Chapter XII: Diseases and enemies of bees 112

Diarrhea and dysentery 112
Foul brood 112
The wax moth 113
Braula or bee louse 115
Other enemies 115
Robber flies, dragon flies, etc. 115
Ants and wasps 115
Spiders 116
Toads and lizards 116
Birds 116
Mammals 116
Robber bees 116
Laying workers 117

Brief list of books and journals relating to apiculture 118

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATES.

Page.
An apiary in Maryland Frontispiece.

Plate I. Honey bees 16
II. Digestive system of bee 22
III. Alfalfa (_Medicago saliva_) 64
IV. Esparcet or sainfoin (_Onobrychis sativa_) 64
V. Sweet clover or melilot (_Melilotus alba_) 64
VI. Acacia (_Acacia constricta_) 64
VII. Mesquite (_Prosopis juliflora_) 64
VIII. Blue weed or viper's bugloss (_Echium vulgare_) 64
IX. Crimson clover (_Trifolium incarnatum_) 64
X. Alsike clover (_Trifolium hybridum_) 64
XI. _Bacillus alvei_ 112

TEXT FIGURES.

Fig. 1. Worker cells of common East Indian honey bee
(_Apis indica_) 12
2. Worker cells of tiny East Indian honey bee
(_Apis florea_) 13
3. Comb of tiny East Indian honeybee (_Apis florea_) 14
4. Worker cells of common honey bee (_Apis mellifera_) 15
5. Ovaries of queen and workers 19
6. Heads of queen and drone 20
7. Modifications of the legs of different bees 21
8. Head and tongue of _Apis mellifera_ worker 22
9. Wax disks of social bees 26
10. Comb building, side of hive removed 27
11. Cross section of brood apartment 29
12. Use of veil and bee smoker 31
13. Manipulation removing comb from hive 32
14. Manipulation tilting to bring reverse side of comb
to view 33
15. Manipulation reverse side of comb brought to view 33
16. Manipulation examining reverse side of comb 33
17. Quinby closed-end frames 34
18. Box hive prepared for transportation 37
19. Frame hive prepared for transportation 37
20. An apiary in Florida 38
21. An apiary in California 39
22. Ancient Greek movable comb hive 41
23. Dadant-Quinby form of Langstroth hive with cap and
gable roof 41
24. Langstroth frame showing construction 42
25. Form in which to nail frames 42
26. Lock-joint chaff hive 43
27. Manner of nailing hives 43
28. Section of improved tin frame-rest 44
29. The Langstroth hive (Dadant-Quinby form), cross
section showing construction 45
30. The Nonpareil hive 46
31. Dadant-Quinby form of Langstroth hive open 46
32. The Bingham bee smoker 48
33. Automatic reversible honey extractor 49
34. Quinby uncapping knife 49
35. Bingham & Hetherington uncapping knife 49
36. Excelsior wax extractor 50
37. Simplicity feeder 51
38. Fruit-jar bee feeder, bottom of feeding stage and
perforated cap shown separately 51
39. The Porter spring bee escape 52
40. Daisy foundation fastener 53
41. Fastening starter of comb foundation in frame 53
42. Spur wire-embedder 54
43. Comb-foundation machine 55
44. Willow herb (_Epilobium angustifolium_) 57
45. Wagner's flat pea (_Lathyrus sylvestris wagneri_) 59
46. Dwarf Essex or winter rape (_Brassica napus_) 60
47. Summer or bird rape (_Brassica napus_) 60
48. Sacaline or giant knotweed (_Polygonum sachalinense_) 61
49. Russian or hairy vetch (_Vicia villosa_) 61
50. Mountain laurel (_Kalmia latifolia_) 63
51. Apple (_Pyrus malus_) 63
52. Heath-like wild aster (_Aster ericoides_) 64
53. Transferring drumming the bees from a box hive into
a frame hive 71
54. Transferred comb and inserted queen cell 73
55. Uncapping and extracting honey 77
56. One-piece "V"-grooved sections 80
57. Super with section holders and sections in place 80
58. Dadant-Quinby form of Langstroth hive, elevated from
bottom board and slid back for ventilation in summer 82
59. Langstroth hive with combined surplus case and
shipping crate 83
60. Honey shipping cases 83
61. Boardman solar wax extractor 85
62. Comb showing worker brood and queen cells 88
63. Queen cells and worker brood in various stages 89
64. The Benton queen cage fur transporting a queen and
attendants by mail 92
65. Caging a queen for mailing 92
66. Queen introducing-cage 94
67. Hiving a swarm of bees 96
68. The Simmins non-swarming system, single-story hive
with supers 103
69. The Simmins non-swarming system, double-story hive
with supers 103
70. Beehives with Langdon non-swarmer attached 104
71. Percolator for preparation of winter food 107
72. The American straw hive of Hayek Bros 108
73. Davis hive with newspapers packed between inner and
outer cases and brood frames on end for winter 108
74. Double-walled hive adapted to outdoor wintering as
well as summer use below 40 C north latitude in
United States 109
75. An apiary in Vermont winter view 110
76. Cheshire anti-robbing entrance 117

MANUAL OF APICULTURE.