Chapter XLII: Appendix: , Number LVII

─────────┬────┬────┬────┬────┬────┬────┬────┬────┬────┬────┬────
│1883│1884│1885│1886│1887│1888│1889│1890│1891│1892│
─────────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────
Jan. │ 7¾│ 9⅜│ 7¾│ 7¾│ 6¾│ 7¾│ 7 │ 7½│7.42│6.45│
Feb. │ 7⅞│ 9⅛│ 7¾│ 7⅝│ 6⅝│ 7¾│ 7⅛│ 7½│7.48│6.42│
March │ 8 │ 8½│ 8 │ 7⅜│ 6⅝│ 7¾│ 7 │ 7¼│7.31│6.32│
April │ 8¼│ 8⅝│ 7⅞│ 7⅜│ 6⅝│ 7⅜│ 6⅞│ 7⅛│7.18│6.10│
May │ 7⅞│ 8½│ 7¾│ 7¼│ 6¾│ 7½│ 6⅞│ 7¼│7.20│6.06│
June │ 8 │ 8⅛│ 8 │ 7⅛│ 6⅝│ 7⅛│ 6⅞│ 7⅛│7.13│6.00│
July │ 7⅝│ 7⅞│ 8¼│ 7 │ 6½│ 7¼│ 7¼│ 7⅛│7.02│6.00│
Aug. │ 7⅞│ 8 │ 8⅜│ 6¾│ 6½│ 7⅝│ 7¼│ 7¼│6.70│6.08│
Sept. │ 8⅛│ 7⅞│ 8⅜│ 6⅝│ 6¾│ 7¾│ 7⅛│ 7⅜│6.42│6.10│
Oct. │ 8⅜│ 7⅞│ 8½│ 6¾│ 6¾│ 7⅝│ 7⅛│ 7½│6.45│6.03│
Nov. │ 8¾│ 7⅞│ 8½│ 6⅞│ 7 │ 7¼│ 7½│ 7½│6.40│5.80│
Dec. │ 9⅛│ 7¾│ 8 │ 6⅞│ 7¼│ 7¼│ 7½│ 7¼│6.44│5.45│
─────────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────
Yearly │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
average│ 8⅛│ 8¼│ 8⅛│ 7⅛│ 6¾│ 7½│ 7⅛│ 7⅜│6.93│6.07│
─────────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────

─────────┬────┬────┬────┬────┬────┬────┬────┬────┬────┬────┬────
│1893│1894│1895│1896│1897│1898│1899│1900│1901│1902│1903
─────────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────
Jan. │5.33│5.15│5.87│7.85│6.13│5.40│7.43│9.90│7.58│7.20│8.27
Feb. │5.30│5.15│6.00│7.35│6.26│5.48│7.40│9.90│7.81│7.20│8.20
March │5.34│5.15│6.75│7.40│6.36│5.82│7.33│9.90│8.00│7.20│8.21
April │5.52│5.15│9.12│7.00│6.13│5.67│7.05│9.51│7.68│7.30│8.35
May │5.20│5.15│8.20│6.75│6.23│6.00│7.01│8.98│7.04│7.40│8.47
June │5.21│5.15│7.83│6.85│6.14│6.16│7.20│7.88│6.90│7.40│8.55
July │5.15│5.15│7.65│6.55│5.87│6.27│7.61│7.90│7.15│7.40│8.55
Aug. │5.18│5.15│7.10│6.65│5.75│6.44│7.82│8.05│7.50│7.21│8.55
Sept. │5.15│5.15│7.10│6.85│5.74│6.60│8.63│7.98│7.50│7.20│8.55
Oct. │5.15│5.15│7.10│6.90│5.55│7.21│9.00│7.48│7.65│7.26│9.01
Nov. │5.15│5.15│7.88│7.15│5.40│7.35│9.40│7.33│7.65│7.71│9.36
Dec. │5.15│5.61│7.77│6.35│5.40│7.40│9.85│7.28│7.43│8.12│9.45
─────────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────
Yearly │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
average│5.24│5.19│7.36│6.98│5.91│6.32│7.98│8.50│7.49│7.38│8.62
─────────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────

NOTE.—In the above tables the quotations down to 1890, inclusive,
are noted in cents and fractional parts of a cent; from 1891 to 1903
the prices are given in cents and decimal parts of a cent, _i.e._,
7.42 signifies seven and forty-two hundredths cents, and 9⅜ means
nine and three eighths cents per gallon. The above are New York
quotations in barrels; bulk oil is generally 2.50c. below these
prices. Philadelphia and Baltimore quotations are five points below
New York; for instance, if New York price was 5.75c., the
Philadelphia and Baltimore price would be 5.70c.

NUMBER 58 (See page 2225)
JOHN D. ARCHBOLD’S STATEMENT ON THE PRICES THE STANDARD RECEIVES FOR
REFINED OIL

[Report of the Industrial Commission, 1900. Volume I, pages
569–570.]

_Q._ Now, the general result then is this: By virtue of your greater
power you are enabled to secure prices that on the whole could be
considered steadily somewhat above competitive rates?

_A._ Well, I hope so. I think we have better merchandising
facilities, better marketing facilities, better distributing
facilities, and better talent than a competitor can have.

_Q._ I am not asking with reference to your power of making profits,
but it is with reference to getting the prices from the consumer.

_A._ Prices are what make the profit. If we had a better average
price, we could get a better profit.

_Q._ You think, generally speaking, that you get prices for oil
slightly above competitive prices?

_A._ Well, I should think so; I could not answer—that is a very
general question, and very difficult to answer. I could not answer
that specifically. I hope that we do.

_Q._ Of course, in this investigation, we are seeing if we can get
some general principles on which legislation might be based, and
these questions are to bring out, if we can, the power that so great
an organisation has in fixing prices. Would you say, then, that in
the case of an organisation that controls perhaps eighty per cent.
of the markets of the country, there is a monopolistic element that
enters in which enables them to hold prices above the regular rate?
Is there a monopolistic power that comes merely from the power of
capital itself?

_A._ Undoubtedly, there is an ability, and when that ability, as I
have said, is unwisely used, it is sure to bring its own defeat.

_Q._ If that ability goes to get an exorbitant price, of course it
will invite competition, but when that ability is kept within modest
limits, would you still say that it was in the power of such an
organisation to get the benefit of the monopolistic power that comes
merely from the power of capital itself?

_A._ Well, I should say that that would be a very restricted power,
a very restricted limit. The competitors in this country are very
active.

_Q._ What?

_A._ The competitors are very active; they are alert at all points
with their small offerings in the hope to find just such a condition
as you describe.

_Q._ Certainly.

_A._ But as I say, as business is and as it has been for many years,
we could not have that ability to any considerable extent as
merchants.

_Q._ If the ability were operative only to a slight extent, would it
still be enough, do you think, to make a difference between what we
may call a moderate dividend, say 6 or 7 per cent., and a pretty
high dividend of between 15 and 20 per cent.?

_A._ Well, that involves so nice a question that I could hardly
undertake to answer it; but generally as to the effect on the
community, I should say——

_Q._ Generally on the prices in the United States?

_A._ I should say that the lessened cost incident to doing business
in a large volume would more than compensate the consumer for any
ability in getting higher prices.

_Q._ Then that leads to this point, whether the large capital does
itself give an organisation the power to get a somewhat higher price
than it could in the market provided the competitors were
substantially equal in power?

_A._ Oh, it may be so, but that is a difficult question to answer.

NUMBER 59 (See page 2254)
W. H. VANDERBILT’S CHARACTERISATION OF STANDARD OIL MEN

[Report of the Special Committee on Railroads, New York Assembly,
1879. Volume II, pages 1668–1669.]

_Q._ Can you attribute, or do you attribute, in your own mind, the
fact of there being one refiner instead of fifty, now, to any other
cause except the larger capital of the Standard Oil Company?

_A._ There are a great many causes; it is not from their capital
alone that they have built up this business; there is no question
about it but that these men—and if you come in contact with them I
guess you will come to the same conclusion I have long ago—I think
they are smarter fellows than I am, a good deal; they are very
enterprising and smart men; never came in contact with any class of
men as smart and able as they are in their business, and I think a
great deal is to be attributed to that.

_Q._ Would that alone monopolise a business of that sort?

_A._ It would go a great way toward building it up; they never could
have got in the position they are in now without a great deal of
ability, and one man would hardly have been able to do it; it is a
combination of men.

_Q._ Wasn’t it a combination that embraced the smart men in the
railways, as well as the smart men in the Standard Company?

_A._ I think these gentlemen from their shrewdness have been able to
take advantage of the competition that existed between the railroads
for their business, as it grew, and that they have availed
themselves of that there is not a question of doubt.

_Q._ Don’t you think they have also been able to make their
affiliations with railroad companies and railroad officers?

_A._ I have not heard it charged that any railway official has any
interest in any of their companies, only what I used to see in the
papers some years ago, that I had an interest in it.

_Q._ Your interest in your railway is so large a one that nobody
would conceive, as a matter of personal interest, that you would
have an interest antagonistic to your road?

_A._ When they came to do business with us in any magnitude; that is
the reason I disposed of my interest.

_Q._ And that is the only way you can account for the enormous
monopoly that has thus grown up?

_A._ Yes; they are very shrewd men; I don’t believe that by any
legislative enactment or anything else through any of the states or
all of the states, you can keep such men as them down; you can’t do
it; they will be on top all the time; you see if they are not.

_Q._ You think they get on top of the railways?

_A._ Yes; and on top of everybody that comes in contact with them;
too smart for me.

NUMBER 60 (See page 2259)
FAC-SIMILE OF ONE OF MR. KEMPER’S SHARES

[From History of Standard Oil Case in Supreme Court of Ohio,
1897–1898. Part II, page 271.]

No. S. 11

509,104/972,500 Incorporated under the Whole Shares
of one share. laws of the State of $50 each.
Pennsylvania.

NATIONAL TRANSIT COMPANY

This certifies that J. L. Kemper is the owner of Five Hundred Nine
Thousand One Hundred and Four 972,500ths of one share of stock in
the National Transit Company. The holder or assignee of this Scrip
will be entitled to a Certificate of Stock, and to have his name
entered on the corporate books as a stockholder, on presentation of
sufficient fractional Scrip to entitle him to one full share.

_Witness_ the corporate seal of said Company, attested by the
signatures of its President and Treasurer at Philadelphia, Pa., this
20th day of February, 1896.

H. H. ROGERS,
_President_.

GEO. W. COLTON
_Treasurer_.
[Seal]

[On the reverse side.]

_For value received_ .... hereby sell, assign, and transfer
unto .... 972,500ths of one share of the Capital Stock represented
by the within Certificate of Scrip, and do hereby irrevocably
constitute and appoint .... Attorney to transfer the said Scrip on
the books of the within named company, with full power of
substitution in the premises.

Dated, ......

J. L. KEMPER.

In the presence of HARWOOD R. POOL.

NOTICE.—The signatures to this assignment must correspond with the
name as written upon the face of the certificate in every
particular, without alteration or enlargement or any change
whatever.

NUMBER 61
GENERAL BALANCE SHEET, STANDARD OIL INTERESTS, DECEMBER 31, 1896

[In the case of James Corrigan _vs._ John D. Rockefeller in the
Court of Common Pleas, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, 1897.]

─────────────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────┬────────────── │ ASSETS │ NOMINAL │ │ LIABILITIES ─────────────────┼──────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┼────────────── │ │ │ │ │ Plant │ Other Assets │ Total │ Liabilities ─────────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── Anglo-American │ │ │ │ Oil Co., Lim. │ $6,111,436.75│ $10,877,942.53│ $16,989,379.28│ $8,997,759.61 Atlantic Refining│ │ │ │ Co. │ 4,879,636.08│ 6,637,750.39│ 11,517,386.47│ 357,691.56 Buckeye Pipe Line│ │ │ │ Co. │ 4,559,213.27│ 8,593,413.44│ 13,152,626.71│ 302,998.58 Eureka Pipe Line │ │ │ │ Co. │ 1,489,533.37│ 5,050,615.30│ 6,540,148.67│ 352,320.90 Forest Oil │ │ │ │ Company │ 4,236,370.10│ 800,482.59│ 5,036,852.69│ 198,645.38 Indiana Pipe Line│ │ │ │ Co. │ 992,426.01│ 2,222,381.90│ 3,214,807.91│ 7,821.80 National Transit │ │ │ │ Co. │ 6,800,056.66│ 42,529,353.39│ 49,329,410.05│ 23,296,866.66 New York Transit │ │ │ │ Co. │ 1,860,334.55│ 5,171,303.80│ 7,031,638.35│ 202,139.33 Northern Pipe │ │ │ │ Line Co. │ 639,001.65│ 583,766.46│ 1,222,768.11│ 44,161.69 N. W. Ohio Nat. │ │ │ │ Gas. Co. │ 118,679.71│ 204,480.33│ 323,160.04│ 11,384.76 │ │ │ │ Ohio Oil Co., The│ 4,832,307.19│ 310,705.42│ 5,143,012.61│ 326,923.43 Solar Refining │ │ │ │ Co., The │ 537,797.54│ 1,323,374.92│ 1,861,172.46│ 298,137.91 Southern Pipe │ │ │ │ Line Co. │ 1,527,175.80│ 2,074,374.05│ 3,601,549.85│ 66,929.31 South Penn Oil │ │ │ │ Co. │ 11,300,603.72│ 1,735,979.54│ 13,036,583.26│ 1,278,580.96 Standard Oil Co.,│ │ │ │ Indiana │ 3,105,001.95│ 4,918,025.18│ 8,023,027.13│ 3,372,518.91 Standard Oil Co.,│ │ │ │ Kentucky │ 474,352.83│ 4,236,638.24│ 4,710,991.07│ 49,835.90 Standard Oil Co.,│ │ │ │ New Jersey │ 5,469,277.44│ 13,864,446.39│ 19,333,723.83│ 2,396,607.81 Standard Oil Co.,│ │ │ │ New York │ 4,957,545.26│ 56,822,284.95│ 61,779,830.21│ 48,919,899.34 Standard Oil Co.,│ │ │ │ Ohio │ 1,166,013.90│ 2,752,274.01│ 3,918,287.91│ 1,013,373.13 Union Tank Line │ │ │ │ Co. │ 2,615,594.64│ 340,563.75│ 2,956,158.39│ 11,653.38 ─────────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── Total Plant │$67,672,358.42│ │ │ Other Assets │ │$171,050,156.58│ │ Total Assets │ │ │$238,722,515.00│ Less Actual │ │ │ │ Liabilities │ │ │ │$91,506,250.35 Total Net Value │ │ │ │ Capital Stock │ │ │ │ Total Undivided │ │ │ │ Profits │ │ │ │ Total Capital and│ │ │ │ Surplus │ │ │ │ Other Assets S. │ │ │ │ O. Trust │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ─────────────────┴──────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴──────────────

─────────────────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── │ NOMINAL LIABILITIES ─────────────────┼───────────────┬──────────────┬──────────────┬─────────────── │ │ │ Surplus or │ │ Net Value │Capital Stock │ Impairment. │ Net Value ─────────────────┼───────────────┼──────────────┼──────────────┼─────────────── Anglo-American │ │ │ │ Oil Co., Lim. │ $7,991,619.67│ $2,530,666.66│ $5,460,953.01│ Atlantic Refining│ │ │ │ Co. │ 11,159,694.91│ 5,000,000.00│ 6,159,694.91│ Buckeye Pipe Line│ │ │ │ Co. │ 12,849,628.13│ 10,000,000.00│ 2,849,628.13│ Eureka Pipe Line │ │ │ │ Co. │ 6,187,827.77│ 5,000,000.00│ 1,187,827.77│ Forest Oil │ │ │ │ Company │ 4,838,207.31│ 5,500,000.00│ 661,792.69│ Indiana Pipe Line│ │ │ │ Co. │ 3,206,986.11│ 1,000,000.00│ 2,206,986.11│ National Transit │ │ │ │ Co. │ 26,032,543.39│ 25,455,200.00│ 577,343.39│ New York Transit │ │ │ │ Co. │ 6,829,499.02│ 5,000,000.00│ 1,829,499.02│ Northern Pipe │ │ │ │ Line Co. │ 1,178,606.42│ 1,000,000.00│ 178,606.42│ N. W. Ohio Nat. │ │ │ │ Gas. Co. │ 311,775.28│ 1,967,100.00│ 1,655,324.72│ │ │ │ │ Ohio Oil Co., The│ 4,816,089.18│ 2,000,000.00│ 2,816,089.18│ Solar Refining │ │ │ │ Co., The │ 1,563,034.55│ 500,000.00│ 1,063,034.55│ Southern Pipe │ │ │ │ Line Co. │ 3,534,620.54│ 5,000,000.00│ 1,465,379.46│ South Penn Oil │ │ │ │ Co. │ 11,758,002.30│ 2,500,000.00│ 9,258,002.30│ Standard Oil Co.,│ │ │ │ Indiana │ 4,650,508.22│ 1,000,000.00│ 3,650,508.22│ Standard Oil Co.,│ │ │ │ Kentucky │ 4,661,155.17│ 1,000,000.00│ 3,661,155.17│ Standard Oil Co.,│ │ │ │ New Jersey │ 16,937,116.02│ 10,000,000.00│ 6,937,116.02│ Standard Oil Co.,│ │ │ │ New York │ 12,859,930.87│ 7,000,000.00│ 5,859,930.87│ Standard Oil Co.,│ │ │ │ Ohio │ 2,904,914.78│ 3,500,000.00│ 595,085.22│ Union Tank Line │ │ │ │ Co. │ 2,944,505.01│ 3,500,000.00│ 555,494.99│ ─────────────────┼───────────────┼──────────────┼──────────────┼─────────────── Total Plant │ │ │ │ Other Assets │ │ │ │ Total Assets │ │ │ │ Less Actual │ │ │ │ Liabilities │ │ │ │ Total Net Value │$147,216,264.65│ │ │ Capital Stock │ │$98,452,966.66│ │ Total Undivided │ │ │ │ Profits │ │ │$48,763,297.99│ Total Capital and│ │ │ │ Surplus │ │ │ │$147,216,264.65 Other Assets S. │ │ │ │ O. Trust │ │ │ │ 4,135.25 │ │ │ │——————————————— │ │ │ │$147,220,399.90 ─────────────────┴───────────────┴──────────────┴──────────────┴───────────────

NUMBER 62 (See page 2267)
AMENDED CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION OF THE STANDARD OIL COMPANY OF NEW
JERSEY

_Resolved_, That it is advisable to alter the charter of this
company to read as below stated, and that a meeting of the
stockholders be called to meet at the principal office of the
company in Bayonne, N. J., on the fourteenth day of June, 1899, at
11 A.M., to take action hereon, notice of such meeting to be signed
by the president and secretary and given to each stockholder in
person or mailed to his proper post-office address at least ten days
previous to the time of meeting as provided by the by-law.

_First._—The name of the corporation is STANDARD OIL COMPANY.

_Second._—The location of the principal office in the State of New
Jersey is at the company’s refinery, in the City of Bayonne, County
of Hudson. The name of the agent therein and in charge thereof, and
upon whom process against this company may be served, is J. H.
Alexander.

_Third._—The objects for which this company is formed are: To do all
kinds of mining, manufacturing, and trading business; transporting
goods and merchandise by land or water in any manner; to buy, sell,
lease, and improve lands; build houses, structures, vessels, cars,
wharves, docks, and piers; to lay and operate pipe-lines; to erect
and operate telegraph and telephone lines and lines for conducting
electricity; to enter into and carry out contracts of every kind
pertaining to its business; to acquire, use, sell, and grant
licenses under patent rights; to purchase or otherwise acquire,
hold, sell, assign and transfer shares of capital stock and bonds or
other evidences of indebtedness of corporations, and to exercise all
the privileges of ownership including voting upon the stocks so
held; to carry on its business and have offices and agencies
therefor in all parts of the world, and to hold, purchase, mortgage,
and convey real estate and personal property outside the State of
New Jersey.

_Fourth._—The total authorised stock of the corporation is One
Hundred and Ten Million Dollars, divided into One Million and One
Hundred Thousand shares of the par value of One Hundred Dollars
each. Of said stock the One Hundred Thousand shares now issued and
existing shall be preferred stock, and the increase of One Million
shares shall be common stock. Said preferred stock shall entitle the
holder thereof to receive out of the net earnings a dividend of and
not exceeding one and one-half per cent. quarterly before any
dividend shall be paid on the common stock. Common stock may at the
discretion of the company be issued in exchange for preferred stock,
and all preferred stock so received by the company shall be
cancelled. Common stock may also be issued in payment for such
property as the company has authority to purchase. Holders of
preferred and of common stocks shall have like voting power.

_Fifth._—The names and post-office addresses of the incorporators
and the number of shares subscribed for by each shall remain as set
forth in the original certificate of incorporation.

_Sixth._—The duration of the corporation shall be unlimited.

_Seventh._—The corporation may use and apply its surplus earnings,
or accumulated profits authorised by law to be reserved, to the
purchase or acquisition of property, and to the purchase or
acquisition of its own capital stock from time to time, to such
extent and in such manner and upon such terms as its Board of
Directors shall determine; and neither the property nor the capital
stock so purchased or acquired, nor any of its capital stock taken
in payment or satisfaction of any debt due to the corporation, shall
be regarded as profits for the purpose of declaration or payment of
dividends, unless otherwise determined by a majority of the Board of
Directors, or a majority of the stockholders.

The corporation, in its by-laws, may prescribe the number necessary
to constitute a quorum of the Board of Directors which may be less
than a majority of the whole number.

The number of directors at any time may be increased or diminished
by vote of the Board of Directors, and in case of any such increase
the Board of Directors shall have power to elect such additional
directors, to hold office until the next meeting of stockholders, or
until their successors shall be elected.

The Board of Directors shall have power to make, alter, amend, and
rescind the by-laws of the corporation, to fix the amount to be
reserved as working capital, to authorise and to cause to be
executed mortgages and liens upon the real and personal property of
the corporation, and from time to time to sell, assign, transfer or
otherwise dispose of any or all of the property of the corporation;
but no such sale of all of the property shall be made except
pursuant to the votes of at least two-thirds of the Board of
Directors.

The Board of Directors, by resolution passed by a majority of the
whole Board, may designate three or more directors to constitute an
executive committee, which committee, to the extent provided in said
resolution or in the by-laws of the corporation, shall have, and may
exercise, the power of the Board of Directors in the management of
the business and affairs of the corporation, and shall have power to
authorise the seal of the corporation to be affixed to all papers
which may require it.

The Board of Directors from time to time shall determine whether and
to what extent, and at what times and places, and under what
conditions and regulations, the accounts and books of the
corporation, or any of them, shall be open to the inspection of the
stockholders; and no stockholder shall have any right of inspecting
any account or book or document of the corporation, except as
conferred by statute or authorised by the Board of Directors, or by
a resolution of the stockholders.

The Board of Directors shall have power to hold its meetings, to
have one or more offices, and to keep the books of the corporation
(except the stock and transfer books) outside of the state, at such
places as may be from time to time designated by them.

I CERTIFY that the above resolution was adopted by the Board of
Directors of the STANDARD OIL COMPANY, at a meeting held on the
twenty-sixth day of May, A.D. 1899, a majority of directors being
present and voting in favour thereof. Witness the seal of said
corporation.

L. D. CLARKE,
_Secretary_.

NUMBER 63 (See page 2270)
PRODUCTION OF PENNSYLVANIA AND LIMA CRUDE OIL BY STANDARD OIL COMPANY
1890–1898
(Expressed in barrels of forty-two gallons.)

[Report of Industrial Commission, 1900. Volume I, page 561.]

─────┬──────────────────────────────┬───────────────────────────────
YEAR │ PENNSYLVANIA OIL │ LIMA OIL
─────┼──────────┬──────────┬────────┼───────────┬──────────┬────────
│ Total │ Standard │Standard│ Total │ Standard │Standard
│production│ Oil Co. │Oil per │production │ Oil Co. │Oil per
│ │production│cent. of│ │production│cent. of
│ │ │ total │ │ │ total
─────┼──────────┼──────────┼────────┼───────────┼──────────┼────────
1890│30,065,867│ 2,618,637│ 8.71│ 15,014,882│ 8,400,568│ 55.95
1891│35,742,127│ 4,913,775│ 13.74│ 17,381,923│ 9,319,156│ 53.61
1892│33,332,306│ 4,338,822│ 13.02│ 16,685,193│ 7,843,324│ 47.01
1893│31,256,283│ 6,705,276│ 21.45│ 17,823,255│ 7,260,899│ 40.74
1894│30,696,716│ 7,210,345│ 23.49│ 18,575,603│ 6,690,951│ 36.02
1895│30,891,868│ 9,119,920│ 29.52│ 21,719,250│ 6,808,876│ 31.35
1896│33,908,041│ 9,380,654│ 27.66│ 25,222,091│ 8,031,793│ 31.84
1897│35,170,367│ 9,787,353│ 27.83│ 22,793,033│ 7,497,349│ 32.89
1898│31,645,151│11,248,443│ 35.55│ 20,266,328│ 7,220,606│ 35.63
─────┼──────────┼──────────┼────────┼───────────┼──────────┼────────
Total│92,708,726│65,323,225│ 22.32│175,481,558│69,073,522│ 39.36
─────┴──────────┴──────────┴────────┴───────────┴──────────┴────────

─────┬─────────────────────────────────
YEAR │ GRAND TOTAL
─────┼────────────┬───────────┬────────
│Pennsylvania│ Standard │Standard
│ and Lima │ Oil Co. │Oil per
│ production │production │cent. of
│ │ │ total
─────┼────────────┼───────────┼────────
1890│ 45,080,749│ 11,019,205│ 24.44
1891│ 53,124,050│ 14,232,931│ 26.79
1892│ 50,017,499│ 12,182,146│ 24.36
1893│ 49,079,538│ 13,966,175│ 28.46
1894│ 49,272,319│ 13,901,296│ 28.21
1895│ 52,611,118│ 15,928,796│ 30.28
1896│ 59,130,132│ 17,412,447│ 29.45
1897│ 57,963,400│ 17,284,702│ 29.82
1898│ 51,911,479│ 18,469,049│ 35.58
─────┼────────────┼───────────┼────────
Total│ 468,190,284│134,396,747│ 28.70
─────┴────────────┴───────────┴────────

NUMBER 64 (See page 2270)
BUSINESS OF STANDARD OIL COMPANY AND OTHER REFINERS 1894–1898

(Barrels of fifty gallons. All products, domestic trade.)

[Report of Industrial Commission, 1900. Volume 1, page 560.]

───────────┬───────────────────────┬───────────────────────┬───────────
YEAR │ STANDARD OIL COMPANY │ OTHERS │ TOTAL
───────────┼───────────┬───────────┼───────────┬───────────┼───────────
〃 │ Barrels │ Per cent. │ Barrels │ Per cent. │ Barrels
│ │ of total │ │ of total │
───────────┼───────────┼───────────┼───────────┼───────────┼───────────
1894│ 18,118,933│ 81.4│ 4,145,232│ 18.6│ 22,264,165
1895│ 18,348,051│ 81.8│ 4,084,720│ 18.2│ 22,432,771
1896│ 16,341,161│ 82.1│ 3,569,719│ 17.9│ 19,910,880
1897│ 18,141,479│ 82.4│ 3,876,706│ 17.6│ 22,018,185
1898│ 19,999,939│ 83.7│ 3,914,999│ 16.3│ 23,914,938
───────────┼───────────┼───────────┼───────────┼───────────┼───────────
Total│ 90,949,563│ 82.3│ 19,591,376│ 17.7│110,540,939
───────────┴───────────┴───────────┴───────────┴───────────┴───────────

INDEX

A

Acme Oil Company, I, 1159; II, 2100–2101.

Aiken, J. R., II, 2164.

Alexander, Scofield and Company, I, 1046, 1049, 1065.

Allegheny River as a means of transportation, I, 1015–1016.

Allen, M. N., I, 1108, 1141–1143.

Amalgamated Copper, II, 2269.

American Oil Company, II, 2050.

American Transfer Company, I, 1223–1224.

Andrews, Samuel, partner of John D. Rockefeller, I, 1042–1043, 1044;
II, 2201.

Archbold, John D., opposes South Improvement Company, I, 1073–1074;
gained over by Rockefeller, 1107;
practises rebate system, 1132;
affiliate with the Standard Oil Company, 1159;
before the Pennsylvania courts, 1227, 1228, 1229;
in the fight for the Tidewater Pipe Line, II, 2021–2022;
testimony on underselling, 1050;
testimony in Buffalo Conspiracy case, 1089;
indicted in Buffalo conspiracy case, 1100–1104;
negotiates control of Producers’ Oil Company, 1179;
denies illegal methods of competition, 1187;
before Industrial Commission, 1190;
on Standard Oil prices, 1224–1225;
director Standard Oil, 1266;
on foreign competition, 1271.

Atherton, Judge, II, 2074–2075, 2076.

Atlantic and Great Western R. R., I, 1016, 1046, 1089, 1091.

B

Baltimore and Ohio R. R., I, 1195–1196.

Barrel Industry, II, 2237–2238.

Barstow, Frank Q., I, 1159; II, 2266.

Bedford, E. T., II, 2266.

Benson, B. D., I, 1172, 1214; II, 2003, 2005, 2021–2022.

Billingsley Bill, The, II, 2121–2124.

Bissell, George H., I, 1007.

Blackmail, II, 2289–2290.

Blanchard, G. R., I, 1132, 1136–1137, 1139, 1162, 1228.

Bogus Oil Companies, II, 2050–2051.

Borneo Oil, II, 2271–2273.

Boston and Maine R. R., II, 2268, 2278.

Bostwick, Jabez A., in South Improvement Company, I, 1058;
joins Standard Oil Company, 1179–1181;
in negotiations for sale of Empire Transportation Company, 1194;
Standard Oil buyer in oil fields, 1217;
introduces “immediate shipment” order, 1217–1220;
before the Hepburn Commission, 1228;
indicted for conspiracy in Pennsylvania, 1239;
a typical Standard Oil witness, 1243;
extradition from New York demanded by oil producers, 1247;
charged with oppression, II, 2008.

Boyle, Patrick, I, 1187–1188; II, 2171–2172.

Bradford Oil Fields, I, 1215–1219.

Brands, II, 2216–2217.

Brewster, Benjamin, I, 1063; II, 2206.

Bribery, II, 2056–2059, 2114–2119, 2145–2146.

Brown, S. Q., II, 2015.

Buffalo Lubricating Company, II, 2092, 2095, 2096, 2097, 2098, 2100.

Burwald, H. P., II, 2174, 2176.

Butts, Mrs. G. C., II, 2039–2041.

By-products, utilization of, II, 2246–2251.

C

Camden, J. N., I, 1169, 1171, 1197; II, 2112.

Campbell, B. B., ally of Empire Transportation Company, I, 1189–1190;
in the struggle against railway discrimination, 1221;
causes indictment of Standard Oil officials, 1238;
fights for extradition of Standard Oil officials, 1247–1248;
effects compromise with Standard Oil, 1251–1255.

Carter, John J., II, 2178–2181.

Cassatt, A. J., denies railway discrimination, I, 1144;
defends discrimination, 1153;
before Congressional Committee on Commerce, 1169;
supports Empire Transportation Company in contest with Standard Oil,
1186–1188;
yields to Standard Oil, 1190–1191;
ally of Standard Oil in rebate system, 1200;
startling testimony in Pennsylvania courts, 1227;
submits to Standard Oil drawback system, 1233;
aids in the war on the independents, II, 2008–2010.

Central Association, I, 1148–1149.

Chess, Carley and Company, II, 2033, 2044–2046, 2048, 2149, 2222.

Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul R. R., II, 2268.

Choate, Joseph H., Standard Oil counsel before New York Senate
investigating committee, II, 2132, 2135–2136;
in Ohio dissolution proceedings, 1145;
in New York liquidation proceedings, 1258.

Church, Judge Pierson, II, 2019–2022.

Cincinnati and Marietta R. R., II, 2078, 2081.

Clark, Horace F., I, 1059, 1061, 1092, 1093.

Clark, M. B., I, 1041–1042.

Cleveland, as a refining centre, I, 1038–1039, 1051–1052.

Collins, C. P., II, 2165.

Columbia Oil Company, 1165.

Committee System, in Standard Oil Company, II, 2232–2233.

Common Carriers, II, 2082–2083;
see also DRAWBACK, REBATE.

Competition, see PREDATORY COMPETITION;
UNDERSELLING;
PRICES;
STANDARD OIL COMPANY.

Congressional Investigating Committee, I, 1169–1171; II, 2137–2141.

Constituent Companies, in Standard Oil Company, II, 2265.

Corlett, Thomas, II, 2106–2107.

Crescent Pipe Line, II, 2213.

Cunneen, John, II, 2186.

D

Delemater, Wallace, II, 2122.

Delaware, Lackawanna and Western R. R., II, 2182–2183, 2268.

Denslow and Bush, I, 1199–1201.

Devereux, J. H., I, 1047–1048, 1067, 1133, 1170.

Directorate of the Standard Oil Company, II, 2266.

Discrimination; see REBATE;
DRAWBACK;
OPPRESSION.

Dividends, magnificent, II, 2200–2201, 2208, 2267–2268.

Doane, W. H., I, 1046, 1047, 1064, 1065, 1070–1071.

Dodd, S. C. T., counsel for Standard Oil Company before New York Senate
investigating committee, II, 2132;
in Ohio dissolution proceedings, 1145;
carries out liquidation of Standard Oil Trust, 1152–1154;
defends liquidation methods, 1259.

Downer, Samuel, pioneer oil refiner, I, 1019–1020.

Drake, Edwin L., strikes oil, I, 1009–1010.

Drawback, I, 1061, 1196–1197, 1232–1233, 1253–1254; II, 2077–2084;
see also REBATE.

“Dry-Hole,” I, 1022.

Dudley, J. P., II, 2102.

E

Emery, Lewis, founds Equitable Petroleum Company, I, 1214;
testifies to spy system of Standard Oil Company, II, 2039;
employees corrupted by Standard Oil Company, 1057–1058;
supports Billingsley Bill, 1123;
charges Standard Oil Company with legislative bribery, 1124;
in Producers’ Protective Association, 1164;
leads fight for independent pipe-line, 1167–1169;
establishes independent foreign markets, 1175, 1177;
in the struggle for independent seaboard pipe-line, 1182–1187;
retires from contest, 1188;
see also UNITED STATES PIPE LINE.

Empire Transportation Company, origin, I, 1023–1024;
in railway pool, 1136;
organization, 1178–1179;
invades refining field, 1183–1185;
contest with Standard Oil Company, 1185–1191;
sells out to Standard Oil Company, 1192–1193;
formally dissolved, 1194;
an important factor in competition, II, 2202;
see also POTTS, JOSEPH D.

Equitable Petroleum Company, I, 1214, 1222–1223.

Erie R. R., I, 1033–1034, 1059, 1061, 1062, 1091, 1093, 1132–1133,
1134–1140, 1151–1152, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1195–1196; II, 2006–2007,
2168, 2169.

Espionage system, II, 2038–2041, 2052–2055, 2057–2058.

Ethics of Standard Oil methods, II, 2056–2057, 2288–2291.

Everest, H. B. and C. M., II, 2089, 2091–2110.

F

Fertig, John, II, 2174, 2176.

Flagler, Henry M., partner in Standard Oil Company of Cleveland, I,
1044;
denies existence of rebate system, 1049;
character, 1050–1051;
in South Improvement Company, 1055;
in the Oil Regions, 1105, 1107;
takes part in organization of Central Association, 1146–1147;
negotiates with Empire Transportation Company, 1191, 1194;
before Ohio investigating committee, 1228;
indicted for conspiracy in Pennsylvania, 1239;
extradition demanded by oil producers, 1247;
testimony on Tidewater Pipe Line contest, II, 2015;
testimony in the Scofield contest, 1071;
before Congressional investigating committee, 1138–1140;
director Standard Oil, 1266.

Foreign competition, II, 2210–2211, 2213–2214, 2271–2274;
see also RUSSIAN OIL, SUMATRA OIL, JAVA OIL, BORNEO OIL.

Foreign markets, I, 1021; II, 2244–2245.

Frew, William, I, 1057, 1160, 1161, 1227.

Frye, Senator, II, 2115–2116.

G

Gas _versus_ Oil, II, 2201.

Girty, G. W., I, 1239, 1247.

Goldsborough, J. R., II, 2165.

Gould, Jay, I, 1027, 1033, 1059, 1061, 1089, 1179–1180.

Gowen, F. B., II, 2014–2015, 2016–2017, 2020.

Guffey Petroleum Company, II, 2272.

H

Haight, Judge, II, 2103–2104, 2110.

Handy, Truman P., I, 1063.

Hanna, Marcus A., II, 2146–2148.

Hanna, Robert, II, 2066–2067.

Harkness, C. W., II, 2266.

Harkness, Stephen V., I, 1044.

Harkness, William W., I, 1157, 1202.

Harley, Henry, I, 1027–1028, 1138–1139, 1177–1178; II, 2006–2007;
see also PENNSYLVANIA TRANSPORTATION COMPANY.

Hartranft, John F., I, 1225.

Hasson, William, I, 1110–1111, 1116–1117, 1123.

Hatch, C. P., I, 1025–1026.

Hatch, Edward W., II, 2106–2109.

Haupt, Herman, I, 1174–1176, 1214; II, 2003.

Hepburn Commission, I, 1228.

Hoar, George F., II, 2115, 2117–2119.

Hopkins, R. E., I, 1172–1173, 1214; II, 2003.

Hostetter, David, I, 1072, 1194–1195.

Hoyt, Henry M., I, 1244–1249.

Humboldt Refining Works, I, 1020.

Hunt, Mrs. Sylvia C., I, 1198–1199.

I

Immediate shipment, I, 1215–1219, 1251;
see also OPPRESSION.

Independents, I, 1156–1161, 1171–1173, 1174–1178, 1214; II, 2023, 2190;
see also PREDATORY COMPETITION and STANDARD OIL COMPANY.

Industrial Commission, II, 2050, 2086, 2183, 2187, 2190, 2218, 2220,
2224, 2225, 2271.

Interstate Commerce Bill, I, 1168, 1171, 1218; II, 2125, 2291.

Interstate Commerce Commission, II, 2166, 2280–2283.

Intimidation and force, II, 2041, 2202–2207;
see also PREDATORY COMPETITION and ESPIONAGE.

Investigation, I, 1077–1083, 1169–1171, 1225, 1228–1229; II, 2131–2134;
see also CONGRESSIONAL INVESTIGATING COMMITTEE and HEPBURN
COMMISSION.

J

Java Oil, II, 2271–2273.

Jenks, Professor, II, 2050.

Jennings, O. B., I, 1063, 1141.

Jennings, Walter, II, 2266.

K

Keene, James R., II, 2020–2021.

Kier, Samuel M., I, 1005–1006.

King, Hugh, II, 2183.

Kirk, David, II, 2164, 2176.

Kline, Virgil P., II, 2145, 2150–2151, 2262.

L

Lake Shore R. R., I, 1016, 1047, 1048, 1052; II, 2071–2074, 2075–2076;
see also NEW YORK CENTRAL R. R.

Lee, J. W., in Producers’ Protective Association, II, 2164;
organizes Producers’ Oil Company, 1165;
a leader in the struggle against the Standard Oil Company, 1174–1175;
contest with J. J. Carter, 1180;
in the fight for a free pipe-line bill, 1183.

Legislative Corruption, I, 1215;
see also LOBBYING and BRIBERY.

Lobbying, II, 2183–2184.

Lockhart, Charles, in South Improvement Company, I, 1057;
absorbs Pittsburg refineries, 1068;
in the Central Association, 1146–1147;
takes part in the negotiations with the Empire Transportation
Company, 1194;
before the Pennsylvania courts, 1227;
indicted for conspiracy, 1239;
leading position in Standard Oil Company, II, 2252.

Logan, John P., I, 1057.

Logan, W. P., I, 1057.

Lombard, Ayres and Company, II, 2006–2011, 2014.

Lombard, Josiah, I, 1071; II, 2196–2197.

M

McCandless, William, I, 1225–1226.

McClellan, George B., General, I, 1059, 1061, 1089, 1092.

McDonald Oil Field, II, 2242.

McDowell, J. C., II, 2181.

McGregor, Ambrose, II, 2089, 2100–2104.

McKelvy, David, I, 1172, 1214; II, 2003, 2021–2022.

Malicious Litigation, II, 2183–2187.

Matthews, C. B., 1011, 1090–1109.

Merrill, Joshua, I, 1021–1022; II, 2250.

Miller, Albert, II, 2091–2093, 2094–2096, 2099–2100, 2102.

Miller, Herman, II, 2240.

Missouri, Kansas and Texas R. R., II, 2268.

Moffett, James A., II, 2266.

Monnett, Frank S., II, 2259–2264.

Morehouse and Freeman, I, 1163–1164.

Murphy, Michael, II, 2164, 2177, 2181, 2187.

N

Nash, George K., II, 2083–2084.

National City Bank, II, 2268.

National Transit Company, II, 2012–2013, 2026–2027, 2120, 2276–2277;
see also UNITED PIPE LINES.

National Refiners’ Association, I, 1109, 1126.

New Jersey Central R. R., II, 2169.

New York Central R. R., I, 1033–1034, 1052, 1053, 1059, 1061, 1062,
1093, 1130, 1134–1140, 1165, 1185–1187, 1195–1196; II, 2007, 2268;
see also LAKE SHORE R. R.

New York, New Haven and Hartford R. R., II, 2268, 2278–2279.

New York, Ontario and Western R. R., II, 2168.

Northern Pacific R. R., II, 2268.

O

O’Day, Daniel, enters service of Erie R. R., I, 1179–1180;
passes to Standard Oil Company, 1181;
in negotiations with Empire Transportation Company, 1194;
enforces drawback system on Pennsylvania R. R., 1196;
indicted for conspiracy, 1239;
extradition demanded by oil producers, 1247;
enforces drawback system on Cleveland and Marietta R. R., II, 2079;
compelled to return drawbacks collected, 1081;
at the Buffalo conspiracy trial, 1102.

Ohlen, H. C., I, 1233–1234.

Oil, found on Oil Creek, I, 1010–1012;
at Pithole, 1024–1025;
at Bradford, 1215.

_Oil City Derrick_, I, 1074, 1081, 1122; II, 2107, 2109, 2122, 2171,
2244.

Oil Creek, I, 1010.

Oil Exchange, I, 1028.

Oil Regions, rush to, I, 1012;
plentiful capital, 1032;
social conditions, 1034–1037;
rise against South Improvement Company, 1072–1075;
wasteful methods, 1112–1113;
lose advantage of geographical position, 1137–1138;
hostility towards Central Association, 1150–1151;
yield to Central Association, 1158–1159;
resentment against Standard Oil Company, 1220–1227;
lack of effective opposition, 1258259;
support the Billingsley Bill, II, 2119–2121, 2123;
renewed hostility towards Standard Oil Company, 1124–1125, 1156–1158.

Oil wars; see PREDATORY COMPETITION.

Oppression, by overcharges, I, 1220;
by refusing shipping facilities, 1220–1222;
by discrimination in freight charges, 1227–1229;
see also IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT, DRAWBACK and REBATE.

P

Page, Howard, II, 2036–2037.

Patterson, E. G., I, 1169, 1189–1190, 1256; II, 2017–2019.

Payne, H. B., II, 2112–2113, 2114–2119.

Payne, Oliver H., I, 1056, 1058, 1070–1071; II, 2113, 2266.

Pease, Phineas, II, 2078–2079, 2080–2084.

Pennsylvania R. R., I, 1033–1034, 1048, 1052, 1059–1062, 1093,
1134–1140, 1144, 1183–1188, 1190–1191, 1195–1197, 1199–1201, 1223,
1225, 1227, 1233, 1239, 1244, 1254; II, 2008, 2027–2029, 2166.

Pennsylvania Transit Company, I, 1027–1028, 1138, 1174, 1176.

Petroleum, I, 1004–1006.

Petroleum Congress, I, 1213.

Philadelphia and Erie R. R., I, 1016.

Phillips, Thomas W., II, 2159–2160.

Pipe Lines, see EMPIRE TRANSPORTATION COMPANY, PENNSYLVANIA
TRANSPORTATION COMPANY;
UNITED PIPE LINES NATIONAL TRANSIT COMPANY;
UNITED STATES PIPE LINE;
TIDEWATER PIPE LINE.

Pithole, oil struck at, I, 1024–1025.

Politics, Standard Oil Company in, II, 2111–2128.

Poth, Herr, 1173, 1175, 1177.

Potts, Joseph D., organizes Empire Transportation Company, I, 1024;
begins purchase of pipe lines, 1025;
opposes South Improvement Company, 1060;
organizes railway pool, 1136;
opposes rebates to Central Association, 1152–1153;
opposes Standard acquisition of pipe lines, 1181–1183;
invades refining field, 1183, 1187;
allies himself with independent producers, 1189;
abandoned by the Pennsylvania R. R., 1191;
sells to the Standard Oil Company, 1192–1193;
see also EMPIRE TRANSPORTATION COMPANY.

Pratt, Charles, enters Standard Oil Company, 1148;
stockholder in Acme Oil Company, 1159;
in negotiations with Empire Transportation Company, 1194;
extradition demanded by Pennsylvania oil men, 1247;
leading power in Standard Oil Company, 1252.

Predatory competition, I, 1156–1159, 1163–1166, 1188–1189, 1199–1202;
II, 2041–2043, 2088–2110, 2172–2174.

Prices, fluctuation, I, 1031–1032;
exorbitant, 1190, 1210–1212; II, 2059;
high prices aim of Standard Oil Company, 1192–1193;
decline after 1866, 1194–1197;
prices dictated by Standard Oil Company, 1197–1198;
Standard coup of 1876, 1200–1201;
high prices reduce exports, 1201;
increase of refining, 1201–1202;
competition enters, 1202–1203;
arbitrary prices, 1204–1206;
enormous Standard profits, 1208–1209;
underselling, 1211–1213;
manipulating price quotations, 1215–1216;
fancy brands and high prices, 1216–1217;
great variations in local prices, 1217–1221;
reasonable prices due to competition, 1221–1228.

Producers’ Agency, I, 1117–1118.

Producers’ and Refiners’ Company, II, 2167.

Producers’ Oil Company, II, 2165–2167, 2178.

Producers’ Protective Association, II, 2159–2160, 2161–2165.

Producers’ Union (Association), organized, I, 1072;
refuses terms to South Improvement Company, 1076–1077;
arouses popular sympathy, 1083–1084;
destroys alliance between South Improvement Company and railways,
1090–1094;
renews contest, 1110;
restricts production, 1113–1116;
alliance with Refiners’ Association, 1123–1124;
alliance dissolved, 1125;
union dissolved, 1126;
reorganized, 1213;
plans independent pipe line, 1214;
brings suits against Pennsylvania R. R., 1225;
forces indictment of Standard officials, 1239;
presses suits in court, 1242–1245;
rejects overtures of the Standard Oil Company, 1249–1251;
effects compromise, 1255–1258, 1260.

Production of oil, I, 1010–1012, 1021, 1029–1030, 1036, 1113–1115,
1121, 1154, 1209–1210; II, 2157–2158, 2194–2195.

Profits, from Standard Oil, II, 2200–2201, 2208, 2267–2268;
see also PRICES.

Pure Oil Company, II, 2176–2177, 2189–2190.

Q

Quick, M. W., II, 2164.

Quinby, George, T., II, 2102, 2109.

_Quo Warranto_ Proceedings, I, 1225; II, 2143–2149.

R

Ramage, S. W., II, 2174–2176.

Rapallo, Edward S., II, 2079–2080.

Reading R. R., II, 2004, 2168.

Rebates, I, 1033–1034, 1047–1049, 1052, 1084–1085, 1093, 1100,
1129–1130, 1131–1133, 1136–1138, 1151–1153, 1232–1233, 1253–1254;
II, 2066–2087.

Refined Oil Pipe Line, II, 2170.

Refiners’ Association, I, 1109, 1126.

Rice, George, assails Standard system of underselling, II, 2044–2049;
attacks rebate system, 1077–1084;
seeks liquidation of Standard Oil Trust, 1258–1259.

Rogers, H. H., opposes South Improvement Company, I, 1089;
defends Standard Oil combination, 1149–1150;
before Hepburn Commission, 1228–1229;
purchases Vacuum Oil Works at Rochester, II, 2089, 2096, 2097;
indicted for conspiracy, 1100–1104, 1130;
negotiates for control of Producers’ Oil Company, 1179;
on the aims of the Standard Oil Company, 1193;
before Industrial Commission, 1225, 1252;
director Standard Oil, 1266.

Rockefeller, Frank, I, 1064, 1169–1170.

Rockefeller, John D., childhood and youth, I, 1041;
enters produce business, 1042;
enters oil business, 1043;
organizes Standard Oil Company, 1044;
plans combination of Cleveland refiners, 1051;
in the South Improvement Company, 1055–1056;
bears chief obloquy of scheme, 1092, 1097;
makes secret terms for rebate with railways, 1100;
persists in attempts at oil combination, 1104;
in the Oil Regions, 1104–1109;
president National Refiners’ Association, 1109;
effects combination with producers, 1119–1124;
breaks alliance, 1125;
life threatened, 1128;
begins campaign for refining monopoly, 1144–1147;
organizes Central Association of Refiners, 1148–1149;
war against outside refiners, 1154–1161;
attacks Empire Transportation Company, 1183–1186;
initiates system of drawbacks, 1196–1197;
methods of absorption, 1202–1207;
denies existence of Standard combination, 1230–1231;
indicted for conspiracy, 1239–1240;
extradition demanded by Pennsylvania producers, 1247;
makes overtures to producers, 1249–1251, 1253–1254;
conspiracy suit withdrawn, 1254;
campaign for the seaboard pipe-line, II, 2012–2029;
campaign for the world’s markets, 1035–1062;
fear of his secret methods, 1063–1066;
his contest with Scofield, Shurmer and Teagle, 1068–1071;
his system of drawbacks, 1077–1084;
denies existence of such system, 1085–1086;
at the Buffalo conspiracy trial, 1102;
his methods perfected, 1125–1126;
enemy of publicity, 1127–1131;
before the New York Senate committee, 1132–1135;
before Congressional committee, 1138;
his connection with Marcus A. Hanna, 1146–1147;
makes peace with Producers’ Protective Association, 1160–1161;
his theory of high prices, 1192–1193;
his control of the refining industry, 1197;
on Standard Oil policy, 1226;
his attention to details, 1235;
his genius for essentials, 1241;
his skill on the witness-stand, 1260–1261, 1266;
his profits, 1268.

Rockefeller, John D., Jr., II, 2266.

Rockefeller, William A., in the Standard Oil Company, I, 1044;
attractive personality, 1050;
in South Improvement Company, 1058;
in Acme Oil Company, 1159;
in negotiations with the Empire Transportation Company, 1194;
indicted for conspiracy, 1239;
extradition demanded 247;
at Buffalo conspiracy trial, II, 2102;
director Standard Oil, 1266;
railway director, 1279.

Russian oil, II, 2210–2211, 2213, 2214, 2271–2273.

Rutter circular, the, I, 1141–1144.

S

Satterfield, John, II, 2019–2020, 2162.

Scheide, W. T., testimony on rebate system, I, 1131–1133;
testimony on underselling, 1161–1163;
before the Hepburn Commission, 1228;
supports Billingsley Bill, II, 2122.

Scofield, Shurmer and Teagle, II, 2067–2076.

Scott, Rufus, II, 2164.

Scott, Thomas A., makes secret contracts with South Improvement
Company, I, 1059–1061;
abandons South Improvement Company, 1090, 1092;
denies rebate agreement with Standard Oil Company, 1170;
supports Standard Oil against independents, 1200–1201.

Seaboard Pipe Line, projected, I, 1174–1176;
opposed by Standard Oil Company, 1223;
completed, II, 2003–2006;
captured by Standard Oil Company, 1011–1024.

Secret bureau of information; see ESPIONAGE SYSTEM.

Secret contracts with railroads, I, 1059–1062, 1079–1080;
see also REBATE.

Seep, Joseph, I, 1150.

Seneca oil, I, 1005.

Shell Transport and Trading Company, II, 2272–2273.

Sherman, John, II, 2145, 2147.

Sherman, Roger, counsel for Producers’ Union, I, 1251, 1252;
in Producers’ Protective Association, II, 2164;
charges Standard Oil with conspiracy, 1186;
death, 1188.

Shull, Peter, II, 2042–2043.

Silliman, Professor, I, 1007.

South Improvement Company, organized monopoly, I, 1055–1059;
secret contracts with railroads, 1061–1062;
absorption by intimidation, 1064–1068;
boycotted by producers, 1072–1076;
a generous charter, 1078–1079;
investigated by Congressional Committee, 1079–1083;
charter repealed, 1094;
boycott lifted, 1095–1097.

Speculation, I, 1031–1033.

Spring pole, method of drilling wells by, I, 1010.

Squire, F. B., II, 2263.

Standard Oil Company, organized, I, 1044;
absorbs independent refineries, 1063–1068;
held responsible for South Improvement scheme, 1097–1098;
enormous profits, 1127–1128;
favoured shipper on N. Y. Central R. R., 1129–1130;
favoured shipper on Erie R. R., 1134–1135;
absorbs Philadelphia, Pittsburg and New York refineries, 1147–1148;
obtains rebates from railroads, 1151–1153;
absorbs Oil Regions refineries, 1158–1160;
invades oil-shipping business, 1161–1163;
enters pipe-line field, 1179, 1181;
monopolizes pipe-line traffic, 1194–1195;
absorbs Baltimore refineries, 1197;
enters Bradford oil fields, 1216;
investigated in various states, 1227–1229;
secret methods, 1229–1231;
monopolistic character, 1231–1232;
rebate and drawback system, 1232–1235;
increases prices, 1235–1238;
indicted for conspiracy in Pennsylvania, 1239–1240;
charges evaded, 1242–1243;
seeks compromise with producers, 1249–1251;
compromise effected, 1253–1254;
conspiracy charge withdrawn, 1254;
hinders Tidewater pipe-line, II, 2004–2005;
builds rival lines, 1012;
absorbs independent refineries, 1013–1014;
seeks to ruin Tidewater’s credit, 1016–1017;
seeks to dissolve it by legal process, 1017–1019;
attempts to seize control, 1019–1021;
forms alliance with Tidewater, 1023–1024;
extensive pipe-line development, 1025–1027;
alliance with Pennsylvania R. R., 1028–1029;
monopoly of oil transportation, 1029;
contest for world’s markets, 1031–1032;
efficient selling organization, 1032–1034;
secret bureau of information, 1035–1041;
intimidation and underselling, 1041–1051;
summary of competitive methods, 1060–1062;
rebate system, 1063–1087;
sued for conspiracy in Buffalo, 1100–1110;
its political rôle, 1111–1124;
investigated by N. Y. Senate committee, 1131–1135;
its operating constitution revealed, 1136–1137;
charter assailed in Ohio, 1142–1150;
Standard Trust formally dissolved, 1152–1154;
alliance with Producers’ Association, 1160–1161;
enters producing field, 1162–1163;
hinders independent oil movement, 1168–1169;
attacks credit of United States Pipe Line Company, 1170–1172;
undersells it, 1173–1174;
buys up rival’s stock, 1177–1181;
fights independent seaboard pipe-line, 1181–1187;
its control of prices, 1192–1227;
destruction of competition its object, 1227–1229;
merits of the Standard system, 1231–1232;
centralized authority, 1232;
committee system, 1233;
internal emulation, 1234–1235;
minute supervision, 1235;
dismantling of unprofitable plants, 1236;
wise location of industries, 1236–1237;
side-industries, 1237–1240;
economy of time, 1240–1241;
initiative, 1241–1251;
high-grade personnel, 1251–1253;
the Standard Trust after formal dissolution in 1892, 1257–1258;
contempt proceedings in Ohio, 1259–1264;
reorganized as Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, 1265–1265;
its constituent companies, 1265;
capital and surplus, 1265–1266;
its directorate, 1266;
its charter, 1266–1267;
profits, 1267–1268;
invasion of other industrial fields, 1268–1269;
its foreign competitors, 1271–1274;
present practices, 1274–1283;
transportation the basis of its supremacy, 1283–1284;
defence of Standard methods, 1284–1288;
political and ethical influence, 1288–1292.

Stewart, D. B., II, 2019.

Stokes, Edward, II, 2006–2007.

Stone, Amasa, I, 1047, 1048, 1063.

Straight, R. J., II, 2164.

Subsidiary industries, II, 2237–2240.

Sumatra oil, II, 2271–2273.

Sumner, A. A., II, 2004.

T

Tack, A. H., I, 1154–1155; II, 2197.

Tankage charges; see OPPRESSION.

Tank building begun, I, 1013.

Tariff, the, and the Standard Oil Company, II, 2272–2273.

Taylor, H. L., II, 2018–2020, 2161–2162.

Teagle, John, II, 2038, 2042.

Teaming industry, I, 1013–1015, 1017–1018.

Tidewater Pipe Company, organized, II, 2004;
line built under difficulties, 1004–1005;
completed, 1006;
supported by independent producers, 1011;
builds independent refineries, 1014;
prospers, 1015;
credit assailed by Standard Oil Company, 1016–1017;
legal dissolution attempted, 1017–1019;
control seized by Standard Oil Company, 1019–1021;
forms alliance with Standard Oil, 1023–1024.

Tilford, W. H., II, 2141–2266.

Tinning industry, II, 2238–2240.

Truesdale, George, II, 2093–2095, 2100.

Trust investigations, II, 2131.

Tweedle, S. D., II, 2250.

U

Underselling, I, 1156; II, 2041–2051, 2211–2213, 2221–2224;
see also PREDATORY COMPETITION.

Union Oil Company, II, 2161–2163.

Union Pacific R. R., 1268.

United Pipe Lines, I, 1139, 1181, 1216–1217, 1218, 1224–1225, 1227; II,
2025.

United States Pipe Line, II, 2169, 2170, 2174, 2182–2187.

V

Vacuum Oil Works of Rochester, II, 2088–2089, 2091, 2096–2097, 2098,
2100.

Vanderbilt, W. H., I, 1059, 1061, 1092–1093, 1228.

Vandergrift, J. J., organizes bulk transportation in oil, I, 1016;
builds pipe-lines 30;
affiliates with Rockefeller, 1107;
vice-president National Refiners’ Association, 1109;
president United Pipe Lines, 1181;
in negotiations with Empire Transportation Company, 1194;
before Pennsylvania courts, 1227;
leading man in Standard councils, 1229;
indicted for conspiracy, 1239;
seeks compromise with producers, 1249;
testimony on prices, II, 2193;
testimony on trust methods, 1234.

Van Syckel, Samuel, pioneer pipe-line builder, I, 1017–1018.

W

Warden, W. G., I, 1056–1057, 1068, 1077, 1080, 1082, 1146–1147, 1159,
1194, 1239; II, 2252.

Waring, O. F., I, 1058.

Waring, R. S., I, 1057, 1105.

Warrington, John W., II, 2145, 2148.

War tactics, II, 2182–2183.

Waste assessments, I, 1026–1027;
see also OPPRESSION.

Waters-Pierce Oil Company, II, 2033, 2037, 2041, 2046–2048, 2221.

Watson, David K., II, 2142–2150, 2259.

Watson, Jonathan, I, 1011.

Watson, Peter H., aids Rockefeller in establishing rebate system, I,
1053;
favours combination of refiners, 1055;
in South Improvement Company, 1056–1068;
in the raid on independent refiners, 1066–1067;
leading spirit of South Improvement scheme, 1075–1076;
before Congressional committee, 1077–1078, 1080, 1082;
disregarded by producers, 1092;
president Erie R. R., 1133–1134.

Welch, John C., II, 2204, 2205.

Well-drilling, I, 1022.

Westgate, Theodore B., II, 2039, 2279.

“Wild-catting,” I, 1022.

Wilson, J. Scott, II, 2090, 2096–2097.

Witt, Stillman, I, 1063.

Wood, A. D., II, 2164, 2188.

Wright, William, I, 1020.

-----

Footnote 1:

See Appendix, Number 1. Professor Silliman’s report on petroleum.

Footnote 2:

An elastic pole of ash or hickory, twelve to twenty feet long, was
fastened at one end to work over a fulcrum. To the other end stirrups
were attached, or a tilting platform was secured, by which two or
three men produced a jerking motion that drew down the pole, its
elasticity pulling it back with sufficient force, when the men
slackened their hold, to raise the tools a few inches. The principle
resembled that of the treadle-board of a sewing machine, operating
which moves the needle up and down. The tools were swung in the
driving pipe, or the “conductor”—a wooden tube eight or ten inches
square, placed endwise in a hole dug to the rock—and fixed by a rope
to the spring pole, two or three feet from the workmen. The strokes
were rapid, and a sand pump—a spout three inches in diameter, with a
hinged bottom opening inward and a valve working on a sliding rod,
somewhat in the manner of a syringe—removed the borings mainly by
sucking them into the spout as it was drawn out quickly. _McLaurin’s
“History of Petroleum.”_

Footnote 3:

In 1871 the petroleum exports were 152,195,167 gallons. The production
was 5,795,000 barrels, or 243,390,000 gallons.

Footnote 4:

Estimate of J. T. Henry in his “Early and Later History of Petroleum,”
1873. The “Petroleum Monthly” in 1873 estimated the cost to be from
$2,725 to $4,416.

Footnote 5:

See Appendix, Number 2. First act of incorporation of the Standard Oil
Company.

Footnote 6:

Testimony of Mr. Alexander before the Committee of Commerce of the
United States House of Representatives, April, 1872.

Footnote 7:

See Appendix, Number 3. Affidavit of James H. Devereux. At the time
General Devereux made this affidavit, 1880, he was president of the
New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio Railroad.

Footnote 8:

Report for 1871 of the Cleveland Board of Trade.

Footnote 9:

See Appendix, Number 4. Testimony of Henry M. Flagler on the South
Improvement Company.

Footnote 10:

List of stockholders given by W. G. Warden, secretary of the South
Improvement Company, to a Congressional Investigating Committee which
examined Mr. Warden and Mr. Watson in March and April, 1872.

Footnote 11:

Article Fourth: Contract between the South Improvement Company and the
Pennsylvania Railroad Company, January 18, 1872.

Footnote 12:

See Appendix, Number 5. Contract between the South Improvement Company
and the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. Dated January 18, 1872.

Footnote 13:

See Appendix, Number 6. Standard Oil Company’s application for
increase of capital stock to $2,500,000 in 1872.

Footnote 14:

See Appendix, Number 7. Affidavits of George O. Baslington.

Footnote 15:

In 1872 the refining capacity of the United States was as follows,
according to Henry’s “Early and Later History of Petroleum”:

Barrels
Oil Regions 9,231
New York 9,790
Cleveland 12,732
Pittsburg 6,090
Philadelphia 2,061
Baltimore 1,098
Boston 3,500
Erie 1,168
Other Points 901
——————
Total 46,571

Footnote 16:

A History of the Rise and Fall of the South Improvement Company.
Testimony of W. H. Doane, page 45.

Footnote 17:

A History of the Rise and Fall of the South Improvement Company.
Testimony of Josiah Lombard, page 57.

Footnote 18:

See Appendix, Number 8. Organisation of the Petroleum Producers’ Union
of 1872.

Footnote 19:

See page 1056.

Footnote 20:

See Appendix, Number 9. Charter of the South Improvement Company.

Footnote 21:

See Appendix, Number 10. Draft of contract between the South
Improvement Company and producers of petroleum in the valley of the
Allegheny and its tributaries. Dated January, 1872.

Footnote 22:

See Appendix, Number 11. Extracts from the testimony of W. G. Warden.

Footnote 23:

See Appendix, Number 12. Extracts from the testimony of Peter H.
Watson.

Footnote 24:

See Appendix, Number 13. Contract of March 25, 1872.

Footnote 25:

See Appendix, Number 14. Testimony of Henry M. Flagler.

Footnote 26:

The report of the committee of Congress which investigated the South
Improvement Company was not made until May 7, over a month after the
organisation was destroyed by the cancelling of the contracts with the
railroads.

Footnote 27:

See Appendix, Number 15. The Pittsburg Plan.

Footnote 28:

Estimate given in the Oil City Derrick for September 10, 1872.

Footnote 29:

See Appendix, Number 16. “The Agency.”

Footnote 30:

The amount of production was computed from the oil run through the
pipe-lines, all of which had their gaugers and were supposed to report
their runs at regular intervals.

Footnote 31:

See Appendix, Number 17. Contract between Petroleum Producers’
Association and Petroleum Refiners’ Association.

Footnote 32:

The agency was pledged by its constitution to limit the supply of
crude, but this stipulation did not appear in the contract signed by
the two associations. It was a verbal understanding.

Footnote 33:

Testimony of H. M. Flagler before the Ohio State Commission for
investigating railroad freight discrimination, March, 1879. See
Appendix, Number 14.

Footnote 34:

See Appendix, Number 3.

Footnote 35:

See Appendix, Number 14.

Footnote 36:

See Appendix, Number 18. Testimony of George R. Blanchard on rebates
granted by the Erie Railroad.

Footnote 37:

See Appendix, Number 19. Testimony of W. T. Scheide.

Footnote 38:

See Appendix, Number 20. Statements of amounts paid for overcharges
and rebates on oil during the year 1873 by the New York, Lake Erie and
Western Railroad.

Footnote 39:

See Appendix, Number 21. Agreement of 1874 between the Erie Railroad
system and the Standard Oil Company.

Footnote 40:

See Appendix, Number 22. Agreement of 1874 between the railroads and
pipe-lines.

Footnote 41:

See Appendix, Number 23. The Rutter circular.

Footnote 42:

These figures are from Henry’s “Early and Later History of Petroleum,”
published in 1873.

Footnote 43:

The barrels of the Standard Oil Company are painted blue.

Footnote 44:

This account of the meeting at Saratoga was given to the writer by
Charles Lockhart, of Pittsburg.

Footnote 45:

See Appendix, Number 24. Standard Oil Company’s application for
increase of capital stock to $3,500,000 in 1875.

Footnote 46:

See Appendix, Number 25. Henry M. Flagler’s testimony on the union of
the Standard Oil Company with outside refiners in 1874.

Footnote 47:

Mr. Rogers is mistaken here. The production in 1874 was 10,926,945
barrels, the shipments 8,821,500, the stocks at the end of the year
3,705,639. In 1875, the year in which he is speaking, more oil was
consumed than produced.

Footnote 48:

See Appendix, Number 26. George R. Blanchard’s testimony on the
breaking up of the Pipe Pool of 1874.

Footnote 49:

Condensed from Mr. Tack’s testimony.

Footnote 50:

Condensed from Mr. Harkness’s testimony.

Footnote 51:

J. T. Henry, in his “Early and Later History of Petroleum,” gives
twenty-two; E. G. Patterson, in a list presented in court in 1880,
gives the number at the beginning of this combination as thirty.

Footnote 52:

Condensed from testimony of Mr. Morehouse before the special committee
on railroads, New York Assembly, 1879.

Footnote 53:

Proceedings in Relation to Trusts, House of Representatives, 1888.
Report Number 3112.

Footnote 54:

Report of the Special Committee on Railroads, New York Assembly, 1879.

Footnote 55:

The Standard Oil Company were extensive oil transporters at that time,
as has been shown.

Footnote 56:

See Appendix, Number 27. Mr. Flagler’s explanation of the commission
of ten per cent. allowed the Standard Oil Company in 1877.

Footnote 57:

See Appendix, Number 28. Correspondence between William Rockefeller
and Mr. Scott in October, 1877.

Footnote 58:

See Appendix, Number 29. Correspondence between Mr. O’Day and Mr.
Cassatt.

Footnote 59:

See Appendix, Number 30. Henry M. Flagler’s testimony on the rebate
paid to American Transfer Company.

Footnote 60:

See Appendix, Number 31. Letter to President Scott of the Pennsylvania
Railroad from B. B. Campbell and E. G. Patterson.

Footnote 61:

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad, United Pipe
Lines, etc.

Footnote 62:

Testimony of Charles T. Morehouse before the Special Committee on
Railroads, New York Assembly, 1879.

Footnote 63:

In the case of the Standard Oil Company _vs._ William C. Scofield, _et
al._, in the Court of Common Pleas, Cuyahoga County, Ohio.

Footnote 64:

Coupled with Mrs. B——’s affidavit was one of the company’s
bookkeeper’s testifying that the business had been paying an annual
net income of $30,000 to $40,000 when the sale to the Standard was
made for $79,000, and another from the cashier, who had been present
at most of the interviews between Mrs. B—— and the Standard agents,
and who corroborates her statements in every particular.

Footnote 65:

Mr. Rockefeller’s statements are supported by affidavits from several
members of the firm.

Footnote 66:

Oil City Derrick, January 5, 1878.

Footnote 67:

Derrick Handbook, Vol. II.

Footnote 68:

The stocks on hand at the end of this month were 4,221,769 barrels. On
November 25, 1878, the Derrick published tables showing 4,576,500
barrels of tankage up and building in the Bradford field. Connected
with the United Lines were 1,774,500 barrels already in use and
1,347,000 building.

Footnote 69:

Investigation ordered by the secretary of internal affairs of the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 1878.

Footnote 70:

Abridged from Mr. Campbell’s testimony.

Footnote 71:

See Appendix, Number 32. Producers’ Appeal of 1878 to Governor John F.
Hartranft of Pennsylvania.

Footnote 72:

The story of the Empire Transportation Company, told in the last
chapter, was brought out in this testimony of Mr. Cassatt’s.

Footnote 73:

The testimony taken before the Hepburn Committee has never been
printed in the series of Assembly documents. An edition of 100 copies
was printed during the session for the use of the committee. It is
usually bound in five volumes, and is, of course, very rare.

Footnote 74:

300 copies of the report of the testimony taken were printed. No copy
is to be found in any library of the state of Ohio. The writer has
never seen but one copy of this report.

Footnote 75:

In the case of the Standard Oil Company _vs._ William C. Scofield _et
al._, in the Court of Common Pleas, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, 1880.

Footnote 76:

Ohio State Investigation of freight discrimination, 1879.

Footnote 77:

See Appendix, Number 33. Statement of crude oil shipments by Green
Line during the months of February and March, 1878, to New York,
Philadelphia and Baltimore: showing drawbacks allowed to American
Transfer Company.

Footnote 78:

See Appendix, Number 34. Bill of particulars of evidence to be offered
by the commonwealth.

Footnote 79:

“A History of the Organisation, Purposes and Transactions of the
General Council of the Petroleum Producers’ Unions,” 1880.

Footnote 80:

See Appendix, Number 35. Contract of Petroleum Producers’ Union with
Standard Combination.

Footnote 81:

See Appendix, Number 36. Agreement between B. B. Campbell and the
Pennsylvania Railroad Company.

Footnote 82:

Fractional distillation is a process intended to separate various
products in mixture, and having unlike boiling points, by keeping the
mixture contained in an alembic at regulated successive stages of
temperature as long as there is any distillate at a given point, and
then raising the heat to another degree, etc.

Footnote 83:

This must have been in 1872, not 1870. Up to 1872 the capacity of the
Standard was but 1,500 barrels of crude a day.

Footnote 84:

This draft was presented to the committee in lead pencil. It was never
presented to the producers. See P. H. Watson’s testimony, Appendix,
Number 12.

Footnote 85:

It was 1874.

Footnote 86:

See Appendix, Number 37. Articles of incorporation of the Tidewater
Pipe Line.

Footnote 87:

See Appendix, Number 38. Testimony of Henry M. Flagler in regard to
the Tidewater contest.

Footnote 88:

Court of Common Pleas, Crawford County, Pennsylvania. Patterson _vs._
Tidewater Pipe Company, Limited. Testimony of E. G. Patterson,
December, 1882.

Footnote 89:

See Appendix, Number 39 A. Agreement between Standard and Tidewater
refineries.

See Appendix, Number 39 B. Agreement between Standard and Tidewater
Pipe Lines.

Footnote 90:

See Appendix, Number 40. Two agreements of even date, August 22, 1884,
between the Pennsylvania Railroad Company and the National Transit
Company.

Footnote 91:

The Eighth Section of Article Second of this contract, defining the
duties of the railroads reads: “To make manifests or way-bills of all
petroleum or its products transported over any portion of the
railroads of the party of the second part or its connections, which
manifests shall state the name of the consignor, the place of
shipment, the kind and actual quantity of the article shipped, the
name of the consignee, and the place of destination, with the rate and
gross amount of freight and charges, and to send daily to the
principal office of the party of the first part duplicates of all such
manifests or way-bills.”—Proceedings in Relation to Trusts, House of
Representatives, 1888. Report Number 3,112, page 360.

Footnote 92:

Record of pleadings and testimony in Standard Oil Trust quo warranto
cases in the Supreme Court of Ohio, 1899, page 681.

Footnote 93:

Trust Investigation of Ohio Senate, 1898, page 370.

Footnote 94:

Trust Investigation of Ohio Senate, 1898, page 370.

Footnote 95:

Trust Investigation of Ohio Senate, 1898, page 371.

Footnote 96:

See Appendix, Number 41. Table showing prices of oil at competitive
and non-competitive points in 1892.

Footnote 97:

See Chapter V, page 165.

Footnote 98:

See Appendix, Number 42. Standard Oil Company’s petition for relief
and injunction.

Footnote 99:

See Appendix, Number 43. Answer of William C. Scofield _et al._

Footnote 100:

See Appendix, Number 44. Affidavit of John D. Rockefeller.

Footnote 101:

See Appendix, Number 45, Findings of Fact.

Footnote 102:

See Appendix, Number 45.

Footnote 103:

Number 20, Findings of Facts. See Appendix, Number 45.

Footnote 104:

Ohio State Reports, 43, pages 571–623.

Footnote 105:

Proceedings in Relation to Trusts, House of Representatives, 1888.
Report Number 3,112, pages 575–576.

Footnote 106:

See Appendix, Number 46. Letter of Edward S. Rapallo to General
Phineas Pease, receiver Cleveland and Marietta Railroad Company.

Footnote 107:

Proceedings in Relation to Trusts, House of Representatives, 1880.
Report Number 3,112, pages 577–578.

Footnote 108:

See Appendix, Number 47. Testimony of F. G. Carrel, freight agent of
the Cleveland and Marietta Railroad Company.

Footnote 109:

See Appendix, Number 48. Report of the Special Master Commissioner
George K. Nash to the Circuit Court.

Footnote 110:

The documents from which the statements are drawn are all on file in
the office of the Clerk of the United States Circuit Court for the
Southern District of Ohio, Eastern Division.

Footnote 111:

Proceedings in Relation to Trusts, House of Representatives, 1888.
Report Number 3,112, page 864.

Footnote 112:

Proceedings in Relation to Trusts, House of Representatives, 1888.
Report Number 3,112, page 864.

Footnote 113:

The Derrick published in a four-page supplement to the issue of April
23, 1904, the full text of both statements under the title “More of
Tarbell’s Tergiversations.”

Footnote 114:

Congressional Globe, September 12, 1888, pages 8520–8604.

Footnote 115:

Report Number 1490, United States Senate, Forty-ninth Congress. This
report, and Miscellaneous Documents Number 106, United States Senate,
Forty-ninth Congress, 1886, contain the evidence of bribery collected
by the Ohio Legislature and the majority and minority reports of the
committee.

Footnote 116:

Congressional Globe, July, 1886.

Footnote 117:

Congressional Globe, September, 1886, pages 8520–8604.

Footnote 118:

See Appendix, Number 49. A statement from an oil-producer’s
stand-point for 1886.

Footnote 119:

See Appendix, Number 50. The Billingsley Bill.

Footnote 120:

See Appendix, Number 44.

Footnote 121:

See Appendix, Number 51. Extracts from testimony of H. H. Rogers.

Footnote 122:

See Appendix, Number 48.

Footnote 123:

Report on Investigation Relative to Trusts, New York Senate, 1888
pages 419–420.

Footnote 124:

Report on Investigation Relative to Trusts, New York Senate, 1888,
pages 420–421.

Footnote 125:

See Appendix, Number 52. The Trust Agreement of 1882.

Footnote 126:

Report on Investigation Relative to Trusts, New York Senate, 1888,
pages 9–10.

Footnote 127:

Affidavit of Henry M. Flagler in the case of the Standard Oil Company
_vs._ William C. Scofield _et al._, in the Court of Common Pleas,
Cuyahoga County, Ohio, 1880.

Footnote 128:

Proceedings in Relation to Trusts, House of Representatives, 1888.
Report Number 3,112, page 770.

Footnote 129:

The full style of the case was: The State of Ohio on the Relation of
David K. Watson, Attorney-general, Plaintiff, against the Standard Oil
Company, Defendant.

Footnote 130:

See annual report of the attorney-general to the governor of the state
of Ohio, 1899.

Footnote 131:

History of Standard Oil Case in the Supreme Court of Ohio, 1897–1898.