Chapter XLIV: A.d. 1800-1885 (2)

[259] Daniel xii. 3. The word is there rendered by our translators, as ‘brightness.’

[260] It is proper to remark that Jewish controversialists deny the existence of Trinitarian doctrine in the Book of Zohar. On the contrary, they affirm that they were wont to twit the Cabbalists with ‘believing in ten gods, whereas (said they) even the Christians believed in only three.’

_APPENDIX IV._

THE ATTEMPT UNDER JULIAN TO REBUILD THE TEMPLE.

Grave doubts have been advanced, by one writer or another, of what may be called the ancient belief on this subject. It has been questioned: I. Whether the attempt to rebuild the Temple ever was really made; and II. whether, allowing the work to have been begun and interrupted, its interruption was not due to natural causes only.

I. It is argued, chiefly by Lardner,[261] that Julian did no more than project such an undertaking, which he never attempted to carry into effect. In his letter addressed to the Jewish people, he tells them, ‘_if_ he returned from his Persian expedition, he would rebuild and inhabit with them the holy city of Jerusalem.’ But, as he never returned, Lardner argues that he never made the promised attempt. The same appears to be the tradition of the Jews.[262] Thus, David Gans, in the fifteenth century, writes, ‘The work was prevented from being accomplished, _for_ Julian never returned, but perished in the Persian War;’ and similarly Cassel: ‘He made preparations for restoring the Temple, but, after a brief reign, fell in battle.’ A passage from one of Julian’s orations is, further, quoted by Lardner, in which he says that, ‘he conceived the design of rebuilding the Temple.’ But, as he does not add that he executed it, Lardner reasons that he probably did not.

It is almost needless to say that these arguments carry very little weight. The reader should note that Julian did not promise to rebuild the _Temple_, on his return from Persia, but _Jerusalem_. As that city was then standing, his meaning must have been, that he would restore it to its pristine magnificence. This would be a long and costly work, which might well require his personal presence. But he might commit the rebuilding of the Temple, the design of which was well known, to a deputy—an instalment, so to speak, of the greater work to follow. Nor can it be reasonably argued, that, because a man does not say that he put in force a design, _therefore_ he _did_ not put it in force.[263]

Whatever weight Lardner’s reasoning might carry is lost altogether, when we take into consideration the testimony of the contemporaneous historians, and those of the age immediately following. The first include Gregory Nazianzen, Bishop of Constantinople, John Chrysostom, Cyril of Jerusalem, Ambrose, and Ammianus Marcellinus; the second, Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret. All these record the main facts, viz., the repeated bursting forth of the fire, until the work was abandoned from the impossibility of persisting. Each adds some minor details, which do not affect the credibility of the occurrence itself.[264] The most important witness is Ammianus Marcellinus, a heathen and a personal friend of the Emperor. It will be better to give his account of the matter in his own words. ‘The Emperor was meditating,’ he writes,[265] ‘the restoration, at an unlimited expense, of the Jewish Temple, and had committed the care of the matter to Alypius of Antioch. When, then, Alypius was vigorously prosecuting the work, and the governor of the province was rendering him his help, frightful balls of fire breaking forth with continued outbursts near the foundations, again and again consumed the workmen, and rendered it impossible to approach the spot; and in this manner the element more obstinately (_i.e._, more obstinately than even the pertinacious persistence of the workmen) driving them away, the attempt was abandoned.’

In the face of evidence like this, he must be a hardy advocate who would maintain that the occurrence never took place.

But it may be contended that although it did take place, there was nothing in it of a miraculous character. It may be alleged,—

(1) That there was simply an earthquake, to which the whole was due.

(2) That there may have been an explosion of foul air, caused by the sudden opening of the vaults under the Temple. These had long been closed, and the noxious vapours, coming into contact with the workmen’s fires, exploded.

(3) That it is improbable that such a miracle _would_ be worked, there being nothing in the rebuilding of the Temple which _called for_ a miracle. Our Lord, no doubt, had declared that the Temple should be utterly destroyed, but not that it should never be rebuilt. Nor had Daniel (rightly understood), or any other prophet, ever said so.

(4) That the age in which the miracle is related to have taken place is one in which miracles are spoken of as having been of almost daily occurrence—some of them frivolous and childish to the last degree. In these no reasonable man can place any faith; and there is nothing to separate this miracle from them.

Let us consider these objections.

1. Earthquakes have always been of common occurrence in Palestine. Nor is it denied that an earthquake took place on the present occasion. But a simple earthquake will not account for the bursting forth of the fiery balls, _as often as the labourers attempted to resume the work_. No other earthquake ever exhibited these phenomena.

2. This explanation was, I believe, unknown to Warburton, Basnage, Lardner, or Gibbon. It appears to have been first suggested in a German magazine,[266] by the celebrated Michaelis, in the latter half of the eighteenth century. But, on inquiry, it appears more ingenious than probable. Who knows that the caverns under the Temple _had_ been hermetically sealed for a long time previously to Julian’s attempt? They were constantly opened at other times (as the story told by Benjamin of Tudela evidences), and no such result followed. The present was but one out of many occasions when foundations had been dug and buildings erected in the same spot; but without any explosion or fiery outburst. How was it that Solomon’s workmen, and Zorobabel’s, and Adrian’s, and I know not how many more—how was it that they escaped the fatal injuries that befell those of Julian?

Again, the phenomena related by Marcellinus and others do not accord with the idea of an explosion of mephitic gases. These ignite instantaneously, and burn till exhausted. They could not be described by any writer as ‘_balls_ of fire’ breaking forth with continual outbursts, as often as the labourers attempted to resume the work. It is also evident that the fire did not break forth the moment the ground was opened, but only when the whole foundation had been laid and the masons had begun to build; for Chrysostom says that some of the stones already laid were thrown down.

3. In dealing with this objection, we enter on new and more difficult ground. It may be true, and I incline to believe it is so, that the truth of Holy Writ was not, so to speak, imperilled by this enterprise. If it had succeeded, I do not see that any saying of Inspiration would have been thereby contravened.[267] But such an occurrence would surely have been at variance with the Divine purpose in setting up the Christian Church. Type and shadow were to vanish when the reality and the substance came. The rebuilding of the Jewish Temple would have been an unmeaning renewal of them. Further, such strange anomalies as the reconstruction of the Holy of Holies, with its veil unrent, and the renewal of the Temple sacrifices, foreshadowing an event long past, would have disturbed the faith of large numbers of professing members of the Church, as well as deterred equally large numbers from entering its pale. It is a difficult—it may be thought a presumptuous—thing to attempt determining what would be a sufficient reason for expecting a miracle. But if there ever has been an instance in the history of the Christian Church when a miracle was, so to speak, demanded, it was the one we have under consideration. Almighty God had been directly challenged by the supreme human ruler of the earth, and in the sight of all Christendom, to show the right. Do we wonder that, as at Mount Carmel, He answered by fire?

4. These considerations make it easy to deal with the last of the four objections. It may freely be granted that the age of Julian was signalized by the endless recurrence of reported miracles—most of which must be regarded with grave suspicion, while many others are wholly unworthy of credit. Thus Gregory relates of Julian, that one day when he was sacrificing, the entrails of the victim were found to be impressed with the emblem of a cross within a circle.[268] On another occasion, when he attempted to build a heathen temple over the spot where a Christian had been buried, it fell down again as soon as it was put up.[269] These are two instances, out of many, of the idle tales current in that day. If the occurrence we have now under consideration is to be classed with these, no one could wonder at the unwillingness of men to lend it credit. But it stands entirely apart from them. It was not worked at the command or through the entreaty of any man. It was not manifested to prove the truth of any disputed dogma, or the sanctity of any theological leader, or the orthodoxy of any party in the Church. It was wrought by the finger of God directly and visibly; and, unless we are prepared to affirm that since the Apostolic age He has never openly interfered in the affairs of men, we may reasonably believe that He interfered here.

FOOTNOTES:

[261] Lardner, V. iii. p. 603 ff.

[262] Cassel, I. § 53. Other Jewish writers, as Jost, admit the occurrence, but deny the miracle.

[263] Lardner also insists much on the silence of Jerome, Prudentius, and Orosius. If facts of history are to be doubted because some historians of the time do not mention them how many would remain which could be regarded as certain?

[264] Thus, Gregory says that the doors of a church were miraculously closed against the fugitives, and a fiery flame issuing from it destroyed them; that a circle and cross of fire were visible in the heavens, and crosses of fire seen on the garments of the spectators. Chrysostom states that the workmen had dug out the foundation, and begun to build, when the flames burst forth. Socrates, that the building tools and implements were consumed by fire, and were a whole day burning, He adds, what is important, that the earthquake occurred during the night, and the fires broke out on the following day. Theodoret says that the earthquake threw down some of the stones of the newly laid foundations, and shook some of the excavated earth back into the hole out of which it had been dug. Chrysostom confirms him in this.

[265] Ammian. Marcellin. XXIII. 1. It has been suggested that he took his account without inquiry from Christian writers. So Gibbon, ch. XXXIII. But that a heathen historian and devoted friend of Julian should in this manner have recorded what was at once unfavourable to his creed and painful to his feelings as a friend, is too improbable to need refutation.

[266] _Magazin von Lichtenberg._ Quoted by the editor of Ammian. Marcell. in his notes.

[267] Warburton argues that not only did our Lord never declare that the Jewish Temple should not be rebuilt, but that He even implied that it would be, when He said (St. Luke xxi. 24), ‘Jerusalem shall be trodden down of the Gentiles, _until_ the times of the Gentiles be fulfilled.’ But this is to mistake the meaning of the Greek phrase Ἄχρις οὗ, ἔως οὗ. These denote a state of things up to a given point, but determine nothing as to what will follow. See Chrysostom on St. Matt. i. 25 etc.

[268] Greg. Naz. Orat. III.

[269] Chrysost. in Matth. Hom. IV.

_APPENDIX V._

THE BLOOD ACCUSATIONS.

Among the many accusations which have been advanced against the Jews, there are three, which may be distinguished from the others as ‘Blood Accusations,’ and which have been the causes of terrible suffering to them. The first of these is the charge of crucifying boys, in parody of the Saviour’s death upon the cross; the second, that of using Christian blood in the preparation of the Paschal cakes; the third, that of possessing themselves, by underhand means, of the consecrated Host, for the purpose of insulting and stabbing it. It might seem that this last was not a _blood_ accusation. But, as it was believed that they cut and pierced the wafer, as being the very body of the Lord, which indeed bled like any human body under their knives, it may be classed with the other two. The first is the most ancient, and the one which has been most pertinaciously adhered to; though the other two have been continually repeated and accredited. Our present object is to inquire when these charges were first made, and what could have given rise to them.

As regards the time and origin of the notion respecting their crucifixion of boys, I have at p. 73 suggested the probable source of that accusation. Of all the Jewish feasts, the most mirthful, or rather the most riotous, was the Feast of Purim; of which it was said that ‘the Jews were wont to drink, until they could not distinguish between the blessings pronounced on Mordecai and the curses imprecated on Haman.’ At this feast, in the earlier centuries of Christianity, it was customary to introduce the effigy of Haman suspended on his gibbet; and the resemblance of this figure to a crucified malefactor soon engaged the notice of the Jews. Hence jests and innuendos against our Blessed Lord came to be a common topic among the revellers; on which ground the Jews were forbidden by the Christian emperors to celebrate this feast. Nor did the Jews confine their insolence to words. On one occasion, at Inmestar, they seized a Christian youth, whom they fastened to Haman’s gibbet, and scourged so mercilessly that he died under their hands. This, of course, provoked a fierce outburst of indignation and horror; and we can well understand that the tradition of the outrage would spread far and endure for many generations.

The second accusation—that of mixing Christian blood with the Passover cakes, or, as some said, with the Paschal sacrifice itself, does not appear to have been advanced until some time in the 13th century, though the exact date cannot be determined. Now, it is at least remarkable in connection with this charge, that it was first made just about the time when the doctrine of Transubstantiation was beginning to take forcible hold on men’s minds.[270] That was declared for the first time to be a doctrine of the Catholic faith, by a Lateran Council A.D. 1215. According to that belief, the eucharistic wafer became, after consecration, the actual body and blood of the Lord, so that men actually ate His flesh and drank His blood. It may be assumed as tolerably certain that the Jews would mock and deride this doctrine; which great numbers of pious Christians found themselves unable to accept. Even if the Jews did not openly satirize the Christians who upheld this extravagant conception, their opinion about it would be notorious enough; nor could the knowledge of what the Jews thought about it fail to exasperate still further the bitterness with which the extreme zealots of Ultramontanism already regarded them. It was an easy and obvious addition to the old charge of crucifying a Christian in mockery of the Saviour’s passion, to say that the Jews further mixed the blood of their victim with the Paschal bread, in order to deride the holy rite whereby Christians became partakers of His very body and blood.

The Jews themselves allege other reasons for the circulation of this slander. They declare the charge to have been first made in the earliest ages of the Church, and to have been levelled, nominally indeed at the Jews, but really at the Christians. A vague rumour of the words spoken by Jesus at the Paschal Supper, when He delivered the cup to the Apostles, ‘This is My blood,’ had spread among the heathen, and given the idea that the Christians actually drank human blood at their religious celebrations. It is true that the authors of these accusations attribute the offence to the Israelites; but (say the Jews, and so far certainly truly) the earlier heathen writers continually confound the Christians with Jews, regarding the former as simply an heretical Jewish sect. Further, it is alleged that the calumny derived some support from the known practice of certain heretical Christian sects, notably the Cataphrygians, who mixed with the consecrated bread the blood of infants, which they extracted from them by puncturing a vein. This, however, is nothing more than a plausible theory. Granting that such reports gained currency in the first or second century of Christianity, the Christians, against whom they were really circulated, would know their monstrous falsehood, and entirely disregard them. It is impossible to conceive that they would have retorted such a charge on the Jews, or even countenanced its circulation.

Again, it is said that there is an imperative order in the Talmud,[271] that the Jews shall, at the Passover, drink a certain quantity of ‘red wine,’ and that this ‘red wine’ was supposed to mean really human blood, though the command was disguised under a metaphor. But independently of the extravagance of such an interpretation of very plain and simple words, the charge made against the Jews was not that of _drinking_ Christian blood, but of mixing it with the Passover bread. No one ever supposed that for any of the four cups drunk at the Paschal Feast a cup of human blood was substituted.

If the idea above named has nothing but its likelihood to support it, at all events it has that. And the third charge, brought not long afterwards, of getting surreptitious possession of the consecrated wafer in order to treat it with indignity, tends to strengthen the likelihood. It is alleged that, not content with deriding the doctrine of Transubstantiation, they were eager to insult the body of the Lord itself. They would bribe with a large sum some official to purloin the Host, and hand it over to them—when they would stab it with their knives, and it would bleed, like any human body—they, it was assumed, remaining wholly unmoved by the sight of so tremendous a miracle, nay, only anxious, by multiplied evidence of it, to increase their own condemnation in the sight of Heaven! It is beyond dispute that these alleged marvels were quoted in support of the doctrine of the Corporal Presence in the Eucharist. It is hardly too much to assume that the charges against the Jews were coined—partly, no doubt, in consequence of the bitter hate with which they were regarded, but partly also to establish the certainty of the popular dogma of the day.

I have not thought it necessary to advance any arguments to prove the falsehood of these accusations. No competent tribunal by which they have been tried has ever failed to declare them groundless. Indeed, no person who has the most ordinary acquaintance with the Mosaic ritual, but must be aware, not only of the falsehood, but of the absurdity and the impossibility of the charges. The touch, nay the mere contiguity, of a dead body, according to the Jewish law, rendered all persons in its vicinity unclean, so that they could not partake in, much less celebrate, religious rites until they were purged from the pollution. How then could the blood of a murdered person be used in the consecration of victims and offerings, which its very presence would _ipso facto_ desecrate? If nothing short of the most distinct statement on the subject will satisfy some minds, they have even that. The words of Moses, Levit. vii. 26, 27, are, ‘Ye shall eat _no manner_ of blood’ (πᾶν αἷμα σὐκ ἔδεσθε)—no blood, not even of beast or bird, how much less, of man!

FOOTNOTES:

[270] ‘These accusations began only 600 years ago,’ writes De Virga in the _Shebet Yehuda_ published in Amsterdam A.D. 1651. ‘They commenced in the reign of Alphonso X. of Castile. In his time there was a priest in Spain who in his sermons declared that the Israelites could not sacrifice their Passover unless they had Christian blood to use in the performance of the rite.’

[271] Hierosolym. Talmudis, Fol. II. 1. ‘Quæritur de mensurâ poculorum, quæ ebiberunt ad Pascha, aliaque convivia sacra; et qualitate vini. Præceptum est. ut vino rubido præstat officium. Vinum rubrum requiritur in sacris.’ See Lightfoot, _Index Talmud. Hierosolym._ Vol. X. p. 509 of his works.

INDEX.

A.

Abarbanel (Isaac), 234, 239, 249, 256.

Abarbanel (the brothers), 249.

Abasside Caliphs, 137.

Abba-bar-Huna, 64 _n._

Abbas I., Shah, 278.

” II. ” 279, 309.

Abdalla, Caliph, 130.

” father of Mahomet, 89.

Abdebrahim, 158.

Abdel-Muman, Caliph, 144.

Abderachman I., _or_ Abderraman, Caliph, 111, 127.

Abderachman II., Caliph, 129.

Abendana, 264.

Aben-Ezra, 157.

Aberdeen, Lord, 368.

Abner, Rabbi, 218.

Aboab, Emmanuel, 307.

” Isaac, 307.

Abraham, the Patriarch, 17, 59, 91.

Abraham, Rabbi, 288.

” Usque, 258.

” of Wallingford, 182.

Abrantes, 261.

Abu Beker, Caliph, 94, 95 _n._

” Giafar, 108.

Abul Abbas, Caliph, 112.

Acra, Mount, 29.

Adonis, Worship of, 51.

Adrian, Emperor, 42, 43, 47, 51.

Adrianople, 313.

Ælia Capitolina, 51.

Æthiopia, 92, 115.

Ætius, 92.

Africa, 96.

Ageda, Plain of, 286.

Agobard, Bishop, 125.

Agrippa I., King, 21.

” II. ” 25.

Agrippina, 297.

Ahmed Kader, Caliph, 130.

Aila, 94.

Aizhadin, 95.

Akiba, Rabbi, 44-50.

Alarcos, 145.

Albert, D., of Austria, 203, 207.

Albigenses, 171, 235.

Albinus, Procurator, 24.

Alcantara, Bishop of, 214 _n._

Alexander, Tiber., Procur., 23, 26.

Alexander II., Czar, 368.

” II., Pope, 132.

” IV. ” 197, 201.

” VI. ” 222, 240 _n._, 242.

Alexandria, 22 _n._, 42, 76, 81, 96, 372.

Alexandria, Library at, 95.

Algiers, 281.

Alkihoran, 128.

All Saints’ Day, 186.

Almamon, Caliph, 107 _n._

Almohades, The, 144.

Almozal, 161.

Alphonso II., King of Naples, 239.

Alphonso IV., King of Portugal, 244.

Alphonso V., King of Portugal, 239 _n._

Alphonso V., King of Spain, 234.

” VI. ” ” 133.

” VII. ” ” 145.

” VIII. ” ” 145.

” IX. ” ” 145.

” X. ” ” 173, 176 _n._

Alphonso XI., King of Spain, 213.

Alroy, El David, 155, 314.

Alsatia, 168, 203, 206, 320, 357.

Alvarez, Father, 119 _n._

” Garcia, 230.

Al Wathek, Caliph, 110.

Alypius, 68.

Amaria, 155.

Ambivius, Procurator, 20.

Ambrose, Bishop, 72.

Amina, 89.

Ammianus Marcellinus, App. IV.

Amru, 96.

Amsterdam, 119, 292, 294, 301, 312.

Anakia, 311.

Ananus, High Priest, 30, 31 _n._

” of Babylon, 109.

Anastasius, Emperor, 83.

Ancona, 252, 255.

Andalusia, 174, 232.

Anencletus II., Pope, 200.

Angoulême, 191.

Anjou, Duke of, 194.

Antioch, 26, 72 _n._

Antiochus Epiphanes, 118.

” King of Commagene, 34 _n._

Antipas, Herod, 21.

Antipatris, 28.

Antonelli, Cardinal, 359, 360.

Antonia, Tower of, 30, 35.

Antoninus, Emperor, 54.

Antwerp, 258.

Appollonius Tyaneus, 59.

Aquitaine, 122.

Arabia, 92, 98, 155.

Arabian Nights, 115.

Aragon, 171, 177, 217, 228, 233.

Arbues D’Avila, 238.

Arch of Titus, 39.

Archelaus, 19.

Arianism, 100.

Arians, 73, 92, 100 _n._

Aristobulus, 21.

Aristotle, 159.

Arles, 126.

Armleder, 203.

Arnheim, 219.

Arnold, Archbishop, 142 _n._

Artaxerxes, King, 85.

Asa _or_ Asche, Rabbi, 85.

Asaph, St., Bishop (Drummond), 345.

Ascalon, 44, 162.

Ashkenaz, 340 _n._

Ashkenazim, 292 _n._, 340 _n._

Assassins, 31.

Augustus, Emperor, 20, 55.

Aurelian, Emperor, 60.

Aurelius, Emperor, 54, 298.

Austerlitz, Battle of, 356.

Austria, 169, 365.

Averroes, 158.

Avignon, 201, 252, 255, 274, 320.

Avila, Bishop of, 232.

Ayala, Lopes de, 215.

Azores, 121.

Azotus, 54.

B

Baalbek, 95.

Babylon, 40, 128.

Babylonian Schools, 129.

Baechoo, 116.

Bagdad, 161, 162.

Bajazet, Sultan, 252 _n._

Balavignus, 205.

Balsora, 116.

Bamberg, 273.

Banditono, 206.

Bannister’s ‘Holy Land,’ 225 _n._

Barabbas (Jew of Malta), 225 _n._

Barbarini, Cardinal, 307.

Barbary, 228.

Barcelona, 138, 160, 217, 240.

” Cortes at, 172.

Barchochebas, 44-50.

Barons’ War, 184.

Basle, Council at, 206.

Basnage, 112, 123.

Basques, The, 231.

Bassorah, 161.

Bauer, Bruno, 362.

Bavaria, 141.

Bayonne, 276, 319.

Beausobre, 65 _n._

Belgium, 365.

Belgrade, 314.

Belisarius, 84 _n._, 92, 94 _n._

Belmont, Baron de, 305.

Beltran, Bishop, 230.

Benedict XIII., Pope, 230.

” XIV. ” 338.

” the Jew, 150.

Beni Israel, The, 120.

Benjamin of Tudela, 112, 115, 155 _n._, 157, 161.

Bennefeld, 206.

Berlin, 324, 336.

” Treaty of, 369.

Bernaldes, 239.

Bernard of Clairvaulx, 136 _n._, 142, 199, 200 _n._

Bernard the Banker, 321.

” the Monk, 220.

Bernardino di Feltre, 222.

Berne, 205.

Bernhardt, Herr, 336.

Bethlehem, 51, 247.

Bethor, _or_ Bither, 44, 49.

Bezetha, 29, 30.

Beziers, Jews of, 122 _n._, 127.

Black Death, 204.

Blanche of Castile, 164, 166.

Blood Accusations, 73 _n._, 142, 183, 366, App. V.

Bohemia, 146, 209.

Bokhara, 376.

Boleslaus of Poland, 208.

Bologna, 202, 257, 358, 359.

Bomberg, 258.

Boniface IX., Pope, 244.

Bordeaux, 191, 276, 319.

Borgia, Roderic, 298.

Borne, Louis, 337.

Borromeo, Cardinal, 224.

Borrow’s ‘Bible in Spain,’ 265 _n._

Bosnia, 314.

Bosra, 95.

Botouschani, 370 _n._

Brabant, 208.

Braganza, 244.

Bragaza, 239 _n._

Brandenburgh, 271.

Brazil, 299, 373.

Bremen, 361.

Brentford, 341.

Brescia, 223.

Breslau, 220, 337 _n._

Brett, Samuel, 286, 287.

Bristol, Jew of, 154.

Brokers, Jewish, 349.

Bruhl, Count, 338.

Brunn, 335.

Brussels, 208.

Buda, 286.

Bular, King, 111.

Burgos, 217.

” Bishop of, 218.

” Council of, 213.

Buxtorf, 200, App. II.

C.

Cabbala, Appendix III.

Cabbalists, 109, 157.

Cæsarea, 20, 24, 26, 44, 84.

Cairo, 281, 372.

Caligula, Emperor, 21, 22.

Calixtus III., Pope, 222.

Canon, Don Santo de, 218.

Canterbury, Archb. of (Sumner), 351, 353.

Canton, 116.

Caorsini, The, 199.

Capistran, 220.

Capnio. _See_ Reuchlin.

Cappadocia, 114.

Captivity, Princes of, 41, 114.

Caracalla, Emperor, 58.

Cardoso, 315.

Carlisle, Earl of, 351.

Carthagena, 240.

Carulet, 206.

Carvajal, 211 _n._

Casimir III., King of Poland, 204, 208.

Cassius, Avidius, 54.

Castile, 228.

Catherine, Regent of Spain, 229.

” of Portugal, 303.

Cavades, King of Persia, 85.

Cayenne, 299.

Census of Spanish Jews, 176.

Chajon, Nehemiah, 315.

Chanina, 85.

Charlemagne, Emperor, 123.

Charles the Bald, Emperor, 126.

” V., ” 261.

” VI., ” 332.

” VII., ” 327.

” II., King of England, 303.

” II., King of France, 127.

” III., ” ” 127.

” IV., ” ” 193.

” V., ” ” 194.

” VI., ” ” 195.

” VIII., ” ” 257.

” II., King of Spain, 301.

” III., ” ” 317.

” IV., ” ” 318.

Charles Edward, 342.

” of Moravia, 207.

Chasidim, 377.

Chaucer, 183.

Chelmnicki, 292.

Chignon, 192.

Chillon, 205.

Chilperic, 83, 105.

China, Jews of, 116.

” Cochin, Jews of, 119, 120.

Chisuk Emuna, 270 _n._

Chosroes, King of Persia, 91, 93, 115, 118.

Chouts, 162.

Claudius, Emperor, 23, 55.

Clement IV., Pope.

” V., ” 201, 204.

” VI., ” 201, 207, 244.

” VII., ” 252.

” VIII., ” 255.

” XII., ” 318.

” XIII., ” 338.

Clotaire I., King of France, 83.

” II., ” ” 105.

Clugny, Peter of, 224.

Cohen, Alexander, 210.

” Esther, 129.

Coke, Sir E., 276 _n._

Coleridge, S. T., 176, 295 _n._

Cologne, 141, 220.

Coloman, King of Hungary, 146.

Colossus of Rhodes, 108 _n._

Constans, Emperor, 67.

Constantine, Copronymus, 107 _n._

” Emperor, 54, 66.

Constantinople, 81, 107, 162, 279, 312, 332.

Copin, 183.

Coponius, Procurator, 20.

Cordova, 105, 111, 112, 127, 158, 217, 232.

Cordova, Gonsalvo de, 257.

Corneglio, Father, 253.

Cornwall, Earl of, 182.

Cossacks, Rebellion of, 289.

Costa Da, Historian, 362, 363.

” ” Isaac, 340.

” ” Uriel, 293.

Cremieux, M., 375.

Cremona, 257, 258.

Crete, 76.

Crimean War, 376.

Cromwell, Oliver, 302, 303.

Crusades, Causes of, 137.

Ctesiphon, 94.

Cufa, 94, 162.

Cumanus, V., Procurator, 23.

Cush, Land of, 115.

Cuspius Fadus, Procurator, 23.

Cyprus, 42.

Cyrene, 40.

Cyril of Alexandria, 76.

D.

Dagobert, King of France, 105.

D’Aguilar, Miss, 265 _n._

Damascus, 44, 95, 112, 279, 374.

Damietta, 281.

Daniel, 310.

Dashwood, Sir J., 345.

Da Silva, 294.

David, Francis, 270.

D’Avila, Arbues, 236.

Decius, Emperor, 59.

Deckendorf, 203.

D’Enghien, Duke of, 143.

Denmark, 365.

Dennis, King of Portugal, 244.

De Pass, 346 _n._

Dessau, 336.

De Vries, 296.

Dickens, Charles, 225 _n._

Dion Cassius, 50.

Diospolis, 54.

D’Israeli, Benjamin, 155.

” Isaac, 276 _n._

Dnieper, River, 289

Doesborg, 219.

Dohm, Counsellor, 328.

Domenge, Father, 117.

Dominic, 172.

Domitian, Emperor, 41.

Domus, Conversorum, 183.

Dover, 275.

Dublin, Abp. of (Whately), 351.

Du Jon, 284.

Dunaan, King of Homer, 92.

E.

Ecbatana, 94.

Ecija, Archdeacon of, 227.

Edessa, 108 _n._

Edward the Confessor, 133.

” I., King of England, 164, 166, 184, 185, 341.

Egbert of York, 133.

Egeria, 55.

Egica, King of Goths, 10.

Egypt, 40, 76, 94, 96.

Egyptian Jew, 24.

Elam, 114.

Eleazar, 25, 30.

Elias (Prussian Jew), 324.

” Rabbi, 182.

Eliezer, 49.

” the Printer, 250.

Elizabeth, Empress of Russia, 329, 338.

Elnabar, 161.

Elvira, Council of, 100.

Embden, 263.

Emesa, 95.

Emmanuel, King of Portugal, 246, 261.

Emmanuel, Victor, King of Italy, 360 _n._

Encyclopædists, 321.

Ende, Van. Physician, 295.

Enghien, 208.

Enriquez, 299.

Epistola Obsc. Vir., 269 _n._

Eslingen, 206.

Esther, Book of, 118.

Estherka, 208.

Euchel, Isaac, 337.

Eugenius III., Pope, 142.

” IV., ” 221.

Eusebius, 52, 54, 58.

Evora, 244.

Exeter, Bishop of (Philpotts), 351, 353.

Expulsion of Jews from Empire, 209.

Expulsion of Jews from England, 186.

Expulsion of Jews from France, 195.

Expulsion of Jews from Portugal, 248.

Expulsion of Jews from Russia, 147.

Expulsion of Jews from Spain, 240.

Ezra, 56, 57 _n._

” Book of, 118.

F.

Fadai, 93.

Fadus, Cuspius, Procurator, 23.

Farwah, 96.

Felix, Procurator, 24.

Felletti, Padre, 359.

Ferdinand I., King of Spain, 132.

” III. ” ” 173.

” IV. ” ” 211.

” VI. ” ” 317.

” I., Emperor, 272.

” II. ” 286.

” III. ” 286.

” King of Aragon, 233.

” King of Portugal, 244.

Fermosa, Rachel, 145.

Ferrara, 256, 258.

” Duke of, 305.

Ferrer, Vincentius, 228, 236.

Festus, P., Procurator, 24.

Feudal System, The, 134, 135.

Fez, 281.

Flaccus, Aquilius, 22 _n._

Flagellants, The, 205.

Fleisch, Raind, 169.

Florence, 197, 222, 256.

Florinda, 104 _n._

Florus, Gessius, Procurator, 24, 25 _n._

Fouché, 143.

Franchise, Jews admitted to, 349.

Franconia, 146.

Frank, Jacob, 334, 335, 336.

Frankels, Rabbi, 336.

Frankfort, 285, 312, 361.

Franza, 233.

Frederick II., Emperor, 200, 286.

” III. ” 269 _n._

” William, Elector, 286, 324.

Frederick William I., King of Prussia, 325.

Frederick William II., King of Prussia, 325.

Frederick (the Great) III., King of Prussia, 325, 336.

Freiburg, 205.

Frideswide, St., 184.

Friedlander, David, 337.

Fulvia, 20.

G.

Gabriol, Solomon, 138.

Gadara, 28, 44 _n._

Galba, Emperor, 29.

Galicia, 333.

Gallio, 57.

Gallus, Cest., Prefect, 25, 27, 31 _n._

Gamala, 20 _n._, 44 _n._

Gamaliel I., II., III., IV., Presidents of Sanhedrin, 57 _n._

Gamaliel IV., 77.

Gans, David, 274.

Gaon, _or_ Geon, 86 _n._

Garcia, Alvares, 230.

Garonne, 191.

Gaubil, Father, 117.

Gaulonitis, 20 _n._

Gaza, 309.

Geiger, 363.

Geneva, 205.

Gennath (Gate of Jerusalem), 30.

Genoa, 82, 222, 241, 258.

Geonim, 86.

George III., King of England, 347.

George IV., King of England, 348.

Georgius, Prefect, 98.

Gerasa, 31, _n._

Germany, 146, 360, 370.

Ghetto, 202, 229, 255, 306 _n._

Ghibellines, 197.

Giaffir, 110.

Gibbon, Historian, 107, 159, 244 _n._, 255, 358.

Gibraltar, 240, 317.

Giles, St., Cripplegate, 134.

Gischala, 28, 30.

Godolphin, Lord, 340.

Goethe, 295 _n._

Golden Age of Judaism, 106.

Goldsmid, Mr., 349.

” Sir Isaac, 350.

Gomez, Emmanuel, 299.

Gompertz, 324.

Gonsalez of Calatrava, 214 _n._

Gonsalvo de Cordova, 257.

Gooch, Bishop of Norwich, 344.

Gordon, Lord G., 346 _n._

Goshen, 156.

Gotesel, Priest, 146.

Gozani, Father, 117.

Graetz, Historian, 324, 363, App. III.

Granada, 128, 132.

” King of, 192.

Grant, Mr. R., 349.

Gratus, Valer., Procurator, 20.

Greece, 162.

Grégoire, Abbé, 322.

Gregory I., Pope, 82, 197.

” VII. ”, 145.

” IX. ”, 243.

” XIII. ”, 255.

Grimaldi, 346 _n._

Grotius, 284.

Guadelete, River, 104.

Gudule, St., 209.

Guelderland, 219.

Guelf, 197.

Guinea, Gulf of, 246.

H.

Habenicht, Walter von, 140.

Hachacham, 157.

Hagenau, 168.

Hague, The, 295, 305.

Hai, 130.

Hajun, 332.

Halevi, 138, 210.

Hallam, Historian, 123 _n._

Hamadan, 94.

Haman, 73, 118.

Hamburgh, 312, 362.

Hamon, Joseph, 280.

Hanoch, Rabbi, 128, 129.

Harleian Miscellany, 287.

Harley, Lord, 346.

Haroun Al Raschid, Caliph, 108.

Harrington, 303.

Heber, 17 _n._

Hebron, 159, 377.

Hegel, 295 _n._

Hegesippus, 41.

Heine, 337.

Hela, 162.

Heliogabalus, Emperor, 58.

Henry IV., Emperor, 141.

” I., King of England, 148.

” II. ” ”, 148.

” III. ” ”, 199.

” II., King of France, 319.

” II., King of Spain, 215 (of Transtamara).

” III., King of Spain, 216, 217.

” IV., King of Spain, 231.

Hep, Hep, 141, 362.

Heracleonas, 99 _n._

Heraclius, Emperor, 91, 93, 98, 101.

Herder, 295 _n._

Herodias, 21.

Herodion, 38.

Hierax of Alexandria, 77.

Hillel I., II., III., 57 _n._

Hippicus, Tower of, 29, 43.

Hira, 94.

Hiskiah, 130.

Hochstraten, 270.

Holland, 291, 300, 332, 365.

Holmes, Nathaniel, 287.

Holy Land, 162, 225, 281, 376.

Homberg, Herr, 337 _n._

Homen Lopes, 263.

Homeritis, 92.

Honorius, Emperor, 71, 81.

Hormisdas, King of Persia, 65.

Hosdai, Rabbi, 111.

Hoshiel, Rabbi, 128.

Hugh of Lincoln, 183.

Huguenots, 320.

Hungary, 146, 332, 333, 366.

Huntingdon, 303.

Huss, John, 271.

Hypatia, 77.

I.

Idumeans, 28, 31.

Immanuel Ben Solomon, 202.

Impostors, Jewish, 154.

India, 116.

Inglis, Sir R., 351.

Inmestar, 73.

Innocent II., Pope, 197.

” III., ”, 198 _n._

” IV., ”, 197, 198.

” VIII., ”, 222.

” XI., ”, 305.

Inquisition, 235, 301, 317, 318, 365.

Ionia, 114.

Irak, 94.

Ireland, 303.

Isaac of Duren, Rabbi, 210.

” The Five, 138.

Isabella of Castile, 232, 238.

” Infanta, 246.

Isidore, Bishop of Seville, 101.

Ismail, Shah Sofi, 277.

Israel, Baal Schem, 334.

Isserlein, 210.

Istakan, 94.

Italy, 358.

Ivan III., of Russia, 273.

Izarba, 250.

J.

Jachia, Don David, 250.

” ” Solomon, 243.

Jacob, Rabbi, 206.

Jacob Hall, Oxford, 134.

Jaen, 232, 233.

Jaffa, 377.

James I., King of Aragon, 171.

” II., ” ”, 177.

” II., King of England, 304.

Jamnia, 41, 54, 56.

Jarchi. _See_ Rashi.

Jechiel, Rabbi, 166.

Jerome, 52.

” of Prague, 271.

” of Santa Fé, 230.

Jerusalem described, 29.

” present state, 376, 377.

” siege by Titus, 32-36.

” rebuilt by Adrian, 51.

” taken by Omar, 95.

Jerusalem taken by Persians, 87.

” retaken by Heraclius, 87.

Jessel, Sir G., 352, 354 _n._

Jesuits in China, 116.

JESUS CHRIST, 91.

” son of Hanani, 32.

” son of Sirach, 117.

Jethukiel, Phys., 333.

Jochaides, Simon, 54.

Jochanan, Rabbi, 57 _n._

Jonathan, High Priest, 24.

” of Enghien, 208.

John, King of England, 153, 198.

” ” France, 193.

” I., ” Spain, 216.

” II., ” ”, 228.

” I., ” Portugal, 244.

” II., ” ”, 245.

” XXII., Pope, 201.

” of Gischala, 30 _n._, 33, 37, 39.

Joppa, 44 _n._

Joseph II., Emperor of Austria, 328, 365.

Joseph, King of Khozar, 111.

” Historian, 146 _n._

” of Ecija, 213.

” of Granada, 132.

” of Osuna, 175.

” Rabbi, 129.

” Spanish Minister, 132.

Josephus, 17, 25 _n._, 28 _n._, 33, 39, 55, App. I.

Joshua, Rabbi, 190.

Jost, Historian, 64 _n._, 323.

Jotapata, 28, 44 _n._

Jovian, Emperor, 70.

Judah, Hakkadosh II. and III., 57 _n._

Judah, Chief Rabbi, 244.

” Don, 244.

” of Modena, 307.

Judas, Gaulonite, 19, 25, 314.

” Maccabæus, 56.

Jude, St., 41.

Juglar, Inquisitor, 236.

Julian, Count, 104.

” Emperor, 67, 68, 69.

” Samaritan, 83.

Julius III., Pope, 253.

Justin Emperor, 83.

” Martyr, 52 _n._

Justinian, Emperor, 83, 84.

Juvenal, 55.

K.

Kaaba, 89.

Kadijah, 90.

Kainoka, 93.

Kalba Sabua, 46.

Kaminiek, Bishop of, 334.

Karaites, The, 109, 110 _n._, 331, 377.

Kashgar, 116.

Kenana, 93.

Khaibar, 93.

Khaled, 94.

Khozar, 111, 112.

Kimchi, David, 160, 172.

Kimchis, The, 160.

Kobad (Cavades), 85.

Koraidha, 93.

Koran, The, 91 _n._

Koreish, The, 89.

L.

Lacedæmonians, 56.

Ladislaus I., King of Hungary, 146.

Ladislaus II., King of Hungary, 220.

Lamego, Ruez, 340.

Langton, Archbishop, 180.

Languedoc, 105, 127, 191, 194.

Lara, David, 299.

Lavater, 337.

Leghorn (Livorno), 222, 256, 258.

Leibnitz, 295 _n._

Leinengen, Landgrave of, 146.

Leo X., Pope, 252.

” Rabbi, 286.

” of Modena, 305.

” the Isaurian, Emperor, 83, 99, 100.

Leonis, Peter, 200.

Leopold I., Emperor, 289, 324.

” Duke, 320.

Lepanto, Battle of, 280.

Lessing, 295 _n._, 336 _n._

Levi, Samuel, 214.

” Solomon, Bishop of Burgos, 218.

Lexington, Lord, 183.

Lincoln, 150, 184.

Lipman of Mulhouse, 210.

Lippold, Physician, 271.

Lisbon, 247, 260, 301.

Lithuanians, 204.

Lombard Hall, Oxford, 134.

London, 157, 275.

Loraine, 320.

Lothair, King of France, 127.

Louis le Deb., King of France, 124.

” II., III., IV., Kings of France, 127.

Louis VIII., King of France, 163.

” IX., ” ” 224.

” XIV., ” ” 301, 320.

Louis XV., XVI., ” ” 321.

Lowe, Joel, 337 _n._

Lubeck, 361.

Lucena, 138.

Luke, St., 40.

Lunel, 190.

Luther, 224, 284.

Luzzato, Moses, 307, 333.

Lyons, 125, 321.

” Council at, 165.

” Jews of, 165.

Lysanias, 21.

Lysias, Claudius, 57.

Lyttelton, Lord, 343 _n._

M.

Maccabees, 118, 226, 331.

McCaul, Dr., 333.

Machærus, 38.

Macon, Council at, 82.

Madrid, 301.

Magi, Religion of, 69 _n._, 90, 96.

Magona, 75.

Mahomet, 89-94.

Mahrattas, 120.

Maimon, Solomon, 337 _n._

Maimonides, 157, 158, 159.

Malabar, Jews of, 115 _n._, 119.

Malach, 332.

Malaga, 138.

Malcho, 262 _n._

Malesherbes, 322.

Mammæa, 59.

Mamun, 110.

Manasseh (_or_ Menasseh) ben Israel, 287, 290, 301, 304 _n._

Manasseh, Menecier, 193.

Manes or Mani, 65.

Mantenu, Jacob, 234.

Mantua, 157, 222, 223, 257.

Marcian, Emperor, 83.

Marco Polo, 161.

Mariana, Historian, 240.

Maria Theresa, 327, 335.

Marlowe, 225 _n._

Martel, Charles, 122 _n._

Martial, 55.

Martin V., Pope, 197, 221.

Martin, Henry, 303.

Martina, 99 _n._

Martinez, Ferdinand, 216, 217.

Masada, 31 _n._, 38, 152.

Massorites, 109, Appendix III.

Master of Jews, 124.

Matthew of Paris, 180.

Matthias, High Priest, 31 _n._, 35.

” St., 115.

Maundeville, Sir J., 161.

Mauritius, Emperor, 86.

” Island, 276.

Maximilian, Emperor, 220, 269.

Maximus, Emperor, 72.

Mayence _or_ Mentz, 141, 206, 220.

Mecca, 90, 91.

Mechlenberg, 267.

Media, 114.

Medici, Catherine de, 276.

Medina, 91.

” del Campo, 212, 231.

Meir, Impostor, 85.

” Physician, 229.

” Rabbi, 274.

Melun, Council at, 164.

Menahem, 25.

Mendelssohn, Bartholdy, 337.

” Moses, 329, 336, 360.

Mendez, Andrea, 303.

” Antonio, 303.

Menton, Count, 374.

Merseburg, 272.

Mesopotamia, 42, 114.

Metz, 320.

Mexico, 374.

Michael, Emperor, 107.

” St., Island, 121.

Milan, 82.

Milman, 75, 106, 115, 179, 324 _n._

Minorca, 74.

Mishna, 84.

Modayne, 94.

Modena, 257.

Moldavia, 335, 368.

Montalcino, 253.

Montanists, 100.

Montefiori, Sir Moses, 340, 360, 368, 373, 375.

Montiel, 215.

Moravia, 332.

Moravian Impostor, 154.

Mordecai, Rabbi, 203.

Morea, The, 306.

Moriah, Mount, 29, 43.

Morocco, Jews in, 158, 281, 372, 376.

Mortara, Signor, 358, 359.

Moselle, River, 140.

Moses of Crete, 76.

” Hall, Oxford, 134.

” Hamon, 280.

” Lawgiver, 91.

” de Leon, 177.

” Luzzato, 307, 333.

” Rabbi, 128.

” Rieti, 202.

Mossey, of Wallingford, 134 _n._

Mostanged, 161.

Mosteira, Rabbi, 295.

Motokavel, Sultan, 110.

Muja, 247.

Mulhouse, 210.

Munich, 169.

Muza, 104.

” Battle of, 94.

Muzafia, Benjamin, 299.

N.

Nachmanides, 160.

Nadir, 93.

Nagra, 92.

Nantes, Edict of, 320.

Naples, 84 _n._, 197, 200.

Napoleon, 319, 356, 357, 360, 364.

Narbonne, Archbishop of, 127.

” Jews in, 124.

Narses, 92.

Nasi, Joseph, 280.

Nathan, Benjamin, 309.

” Rabbi, 129.

Navarre, 217.

Neander, Historian, 337.

Neapolitanus, Tribune, 25.

Nehemiah, Rabbi, 313.

Nejara, 215.

Nelson, 285.

Nerva, Emperor, 41, 42.

Neustadt, 206.

Newcastle, Duke of, 345.

Nicephorus, Emperor, 107.

Nicolas Czar, 367.

” a Jew, 166.

” III., Pope, 197.

” IV., ” 244.

” V., ” 221.

Niger, 58.

Nineveh, 161.

Nitzachon, The, 270 _n._

Noah, 91.

Northampton, 148 _n._

Norway, 365.

Norwich, 149, 150.

” Bishop of (Gooch), 344.

Norzi, Solomon, 307.

Novara, G., 270.

Nuremburg, 203, 220, 268.

Nyireghyaza, 366.

O.

Oceana, 303.

Offenbach, 335, 336.

Omar, Caliph, 95, 108, 112.

Ommiades, 95 _n._, 112.

Onkelos, Targum of, 250, App. III.

Oporto, 247.

Oran, 281.

Orestes, Prefect, 77.

Origen, 56, 59.

Orleans, 164.

” Regent, 320.

Orobio di Castro, 299, 301.

Orpheus, 59.

Osorio, Bishop, 249.

” Count, 213.

Osrhoene, 72.

Osuna, 174, 176.

Otho, Emperor, 29.

Oxford, 123, 134, 184.

P

Pablo, 160, 173.

Pachecho, Juan de, 233.

Padua, 223, 258.

Palestine, 96, 157, 281.

Pallas, 24.

Palma, 230.

Pampeluna, 217.

Pamphylia, 114.

Paris, Riots in, 164.

Parker, Lord, 345.

Parliament, Jewish, 181.

Parthenay, Sieur de, 192.

Parthia, 114.

Patriarch of the West, 41.

Patriarchs of Tiberias, 62, 77.

” ” suppressed, 78.

Paul, St., 25 _n._, 55, 353.

Paul II., Pope, 222.

” III., ”, 234, 262.

” IV., ”, 253.

” of Samosata, 60.

Pedro III., King of Spain, 214.

Pelham. Mr., 342, 343.

Pella, 27 _n._

Pelusium, 96.

Peræa, 28.

Pereira, 263.

Persepolis, 94.

Persia, 94, 116, 308, 376.

Peru, Strange Building in, 121.

Peter, Emperor of Russia, 329, 338.

Peter the Hermit, 138, 140.

Peters, Hugh, 303.

Petronius, Prefect, 22.

Pfeffercorn, 268.

Pfortzheim, 269 _n._

Phasaelus, Tower of, 43.

Philip, the Arabian, Emperor, 59.

” Agrippa’s General, 26.

” II. (Augustus), King of France, 142, 163, 198.

Philip III. (the Hardy), King of France, 166.

Philip IV. (the Fair), King of France, 167.

Philip V. (the Long), King of France, 190, 193, 198.

Philip III., King of Spain, 300.

” V., ” ”, 316.

Philo Judæus, 22 _n._, 55.

Philpotts, Bishop of Exeter, 353.

Phocas, Emperor, 98.

Phrygia, 114.

Piacenza, 222.

Pichon, Joseph, 216.

” Solomon, 232.

Pilatus, P., Procurator, 20.

Pinedo, De, 298.

Pitt, Mr., 346.

Pius II., Pope, 222.

” IV., ”, 255.

” V., ”, 255.

” VI., ”, 319.

” IX., ”, 358, 360.

Plato, 159.

Ploermel, 164.

Pocock, 290.

Podolia, 33.

Poitou, 192.

Poland, 330, 333, 334, 335.

Polycarp, 55 _n._

Pombal, Don, 264.

Pompey, 55.

Pontoise, 142.

Pontus, 114.

Portaleoni, 258.

Port Maria, 240.

Portugal, 365.

Potsdam, 324.

Prague, 271, 286.

Prester, John, 112.

Princes of the Captivity, 63.

Prioress’s Tale, 183.

Prussia, 324, 326.

” Rhenish, 140.

Psephinus, Tower of, 43.

Pumbeditha, 64 _n._, 161.

Purim, Feast of, 73, 190 _n._

Pyrenees, 122.

Q.

Quietus, Lucius, 42.

R.

Rachel Fermosa, 145.

Radziwill, Prince, 307.

Raport, 363.

Rashi, Rabbi, 147.

Ravenna, 223 _n._

Raymond, Count of Toulouse, 163.

Raymond, Monk, 172.

Reccared, King of Goths, 100.

Rehoboth, 161.

Remigius, Bishop, 126.

Resch-Glutha, 115.

Resen, 162.

Reuchlin, J., 269 _n._

Rhodes, 108 _n._, 374.

Rhynsberg, 295.

Ricci, Father, 116.

Richard I., King of England, 149, 152, 159.

Richard of Pontoise, 142.

Rieti, Rabbi Moses, 202.

Rimini, 258.

Robert of Jerusalem, 201.

Roderic, King of the Goths, 104.

Rodney, Admiral, 346.

Rodolph, Monk, 141, 142.

Rodrigo, Bishop, 212.

Rodriguez, Daniel, 256.

Romaine, W., 343 _n._

Rome, 82, 197, 222, 258, 305.

Rossi, Asarja, 258.

Rothschild, Baron, 350, 356 _n._, 368.

Rothschild, Sir N., 352.

Rouen, 133.

Roumania, 368, 369.

Rufus, Procurator, 20.

” Ticinius, _or_ Turnus, 48.

Russell, Lord J., 350.

” Mr. Odo, 360.

Russia, 147, 277, 329, 333, 365.

S.

Saadi ben Joseph, 130.

Sabbathai Sevi, 309-314.

Sadoc, 20 _n._

Sadolet, Cardinal, 252.

Saladin, 158.

Salamanca, Council at, 213.

Salamons, Alderman, 349, 352.

Saloniki, 280, 281.

Samaritan Version, 117.

Samuel, Levi, 214.

” Rabbi, 132.

” Spanish Minister, 212.

Sancha, Donna, 132.

Sancho, King of Castile, 176.

” I., King of Portugal, 245.

” II., ” ”, 243.

Sanhedrin, 35, 41, 55, 57.

” President of, 57.

” in Paris, 357.

Sapor, King of Persia, 64, 65, 67.

Saragossa, 172, 237 _n._

Sassanian Dynasty, 94.

Savona, 231.

Savonarola, 224.

Scharf, 366.

Scherira, 130.

Schleirmacher, 295 _n._

Scholastica, St., 123.

Scott, Sir W., 152 _n._, 226 _n._

Sebastian, King of Portugal, 282.

Sebastople, 115 _n._

Segovia, 229.

Seidelius, 270.

Seine, River, 144.

Sejanus, 20.

Selim I., II., 280.

Sephardim, 292 _n._, 377.

Sepphoris, 56.

Septuagint Version, 117.

Sepulveda, 232.

Serenus, 112.

Servia, 368.

Sestos, 312.

Setubal, 247.

Severus, Alexander, Emperor, 59.

” Septimius, ”, 58.

” Bishop of Minorca, 74.

” Julius, 48.

Seville, 101, 173, 237 _n._

Shalmanesar, 109.

Shemariah, Rabbi, 128.

Shepherds, Rising of, 166, 190.

Shunem, 162.

Silesia, 320.

Silva, 38.

Simeon, Bishop of Ctesiphon, 67.

” Patriarch, 62, 57 _n._

” the son of Gamaliel, 57 _n._

” Stylites, 72 _n._

Simon, Son of Gioras, 31 _n._ 33, 35, 37, 39.

Simon, the Just, 57 _n._

” Zelotes, St., 115.

Sisibut, King of Goths, 101.

Sixtus, IV., Pope, 222.

” V., 255.

Smyrna, 309, 312.

Socrates, Historian, 76 _n._

Solomon, Ashkenazim, 280.

” ben Abraham, 331.

” Medigo, 307.

” Rophe, 280.

Solymosi, Esther, 366.

Southampton, 179 _n._

Spinoza, 293-298.

Spires, 141, 206, 209.

Stamford, 150.

Stephen, King of England, 148, 149.

Strasburg, 141, 293, 320.

Strauss, 360.

Stuttgard, 269 _n._

Suabia, 203.

Succession, War of, 316.

Suetonius, 25 _n._

Surenhusius, 290.

Surinam, 299.

Sweden, 365.

Switzerland, 365.

Sylvester, Pope, 65 _n._

Syria, 94.

T.

Tabuc, 94.

Tacitus, 55.

Tagus, 214.

Talmud, 84, 165, 255, 258, 269, App. II.

Talmud, the Babylonian, 85.

” ” Jerusalem, 57.

Tarichæa, 28.

Tavora, 231.

Temple burnt, 36.

” Attempt to Rebuild, 68, 69, App. IV.

” Lord, 345.

” Sir W., 305.

Tertullian, 52 _n._

Texel, 292.

Theiss, River, 366.

Thema, 162.

Theodoric I., 82.

Theodorus, 74.

Theodosius I., Emperor, 72.

” II., ”, 72 _n._, 76, 83.

Theresa Maria, 327, 335.

Theudas, 23 _n._

Thirty Years’ War, 286.

Thomas, Father, 374.

” Island of, 246.

” St., 115.

Thonon (Thun), 205.

Tiberias, 56, 157, 162, 377.

Tiberius, Emperor, 20.

Tigris, River, 161.

Timour, the Tartar, 277.

Titus, Emperor, 26-41.

Toland, John, 341.

Toledo, 101, 206, 128, 145.

” Council at, 101, 102.

Toro, 233.

Torquemada, Thomas, 235 _n._, 264, 354.

Tortosa, 230.

Toulouse, 123, 301.

” Count of, 122.

Tours, Battle of, 122.

Trajan, Emperor, 42.

Trani, 200.

Trent, 220.

Treves, 140.

” Bishop of, 141.

Tribotti, Nathan, 331.

Tripoli, 281.

Tucker, Rev. Mr., 344.

Tudela, Benjamin of. _See_ Benjamin.

Tunis, 281.

Turcomans, 111.

Turkestan, 116.

Turkey, 289, 334, 308.

Turks, 137.

Tyaneus, Apollonius, 59.

Tyre, 162.

Tyropæon, 29.

Tzaddik, 325, 334.

U.

Ukraine, 289.

United States, 373.

Urban VI., Pope, 202.

Ustazades, 67.

Utrecht, 220.

Uziel, Isaac, 299.

V.

Valencia, 217, 240.

Valens, Emperor, 71.

Valentinian, Emperor, 71.

Valladolid, 231, 232.

Valori, 256 _n._

Vandals, 96.

Van Ende, Physician, 295.

Varanes (Behram), King of Persia, 86.

Varus, 26.

Vaughan, General, 347.

Venice, 222, 258, 305.

Vera, Juan de, 175.

Verdun, 191.

Verona, 222, 258.

Vespasian, Emperor, 28, 29, 39.

Vienna, 272, 290.

” Council at, 169.

Villars, M., 301.

Virga, Solomon ben, 250.

Virgin Mary, 116.

Visigoths, 100.

Vitellius, Emperor, 29.

” Prefect, 21.

Vitringa, 290.

Vitry, 192.

Voltaire, 321, 326.

Vorburg, 295.

Vossius, T., 284.

W.

Wallachia, 333.

Walsingham, 166.

Wamba, King of Goths, 103.

” ”, Languedoc, 105.

Wathek, Al, 110.

Wellington, Duke of, 349.

Wenceslaus, Emperor, 209.

Wessely, 337.

Westphalia, 290.

Whately, Archbishop, 351.

William I., King of England, 133.

” II. ” ”, 133, 148.

William III., King of England, 304.

Wilna, 333.

Witiza, King of Goths, 103, 104.

Wolfsohn, 337 _n._

Worms, 141, 286.

X.

Ximenes, Cardinal, 261.

Y.

Yemen, 92, 376.

Yermouk, 95.

Yezdegird, King of Persia, 91, 94.

York, 134, 150, 275.

Yusef, Emir, 112.

” King, 133 _n._

Z.

Zacchæus, 161.

Zacchai, David, 129.

Zacharias, Bishop of Jerusalem, 87.

” False Messiah, 177.

” Rabbi, 288.

” Russian Jew, 273.

Zamora, Council at, 212.

Zarephath, 340 _n._

Zealots, 26, 30, 31.

Zebedee, Pharisee, 288.

Zedekias, Physician, 126.

Zeigler, Rabbi, 292.

Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, 60.

Zion, Mount, 29.

Zoffingen, 205.

Zohar, Book of, 54, 332 _n._, Appendix III.

Zonaras, 72.

Zoroaster, 69 _n._

Zosimus, 273.

Zunz, Leopold, 363.

Zutia, 85 _n._

Zutphen, 219.

Transcriber’s Notes

pg 1 Changed spelling of Chrosroes 79 to: Chosroes
pg 2 Changed spelling of Sepher-Yetsira to: Yetzira
pg 392 Changed spelling of Sepher-Yetsira to: Sepher-Yetzira
pg 19 Added word intelligent not be: not to be
pg 19 Added period to: evasion of her claims
pg 49 Combined words strong and holds to: into their strongholds
pg 50 Changed comma to period at: tenanted the streets
pg 57 Added period to: A.D 429
pg 63 Changed comma to period after: demand his submission
pg 71 Changed chapter heading dates from 365-429 to: 363-429
pg 89 Changed spelling of illustrous to: illustrious tribe of the
Koreish
pg 109 Removed repeated word of from: Gospels, of of the length
pg 110 Changed one of the Abbasside Caliphs to: Abasside
pg 126 Added comma to: refused an audience
pg 133 Changed Yusef, king of the Almorarides to: Almoravides
pg 146 Added period to: with by the government
pg 153 Changed conciliate their good-will to: goodwill
pg 155 Changed comma to period after: Tale of Alroy
pg 162 Fixed spacing for: difficult tor econcile to: to reconcile
pg 172 Removed unnecessary comma from: A.D. 1233
pg 200 Changed word eat to seat at: occupation of the eat
pg 203 Added The Jews in to chapter heading
pg 206 Changed privy to and articipators to: participators
pg 207 Added period to: punishing the offenders
pg 228 Added period to: other Christian States
pg 238 Changed spelling of considering the irreconcileable to:
irreconcilable
pg 262 Changed spelling of: aterwards returned to his to: afterwards
pg 291 Changed lay in a lifelong to: life-long
pg 300 Changed spelling of: already rcorded to: recorded
pg 302 Changed advantage to grant re-admission to: readmission
pg 307 Added period to: attained a great reputation
pg 314 Added period to: among the transgressors
pg 337 Changed , to semicolon at: professor at Breslau
pg 345 Added period to: this unfortunate measure
pg 347 Added period to: part in Jewish affairs
pg 357 Changed scarcely more that a year to: than
pg 363 Changed spelling full rights of citzenship to: citizenship
pg 367 Changed wanted it except or to: for
pg 373 Changed free schools, alms-houses to: almshouses
pg 383 Added period to: amount to 600,000
pg 404 Changed spelling of: On one occassion to: occasion
pg 407 Changed spelling of Bokkara to: Bokhara to match pg 376
pg 407 Changed spelling of Alkikoran, 128 to: Alkihoran
Added missing punctuation where needed in the Index
Various accented and non-accented words left as written
Added word The to various chapter headings