Chapter IV

SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF NORMANDY DURING THE TENTH CENTURY.
Original kindred of Englishmen, Danes, and Normans 148–149
Danes in England become Englishmen, in Gaul,
Frenchmen 149–151

§ 1. _General Effects of the Scandinavian Settlements in Gaul._
Analogy between the settlements of Rolf and Guthrum 151
Results of the Norman settlement on general history;
character of the Normans 151–154
Effects on French history; position of Gaul; struggle
between Paris and Laon decided by the Normans 154–155
Origin of Modern France 155–156
888 Division of the Empire; Eastern and Western Franks 156
830–888 Growing importance of Paris; Odo the first Parisian
King 156–159

§ 2. _Settlement and Reign of Rolf._ 911–927.
The Danish ravages within the Empire compared with
those in England 159–163
Various Danish settlements in Gaul; exceptional
importance of that at Rouen 163–164
876–911? Character of Rolf; his earlier exploits 164–166
911 Rolf in possession of Rouen; his defeat at Chartres 166
912 Peace of Clair-on-Epte; analogy with that of Wedmore 166–167
The Kingdom strengthened by the cession 167–168
Rolf’s homage to Charles; extent of his grant 168–170
Internal condition of Normandy; probable position of
the two races; vestiges of the Danish language 171–173
Normandy not an absolute Monarchy 173–174
922–927 Rolf supports the Karlings against Robert and Rudolf 174–176
927? 932? Abdication and death of Rolf 176
924 His acquisition of the Bessin; its importance 176–179

§ 3. _Reign of William Longsword._ 927–943.
Religion of Rolf; birth and education of his son
William 179–181
931 Breton revolt 182–183
Relations between Æthelstan and the Continent; Alan
of Britanny takes refuge in England 183–186
936 Alan restored; the Côtentin and the Channel Islands
become Norman; their subsequent history 186–189
932 Danish and Christian parties; revolt and submission
of the Danish party 189–190
William’s position between the two; Danish education
of his son Richard 190–192
Part played by William in French history; condition
of Gaul 192–196
926–933 William’s fidelity to Charles the Simple; he does
homage to Rudolf after his death 196–197
936 Election of Lewis; influence of Æthelstan 198–200
Reign and character of Lewis; true character of the
later Karlings 200–201
939–940 Affairs of Montreuil and Lotharingia; intervention of
Æthelstan and Otto 201–205
942–943 Council of Attigny; murder of William Longsword 205–206

§ 4. _Reign of Richard the Fearless._ 943–996.
943 Accession of Richard; his minority and doubtful
legitimacy 206–208
942–973 Events of the year 943; influence of Germany in
French affairs 208–210
943 New Danish settlement; apostasy of Richard; the
Christians seek French help 210–211
Lewis defeats the Danes and recovers Richard 212
Norman version 213–214
944–945 Lewis in Normandy; his defeat and capture by Harold
Blaatand 214–219
945–946 Lewis imprisoned by Hugh; intervention of Eadmund and
Otto; release of Lewis and renewal of his Kingship 219–221
Commendation of Richard to Hugh of Paris 221–222
The alliance between Normandy and Paris determines
the fall of the Karlings 223
946 War of the three Kings against the two Dukes; defeat
of Otto before Rouen 224–226
947–954 Series of Synods; progress and death of Lewis 227–230
954–986 Reign of Lothar; the old generation dies off 230–231
956–960 Relations between Hugh Capet and Richard 232
962 Theobald of Chartres; his enmity towards Richard 233–234
Second intervention of Harold? 234–235
Policy of Hugh Capet; general peace between Ducal and
Royal France 236
973–980 Changed relations between France and Germany on the
death of Otto the Great 236–238
986–991 Reign of Lewis the Fifth; his death; election of Hugh
Capet; permanence of his dynasty; position of
Rheims as crowning-place 239–240
987–991 Robert associated with his father in the Kingdom;
struggle with Charles of Lotharingia 240–241
Permanent establishment of the Parisian dynasty;
effects of the change 241–242
Lotharingia finally becomes German under Carolingian
Dukes 242–243

§ 5. _Comparison between France, England, and Normandy._
Influence of the Normans on the Capetian revolution;
their settlement made Gaul French 243–245
Relations between Normandy and France fixed by the
Capetian Revolution 245–246
Contrast between England and France 247–249
Position of the later Karlings; power of the Crown
not immediately increased by the change of dynasty 249–251
Growth of the doctrine of nobility 252–253
996 Last days and death of Richard 254–255

§ 6. _Early Years of Richard the Good._ 996–997.
Aristocratic feelings of Richard 255–256
997 Revolt of the Peasants; their political organization;
the revolt crushed by Rudolf of Ivry 256–258