Chapter II: Eastern Branch

The _Eastern Blacks_, who have also been called _Melanesians_ and _Oceanian Negroes_, inhabit the western part of Oceania and the south-east of Asia. Their complexion is very brown, sometimes increasing in darkness until it reaches intense black. Their hair is frizzled, crisp, flaky, and occasionally woolly. Their features are disagreeable, their figures of little regularity, and their extremities often lank. They live in tribes or small divisions, without forming themselves into nationalities.

We shall divide them into two groups, one, the _Papuan Family_, composed of peoples among whom the characteristics indicated above, are the most developed; the other, the _Andaman Family_, made up of tribes which more resemble the Brown Race, and probably result from a mixture of it with the Black one.

PAPUAN FAMILY.

The _Papuan Family_ seems to dwell only in small islands or on the coasts of larger ones. Two groups of peoples are observable in it, one, resembling the Malays, consists of the _Papuans_, who inhabit the New Guinea Archipelago, and the other, resembling the Tabuans, occupies the Fiji Islands, the New Hebrides, New Caledonia, and the Solomon range. We proceed to say a few words as to the manners and customs of these different sections of the Black Race.

* * * * *

_Papuans._--A remarkable feature presented by the Papuans, is the enormous bulk of their half-woolly hair. Their skin is dark brown, their hair black, and their beard, which is scanty, is, as well as their eyebrows and eyes, of the same colour. Though they have rather flat noses, thick lips and broad cheekbones, their countenance is by no means unpleasant. The women are more ugly than the men, their withered figures, hanging breasts, and masculine features render them disagreeable to the sight, and even the young girls have a far from attractive look.

_P. Sellier, p.^{t}_

_Imp. Dupuy, 22, R. des Petits Hôtels_

_G. Regamey, lith._

PAPOUAN

NEGRO OF NEW GUINEA

BLACK RACE]

Lesson considered the Papuans fierce, inhospitable, crafty men, but the inhabitants of Havre de Doresy and generally of the northern part of this Oceanic region, as far as the Cape of Good Hope, seemed to him of great mildness and more disposed to fly from Europeans than to hurt them. He thinks, nevertheless, that the Negroes in the south of New Guinea, pushed back into that part of the island, and whom no intermixture has altered, have preserved their savage habits and rude independence. The state of perpetual hostility in which they live renders their character distrustful and suspicious. Never did Lesson visit a village, in a small boat manned by a fair number of men, that women, children, old men, and warriors did not take to flight in their large canoes, carrying off with them their movables and most precious effects. He adds, that by good treatment and plenty of presents, people may succeed in making way with them, may be able to lull their uneasiness and establish friendly relations. The coloured Plate accompanying this part of the work represents a native of the Papuan Islands.

* * * * *

_Vitians._--The first accurate information about the Viti or Fiji Islands is due to Dumont d’Urville. Mr. Macdonald, an assistant-surgeon on board the English ship Herald, has published an account of his visit to Fiji, and from it we extract the following particulars.

Thakombau (fig. 234), the king, was a man of powerful and almost gigantic stature, with well-formed limbs of fine proportions. His appearance, which was further removed from the Negro type than that of other individuals of lower rank, sprung from the same stock, was agreeable and intelligent. His hair was carefully turned up, dressed in accordance with the stylish fashion of the country, and covered with a sort of brown gauze. His neck and broad chest were both uncovered, and his naked skin might be seen, of a clear black colour. Near him was his favourite wife, a rather large woman with smiling features, as well as his son and heir, a fine child of from eight to nine years old. His majesty was also surrounded at respectful distance by a crowd of courtiers, humbly cringing on their knees.

In the course of his peregrinations, Mr. Macdonald was present at a repast, consisting of pork, ignames, and taro,[11] served in wooden dishes by women. Freshwater shell-fish of the cyprine kind completed the banquet. The broth was very savoury, but the meat insipid. During the conversation which followed, the traveller became convinced that gossip is a natural gift of the Fijians. Figs. 235 and 236 represent types of these people.

[11] The native substitute for bread.

The Fijians are fond of assembling to hear the local news, or to narrate old legends. Respect for their chiefs is always preserved unalterable among this people, turbulent in their behaviour, depraved in their instincts, and familiar with murder, robbery, and lying. The homage paid to their chiefs makes itself manifest both by word and action; men lower their weapons, take the worst sides of the paths, and bow humbly as one of the privileged order passes by. One of the oddest forms taken by this obsequiousness is a custom in accordance with which every inferior who sees his chief trip and fall, allows himself to stumble in his turn, in order to attract towards himself the ridicule which such an accident might have the effect of drawing upon his superior.

The different classes or castes into which the Fijian population is divided, are as follows: 1, sovereigns of several islands; 2, chiefs of single islands, or of districts; 3, village chiefs, and those of fisheries; 4, eminent warriors, but born in an inferior station, master carpenters, and heads of turtle-fisheries; 5, the common people; and 6, slaves taken in war.

The horrible custom of eating human flesh still exists in Fiji; the missionaries have succeeded in bringing about its disappearance in some parts of the island, but it remains in the interior districts, concealing itself, however, and no longer glorying in the number of victims devoured! Cannibalism does not owe its existence among the Fijians, as in most savage tribes, to a feeling of revenge pushed to the utmost limits; it arises there from an especial craving for human flesh. But as this choice dish is not sufficiently abundant to satisfy all appetites, the chiefs reserve it exclusively to themselves, and only by extraordinary favour do they give up a morsel of the esteemed delicacy to their inferiors.

The engraving (fig. 237) is taken from a sketch made by the missionary Thomas Williams, of a sort of temple used on occasions of cannibalism in Fiji. The four persons squatted in front of the edifice are victims awaiting their doom, and whose bodies will afterwards serve for the feast of these man-eaters.

Mr. Macdonald discovered that the custom of immolating widows is still in full vigour in one of the districts of the island.

Dancing is the popular diversion of the Fiji Islands. The chant by which it is usually regulated is of monotonous rhythm, its words recalling either some actual circumstance or historical event. The dancers’ movements are slow at first, growing gradually animated, and being accompanied by gestures of the hands and inflections of the body. There is always a chief to direct the performers. A buffoon is sometimes brought into the ring whose grotesque contortions bring applause from the spectators.

Two bands, one of musicians, the other of dancers, take part in the regular dances of the solemnities at Fiji (fig. 238); the first usually numbers twenty, and the other from a hundred and fifty to two hundred, individuals. These latter are covered with their richest ornaments, carry clubs or spears, and execute a series of varied evolutions, marching, halting, and running. As the entertainment draws towards its close their motions increase in rapidity, their action acquires more liveliness and vehemence, while their feet are stamped heavily on the ground, until at last the dancers, quite out of breath, ejaculate a final “Wa-oo!” and the antics cease.

* * * * *

_New-Caledonians._--The inhabitants of New Caledonia belong to the branch of Oceanian Negroes. This island, hidden in the Equinoctial Ocean, is a French possession, and has been marked out for the reception of those Communist insurgents and incendiaries arrested in Paris in June 1871, after the “seven days’ battle” who were sentenced to transportation by the courts-martial. We are indebted to MM. Victor de Rochas and J. Garnier for some valuable details concerning the population of the colony.

The aborigines of New Caledonia have a sooty-black skin; woolly, crisp hair and abundant beard, both black; a broad, flat nose deeply sunk between the orbits; the white of the eye bloodshot; large, turned-out lips; prominent jaws; a wide mouth; very even and perfectly white teeth; slightly projecting cheekbones; a high, narrow, and convex forehead; and the head flattened between the temples. Their average stature is at least as tall as that of the French, their limbs are well-proportioned, and their development of both chest and muscles is generally considerable.

The men are not very ugly, many even showing a certain regularity of feature; and some tribes on the east coast are better favoured than the rest in this respect. Figs. 239 and 240 convey a fair idea of the male population.

The ugliness of the women is proverbial. With their shaven heads and the lobes of their ears horribly perforated or pinked, they present a revolting appearance, even when young in years. The rude toil and bad treatment to which they are subjected bring upon them premature old age. They suckle their children for a long period, for three years on the average, and sometimes for five or six.

Like all savages, the New-Caledonians possess an exquisitely keen sense of sight and hearing. They are active and capable of exerting considerable strength for a short effort, but have no lasting power. Their inability to support fatigue for any length of time doubtless arises from the nature of their nourishment. They swallow really nothing beyond sugary and feculent vegetable food, seldom eating meat, the true source of the sustainment and recuperation of strength. Their island supplies the New-Caledonians with no quadrupeds which they can capture for sustenance, and they possess no weapons suitable for killing birds.

The quantity of eatables these people can gorge at a single meal is wonderful, quite three times as much as an European would be equal to.

M. Garnier visited the village of Hienghène. Its chief came to meet the travellers and presented to them his eldest son, while numbers of naked warriors, with blackened chests, beards, and faces, stood round in a silent and motionless group. They might have been taken for bronze statues were it not for their dark and sparkling eyes which followed the smallest gesture of the visitors.

At a signal from the chief, several youths dashed forward and in a few seconds showered down from the cocoa-trees a hail of nuts, the pulp of which in the liquid state is the most agreeable drink imaginable for allaying thirst.

The village of Hienghène is one of the most considerable in the island. Its dwellings are shaped like beehives, and are crowned with a rude statue surmounted by a quantity of shell-fish or sometimes by skulls of enemies slain in war.

These cabins have a single opening, very low and narrow. In the evening they are filled with smoke in order to banish the mosquitoes; the narrow aperture is then shut and the occupants lay themselves down to sleep on mats, whilst the smoke, by reason of its lightness, remains floating over their heads; but to sit upright without being half smothered by it is impossible.

Great numbers of aborigines dwell along the sea-coast. They came on board M. Garnier’s vessel in crowds, bringing provisions and shell-fish, and examining everything with the greatest attention.

The natives of this tribe are of a fine type. M. Garnier noticed among the visitors several men admirably built, and with a perfectly developed muscular system; but he nevertheless remarked as a general defect of the New Caledonians, that they have too thin legs in comparison with their bodies, and calves placed higher than in Europeans.

Whether from habit, or in consequence of anatomical formation, these people assume positions at every moment which would fatigue us terribly. They sit down on their heels for whole days, and when they climb up into a cocoa-tree, or rest themselves by the way, place themselves without any effort in postures that are really surprising.

The singular fancy which some of these tribes have for clay, has been already noticed, and M. Garnier convinced himself of the reality of the fact. The earth in question, is a silicate of magnesia, greenish in colour. It is ground by the teeth into a soft, fine dust, by no means disagreeable in taste. The habit of eating this clay, is, however, far from general; women only, in certain cases of illness, take a few pinches of it.

M. Garnier had an opportunity of being present at the _pilou-pilou_, a dancing festival which takes place on the occasion of the igname harvest. On a piece of high but level ground, overlooking a vast plain, were seated the chiefs and old men; the crowd were assembled below, and in front of them was piled a huge heap of ignames. Thirty or forty youngsters, selected from the handsomest of the tribe, advanced and each took a load, and then ascended the plateau in a body, all dashing at full speed to lay their burdens at the feet of the chiefs. Then, still running, they returned to the great mass of ignames to carry away a fresh cargo, and so on until the whole pile disappeared. They were pursued during this wild race by the yelling crowd, bounding around them with brandished weapons. Every European would have been interested in this strange spectacle; but a painter or a sculptor would have never grown weary of admiring the forms of the young performers: finer artistic models have seldom “posed” in any studio.

This _fête_ was interrupted by a mock fight, during which the warriors, either in complete nudity or with gaudy cloths tied round their waists, whirled their weapons about as they kept bounding, yelling, and taunting their adversaries. The old withered men, whose hands could throw neither stone nor javelin, animated the courage of the young people and showered insults on their opponents.

We are unable to retrace in its entirety, the curious and graphic description which M. Gamier has given of this contest, but a scene of cannibalism at which he was present, is too dramatic to be passed over.

Near a large fire sat a dozen men, in whom the traveller recognized the chiefs he had seen in the morning, and pieces of smoking meat surrounded with ignames and taros were laid on broad banana leaves before them. The bodies of some unfortunate wretches killed during the day, supplied the materials for this ghastly banquet, and the hole in which their limbs had just been cooked was still there. A savage joy was pictured on the faces of these demons. Both hands grasped their horrid food. An old chief with a long white beard did not seem to enjoy so formidable an appetite as his comrades. Leaving aside the thigh-bone and the thick layer of flesh accompanying it which had been served him, he contented himself with nibbling a head. He had already removed all the meaty parts, the nose and cheeks, but the eyes remained. The old epicure took a bit of pointed stick and thrust it into both pupils, then shook the horrid skull until bit by bit he brought out the brain; but as this process was not quick enough, he put the back of the head into the flames, and the rest of the cerebral substance dropped out without difficulty!. . . .

ANDAMAN FAMILY.

We comprise in the _Andaman_ Family those Eastern blacks who possess the characteristics of the Negro race strongly marked. These nations are as yet but little known. The inhabitants of New Guinea, the aborigines of the Andaman Isles, in the bay of Bengal, the blacks of the Malacca peninsula, those dwelling in some of the mountains of Indo-China, the natives of Tasmania, and, finally, the indigenous population of Australia are included in this group.

Among all these people the facial angle does not exceed 60 degrees; the mouth is very large, the nose broad and flat, the arms short, the legs lanky, and the complexion the colour of soot. The women are positively hideous.

The tribes which form these groups are, in general, numerous and subject to the arbitrary authority of a chief. Language is extremely limited among them; they possess neither government, laws, nor regularly established ceremonies, and some do not even know how to construct places of abode.

In order to convey to the reader an idea of the people composing the Andaman Family we shall give a glance at the inhabitants of the Andaman Isles and also at those of Australia.

* * * * *

_Andamans._--The dwellings of the Andamans are of the most rudimentary kind, being hardly superior to the dens of wild beasts. Four posts covered with a roof of palm-leaves constitute these lairs, which are open to every wind, and “ornamented” with hogs’ bones, turtle shells, and large dried fish tied in bunches.

As for the inhabitants themselves, they are of an ebon black. They seldom exceed five feet in stature; their heads are broad and buried between their shoulders; and their hair is woolly, like that of the African blacks. The abdomen is protuberant in a great many cases, and their lower limbs lank. They go about in a state of complete nudity, merely taking care to cover the entire body with a layer of yellow ochre or clay, which protects it from the sting of insects. They paint their faces and sprinkle their hair with red ochre.

Their weapons are, however, manufactured with much cleverness. Their bows, which require a very strong pull, are made of a sort of iron-wood and gracefully shaped. Their arrows are tipped with fine points, some of them barbed, and they shoot them with much skill. They handle expertly their short paddles, marked with red ochre, and hollow their canoes with a rather rude implement formed of a hard and sharp stone fastened to a handle by means of a strong cord made from vegetable fibres.

The Andamans are ichthyophagists, for the seas which wash their islands abound in excellent fish and palatable mollusks. Soles, mullets, and oysters constitute the staple of their food, and when during tempestuous weather fish runs short, they eat the lizards, rats, and mice which swarm in the woods.

Though not cannibals, the Andamans are nevertheless a most savage race, who do not even exist in a state of tribedom, but who are merely gathered into gangs.

The bitterest contempt has been lavished on these rude inhabitants of the islands of Bengal, and people have been willing to consider them as brutes of the worst cruelty, and most extreme ugliness; but more recent observation, and the few facts which we have mentioned, show that this estimate should be somewhat mitigated.

* * * * *

_Australian Blacks._--We have arrived at the black people who occupy part of Australia, and take advantage of some valuable information concerning them, found in M. H. de Castella’s “Souvenirs d’un Squatter Français en Australie,” and which was acquired by the author’s personal experience of these uncouth beings.

The wild state in which the aborigines of Australia exist is the result of the poverty of their country, which affords no other source of sustenance than animals. True, these abound there; kangaroos, squirrels, opossums, wild-cats, and birds of all kinds are so numerous, that the natives need, as it were, only stretch out their hands in order to take them. In this mild climate they can live without any shelter.

According to M. de Castella, the Negroes of Australia are not so ugly as they have been represented. Among the men whom he examined, some were tall and well made. Their slow, lounging gait, was not devoid of dignity, and the solemnity of their step reminded one of the strut of a tragedian on the stage.

The Australian blacks recognize family ties. None of them have more than one wife, but they do not marry within their own particular tribe. They live encamped in bands, and now that they are reduced to small numbers, in entire tribes. They do not build permanent huts, but protect themselves in summer from the sun and hot winds merely by a heap of gum-tree branches, piled up against some sticks, thrust in the ground. When winter comes on, they strip from the trees large pieces of bark, eight or ten feet high, and as wide as the whole circumference of the trunk, forming with these fragments a screen, which they place at the side whence the rain is blowing, and alter if the wind happens to change. Squatted on the bare earth, in the opossum skin which serves the double purpose of bed and clothing, each of them is placed before a hearth of his own. Fig. 241 is an engraving taken from a photograph of Australian natives.

The Australian Negroes of the present day have guns, and employ little axes for chopping their wood and cutting bark, but it is not so long since the only weapons they possessed were made of hard wood, and their hatchets consisted of sharp stones fastened to the end of sticks, like the flint instruments used by men before the Deluge. There is in fact little or no difference between the people of the age of stone, and the Negroes of Australia, and consequently an acquaintance with the wild manners and customs of these races has been of great advantage to naturalists of our day in throwing light upon the history of primitive man.

M. H. de Castella was greatly struck by the agility of the Australian blacks in climbing gum-trees whose straight stems are often devoid of branches for twenty or thirty feet from their base, and are besides too thick to be clasped. When by perfect prodigies of acrobatism the native reached the wild cats and opossums’ nests, he seized the animals, and threw them to his wife.

This wife carried everything; her last-born in a reed basket hanging from her neck, the slaughtered game in one hand, and in the other a blazing gum branch, to light the fire when the family took up fresh quarters. The man walked in front, carrying nothing but his weapons; then came the wife, and after her, their children according to height.

A batch of Australian blacks is never, by any chance, to be met walking abreast, even when in great numbers, and if a whole tribe is crossing the plains, only a long black file is to be seen moving above the high grass.

M. de Castella was a spectator of the curious sight which eel-fishing affords among these natives. Holding a spear in each hand, with which to rake up the bottom, they wade through the water up to their waists, balancing and regulating their movements to the even measure of one of their chants. When an eel is transfixed by a stroke of one lance, they pierce it in another part of the body with the second, and then, holding the two points apart, throw the fish upon the ground, the quantity which they take in this manner being enormous. They dispense with saucepans and cooking utensils of all kinds in the preparation of their meals, simply placing the game or fish on bright coals covered over with a little ashes.

Everyone has heard of the skill with which savages navigate their rivers in bark canoes, but the people of whom we are now speaking render themselves remarkable above all others by their adroitness in guiding their little crafts over the rapids. Only two persons can sit in their boats, while a spear supplies the place of an oar, and is used with astonishing dexterity.

No one acquainted with this kind of barbarous life will be surprised to hear that the blacks of Australia are diminishing at a wonderfully quick rate. Of the whole Varra tribe, formerly a numerous one, M. de Castella could find no more than seventeen individuals.

What most struck the author of an account of a journey from Sydney to Adelaide, which appeared in the “Tour du Monde,” in 1860, was the small number of aborigines which he met in a distance of more than two hundred and fifty miles. Sturt and Mitchell, in the middle of the present century, had visited tribes on the higher tributaries of the Murray river, which then consisted of several hundred persons, but M. de Castella found them only represented by scattered groups of seven or eight famished individuals. Fig. 242 portrays one of the types sketched by this gentleman.

Mitchell has given a description in his “Travels,” of the “groves of death”--those romantic burial-places of the Australians--but the writer in the “Tour du Monde” found them no longer in existence. The tombs of the natives at the present day are as wild and rude as themselves. In the bleak deserts of the land of the West four branches driven into the ground and crossed at the top by a couple more (fig. 243), support the mortal remains of the Australian aboriginal, whose only winding sheet is the skin of a kangaroo.

INDEX.

ABABDEHS, 362
Abases, 204
Abipones, 420
_Abouna_, 360
Abruzzans, 104
Abstraction, a faculty of man, 1
Abyssinians, 355, 357
Abyssinian Christians, 360
---- Family, 355
---- religion, 360
---- soldiers, 360
---- type, 355, 357
_Achagy_, 427
_Acquajolo_, 105
Afghans, 190, 199
Africa, original population of, 11
---- populations of, 355
Agglutinative languages, 9, 32
Agora, 154
Agows, 357
Agricultural stage of Man, 35
Aguilots, 425
Aïnos, 210
---- type, 210
Alanians, 70
Albanians, 149, 152, 160, 161, 162
Alfusus, 375
Algonquins, 460, 472
Alphabetic writing, 33
Aluta River, 109
Amakisas, 496
Amapendas, 496
Amathymbas, 496
Amazulas, 496
American Indians, 404, 416, 460, 471
---- type, 65
_Amin_, 166
_Amin-el-oumena_, 166
Anahuac, 452
Ancient Chinese writing, 282
---- Egyptians, 173
---- Etruscans, 93, 101
---- Illyrians, 160
---- Incas, 408
---- Mexicans, 405, 454
---- Peruvians, 405
---- Persian type, 191
Andaman Family, 532
---- Islanders, 532
Andian Family, 407
_Angaskah_, 342
Angles, 55
Annamites, 324
Antis Indians, 407, 410, 411
---- customs, 412, 413, 414, 415
---- religion, 416
---- type, 411
Apaches, 470, 481
Apolistas, 410
Apontis, 444
Aquitanians, 66
Arab type, 184
Arabs, 183
---- nomadic, 184
---- Shegya, 184
Aramaic Race, 163
Aramean Branch of White Race, 40, 163
---- civilisation, 163
Araocas, 449
Arapahoes, 470
Araucanians, 407, 416
Arcadians, 150
_Arch_, 166
Ardschis River, 109
Aristocracy, English, 62
Armenians, 190, 201
---- in Turkey, 253
Armenian population, 202
---- religion, 202
---- type, 201
Artisans, French, 76
Aryans, 353
Aryan Race, 10, 40
Asia, original population of, 11
Assyrians, 183
Atacamas, 407, 410
Athens, 157
Athenian type, 160
Australian aboriginals, 533
---- native customs, 531, 536
---- native tombs, 538
_Ayams_, 248
Aymaras, 407, 410
Aztecs, 451

BAKTYAN, 199
Bambara, 364
Banians, 336
Bankok, 330, 332
Barabras, 357, 361
Barabra type, 361
Barbotes, 428, 432, 440, 450, 492
Baskirs, 129
Bavaria, 48
Batavians, 368
Battas, 365, 373
Bechuanas, 497, 498
Bedouins, 183
_Beglebeig_, 191
Behring’s Straits, 10
Beloochees, 199
Bengalese, 340
Berbers, 163
Beyram, 250
Beys, 246
Bible, unity of Man proclaimed in the, 11
Bicharyehs, 362
Bielo-Russians, 118
Big-Bellies, 470
Blackfeet Indians, 464
Black Race, 495
Bohemians, 112
_Bolas_, 427
_Bolero_, 90
Bonzes, 259, 280
Bosniaks, 113, 130, 141, 142, 143, 145
Botocudos, 435, 449
Bougis, 365, 373
Brahminism, 336
Brahmins, 336
Brahnis, 201
Brain of the ape, 22
---- of man, 22
---- of the negro, 508
Brazilian Indian customs, 448
Brazilian Indian dwellings, 447
British Isles, 55
Brown Race, 335
Bucharest, 109
Buddhism, 163, 307, 319, 320, 322, 332
Bulgarians, 113, 130
Burgundians, 71
Burïats, 218, 221
Burïat customs, 223
Burmans, 324
Burmese, 324
Bushmen, 499

_CADIS_, 246
Caffre Family, 496
---- type, 496, 497
Calabrians, 104
Californian Indians, 493
Cambodian customs, 329
Campagna, The, 93
_Cangue_, 296
Cannibalism, Fijian, 523, 524
---- Maori, 386
---- New Caledonian, 531
Caper fig-tree, 168
Capital punishment in China, 294
Caprification of the fig-tree, 168, 169, 170
Capuans, 103
_Caravanserai_, 240
Caribbean Group, 450
Caribs, 450
Carinthia, 116
Carniola, 116
Caroline Islanders, 400, 401
Carpathian Mountains, 109
Carthaginians, 183
Caryis, 444
Caste, 347, 348
Cathsé, 272
Caucasian Race, 40
Cayuguas, 435
Celtic type, 57, 67
---- weapons, 67
Celts, 66, 67
Chaldeans, 186
Changos, 186
Characteristics of Man, Intellectual, 30
---- of the White Race, 40
Charruas, 420
Chaymas, 450
Chen-elches, 422
Cherokees, 478
Chichimecas, 452
Chicksaws, 478
Chimehwebs, 484
Chinese agriculture, 271
---- army, 300
---- centralization, 256
---- civilization, 36, 301
---- corruption, 266
---- court of justice, 295, 296, 298, 299
---- customs, 262
---- dinner, 268
---- drama, 287
---- eating-house, 267
---- education, 280, 281, 284
---- Family, 256
---- feet, 262
---- fishing (river), 274, 275, 276
---- fishing (sea), 274
---- food, 278
---- gambling, 265
---- idleness, 264
---- interior, 263
---- irrigation, 279
---- jurisprudence, 290
---- language, 284
---- law courts, 290, 291
---- literature, 287
---- marionettes, 288
---- marriages, 261
---- opium smoking, 270
---- pisciculture, 274
---- polygamy, 260
---- printing, 286
---- punishments, 292, 294-296
---- religion, 257
---- religious toleration, 258
---- rice fields, 278
---- tea houses, 266, 267
---- theatres, 288
---- type, 256
---- women, 259
---- writing, ancient, 282
---- writing, modern, 282, 283, 284
Chinooks, 493
Chiotians, 158
Chippeway Indians, 463
Chiquitos, 420, 432, 433, 434
Chiriguanos, 444
Choctaws, 478
_Choli_, 342
Chunipis, 425
Cingalese customs, 351
---- costume, 351
---- of the coast, 351
---- of the hills, 351
---- type, 350
---- women, 350
Circassian Family, 163, 204
---- slaves, 240
---- type, 204
Circulatory system of Man, 30
Cirionos, 444
Civilization, Aramean, 163
---- Chinese, 36, 301
---- Egyptian, 36
---- progress of, 37
Classification of Man, Blumenbach’s, 18
---- ---- Bory de Saint Vincent’s, 18
---- ---- Buffon’s, 17
---- ---- Cuvier’s, 18
---- ---- Desmoulins’, 18
---- ---- d’Omalius d’Halloys’, 19
---- ---- de Quatrefages’, 19
---- ---- Lacépède’s, 18
---- ---- Pritchard’s, 18
---- ---- Virey’s, 18
---- of the Human Race, 17, 38
Clavel’s “Races Humaines,” 48, 53
Comanches, 480
Confucius, doctrines of, 258, 307
Coras, 459
Cossacks, 120, 124
---- of the Ukraine, 118
Cosninos, 482
Cranium, brachycephalous, 25
---- dolichocephalous, 25
---- of Man, 25
Creation, animal centres of, 8
---- of Man, cause of, 3
---- ---- in the quaternary period, 3
---- ---- manifold, 6
---- ---- special, 3
---- one human centre of, 6, 8
---- vegetable centres of, 8
Creek Indians, 462, 478
Croats, 113
Crow Indians, 468
Cshatriyas, 336
Cutchanas, 484
Cymri, 67

DACIA, 106
Dacotas, 464
_Daïri_, 313
Dalmatians, 116
Danes, 42, 46
Danube, 109
Danubian Principalities, 107
Daouria, Tunguses of, 223
Deccan, 340
Deccan Hindoos, 340
Definition of Man, 1
---- of Race, 12, 13, 14
---- of Species, 12, 13, 14
_Déhera_, 166
Delawares, 474, 480
Denmark, 46
_Dhamans_, 166
_Dhoti_, 342
_Divan_, 247
_Djama_, 166
_Djelodar_, 198
_Djemaa_, 166
Dokhar, 168
Dongoulahs, 361
Druids, 71
Druzes, 188, 250
Dutch language, 55
Dyak customs, 376, 378
---- head-cutters, 376
---- superstitions, 376
Dyaks, 365, 375

EASTERN NUBIANS, 362
Egyptian civilization, 36
---- dancing girls, 180
---- marriages, 179
---- polygamy, 180
---- sailors, 179
---- type, 173
Egyptians, ancient, 173
---- modern, 174
Emmages, 425
_Enderoun_, 196
English, 42
---- aristocracy, 62
---- middle class, 64
---- type, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65
---- women, 60, 61
---- working class, 65
Esthonians, 129
Esquimaux customs, 211, 212, 213, 216, 217
---- dress, 214
---- Family, 206, 211
---- type, 211
Etruscans, ancient, 101
Etruscan sarcophagi, 101
European Branch (White Race), 40

FACIAL ANGLE, 26
---- ---- of the Negro, 508
Falæshas, 357
_Fandango_, 90
Fehles, 183
Fellahs, 176, 177, 178, 179
Fellans, 355, 363, 364
Fellatahs, 363
_Fetfa_, 247
Fetishes, 512
Fez, 154
Fiji, king of, 520
Fijian cannibalism, 523, 524
---- dances, 526
Fijians, 520, 521, 522, 523, 524, 525
Finlanders, 129
Finns, 113, 125, 129
---- of Eastern Russia, 127
---- of Silesia, 127
---- of the Baltic, 127
Flat-head Indians, 485, 486
Flemish language, 55
Foudaïsi, 321
Franks, 71
Frank type, 71
French, 66
---- artisans, 76
---- bourgeois, 77
---- peasant, 76
---- soldier, 78
---- type, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80
---- women, 71, 79, 80
Friendly Islanders, 388
Frieslandic language, 55
Fundamental languages of Man, 9
_Fystan_, 154

GADIGUÈS, 435, 436
Gaels, 68
Gallas, 357, 363
Gallic customs, 69
---- type, 57, 68, 72
Garnants, 357
Gauls, 66
Georgian Family, 163, 203
---- slaves, 240
---- type, 204
---- women, 204
Germanic type, 50, 51, 52, 53, 58
Germans, 42, 47
_Gholaums_, 191
_Ging-seng_ root, 269
Goths, 71
Grand Chaco, 425
Grand vizier, 247
Gränzer, 137, 140, 141
Greek church, 249
---- Family, 41, 149
---- peasants, 154
---- type, 152, 153
Greeks in Turkey, 252
Groves of Death, 538
Guarani, 407, 434, 435, 444
Guaranns, 449
Guarany language, 444
---- type, 435
Guarayi, 444
Guatos of Cuyaba, 438
Guayquerias, 450

HADHAREBS, 362
Harems, 240
Hawaiians, 399, 400
Hebrews, 183
_Hegira_, 239
Highlanders, 68
Hindoos, 339
Hindoo castes, 336, 346, 347, 348
---- characteristics, 340
---- civilization, 336
---- customs, 344, 348
---- food, 345
---- ornaments, 342
---- religion, 342
---- society, 336
---- type, 339
Hindostani, 346
Hispanians, 80
Hospodars, 107
Hottentots, 499
Hottentot type, 499, 501
---- Venus, 500
Huaxtecas, 460
Hungarians, 48, 113
Huns, 72, 145
Hurons, 460, 462
Hyperborean Branch (Yellow Race), 205, 206

IBERIANS, 66
Icelanders, 43
Ienissian Family, 206, 217
Indian games, North American, 478
---- languages (East), 346
---- territory, 473, 478
Indo-Chinese Family, 324
Inflected languages, 9, 32
Intelligence of Man, 1
---- of brutes, 1
Ionians, 158
Irish, 68
Iroquois, 462, 463, 472
_Isba_, 121
Ischorians, 129
Italians, 66
Italian climate, 93
---- type, 94

JAKOBITES, 249
Jalovitza River, 109
_Jamah_, 342
Japanese, 256, 302, 304, 306, 312, 320
---- Bonzes, 302, 320, 321, 322, 323
---- characteristics, 302, 303
---- costume, 304, 305, 306
---- government, 307
---- literature, 302
---- manufactures, 306
---- religion, 302, 307
---- soldiers, 308
---- type, 304
---- weapons, 318, 319
---- writing, 302
Jats, 340
Javanese, 365, 367, 369
---- costume, 368
---- dancing girls, 369
---- princes, 369
---- trinkets, 371
---- weddings, 371
Jews, 183, 184, 186
Jukaghirite Family, 206, 217

KABYLES, 163
Kabyle agriculture, 168
---- type, 165, 167
Kabylia, 165, 171
Kachintz, 127
_Kakim_, 191
Kaliouges, 493
Kalmuks, 218
Kalmuk customs, 219
---- type, 219
_Kalva, La_, 242
_Kalyaudjy_, 198
Kamis, 307, 312
---- religion, 320, 322
Kamtschadale Family, 206, 209
---- type, 210
Kandians, 350
_Kang_, 262
Kayoways, 470
Kenous, 361
_Ketlkhoda_, 191
Khalkas, 220
Khalkasian customs, 221
---- type, 221
_Khanoun_, 166
_Kharouba_, 166
_Khodja_, 166
King of Fiji, 520
Kioto, 310
Kirghis, 232, 238
_Kodju_, 247
Kopts, 174, 175, 176
Koptic language, 174
_Koran_, 247
Koriak family, 206, 217
_Kousso_, 361
Kurds, 190, 201
Kymes, 28
Kyrials, 129

LADRONE ISLANDERS, 400
Languages, agglutinative, 32
---- inflected, 32
---- monosyllabic, 31
Laplanders, nomadic, 208
---- sedentary, 208
Lapp Family, 206, 207
---- customs, 208
---- type, 206
---- women, 209
Latins, 49, 66, 72
Latin Family, 41, 66, 93
---- type, 66, 72
Lencas, 459
Lenguas, 420, 425, 426, 427, 428
Libyan Family, 163
Lithuanians, 113, 116
Livonians, 129

MACASKILL ISLANDERS, 402
Macassars, 365, 373
Macedonians, 152
Machicuys, 420, 428, 430, 432
Madagascar, 364
Magachs, 435, 436
Magyars, 113, 146, 147, 148, 149
Magyar type, 149
_Mahana_, 427
Mahometanism, 163, 193, 250
Mahrattas, 340
Malabar Family, 339, 354
Malay Branch (Brown Race), 365
---- customs, 366
---- type, 365, 366
Malaysia, 365
Man, agricultural stage of, 25
---- birthplace of, 8
---- brain of, 22
---- carriage of, 27
---- colour of, 29
---- cranium of, 25
---- definition of, 1
---- divine origin of, 24
---- fundamental languages of, 9
---- types of, 9
---- hand of, 23
---- hunting stage of, 35
---- intelligence of, 1, 30
---- language of, 31
---- moral attributes of, 33
---- nervous system of, 29
---- organization of, 21
---- origin of, 3, 4, 8
---- original migrations of, 9
---- pastoral stage of, 35
---- primitive societies of, 35
---- senses of, 22
---- stature of, 28
---- unity of, 16
---- writing of, 32
Manchús, 223
Mandan Indians, 492, 493
Manilla, 374
Manufactures, primitive, 37
Maoris, 381
Maori cannibalism, 386
---- chiefs, 387
---- costume, 381
---- customs, 382, 386
---- dances, 385
---- language, 385
---- religion, 385
---- type, 381
---- weapons, 385
---- women, 381
Maratsi, 498
_Maro_, 398
Maronites, 188, 250
Maronite manuscripts, 190
Maropas, 410
Marquesans, 395
Mataguayos, 420
Melanesians, 519
Mesopotamians, 186
Messenians, 150
Metscheriaks, 129
Mexicans, 452
---- ancient, 405, 454
---- modern, 454, 455, 456, 458
Mexican Indians, 454
Micronesians, 365, 400, 401, 402
Mikado, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 316, 317
Military Confines, 132, 140
Mingrelians, 204
Mirdites, 162
Mixtecas, 460
Mnemonic writing, 32
Moadueinites, 129
Mocéténès, 410
Mohawk Indians, 484
Mohicans, 460, 472
Moldavians, 106
Moldo-Walachians, 66, 105
Mongolian Branch (Yellow Race), 205, 218
Mongols, 218, 220
Mongrels, 15
Montenegriners, 116
Moorish type, 87
Moors, 172
_Mora_, _La_, 97
Moscas, 432, 434
Moyas, 459
_Mudir_, 252
_Mufti_, 247
Mulatto, 505
Mulgrave Islanders, 401
Muscogulges, 461
Mutualis, 190

NAHUATH, 406
Nahuatlacas, 453
Naïbs, 246
Natchez Indians, 460, 472
Navajoes, 481
Nayas Indians, 485, 486, 488, 490, 492
Neapolitans, 104
Negroes, 361, 501
Negro, brain of, 508
---- characteristics, 506, 508, 509, 512, 514, 515, 516, 517
---- cross breeds, 505
---- cruelty, 512
---- facial angle of, 508
---- imitative talent of, 515
---- memory, 514
---- music, 515, 516
---- religion, 512
---- slavery, 510
---- type, 502, 503, 504, 505
Negus Theodorus, 360
Nervous system of the White Man, 29
---- of the Negro, 30
Nestorians, 250
New Caledonians, 526, 527, 530
New Caledonian cannibalism, 531
New Zealanders, 381, 382, 384, 385, 386
Nigritia, 364
Nogays, 232, 238
Northern Branch (Red Race), 451
---- north-eastern Family of, 459
---- north-western Family of, 493
---- southern Family of, 451
Northern Italians, 101
Norwegians, 42, 44
Noubas, 361
Nubians, 361, 362
---- Eastern, 362
Nubian customs, 362
---- ruins, 362

OCEANIA, 380
Oceanian negroes, 519
Octoroons, 505
Olmecas, 459
Organization of Man, 21
Origin of coloured Races, 11
---- Man, 3, 4, 8
Orthognathism, 26
Osages, 478
Osmanlis, 232, 239
Ossetines, 190, 202
Ostiaks, 129
---- of Temisia, 217
Othomis, 460
Oualan, 401
_Ouhil_, 166
Ouragas, 449
Owas, 364
Owhyhee, 397

_PACHA_, 246
_Padishah_, 244
Pah-Utahs, 484
_Pai-aguaá_, 436
Palanquins, 264
Pampas, 419
Pampean Family, 407, 419
Pandours, 144
Pannonians, 116
Papuan Family, 519
Papuans, 520
Paraguay, 435
Parana, 435
Pariahs, 337, 346, 348
Patagonians, 420, 421
Patagonian customs, 421, 422, 424
---- sacrifices, 424
---- stature, 28, 420
_Paton-paton_, 385
Pawnees, 470
Payaguas, 437, 438, 440
Payaguasian customs, 440, 441
---- stature, 437
_Payes_, 425, 441, 442, 443
Pecherays, 416, 417, 418, 419
Pei-Ho river, 274
Peking Imperial College, 286
Permians, 129
Persians, 163
Persian customs, 194, 195, 196, 198, 199
---- Family, 190
---- government, 191
---- manufactures, 191
---- population, 193
---- religion, 193
---- type, ancient, 191
---- type, modern, 161
---- visits, 199
---- women, 197
Peruvians, ancient, 405, 408
---- modern, 408, 409
Peuhls, 363
Phanariots, 155
Phariagots, 450
Philippine Islanders, 374
Phœnicians, 183
Piasts, 118
_Pilou-pilou_, 528
Pitiligas, 425
Poles, 48, 113
Polygenists, doctrines of, 16
Polynesian customs, 380
---- Family, 365, 380
Pomotouans, 395
Populations of Africa, original, 11
---- America, original, 405
---- Asia, original, 11
---- Europe, original, 40, 41
Portuguese, 80, 90
---- type, 90
---- women, 90
Pouls, 363
Procidans, 103
Prognathism, 26
Prussians, 54
---- type, 54
Puelches, 420
Pygmies, 28

QUADROONS, 505
Quarries, 129
Quichuan type, 408
Quichuas, 406, 407

RACE, BLACK, 495
---- Brown, 335
---- definition of, 12, 13, 14
---- Red, 404
---- White, 30
---- Yellow, 205
Races, Human, 38
Rajpoots, 336, 340
_Ramazan_, 250
_Rebosso_, 454
Red Indian characteristics, 470, 471, 486, 492
---- languages, 472
---- type, 460
_Reiss effendi_, 247
Rivobon-Sinton, 322
Roman peasants, 96
Romanians, 72
Romans, 93
Rousniaks, 120
Russian type, 123
---- women, 124
Russians, 113, 120, 121, 122
_Russians_ (Bielo-), 118
Ruthenians, 118

SAGAÏS, 127
Sahara, 172
_Sahrong_, 368, 371
_Saltatras_, 505
Samchow, 266
Samoiede Family, 206, 209
Sandwichians, 396, 397
Sandwichian morals, 399
---- type, 396
---- women, 396
Sanskrit, 346
_San-tse-king_, 284
_Sarapé_, 455
Sarmatians, 114
Saxons, 55
Saxon type, 16
Scandinavians, 41
Schiite sect, 236
Scinde, natives of, 353
Scythians, 114
Seminoles, 478
Semitic Family, 183
Semitics, 163
Senses of animals, 22
---- of Man, 22
Seraglio, 240
Servians, 113, 114, 130
Shah, 191
Shamanism, 223, 229
Shamans, 229
Shawnees, 480
Shegya Arabs, 164
Shellas, 163, 172
Shiennes, 470
Siamese, 324, 330, 331
---- agriculture, 332
---- Cambodia, 331
---- costume, 325
---- government, 328
---- Malacca, 331
---- population, 324
---- type, 324
Sichuana language, 497
Sikhs, 340
Simnioles, 460
Sinaic Branch (Yellow Race), 205, 254
Sioux, 464
---- customs, 464, 465, 466
Sivaism, 342
Skin of Man, colours of, 29
Slavonian Family, 41, 113
Slavonians, 116
---- northern, 118, 119
---- southern, 120
Slavonian type, 113, 114, 118, 119, 133
---- women, 134
Slavonians, 116
Slovachians, 118
_Soff_, 166
Sosists, 193
Souakins, 363
Sounanis, 186
Southern Branch (Red Race), 407
---- Italians, 103
---- Italian type, 103
Spaniards, 66, 80
Spanish dances, 90
---- inquisition, 86
---- intolerance, 86
---- type, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88
---- women, 87
Spartans, 150
_Spathar_, 107
Species, definition of, 12, 13, 14
Stature of Man, 28
Stieng savages, 332, 334
Sudras, 336
Suevians, 71
Sunnite sect, 236
Swedes, 42
Symbolical writing, 33
Syrians, 183, 186

_TABOO_, 380, 391, 399
Tabayari, 444
Tacanas, 410
Tadjiks, 190
Tagals, 365, 373
Tahitians, 391
Tahitian customs, 393, 394, 395
---- type, 391, 392
---- women, 302
Taïcoon, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 316, 317
_Taktikios_, 154
_Talagani_, 154
Tamanacs, 449
Tamboukis, 497
Tameyi, 444
Tammahas, 498
Tamuls, 354
Tapigoas, 444
Tapinaqui, 444
Tarascas, 459
_Tatare_, 112
Tattooing, 382, 390, 425, 438
Taygetans, 150
Tchecks, 113
Tcheremissians, 129
Tchoudans, 116
Tchourachians, 129
Teleouts, 127
Telingas, 354
_Tembeta_, 440
Tepanecas, 459
Teptiars, 129
Terra del Fuego, 416
Territory, Indian, 473, 478
Teutonic Family, 41
Thracians, 152
Tibbous, 163, 357, 363
Tibbou type, 363
Tigré mountaineers, 360
Timmimnes, 444
Tobas, 420, 425, 428, 430
Tobatinguas, 435
Tokis, 385
Toltecs, 452
Tongas, 388
Tonga customs, 389, 390, 391
---- type, 388
Topas, 435
Totonacs, 460
Touaricks, 163, 172
_Touloupa_, 123
Tularenos, 493
Tunguses, 218, 223
---- of Daouria, 223
Tungusian Family, 223
Tupi language, 444
Tupinambi, 444
Turajas, 375
Turcomans, 232
Turcoman customs, 234, 235, 236
---- religion, 235
---- type, 232
---- women, 232, 233, 234
Turks, 218, 239, 244, 248
Turkish administration, 246, 247, 248
---- agriculture, 252
---- corruption, 248
---- customs, 240, 242, 243, 244, 246
---- education, 252
---- Family, 229
---- Jews, 250
---- law, 244
---- literature, 251, 252
---- manufactures, 252
---- polygamy, 240
---- religion, 248
---- temperance, 239
---- type, ancient, 230
---- type, modern, 231, 239
---- women, 240, 241
Tuscans, 101
Tuscan type, 101
Tzapotecas, 459

_ULEMA_, 247
United States, 65
Uruguay, 435
Uscoks, 116
Uzbeks, 238

VALENCIANS, 87
Vampays, 484
Varegians, 116
Varna-Sancára (caste of), 337
Varra tribe, 538
Vativas, 497
Venedians, 114
Vogouls, 127, 129

WALACHIANS, 105, 106, 111, 113
Walachian minerals, 112
---- type; 109
Wall of China, Great, 301
Walloons, 72
Western Branch (Black Race), 496
Western Guarani, 444
Writing, alphabetic, 33
---- Chinese, 282, 283, 284
---- symbolical, 33
Würtembergers, 48

XICALAUCAS, 460

YAKOUBIS, 186
Yakuts, 218
Yakut customs, 226, 227, 228
---- Family, 223
---- religion, 226
---- type, 224, 225
---- women, 229
Yankees, 65
_Yaschmac_, 244
Yeddo, 309
Yellow Race, 205
Yuracares, 410
Yutes, 470

ZASKAM, 112
Ziguans, 112
Zingari, 353
Zoroath (religion of), 193

BRADBURY, EVANS, AND CO., PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS.

Transcriber’s Notes:

This text follows the text of the original work, including
inconsistencies in spelling, lay-out, hyphenation, capitalisation,
etc.; these have not been changed, except as mentioned below.

Notes on the text:
Some words from the Index do not occur in text.
Wrong accents (Pyreneés, Lozére) have not been corrected.
Page 151, Fallmeseyer: this is possibly a reference to Jakob Philipp
Fallmerayer.
Page 216, penguin eggs: this seems unlikely on the North Pole; the
accompanying illustration shows flying birds. This is possibly a
mistranslation from the French.

Changes made to the original text:
Illustrations have been moved outside paragraphs. Footnotes have been
moved to directly underneath the paragraph to which they refer.
Some obviously missing or incorrect punctuation has been corrected
silently.
Coloured plates and an unnumbered illustration have been added to the
List of Illustrations.
Page xii: BURIATS changed to BURÏATS as in text
Page 10: terrestial changed to terrestrial
Page 26: γηαθος changed to γναθος
Page 65: silen men changed to silent men
Page 66: Moldo-Wallachians changed to Moldo-Walachians as elsehwere
Page 116: Slevenians changed to Slavonians
Page 170: hundreth changed to hundredth
Page 174: fig. 80 changed to fig. 74
Page 214: This consist changed to This consists
Page 243: (fig. 109) changed to (fig. 110)
Page 262: develope changed to develop
Page 267: Tea houses changed to Tea-houses as elsewhere
Page 280 Footnote [9]: the original text “Idem” has been replaced with
the same text as Foootnote [8]
Page 305: tight fiting changed to tight fitting
Page 342: developes changed to develops; threw coquettishly changed to
throw coquettishly
Page 361: Cammar changed to Cammas
Page 381: tatooing changed to tattooing as elsewhere
Page 395: somtimes changed to sometimes
Page 420: Abipoous changed to Abipones
Page 488: archeologists changed to archæologists as elsewhere
Page 518: disagreeble changed to disagreeable
Page 540: Caryii changed to Caryis as in text
Page 541: Demoulins changed to Desmoulins as in text
Page 542: Gadigues changed to Gadiguès; Dchera changed to Déhera;
Dhamars changed to Dhamans; Djelodas changed to Dejelodar; Dejemua
changed to Djemaa; Flathead changed to Flat-head; Fondaisi changed to
Foudaïsi; Gadigues changed to Gadiguès (all as in text)
Page 543: Hindôstani changed to Hindostani; Huasetecas, 489 changed to
Huaxtecas, 460; Ischonians changed to Ischorians; kalyandjy changed to
kalyaudjy (all as in text)
Page 544: Manchus changed to Manchús as in text
Page 545: Miridites changed to Mirdites; Pai-agnaa changed to
Pai-aguaá as in text; Negus Theodoras changed to Negus Theodorus (all
as in text)
Page 546: Sagaris changed to Sagaïs as in text
Page 547: Slevenians changed to Slavonians; Spathas changed to
Spathar; Tamboukies changed to Tamboukis; Tchourachians changed to
Tchouvachians (all as in text)
Page 548: 242, 242, 244 changed to 232, 232, 234; Wurtembergers
changed to Würtembergers (as in text); Yuracaures changed to Yuracares
(as in text).