan, William Watson, and W. B. Yeats. The new edition is illustrated with portraits of Handel, Beethoven, Bach, Gluck, Chopin, Wagner, Liszt, Rubinstein, and others. The compiler has taken the greatest pains to make the new edition of the work as complete as possible; and a new binding has been specially designed by an eminent artist._

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IVAN ILYITCH, AND OTHER STORIES.
MY RELIGION.
LIFE.
MY CONFESSION.
CHILDHOOD, BOYHOOD, YOUTH.
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WHAT TO DO?
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THE LONG EXILE, ETC.
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THE KINGDOM OF GOD IS WITHIN YOU.
WORK WHILE YE HAVE THE LIGHT.
THE GOSPEL IN BRIEF.

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WHERE LOVE IS, THERE GOD IS ALSO.
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WHAT MEN LIVE BY.
THE GODSON.
IF YOU NEGLECT THE FIRE, YOU DON'T PUT IT OUT.
WHAT SHALL IT PROFIT A MAN?

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WHERE LOVE IS, THERE GOD IS ALSO.
THE GODSON.

Volume II. contains--
WHAT MEN LIVE BY.
WHAT SHALL IT PROFIT A MAN?

Volume III. contains--
THE TWO PILGRIMS.
IF YOU NEGLECT THE FIRE, YOU DON'T PUT IT OUT.

Volume IV. contains--
MASTER AND MAN.

Volume V. contains--
TOLSTOY'S PARABLES.

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Crown 8vo, Gilt Top, Half Bound in Dark Green Ribbed Cloth, with Light Green Cloth Sides, 2s. each.

Barnaby Rudge
Old Curiosity Shop
Pickwick Papers
Nicholas Nickleby
Oliver Twist
Martin Chuzzlewit
Sketches by Boz
Olive
The Ogilvies
Ivanhoe
Kenilworth
Jacob Faithful
Peter Simple
Paul Clifford
Eugene Aram
Ernest Maltravers
Alice; or, The Mysteries
Rienzi
Pelham
The Last Days of Pompeii
The Scottish Chiefs
Wilson's Tales
The Fair God
Miss Beresford's Mystery
A Mountain Daisy
Hazel; or, Perilpoint Lighthouse
Vicar of Wakefield
Prince of the House of David
Wide, Wide World
Village Tales
Ben-Hur
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Robinson Crusoe
The White Slave
Charles O'Malley
Midshipman Easy
Bride of Lammermoor
Heart of Midlothian
Last of the Barons
Old Mortality
Tom Cringle's Log
Cruise of the Midge
Colleen Bawn
Valentine Vox
Night and Morning
Bunyan
Foxe's Book of Martyrs
Mansfield Park
Last of the Mohicans
Poor Jack
The Lamplighter
Jane Eyre
Pillar of Fire
Throne of David
Dombey and Son
Vanity Fair
Infelice
Beulah
Harry Lorrequer
Essays of Elia
Sheridan's Plays
Waverley
Quentin Durward
Talisman
From Jest to Earnest
Knight of 19th Century
Caudle's Lectures
Jack Hinton
Bret Harte
Ingoldsby Legends
Handy Andy
Lewis Arundel
Guy Mannering
Rob Roy
Fortunes of Nigel
Man in the Iron Mask
Great Composers
Louise de la Valliere
Great Painters
Rory O'More
Arabian Nights
Swiss Family Robinson
Andersen's Fairy Tales
Three Musketeers
Twenty Years After
Vicomte de Bragelonne
Monte Cristo--Dantes
" Revenge of Dantes
The Newcomes
Life of Robert Moffat
Life of Gladstone
Cranford
North and South
Life of Gen. Gordon
Lincoln and Garfield
Great Modern Women
Henry Esmond
Alton Locke
Life of Livingstone
Life of Grace Darling
White's Selborne
Tales of the Covenanters
Barriers Burned Away
Opening a Chestnut Burr
Pendennis
David Copperfield
Luck of Barry Lyndon
St. Elmo
Son of Porthos
Stanley and Africa
Life of Wesley
Life of Spurgeon
For Lust of Gold
Wooing of Webster
At the Mercy of Tiberius
Countess of Rudolstadt
Consuelo
Two Years before the Mast
Fair Maid of Perth
Peveril of the Peak
Shirley
Queechy
Naomi; or, the Last Days of Jerusalem
Little Women and Good Wives
Hypatia
Villette
Ruth
Agatha's Husband
Head of the Family
Old Helmet
Bleak House
Cecil Dreeme
Melbourne House
Wuthering Heights
The Days of Bruce
The Vale of Cedars
Hunchback of Notre Dame
Vashti
The Caxtons
Harold, Last of the Saxon Kings
Toilers of the Sea
What Can She Do?
New Border Tales
Frank Fairlegh
Zanoni
Macaria
Inez
Conduct and Duty
Windsor Castle
Hard Times
Tower of London
John Halifax, Gentleman
Westward Ho!
Lavengro
It is Never Too Late to Mend
Two Years Ago
In His Steps
Crucifixion of Phillip Strong
His Brother's Keeper
Robert Hardy's Seven Days, and Malcom Kirk (in 1 vol.)
Richard Bruce
The Twentieth Door
House of the Seven Gables
Elsie Venner
The Romany Rye
Little Dorrit
The Scarlet Letter
Mary Barton

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THE SCARLET LETTER.
THE HOUSE OF THE SEVEN GABLES.
THE BLITHEDALE ROMANCE.
TANGLEWOOD TALES.
TWICE-TOLD TALES.
A WONDER-BOOK FOR GIRLS AND BOYS.
OUR OLD HOME.
MOSSES FROM AN OLD MANSE.
THE SNOW IMAGE.
TRUE STORIES FROM HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
THE NEW ADAM AND EVE.
LEGENDS OF THE PROVINCE HOUSE.

By OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES.

THE AUTOCRAT OF THE BREAKFAST-TABLE.
THE PROFESSOR AT THE BREAKFAST-TABLE.
THE POET AT THE BREAKFAST-TABLE.
ELSIE VENNER.

By HENRY THOREAU.

ESSAYS AND OTHER WRITINGS.
WALDEN; OR, LIFE IN THE WOODS.
A WEEK ON THE CONCORD.

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Crown 8vo, Cloth Elegant, Price 5s. net.

=BIRDS OF THE BRITISH ISLES=

Drawn and Described by JOHN DUNCAN.

This volume contains about 400 drawings of birds by John Duncan, naturalist and artist. The drawings are accompanied by a concise description of each bird.

* * * * *