Chapter XLII: Appendix: V

Medical Reports

Western Base (Queen Mary Land)

by S. E. Jones, M.B., CH.M.

There was a very marked absence of serious illness during the whole period of our stay at the Base. After the 'Aurora' left Adelie Land on January 19, 1912, for her western cruise, an epidemic of influenza broke out. It should be noted that one case occurred on the voyage south from Hobart, and then an interval of almost a month occurred before the infection spread. An interesting feature of the outbreak was the fact that the recovery of those who were convalescing, when we arrived at Queen Mary Land, was much more rapid than was the case with those whose convalescence occurred on the Ship.

By the careful use of snow-goggles during the summer, snow-blindness was practically prevented, and such cases as occurred yielded quickly when zinc and cocaine tablets were used and the eyes obtained rest. An undoubted factor in the causation of snow-blindness is the strain caused by the continual efforts at visual accommodation made necessary on dull days when the sun is obscured, and there is a complete absence of all light-and-shade contrast.

Although frostbites were frequent during the winter months, immediate attention to the restoration of circulation prevented the occurrence of after-effects, so that no one suffered the loss of any more tissue than the superficial epithelium. The nose, ears, fingers and toes were the parts which suffered first.

Our supplies of food were excellent in point of view of variety. Some tinned onions were responsible for several mild attacks of poisoning, but these were not used after our first experience. There was no sign of scurvy in any form.

Hoadley, on one occasion, had an unpleasant experience. He was alone in the hut sleeping one night when he awoke to find the room filled with smoke. On going outside he found that the chimney had become blocked with snow; as the fire was banked, the hut was filled with the gases from the imperfect combustion of the coal. It was three or four days before Hoadley recovered from his experience, having marked symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.

On my return from the Western Depot journey I found that Wild was suffering from an attack of herpes zoster. The illness came on while he was out sledging, and he suffered severely from the pain and irritation.

Beyond a few cases of minor illness, and one or two accidents, there was nothing of serious moment to report.

Main Base (Adelie Land)

by A. L. McLean, M.B., CH.M., B.A.

Throughout the whole period of the Expedition--from December 2, 1911, to February 26, 1914--the health of the expedition was remarkably good. Undoubtedly Antarctica has a salubrious climate, and it is simply because one returns in a measure to the primitive that such an ideal result is obtained.

The first thing to resist is the cold, and additional clothing is the first and adequate means to such an end. No one needs to be specially inured to a rigorous climate. If he has a normal circulation he immediately reacts to a new set of temperature conditions, and in a few weeks may claim to be acclimatized. Most of the members of the expedition were Australians, so that the change of latitudes was rather abrupt but none the less stimulating and healthful.

Appetite for food had suddenly a new piquancy, hard manual work was a pleasure in a novel and wonderful environment, the intellect and imagination were quickened and the whole man embodied the mens sana in corpore sano. That is why illness was practically unknown for more than two years; and, further, it may be said with partial truth that in the high sense of physical and mental fitness he possessed for a time, lies the explanation of the proverbial desire of an explorer to return to the ice-lands.

Regular monthly examinations of the blood were made from the date of leaving Hobart in December 1911 until October 1912, with an interval of about nine weeks between the first and second examinations. The haemoglobin or red colouring-matter went up with a leap and then very steadily increased in amount during the winter months in Adelie Land. The blood pressure became slightly more marked, the weight increased, but as one might have expected, the resistance to ordinary civilized germs was decreased. With regard to weight, the maximum amount gained by a single individual during a period of eight weeks was almost two stones, and every one became heavier by as much as ten pounds. As clinical evidence of the loss in immunity may be quoted the epidemic of influenza to which Dr. S. E. Jones referred. As well, it was noted that several members had attacks of "boils" during the voyage southward; in Adelie Land during 1912 there were two instances of acute abscesses on the fingers (whitlows) and one jaw abscess. It appears as if, with its new and unbounded energy of function, the body attempts to throw oft its waste products. Then, too, experimental observations of opsonic index pointed towards the lowering of resistance, and, by the way, it was rather a remarkable fact that after a few months in Adelie Land, staphylococcus pyogenes aureus--a common germ in civilization- could not be cultivated artificially from the throat, nose or skin, of six individuals from whom monthly bacteriological cultures were made.

Within the Hut, at a temperature which ranged from 40 degrees to 45 degrees F., the number of micro-organisms continuously increased, if the exposure of agar plates at regular intervals (by night) gave a true indication. The organisms were staphylocci albi, bacilli, yeasts, and moulds; the latter overgrowing the plate after it had been for forty eight hours in the incubator.

Frostbites were common, but, perhaps for that reason, were not regarded seriously. No one suffered permanent harm from being frost-bitten, though in several cases rather extensive blisters formed and nails and skin were lost.

Whilst the Hut was being built, minor casualties often occurred; the common remedy being to cover the injured part with a small piece of gauze surrounded by adhesive tape; for open wounds will not heal when exposed to the cold. The Greenland dogs had small accidents and ailments which often required treatment.

On sledging journeys snow-blindness was an affection which sooner or later caught every one in an unguarded moment. That moment was when he ceased to use goggles if the light were at all trying to his eyes. Prevention came first, and then the "zinc and cocaine" cure.

Adelie Land can only be regarded as an intolerable country in which to live, owing to the never-ceasing winds. Usage and necessity helped one to regard the weather in the best possible light; for the sake of a few hours of calm which might be expected to occasionally intervene between the long spells of the blizzards. It is, therefore, with regret and some diffldence that I speak of the illness of Mr. S. N. Jeffryes, who took up so conscientiously the duties of wireless operator during the second year (1913); but upon whom the monotony of a troglodytic winter life made itself felt. It is my hope that he is fast recovering his former vigour and enthusiasm.**

So many miles of sledging were done at both Antarctic Bases in a climate which is surely without a parallel in the history of polar travelling, the Ship was so often in jeopardy during her three main cruises to the South, that we feel the meagre comment should be made on our providential return to civilization with the loss of two comrades whose memory will ever be imperishable to each one of us.

** With the advent of summer, Jeffryes became normal, but unfortunately suffered a temporary relapse upon his return to Australia.--D. M. APPENDIX VI

Finance

A General reference was made to the finances of the expedition in the Introduction. Here is an extended statement which, more fully amplified with a detailed list of donations, will be again published when additional funds have been raised to pay off the debit balance and establish equilibrium.

GRANTS AND DONATIONS

AUSTRALIA, January 1911: L

Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, L1000; R. Barr Smith (South Australia), L100; Hugh Denison (Sydney), L1000; Samuel Hordern (Sydney), L1000 (subsequently increased to L2500)........................... 4,000

LONDON, June 1911:

S. Hordern (Sydney), L1500 (second donation); Roderick Murchison (Melbourne), L1000; W. A. Horn (South Australia), L1000; Lord Strathcona, L1000; Eugene Sandow, L1050; Imperial Government, L2000; Royal Geographical Society, L500; Lionel Robinson (Sydney), L250; C. D. Mackellar, L150; G. P. Doolette, L150; G. Buckley, L150; Lord Denman, L100; Madame Melba (Melbourne), L100; S. Y. Buchanan, L100 (later increased to L200); Daily Mail,L100; Messrs. Bullivants L100, &c., aggregating an additional L593.. 9,843

AUSTRALIA, October 1911:

Sydney: Government grant, L7000; collected by L. Professor David, L50; 'Sydney Morning Herald', L100; Professor David's own donation and lecture proceeds, L100............... 7,250

Melbourne: Government grant, L6000; collected by Professor Masson, L70............... 6,070

Adelaide: Government grant, L5000; collected by Mr. Piper, L250 (including Angus L100, Simpson L85, Scarfe L50).................... 5,250

Hobart: Government grant, L500; collected, L55... 555
Commonwealth grant 5,000
________
24,125

Carried forward...... 37,968

LONDON, 1913: Brought forward...... 37,969

Sir Lucas Tooth, L1000 (Sydney); Imperial Treasury, L1000; Royal Geographical Society, L100; S. Y. Buchanan, L100; Lady Scott, L100; Commander Evans, L100; other members of Scott Expedition and general subscriptions, L227....... 2,627

Australia, 1913:

Commonwealth grant, L5000; collected by Professor David (approximately), L50...................... 5,050

Australia, 1914:

Collected by Professor Masson (approximately), L80; G. J. R. Murray (Adelaide), L100; Sir Samuel Way, L50..... 230

Collected in London, 1914.................... 10

Total moneys donated L45,885

Assets realized and added to the fund:

Sale of photos and newspaper articles, L490; sale of ship and materials, L3699; lectures, films, &c., L726..... 4,915

Bills Owing ...... 5,932 5,932

Assets to be realized:
L

In hand.................. 560 Owing .................. 340 Anticipated sale of gear......... 570 ---- 1,470

Debit balance............. 4,462
Total cost ** of Expedition........... 56,732

There is therefore a deficit of L4462 to be made up by the royalty on the sale of the book, lectures, donations, &c., and the cost of the publication of the scientific results, which will be approximately L8000, has yet to be defrayed.

** An estimate of the cost of the expedition should also take account of donations in kind, which, as can be gathered, were numerous. Facilities offered by harbour boards and valuable assistance extended in the matter of docking and repairing the 'Aurora', particularly in the case of the State of Victoria, and to a less extent in New South Wales.

Then there were valuable contributions of coal, particularly by Mr. J. Brown of Newcastle (N.S.W.), Mr. H. D. Murphy (Melbourne), and the Lithgow Collieries Company. APPENDIX VII

Equipment

Clothing

With regard to the clothing, the main bulk was of woollen material as supplied by Jaeger of London. This firm is unexcelled in the production of camel's-hair garments and has supplied most polar expeditions of recent years with underclothing, gloves, caps, and the like. From the same firm we also secured heavy ski-boots, finnesko-crampons, and the blankets which were used at Winter Quarters at both Antarctic Bases. Some of the Jaeger woollens were damaged by sea water on the voyage from London to Australia and were replaced by Eagley goods; an Australian brand, which proved very satisfactory. The Ship's Party were outfitted with Kaipoi woollens (New Zealand).

Outer garments were made up to our design from Jaeger fleece by tailors in Hobart. The suit consisted of a single garment, to be worn with combination underclothing, and was calculated to meet the requirements of a severe climate.

An over-suit of wind-proof material, which may be worn when required, is a necessary adjunct to woollen clothing. Such a suit should have the additional properties of being light, strong, not readily absorbing moisture, and not affected by the cold. Burberry gabardine was found to possess all these properties, and two complete suits were made up for each man. One suit consisted of three pieces, whilst the other was made of two; the blouse-jacket and helmet of the latter being combined.

Furs, which were obtained from Norway, were restricted to sleeping bags, finnesko or fur-boots, and wolfskin mitts (Lapland).

The outfit of clothing for the party at Macquarie Island and on the Ship, respectively, differed from that used in the Antarctic. Warmer temperatures and wet conditions had to be taken into account, and so rubber boots, oilskins, and rubberized materials were provided as outer coverings.

Food

The food-stuffs were selected with at least as much consideration as was given to any of the other requisites. The successful work of an expedition depends on the health of the men who form its members, and good and suitable food reduces to a minimum the danger of scurvy; a scourge which has marred many polar enterprises. Thus our provisioning was arranged with care and as a result of my previous experience in the Antarctic with Sir Ernest Shackleton's Expedition.

A summary which may be of possible use to future expeditions is appended below:

In the matter of canned meats we had some six tons of the excellent Australian article supplied by the Sydney Meat Preserving Company, Ramornie Meat Company (N.S.W.), Baynes Brothers (Brisbane), and the Border (rabbit) Preserving Company of South Australia. For use on the Ship three tons of salt beef and pork served to replenish the "harness cask," largely obtained in Melbourne from Cook and Sons.

For a ton of sauces and pickles we were indebted to Brand and Company (London) and to Mason and Company (London).

Of course fresh meat was consumed as far as possible; a number of live sheep being taken by the 'Aurora' on each cruise. Some of these were killed and dressed after reaching 60 degrees south latitude and supplied our two Antarctic Bases with the luxury of fresh mutton about once a week throughout a year.

One ton of preserved suet came from the firms of Hugon (Manchester) and Conrad (Adelaide).

Almost all our bacon and ham, amounting to well over one ton, was of the Pineapple Brand (Sydney), and to the firm which supplied them we are indebted alike for the quality of its goods and for its generosity.

Soups in endless variety, totalling two tons, came chiefly from the Flemington Meat Preserving Company (Melbourne).

Fours tons of canned fish were supplied by C. & E. Morton (London).

Variety in vegetables was considered important. We decided to reduce the amount of dried vegetables in favour of canned vegetables. About six and a half tons of the latter in addition to one ton of canned potatoes were consumed; from Laver Brothers (Melbourne) and Heinz (Pittsburgh). There were one and a half tons of dried vegetables. In addition, large quantities of fresh potatoes and other vegetables were regularly carried by the 'Aurora', and many bags of new and old potatoes were landed at the Main Base. In the frozen condition, the former kept satisfactorily, though they were somewhat sodden when thawed. The old potatoes, on the other hand, became black and useless, partly owing to the comparatively high temperature of the ship's hold, and in part to the warmth of the sun during the first few weeks in Adelie Land.

Canned fruits, to the extent of five tons, were supplied by Jones Brothers (Hobart) and Laver Brothers (Melbourne). This stock was eked out by some two and a half tons of dried fruits, chiefly from South Australia.

The management of Hartley (London) presented us with two tons of jam, and James Keiller and Son (London) with one ton of marmalade.

Of the twelve tons of sugar and half a ton of syrup consumed, all were generously donated by the Colonial Sugar Refining Company (Sydney).

For milk we were provided with two tons of Glaxo (a dry powder) which was used at the land bases, and a ton and a half of Nestle's condensed variety for use on the ship.

Three tons of cereal meals, largely from Parsons (Sydney), were consumed.

As one might have expected, the amount of flour used was enormous. In the thirteen tons of this commodity from Colman (London) there were three varieties, self-rising, plain, and wheatmeal flour, encased in stout metal linings within strong, well-finished cases of a convenient size. Until required, the cases of flour were used to solidify the break-wind on the southern side of the Hut.

Bird and Company (Birmingham) more than satisfied our needs in the matter of baking powder, custard powder, jelly crystals, and the like.

There was over half a ton of fancy biscuits of excellent quality and great variety, for which we were indebted to Jacob and Company (Dublin), Arnott Brothers (Sydney), and Patria Biscuit Fabriek (Amsterdam). "Hardtack," the name by which a plain wholemeal biscuit of good quality, made by Swallow and Ariell (Melbourne) was known, constituted the greater part of the remaining two and a half tons of ordinary biscuits. "Hardtack" was much appreciated as a change from the usual "staff of life"--soda bread.

For sledging we had secured one ton of biscuits specially prepared by the Plasmon Company (London) containing 30 per cent. of plasmon. These, together with one ton of pemmican and half a ton of emergency ration prepared by the Bovril Company (London), are specially referred to in the chapter on sledging equipment.

Butter was an important item; the large stock of two and a half tons coming from the Colac Dairying Company (Melbourne). The butter was taken fresh in fifty-six lb. blocks, packed in the usual export cases. On the 'Aurora' it was carried as deck-cargo, and at the Main Base was stacked in the open air on the southern side of the Hut. At the end of the second year (1913) it was still quite good; a fact which speaks well for the climate as a refrigerator. Of Australian cheese we used half a ton, and this was supplied in forty-pound blocks.

The firm of Messrs. Cadbury, well known for their cocoa and eating chocolate, supplied us with these commodities, and receive our unqualified praise for the standard of the articles and the way in which they were packed. The total consumption was one ton of cocoa and half a ton of chocolate.

The three-quarters of a ton of tea was donated by "Te Sol" (Guernsey) and Griffiths Brothers (Melbourne). In both cases the articles were well packed and much appreciated. Half a ton of coffee was used, partly supplied from London and partly donated by Griffiths Brothers.

Rose's (London) lime juice, as an antiscorbutic, was mainly reserved for consumption on the Ship. This lime juice was much in favour as a beverage.

Other supplies, taken in bulk, and for which we are indebted to the manufacturers, are: one ton of Cerebos Salt, half a ton of Castle salt, one ton of Sunlight Soap, our complete requirements in toilet soap from Pears, candles from Price, matches from Bryant and May including special sledging vestas, and dried milk from the Trufood Company.

Sweets, which were used for dessert and on special occasions, were presented by the firms of Fuller and Batger of London, and by Farrah of Harrogate, &c. There were also small quantities of aerated waters, ales, wines, and whisky for each Base.** At the Main Base, at least, there was no demand for whisky until penguin omelettes became fashionable.

** * Donated by Schweppes, Kopke, Burgoyne, and others.

The smokers were well provided for by a generous donation of Capstan tobaccos, cigarettes and cigars from the British American Tobacco Company in London. At a later date, when our Macquarie Island party was formed, the Sydney branch of the same firm met our added needs with the same generosity.

There are many other items which have not yet found a place in this summary which cannot be acknowledged severally, but for which we are none the less grateful. Mention is made of the following: Horlick's Malted Milk, Neave's Health Diet, Brown and Polson's Cornflour, International Plasmon Company's Plasmon chocolate and Plasmon powder, Bovril and lime juice nodules manufactured by Bovril Limited, Colman's Mustard and Groats, Flemington Meat Company's desiccated soups, Seager's meats, Nestle's nut-milk chocolate, Escoffier's soups, &c.

The cooking range which served us well for two years in the Hut at Adelie Land was from J. Smith and Wellstood (London); others were presented by Metters (Adelaide).

The total supply of foods purchased and donated aggregated quite one hundred tons, exclusive of packing. Much of this was assembled in London. In Australia the Government Produce Department of Adelaide rendered valuable assistance.

TABLE OF FOOD-SUPPLIES FOR A TWELVE-MAN BASE

The following are the food requirements for a party of twelve men wintering in the Antarctic. It is our own store list, with slight modifications where these are found desirable. The figures are based on the supposition that unlimited quantities of seal and penguin meat can be had on the spot, and, furthermore, are ample for a second year's requirements should the party be unavoidably detained. The fare during the second year might be somewhat less varied, but would otherwise be sufficient. Health was, of course, the first consideration in this selection, but economy was also studied. The quantities are stated in pounds weight.

lbs. Meats, tinned--Corned beef, 216; roast beef, 72; roast mutton, 72; boiled mutton, 72; Irish stew, 216; assorted meats, 168, including mutton cutlets, haricot mutton, ox tail, ox tongue, sausages, and brawn; sheep's tongues, 288; special meats, 192, including rabbit, hare, duck, fowl, and turkey................... 1296

Live sheep--16 sheep to be dressed south of 60 degrees S. latitude (weight not included)

Suet, tinned--400......................... 400

Bacon and Ham--Bacon in sides, packed in salt, 250; ham, 250... 500

Fish, tinned--Salmon, 360; haddocks, 96; kippered herrings, 216; herrings in tomato sauce, 72; fresh herrings, 72; sardines, 300; cods' roe, curried prawns, &c., 72.............., 1188

Soups, assorted tinned, 1152.................. 1152

Vegetables, fresh, in wooden cases--new potatoes, 1200; onions, 3601560 Tinned--potatoes, 864; onions, 216; peas, 450; French beans, 450; spinach, 360; cabbage, 144; beetroot, 288; carrots, 288; parsnips, 144; turnips, 108; celery, 144; leeks, 72; champignons, 144; Boston baked beans, 144; tomatoes, 288..................... 3240

Cereals and Dried Vegetables, &c.--Split peas, 112; lentils, 56; marrowfat peas, 56; haricot beans, 56; barley, 72; rice, 252; tapioca, 144; semolina, 56; macaroni, 56; rolled oats, 648; cornflour, 156........................ 1664

Flour, including plain, wholemeal, and self-rising...... 4480 Biscuits, &c.--Plasmon wholemeal, 1344; plain wholemeal, 560; assorted sweet, 560; cake tinned, 224; plum pudding, 224.... 1712

Fruit, tinned in syrup--peaches, 288; pears, 288; plums, 288; apricots, 288; pineapples, 288; apples, 288; gooseberries, 216; cherries, 216; mulberries, 48; strawberries, 48; red currants, 48; black currants, 48; raspberries, 48............... 2400

Dried fruits--Prunes, 112; apples, 112; peaches, 56; nectarines, 56; apricots, 56; raisins seeded, 224; currants, 112; figs, 224; dates, 112; candied peel, 56.................. 1120

Sweets, &c.--Eating chocolate (chiefly for sledging) 504; assorted sweets, 168; crystallized fruits, 56; assorted nuts, 84..... 812

Milk--as dried powder, 2400................... 2400

Butter--in 56 lb. export cases, 1456.............. 1456

Cheese--in original blocks or tins, 240............. 240

Cocoa, Tea, and Coffee--Cocoa, 576; tea, 288; coffee, 288.... 1152

Sugar, Jam, &c.--Sugar, 3584; jam, 1456; marmalade, 448; honey, 576; syrup, 288..................... 6352

Sauces, Pickles, &c.--Tomato sauce, 180; Worcester sauce, 135; sweet pickles, 162; mango chutney, 81; assorted pickles (first quality) 216; vinegar, 210............... 984

Cooking requisites--Baking powder (in addition to that in selfrising flour) 56; sodium bicarbonate, 1; ground mixed spice, 3; ground ginger, 4; whole cloves, 1; nutmegs, 2; assorted essences, 10; desiccated cocoanut, 12; mixed dried herbs, 2; dried mint, 6; dried parsley, 1; onion powder, 9; curry powder, 30; mustard, 30; black pepper, 12; white pepper, 12; table salt, 784.......... 975

Soap, &c.--Soap, 448; soda, 168................. 616

(16 tons approx.) 35,699

Note. These weights are exclusive of packing. When high southern latitudes can be reached within three weeks, fresh eggs may be taken with advantage, preferably unfertilized, but care should be taken to freeze them as soon as possible, and not to allow them to thaw again until required for use. It is advisable to take small quantities of whisky, ale, wines and lime juice. Matches, candles, soap, and other toilet requirements, kerosene and fuel are not reckoned with here, appearing in a more general stores' list. Certain medical comforts, such as malted milk and plasmon, may also be included.

Medical Equipment

The medical equipment consisted of a complete outfit of Burroughs and Wellcome's drug's, dressings, &c., and Allen and Hanbury's surgical instruments. Sets, varying in character with particular requirements, were made up for the Ship and for each of the land parties. Contained within the fifty-five boxes was a wonderful assortment of everything which could possibly have been required on a polar expedition. There was in addition a set of Burroughs and Wellcome's medicines for the treatment of dogs.

Scientific Equipment

The scope of our projected scientific work necessitated extensive purchases, and these were amplified by loans from many scientific bodies and individuals.

Instruments for surveying and navigation were loaned by the Royal Geographical Society and by the Admiralty, while many theodolites, chronometers, and half-chronometer watches were manufactured to order.

An assortment of oceanographical gear was generously supplied through H. S. H. The Prince of Monaco, from the Institut Oceanographique of Monaco. Dr. W. S. Bruce made similar donations and supervised the construction of our largest deep-sea dredge. The three-thousand fathom tapered steel cables and mountings, designed to work the deep-water dredges, were supplied by Messrs. Bullivant. Appliances were also loaned by Mr. J. T. Buchanan of the 'Challenger' Expedition and by the Commonwealth Fisheries Department. The self-recording tide-gauges we employed were the property of the New South Wales Government, obtained through Mr. G. Halligan.

The taxidermists' requirements, and other necessaries for the preservation of zoological specimens, were for the most part purchased, but great assistance was rendered through Professor Baldwin-Spencer by the National Museum of Melbourne and by the South Australian Museum, through the offices of Professor Stirling. Articles of equipment for botanical work were loaned by Mr. J. H. Maiden, Director of the Botanical Gardens, Sydney.

A supply of heavy cameras for base-station work and light cameras for sledging was purchased; our stock being amplified by many private cameras, especially those belonging to F. H. Hurley, photographer of the Expedition. Special Lumiere plates and material for colour photography were not omitted, and, during the final cruise of the 'Aurora', P. E. Correll employed the more recent Paget process for colour photography with good results.

The programme of magnetic work was intended to be as extensive as possible. In the matter of equipment we were very materially assisted by the Carnegie Institute through Dr. L. A. Bauer. An instrument was also loaned through Mr. H. F. Skey of the Christchurch Magnetic Observatory. A full set of Eschenhagen self-recording instruments was purchased, and in this and in other dispositions for the magnetic work we have to thank Dr. C. Chree, Director of the National Physical Laboratory, and Dr. C. C. Farr of University College, Christchurch. Captain Chetwynd kindly assisted in arrangements for the Ship's compasses.

Two complete sets of Telefunken wireless apparatus were purchased from the Australasian Wireless Company. The motors and dynamos were got from Buzzacott, Sydney, and the masts were built by Saxton and Binns, Sydney. Manilla and tarred-hemp ropes were supplied on generous terms by Melbourne firms (chiefly Kinnear).

The meteorological instruments were largely purchased from Negretti and Zambra, but a great number were loaned by the Commonwealth Meteorological Department (Director, Mr. H. A. Hunt) and by the British Meteorological Office (Director, Dr. W. N. Shaw).

For astronomical work the following instruments were loaned, besides transit-theodolites and sextants: a four-inch telescope by the Greenwich Observatory through the Astronomer Royal: a portable transit-theodolite by the Melbourne Observatory through the Director, Mr. P. Baracchi; two stellar sidereal chronometers by the Adelaide Observatory through the Astronomer, Mr. P. Dodwell.

The apparatus for bacteriological and physiological work were got in Sydney, in arrangements and suggestions for which our thanks are due to Dr. Tidswell (Microbiological Laboratory) and Professor Welsh, of Sydney University.

Artists' materials were supplied by Winsor and Newton, London, while the stationery was partly donated by John Sands, Limited, Sydney

Geological, chemical, and physical apparatus were all acquired at the instance of the several workers.

Adjuncts, such as a calculating machine, a typewriter, and duplicator were not forgotten.**

** Acceptable donations of various articles were made by the firms of Ludowici, Sydney; Allen Taylor, Sydney; Sames and Company, Birmingham; Gamage, London; Gramophone Company, London; the Acetylene Corporation, London; Steel Trucks Ltd., &c.

**Through the offices of Mr. C. A. Bang we are indebted to "De Forenede Dampskibsselskab," of Copenhagen, for the transport of the dogs from Greenland.

Apart from the acquisition of the instruments, there were long preparations to be made in the arrangement of the scientific programme and in the training of the observers. In this department the Expedition was assisted by many friends.

Thus Professor W. A. Haswell (Biology), Professor T. W. Edgeworth David (Geology), and Mr. H. A. Hunt (Meteorology), each drew up instructions relating to his respective sphere. Training in astronomical work at the Melbourne Observatory was supervised by Mr. P. Baracchi, Director, and in magnetic work by the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institute (Director, Dr. L. A. Bauer). Further, in the subject of magnetics, we have to thank especially Mr. E. Kidston of the Carnegie Institute for field tuition, and Mr. Baldwin of the Melbourne Observatory for demonstrations in the working of the Eschenhagen magnetographs. Professor J. A. Pollock gave us valuable advice on wireless and other physical subjects. At the Australian Museum, Sydney, Mr. Hedley rendered assistance in the zoological preparations. In the conduct of affairs we were assisted on many occasions by Messrs. W. S. Dun (Sydney), J. H. Maiden (Sydney), Robert Hall (Hobart), G. H. Knibbs (Melbourne),and to the presidents and members of the councils of the several Geographical Societies in Australia--as well, of course, as to those of the Royal Geographical Society, London.

In conclusion, the proffered, disinterested help, of all the above and many other friends contrived to make our scientific equipment well-nigh complete and eminently up-to-date. INDEX

Abrasion effects of drift snow, Abruzzi expedition 1900, rations Absolute Hut, the Acetylene Corporation, London, (note) Adare, Cape Adelaide Island .........University 'Adelie Blizzard' ........Land; the main base at; glaciation of; hurricanes of; Wilkes' account of; the Hut; drifts; wireless installation at; clothing for; Empire Day in; temperatures Admiralty Range Aerial Cove, depot Aeroplane sledge. See Air-tractor sledge Ainsworth, G F., "Life on Macquarie Island;" "A Land of Storm and Mist," "Through Another Year;" picked up by the 'Aurora', the home journey; account of Air-tractor sledge, the; Aladdin's Cave; Albatross Alden, Cape, Alexander I Island, Alexandra, Queen Allen and Hanbury, Messrs. Alligator Nunatak. 'Amakura', the American expedition under Wilkes ........ Quadrant, the, accessibility; whaling industry in Amundsen, Captain; sledging dogs presented by ..........dog Anchor Rock Anemobiagraph, the Anemometers Anemones, preservation of Angas Mr. C. "Annie Hill," Antarctic theory of distribution of flora Antarctica, history of discovery 'Anthology of Australian Verse, An' Anthony, Messrs., of Melbourne 'Archibald Russell', the Arnott Bros., Messrs. Asia, Southern, wind velocities 'Astrolabe', D'Urville's journey in the Astronomer Royal, the Astronomical Hut, the "Atmospherics," Auckland Islands 'Aurora', the S.Y. plan and section; adaptation and fitting out; from Macquarie Island to Adelie Land; the first ice; landing of cargo at main base; new lands; food carried by the; return of the; observations secured on the; deep-sea soundings; at Macquarie Island; arrival at Port Lyttleton; at Melbourne; second deep-sea cruise; departure from Hobart, Christmas; visit to the main base, Adelie Land; reception by Wild; relief of Wild's party; arrival in Hobart; papers brought by the; stores laid at Caroline Cove; visits to Macquarie Island; at Dunedin; leaves Hobart on Southern trip to bring back the two parties; wireless communication with; the Homeward Cruise; list of ship's officers .........Peak Auroral phenomena Australasian Association for Advancement of Science, Australian ensign hoisted Avalanche Rocks Avalanches,~ Azimuth Hill; memorial cross on

Bacteriology, work of the expedition, Bage, R., at the main base; work at the hut; the tide-gauge; transit house; food experiences; search for the dogs; with the Southern Sledging Party; return to the hut; on building a tent; snow-blindness; return to Aladdin's Cave; note left by, at Cathedral Grotto; return from the south; visit to the 'Aurora'; the relief expedition; winter work; wireless work; magnetograph records; the home journey; account of Baldwin, Mr. Baldwin-Spencer, Professor Balleny Islands John Bang, C. A. (note) Baracchi, Mr. P. Barometer, movements of the "Barrier," the, at the Winter Quarters "Barrier-formations," Barron, Lady ........Sir Harry Barr-Smith, Mount ......Mr. Robert Basilisk, dog Bass Strait Bates, Mr. D. C.; request for weather reports Batger, Messrs. Bauer, Dr. L. A. Mr., Sealer at Macquarie Island Baynes Bros., Messrs.

"Beaufort scale" of wind-pressure Belgian Antarctic expedition Bellingshausen, expedition of 1821 "Benzine Hut," Bergschrund Betli, dog Bickerton, F. H., at main base; work at the hut; erection of the wireless installation; food experiences; "bus driver"; the air-tractor sledge; the Western sledging expedition; on tent pitching; his birthday; the relief party; winter work at the hut; wireless work; dredge constructed by; the home journey; account of Biology, work of the expedition Bird & Coy, Messrs. Birds, Antarctic, weight in relation to wing areas Birthday Camp Biscoe Island ........John, work Bishop and Clerk, islet Black Sunday Blair, J. H., Chief Officer on the 'Aurora' Blake, Cape ...... L R., work on Macquarie Island; visit to Sandy Bay; accident to; visits to Lusitania Bay; photographs taken by visits to the 'Aurora'; specimens obtained; sheepkilling; the home journey; account of Blizzard, puppy .........the 'Blizzard, The', poem Blood-pressure, observations by McLean, "Blue Billys," "Board-sliding," Bollons, Captain Borchgrevinck Borda, Cape Border (Rabbit) Preserving Coy. Bovril Coy., the Brand & Coy., Messrs. Bridge-playing at Western Base Bristow, Captain British Antarctic expedition British Expedition British Meteorological Office "Brothers (The)," Brown, Mr. John Brown & Polson, Messrs. Bruce, Dr. W. S. ........Rise Bruni Island Bryant & May, Messrs. Buchanan, Mr. J. Y.; ..........S. Y. Buckley, Mr. G. Budd Land; Buenos Ayres Bull, H. J. Bullivant, Messrs. Burberry, the Burroughs & Wellcome, Messrs. Buzzacott, Messrs.

Cadbury, Messrs. Camp Cove Campbell & Sons, Messrs. Camping "Cannonading," Canterbury Museum, Christchurch Cape Town Carbohydrates, definition of the term (note) Cardiff to Hobart, the journey Carnegie Institute Carnley Harbour Caroline Cove, Macquarie Island Carr, Cape Caruso, dog Castor, dog Cat, wild Catch Me Cave Cathedral Grotto, the 'Challenger' expedition Charcot, Jean .........Land Chetwynd, Captain Chocolate as barter Chree, Dr. C., Christchurch, New Zealand ...........Magnetic Observatory 'Christmas Carol, A' ...........Day, Dr. Mawson's; with the Southern Sledging Party; Madigan's account; with Bickerton's party; at Hobart; with Wild's party; with S. E. Jones's party; Ainsworth's account; on the homeward journey Chun, Professor, of Leipsic Close, J. H., at Main Base; at Aladdin's Cave; journey to the West; and the Near Eastern Party; journey to Commonwealth Bay; return from the East; back to Australia; account of Clothing for the expedition Clyde, wreck of the Coal-supply, difficulties of Coats Land Cocoa, value of, Colac Dairying Coy. Colman, Messrs. Colonel, dog Colonial Sugar Refining Coy. Commonwealth Bay .............Fisheries Department .............Meteorological Department .............Weather Bureau, reports to Cormorant. See Shag Compass, variations of the; the bearing of the sun and the magnetic needle compared Conrad, Messrs. Cook, Captain James Copenhagen Coronae, lunar Correll, P. E., at Main Base; and the tide-gauge; production of 'The Washerwoman's Secret; the Eastern Coastal Party; at Horn Bluff, the search party; return to Australia; photographs taken by; the homeward journey; account of .........Nunatak Cote Clarie Crampons, use of Crippen, dog Crown Fuel Company, briquettes

'Daily Graphic' .......'Mail' Dallman, Eduard Danish Geographical Society Darwin, Charles David Island ......Professor T. W. Edgeworth Davis, Captain J. K., appointment; arrival at Hobart; work of stowage; the journey to Macquarie Island; voyage in the Nimrod; at Macquarie Island; events on board; narrative quoted; return of the 'Aurora'; his decision regarding Wild's party; "The Ship's Story"; mission to London; visits to Macquarie Island; the homeward cruise; account of .......Captain James, of Hobart, joins the 'Aurora'; efforts to recover ship's lost chain; account of .......Sea "DeadBeat Gully," Deakin, Hon. Alfred Declination of the magnetic needle Decouverte, Cape Delay Point Denison, Cape; ..........Mr. Hugh Denman Glacier, the ........Lord, messages to Antarctica; Finance Denny, Mr., visit to Macquarie D'Entrecasteaux Channel Depot Bay Depots maintained by the New Zealand Government Derwent River, the; Dietetics Disappointment Island 'Discovery', voyage of the ...........Cape Dixson Island Mr. Hugh Dodwell, Mr. P. Dogs for the expedition, journey to Hobart; at the hut; harness for the; food for the; at Aladdin's Cave; with the sledging parties; the lost; used for food; presented to the 'Aurora' by Amundsen; with the Western Party; pups; quarrels Dolerite (note) Dominion Meteorological Office Doolette, Mr. G. P. Dovers, G., member of Wild's party; depot-laying party formed; surveying work; at Haswell Island; account of 'Drake', H.M.S., wireless communication with Drift gauge, a Drift snow; abrasion effects of; electrical effects of Drygalski Island (note) ..........Professor; Ducks Dun, W.S. 'Dundonald', barque Dunedin D'Urville Sea;

'Eagle' Cave ........schooner, wreck Earthquake shocks at Macquarie Island Eastern Barrier ........Coastal Party, formation; account of, by Madigan; instruments cached by Eclipse, lunar, Eitel, Mr. C. C. Elder, Mr. .......Mount 'Eliza Scott', the Empire Day, at the Western Base; on Adelie Land 'Encyclopaedia Britannica', use of 'Endeavour', the Enderby Island ........Land Equinox, effects of the Equipment of the expedition Erebus Cove "Erratics," Esperance, Port Esquimaux, dogs of the; method with snow-blindness, Euphausia Evans, Commander Evensen, work of

Farr, Dr. C. C. Fallieres Land 'Fantome', H.M.S. Far-Eastern Party, the; the return of Farrah, Messrs. Fats, definition of term, (note) "Feather Bed" terrace Fiala, quoted Figure of Eight Island Filchner, Wilhelm Finance of the expedition Finnesko footwear Fisher, Hon. Andrew, ........wireless message to Fishing Fix, dog Flag depot Flagstaff Point, Carnley Harbour Flemington Meat Preserving Coy. Fletcher, F. D. Flora, Antarctic, theories concerning 'Flying Fish', the ........Fox, working of the Flynn, Professor T. T. Foehn effect Food, for sledging journey, dietetics; rations; items; table of supplies Fram, dog ......voyage of the Franklin, dog Freshfield, Cape Fuller, Messrs. Fusilier, dog

Gadget, dog Gamage, Messrs (note) 'Gauss', expedition of the Gaussberg Geographical results of the expedition Geological work of the expedition George, dog ........V, King, wireless message to, Georgia, South; Gerlache, Adrien de ..........Cape German Scientific Expedition; expedition of 1902, see Gauss Gillies, F., chief engineer of the 'Aurora' .........Nunataks Ginger, dog ......Bitch, dog, Glacier, the continental, Glacier-ice, structural composition Glacier-tongues Glaciology, work of the expedition Glaxo Gloves Goggles for snow-blindness Golf at Western Base Gracht, Mr. Van Waterschoot van der 'Grafton', wreck of the Graham's Land Gramophone Coy., London, (note) Grampuses Grandmother, dog Gray, Cape ......P., second officer 'Aurora' Great Australian Bight .....Britain, Antarctic Expeditions .....Ross Barrier; Greely expedition of 1882 Green Valley Greenland, dogs from ..........pup Greenwich Observatory Griffiths Brothers, Messrs. "Grottoes (The)," the hut at the Western Base, building; return of the sledging party; entrance and tunnels; the igloo; clearing the tunnels; return of the Western depot party; preparations for the Eastern summer journey; return of Wild; distances from; return of Jones's party; the flagstaff Guano deposits Gulls, Dominican or black backed .......skua

Haines, Mr., taxidermist Haldane, dog Hall, Robert Halligan, Mr. G. Hamilton, H., life at Macquarie Island; visits to Sandy Bay; biological work; reception of the 'Aurora'; erection of the tide gauge; a dinghy for; visits to Lusitania Bay; photographs by; home journey; account of .........Mount Hangar Hannan, W. H., at Main Base; work at the hut; wireless work; the drift gauge; as magnetician; working of the air-tractor sledge; the wireless at Winter Quarters; return to Australia; account of Harbour Board, Hobart Harness, sledging, Harrisson, C. T.; member of Wild's party; visit to the capsized berg, account; Hippo depot; meteorological work at The Grottoes; included in the Eastern summer journey; winch contrived by; account Hartley, Messrs. Hasselborough Bay ..............Captain Haswell Island ............Professor W. A. Hedley, Mr. C. Heinz, Messrs. Helen Glacier Henderson, Professor G. C.. Henderson Island Hens, Cape 'Hinemoa', rescue by 'Hints to Travellers' Hippo Nunatak Hoadley, C. A., member Wild's party; party to lay depot formed; main western journey starting November; geological work; at Haswell Island; account Hobart Hodgeman, A. J., at Main Base; work at hut; Near Eastern Party; the cairn; return to the hut; journey of the Near Eastern Party; trip to Aladdin's Cave; on tent-pitching; investigation of snow ramp; the relief party; winter work at the hut; journey to Mount Murchison; the home journey; map of Mackellar Islets; account of Holliman, Captain, Holman, Hon., W. A. Hoosh Hordern, Mr. Samuel Horlick, Messrs. Horn Bluff "Horn Bluff," by C. T. Madigan Horn, Mr. W. A. Hoyle, pup Hugon, Messrs. Hunt, Mount ......Mr. H. A. Hunter, Cape ........J. G., at Main Base; biological work; parasitology; sledging; production of 'The Washerwoman's Secret'; the Southern Supporting Party; expansion of the cave; return from the south; return to Australia; arrival with the 'Aurora'; fishing;the homeward journey; account of " Huntoylette," Hurley, J. F., Main Base; camera work; observations; rescue of the dogs; production of 'The Washerwoman's Secret; the Southern Party; the cairn;pitching tent; "Lot's Wife"; the 'Christmas Carol'; snow-blindness; return from the south; arrival with the 'Aurora'; sledging Hurricane-walking Hut, the Main Base, temperature; tunnels; the nightwatchman's duty ......Point, McMurdo Sound Hutchinson, sealer of Macquarie Island

Ice, Arctic and Antarctic compared; the first; pack-ice; bergs; structural composition "Ice floods," "Ice islands," Ice-shafts, digging of "Icing-ship," 'Illustrated London News' Insect hunting

Jack, dog Jackson, Port Jacob & Coy., Messrs. Jaeger fleece Japanese Antarctic expedition Jappy, dog Jeffreys Deep Jeffryes, S. N., wireless operator 'Jessie Nichol', wreck John Bull, dog Johnson, dog Joinville Island Jones, Dr. S. E., autopsy on the dogs; member of Wild's party; party formed to lay a depot on September; Wild's instructions to; main western journey starting November; "Linking up with Kaiser Wilhelm Land," account by; discovery of Antarctic petrels; view of Drygalski Island; account of; medical report for Western Base ........Bros., Messrs. Journalists' Association Joyce, Mr. E., delivery of the dogs; Judge and Clerk, islet of; soundings Junction Corner

Kaiser Wilhelm I Land, linking up with, account by Dr. S. E. Jones Kangaroo Island Keiller, Messrs. James & Son Kelp Kembla, Port Kemp, work of Kennedy, [A. L.] member of Wild's party; attempted trip with Wild for the minimum thermometer; Eastern summer journey; blocked on the ice-shelf with Wild; observations; account of Kerguelen Island Kidston, Mr. E. King Edward V Land .....George V Land, naming of; map King' Birthday, at Western Base ................Island Kinsey, Mr. J. J. Kite, work with Knibbs, G. H. Knox Land Kristensen, Leonard

Lake-ice Lamp, a non-magnetic Lampwick, uses of Larson, C. A. Laseron, C. F., Main Base; biological work; collection of petrel skin; at Aladdin's Cave; production of The 'Washerwoman's Secret'; the Southern Supporting Party; recording Webb's observations; expansion of the Cave; journey to Commonwealth Bay December 9; collection of eggs and birds; return from the east; back to Australia; account of Lassie, dog Lever Brothers, Messrs. Lewis, Sir Elliott Lithgrow Colleries "Lot's Wife," Loubet Land Louis Phillippe Land Lucas Sounding-machine Lucas-Tooth, Sir Robert Ludowici, Messrs. (note) Lusitania Bay; ..........the, sealing boat Lyttleton, Port, arrival of the 'Aurora'

"M. H. S. Championship, " the start Mac, dog McClintock, expedition of 1850; rations Mackay, Dr. F. A. Mackellar Islet Mackellar Library ..........the Hon.C.D. McLean, Dr. A. L., autopsy on the dogs; at Main Base; electrical observations; lines on 'The Blizzard'; erection of the wireless; observations regarding seals; at Aladdin's Cave; blood-pressure, observations; at Cathedral Grotto; expedition of the Eastern Coastal Party; snow-blindness; at Horn Bluff; photographs taken by; return of; the relief expedition; winter work at the Hut; founding of 'The Adelie Blizzard'; on illness of Jeffryes; a wind episode; dredging operations; biological specimen; the home journey; account; medical report for Main Base McMurdo Sound, wind velocities, chart; the Scott expedition Macquarie Island, the base at; "Life on Macquarie Island," by G. F. Ainsworth; "A Land of Storm and Mist," by G. F. Ainsworth; "Through Another Year," by G. F. Ainsworth; Macquarie Island Party, list of Madigan, C. T., at Main Base; meteorological observations; at the Hut; electrical observation; spring exploits; journey to the west, September 1912; sledging; the Eastern Coastal Party; return to the Hut; his account of the expedition of the Eastern Coastal Party; "Horn Bluff and Penguin Point" by; depot of; visit to the 'Aurora'; care of the dogs; winter work at the Hut; journey to Mount Murchison; the home journey; account ...........Nunatak Magnetic Flat, the .........meridian .........needle, use for steering purposes .........Pole, North .........Pole, South, observations regarding the; Bage's search for; chart Magnetograph House; work of the magnetician Magnetometer, the Maiden, Mr. J. H. Main Base, Adelie Land, visit of the 'Aurora'; wireless installation at ...........Base Party, list of; return of members to Australia Maori cabbage (Stilbocarpa polaris) ......hens, see Wekas Martelli, Mr., assistant harbourmaster, Hobart Mary, dog ......Queen, message to Antarctica Mason Coy., Messrs. Masson Island .......Professor, efforts to raise funds, Mawson, Dr., plans for the expedition; party of Medical equipment for the expedition ........reports Melba, Mme. Melbourne, arrival of the 'Aurora'; wireless calls; time signals from ...........Observatory Memorial cross on Azimuth Hill Men, choice of, for a polar campaign Mertz, Dr. Xavier, appointment; at Hobart, care of the dogs; at Main Base; meteorological observations; skiing; cooking; at Aladdin's Cave; journey to the southeast, September 11; the Far Eastern Party; the return journey; illness and death; Bage's parting from; meeting with the Eastward Coastal Party; Captain Davis's inquiries after; message to his relatives; account of ........Glacier ........Glacier-tongue Meteorology, work of the expedition; meteorological chart for April 1913 Meteorite found Midsummer Day, temperature Midwinter Day at Western Base Mikkel, dog Mill, Dr. H. R., "Siege of the South Pole," .........Rise Minerals of Adelie Land Mitts Mollymawk rookery Monaco, Prince of Monagasque trawl Monkey, dog Moore, T. E. L. 'Morning Herald', Sydney Morton, Messrs. C. & E. Motte, C. P de la Moyes, M. H., member of Wild's party; account of Moraine, terminal, Adelie Land 'Morning', the, British expedition, Murchison, Mount; ...........Mr. Roderick Murphy, H. D., at Main Base; erection of the wireless installation; at Aladdin's Cave; journey to the southeast September 11; observations; formation of the Southern Supporting Party; return to the Hut; composition of party at Cathedral Grotto; return from the south; visit to the 'Aurora'; return to Australia; account of Murphy, H. D. (senior) Murray, G. J. H. Mutton birds

Nansen, expedition in the 'Fram'; 'Farthest North'; use of the primus stove, ........dog Nares, Captain G. S. National Museum, Melbourne .........Physical Laboratory, London Near Eastern Party Neave, Messrs. Negretti & Zambra, Messrs. Nestle, Messrs. Neve New Zealand, depots maintained by; flora of, theories regarding Newnes, Sir George Nightbirds 'Nimrod', the, voyages; Ninnis Glacier .......Lieut. B. E. S., appointment; care of the dogs; at the Main Base; clothing artifices; spring exploits; journey to the southeast, September 11; the Far Eastern Party; his death in the crevasse; Bage's parting from; flag planted by; Captain Davis's inquiries after; message to his relatives; account of "Nodules (The)," Nordensyold, Otto North, Cape .......East Bay; .......End .......Head Northcliffe Glacier North's Land Notothenia "Nuggets (The)"

Oates Land Observation Point Oceanography, results of expedition Oil, seal, methods of the sealers Organ Pipe Cliffs

Pack-ice; Palmer Archipelago .......Nathaniel Parisitology Parsons, Messrs. Parties for sledging, arrangement Patria Biscuit Fabriek Partridge & Twiss, Messrs. Pavlova, dog 'Peacock', the; Peary, dog Pemmican Penguin Hill "Penguin Point," by C. T. Madigan Penguin rookeries; Penguins ........Adelie ........an Albino Penguin ........Emperor ........Gentoo ........King ........Royal ........Victoria, Pennant Hills 'Perseverance', the Peter I Island Petrel Rookeries Petrels ........Antaretic ........Giant ........Lesson's ........Silver-grey or Southern Fulmar ........Snow ........Wilson Petrol, amount carried Pianoforte Berg "Piecrust" Pigeons, Cape Piper, Mr. Plasmon Pollock, Professor J. A. 'Porpoise', the Posadowsky Bay Possession Nunataks Primmer, Mr. Primus heater, the Prince Luitpold Land Prion Banksii Proteins, value of "Puffometer," the Punch

Quarantine Station, Hobart Queen Mary Land Queen's Wharf, Hobart

Rabbits 'Rachel Cohen', the Ramornie Meat Coy. Rations, daily polar; for the Far Eastern Party; for the sledge journey from the Western Base Rats Reid, Sir George, ......Glacier Robinson, Lionel ......Bay ......anemometer, the "Rock Flour," Rocks, effect of wind and rain on .......igneous Rose Island .....Messrs. Ross Barrier ......dog ......Expedition ......Port ......Sea, the Royal Company Island ......Geographical Society. Royds, Cape Russian Antarctic Expeditions

Sabrina Land 'Sabrina', the Sails, value of St. Elmo's fire St. Vincent's Gulf Sames & Coy. Sandell, C. A., Wireless work at Macquarie Island; cooking; lantern made by; visit to the 'Aurora'; erection of the tide-gauge; sheepkilling; as barber; an accident to; telephone installed by; lamp made by; the home journey; account of Sandow, dog ........Mr. Eugene Sandy Bay, Hobart ...........Enderby Island ...........Macquarie Island "Sarcophagus," the Sastrugi Sawyer, A. J., wireless operator at Macquarie Island; visits to the 'Aurora'; erection of the tide-gauge; leaves Macquarie Island; visit to the 'Tutanekai; account of Saxton & Binns, Messrs. Scarfe, Mr. Scientific equipment for the expedition, ...........work of the expedition 'Scotia', the Scott, Captain, work of; voyage of the 'Discovery; voyage in the 'Terra Nova'; rations allowed by; stay in Antarctica; at McMurdo Sound; the disaster to; on Macquarie Island, ........Islands ........Lady ........the dog Scott Expedition Staff Scottish Antarctic Expedition Sea, temperature, effect of snow on Sea bears Sea-elephants; rookeries of the Seager, Messrs. Sea-ice Sea-leopards Sealers of Macquarie Island; methods of the Sea-lions Seals ......Crabeater ......Fur ......Hair ......Ross ......Weddell Sewing-machine, Wild's need of a Shack, the Shackleton Expedition ...........Ice-Shelf, the; establishment of the Western Base on; winter and spring on; Western Party blocked on, Wild's narrative; the 'Aurora' at ...........the dog Shags Shaw, Dr. W. N. Shelf-ice Shell Brand benzine and Shell kerosene Shoe Island " Shuteye," practice of Signatures of members of land parties Simpson, Mr. Skeats, Professor E., examination of the meteorite Skey, Mr. H. F. Skiing Sledge, the air-tractor Sledging; preparation of equipment; wood for sledges; harness for; a load; camping Smith & Wellstood, Messrs. .......William, work of Snow, temperatures Snow-blindness Snow drift, electrical effects Snow gauges .....Hill Island Soundings, Lucas automatic sounding machine South Australian Museum ......Orkney Islands ......Shetland Islands Southern Cross Depot, declination of the needle at .........Ocean .........Party; instruments cached by .........Supporting Party, 'Sphere', the Spratt, Messrs., care of the dogs Steel Trucks Ltd. Stewart Island (New Zealand) Stillwell, F. L., at Main Base; geological researches; map of Winter Quarters; records; production of 'The Washerwoman's Secret'; finding an albino penguin; the Near Eastern Party; his sledge; pitching tent; journey of the Near Eastern Party; the search party; return to Australia; account of ...........Island Stirling, Professor Storm Bay Strathcona, Lord ............Mount Sun, the midnight; display of rings and arcs Suva, wireless station Swallow & Ariell, Messrs. Sweep, dog Swiss Confederation Day .......the dog Switzerland, the dog. Sydney, Wilkes's expedition started from; Cathedral of; wood from; the harbour; wireless communication with ........Meat Preserving Coy. 'Sydney Morning Herald', donation

Tasman Sea Tasmania, hospitality of; soundings Taylor, Mr. Allen "Te Sol," Tea Temperature, Foehn effect; in Adelie Land Tent-pitching; Bickerton on 'Terebus and Error in Eruption' Termination Ice Tongue ............Land Terns 'Terra Nova', Scott's voyage Terrestrial magnetism, work of the expedition "The Steps" Theodolite, use of the Tich, dog Tide-gauge, Bage's; use on Macquarie Island Tides, work of the expedition Tidswell, Dr. Tiger, dog Tooth, Sir R. Lucas .......Lady Helen--see Helen Glacier 'Toroa', s.s. Totten's Land Toucher, N. C. Transit House Trawl, Monagasque Trawling, experiences of the 'Aurora' Tussock grass 'Tutanekai', the, relief of Macquarie Island

'Ulimaroa', s.s., the Umbrella aerial, use of the Union Jack, hoisting the University College, Christchurch Urville, Dumont D', expedition under .........the dog

'Valdivia' expedition "Veranda Club" Verran, Hon. J. Vickers & Coy., Messrs. Victoria Land Vincennes, the

Waite, Mr. E. R. 'Washerwoman's Secret, The' "Watersky," Watkins, Lieut., aviator Watson, A. D., at the Western Base; attempted trip with Wild for the minimum thermometer; preparation for the Eastern summer journey; blocked on the ice-shelf with Wild; fall into a crevasse ..........Bluff Watt, Hon. W. Way Archipelago ..............map ......Sir Samuel Weather, the, as a conversational subject Webb, E. N., at Main Base; care of the dogs; work at the Magnetograph House; photo-work; magnetic ice-cave of; his first camp; formation of the Southern Sledging Party; observations of the needle; use of the theodolite; building a break-wind; the toasts on Christmas Day; sighting Aladdin's Cave; return from the south; return to Australia; account of Weddell, James, work .........Sea Wekas Wellington, Mount .............wireless communication with Welsh, Professor Western Base, the party at; winter and spring at the; establishment and adventures by F. Wild; the geological shaft; "The Glacier Tongue"; Wild's party blocked on the Ice Shelf; linking up with Kaiser Wilhelm II Land, account by Dr. S. E. Jones; medical reports from West Point Western Sledging Party 'Westralia', s.s., Whalebirds Whales Whetter, Dr. L. A., at Main Base; the "Toggle King"; journey to the west; the Western Party; meteorological work; preparations for the air-tractor sledge trip; his birthday; on tent pitching; investigations of a snow ramp; return; return to Australia; account of "Whirlies," Wild, Frank, the work at Hobart; working of the "flyingfox"; incidents on board; leader of the Western Base; the winter station on the ice shelf; rations for the expedition; arrangements with the 'Aurora'; return to Aladdin's Cave; his party at Western Base; relief of; reception of the 'Aurora'; winter and spring; land mapped out by; blocked on the ice shelf, narrative Wilkes, discoveries of; charts; Knox Land, Wilkes's Land Willesden-drill, tents Williamstown, Victoria Wind, velocities Winds, Bay of Winsor & Newton, Messrs. Winter quarters, Adelie Land .............Stillwell's map Wireless Hill, establishment of the station; .........installation range, in the Antarctic; report of Captain Davis; messages received by Hannam on the 'Aurora'; messages from, and to, Adelie Land; effect of ice on intensity of waves; work of the expedition; telefunken apparatus Worms, parasitical, in fish

'Zelee', the Zip, the dog Zoological investigations

End of Project Gutenberg's The Home of the Blizzard, by Douglas Mawson