Chapter VI: Footnote 53

Land, Capital, Rentables, Salables are income-bearing properties.

Footnote 54:

“Encyclopedia of Social Reform,” p. 1389.

Footnote 55:

_Dividogenesure_ means: (As a class and as an individual, I am the
owner of land, of wealth and capital): Divide with me your sole
results of active energy upon my source of wealth, or else you may be
sure you have only the right to starve from drain by others without
this supply. [Latin: _divido_, divide, part, separate. Greek:
_genesis_, origin, source, creation, origination, production. Latin:
_ure_, (perish) by rust, by fire, by cold, wither, dry up, or starve
to death.]

Footnote 56:

Here, p. 32 or 36.

Footnote 57:

Dr. Warner, American Charities, pp. 178-9, Dr. T. Ely’s edition.

Footnote 58:

I italicized his words.

Footnote 59:

I italicized his words.

Footnote 60:

Dr. Warner, ibidem, p. 181.

Footnote 61:

Remember that these conclusions are moderate.

Footnote 62:

These owning families include the mortgagors.

Footnote 63:

Many of these home-owning families are in debt, and their homes serve
as securities for it.

Footnote 64:

Enc. of Soc. R., pp. 899-900.

Footnote 65:

He pays rent.

Footnote 66:

He pays rent and divides the results of his labor, p. 58-61.

Footnote 67:

See conclusion, p. 18.

Footnote 68:

Mr. Wright, “Atlantic Monthly” for September, 1897.

Footnote 69:

See his conclusions and my explanation of them, here, pp. 12, 13.

Footnote 70:

Compare for this the original tables, pp. 28, 32 and 51.

Footnote 71:

See 1st R. table, group 1st, p. 47, and as individuals, p. 51.

Footnote 72:

Mayo Smith, “Statistics and Sociology,” pp. 200, 201-2.

Footnote 73:

Mr. E. Atkinson, “The Distribution of Products,” p. 15.

Footnote 74:

Ib., p. 22.

Footnote 75:

Ed. Atkinson, ib. p. 27.

Footnote 76:

Ed. Atkinson, ib., pp. 77, 78. Also, Enc. of S. R., p. 1093.

Footnote 77:

“Socialism and Christianity,” p. 205. Also Enc. of Soc. R., p. 289.

Footnote 78:

Prof. John R. Commons, “Distribution of Wealth,” p. 258. Also, see
Enc. of Soc. Reform, p. 1102.

Footnote 79:

“Gross receipts less gross disbursements.”

Footnote 80:

Totals made up by me.

Footnote 81:

Compare the last two groups with the first two of the table, p. 28.
And compare the same groups of table, p. 51.

Footnote 82:

See this number and families, p. 92.

Footnote 83:

See tables, p. 36 or 45.

Footnote 84:

By the “other” monopolies, I mean some monopolies, companies, trusts
and combinations which have not been mentioned here at all, and many
of which deal with rentable houses in cities, and so on.

Footnote 85:

Prof. George Herron’s dismissal from the Iowa College is a striking
example, foreboding the nation’s near future. This professor was
forbidden by financial necessity to teach what is good for the
people.—“The Public,” Nov. 11, 1899, Chicago. “The Public” No. 115,
1900, has now on record four other professors similarly dealt with in
different colleges on grounds similar to that of Prof. G. Herron. One
of these four is President Henry Wade Rogers, of the Northwestern
University, at Evanston, Ill.

Footnote 86:

Artificial property again means all things that were created or
invented by man in the past or the present.

Footnote 87:

See the same number on p. 79.

Footnote 88:

Enc. of Soc. Reform, p. 899.

Footnote 89:

This number contains 1,624,765 tenant farming families.

Footnote 90:

Remember that the tenant families are excluded here.

Footnote 91:

Lien means a legal claim on property which must be paid.

Footnote 92:

Remember that the 4,999,396 tenant families are excluded here.

Footnote 93:

These percentages are from the Official Bulletin, No. 98.

Footnote 94:

Dividogenesure is the stronger, the larger the per cent an employer
obtains from the results of the labor of every employee; and is the
weaker, the smaller the per cent he obtains from every one dependent
on him for life.

Footnote 95:

That is, the rate of making mortgages in 1880th year was 643,143, and
the yearly rate in 1889th year was 1,226,323 in one year.

Footnote 96:

Enc. of Soc. Reform, p. 901.

Footnote 97:

Dr. Spahr, ib. p. 67.

Footnote 98:

All expressions under the inverted commas are from Bulletin.

Footnote 99:

Bulletin No. 71, Encyclopedia of Social Reform, p. 901.

Footnote 100:

Continuation, “On the debt in force against acres, $162,652,944; on
lots, $234,789,848,” is the yearly interest.

Footnote 101:

Here, p. 112.

Footnote 102:

Ib., p. 113.

Footnote 103:

Enc. of Soc. Reform, p. 902. This interest charge is at the end of the
Extra Bulletin No. 71.

Footnote 104:

Yet, it should be remembered that we do not here deal with the debts
of Railroad Companies, Street Railway, Telegraph, Telephone and other
companies and corporations; nor do we deal with the U. S. debt of
$891,960,104; States, $228,997,389; Counties, $145,048,045;
Municipalities, $724,463,060; School districts, $36,701,948, which in
1890 made the grand total of $18,027,170,546 including the debt under
our consideration. But we deal with family-debtors, for whom debt is
equal to ruin. Whereas debt to the others is prosperity.

Footnote 105:

That is, if we divide them by the line of families worth $5,000 and
over, and families worth $5,000 and under; and the latter will include
the economic dependants.

Footnote 106:

Here, p. 119.

Footnote 107:

Here, p. 121.

Footnote 108:

Enc. of Soc. Reform, p. 904, Edition of 1897.

Footnote 109:

Enc. of Soc. Reform, p. 904.

Footnote 110:

Ib., p. 904.

Footnote 111:

Mr. Dunn could not have known at the time that some Eastern States
were even worse than the Western ones, and that “New York,” for
instance, “is” more “conspicuously prominent as having a real estate
mortgage indebtedness of $1,607,874,301, which is 26.71 per cent of
the total indebtedness on acres and lots in the United States.”

Footnote 112:

Here, pp. 91, 92, or Mayo Smith, Statistics and Sociology, p. 200.

Footnote 113:

As the rates of their gains show, pp. 104, 105.

Footnote 114:

Enc. of Soc. Reform, p. 1386.—Waldron, “Handbook on Currency or
Wealth.”

Footnote 115:

References: Enc. of Soc. R., see “Unemployment.” Dr. Spahr, “Present
Distribution of Wealth in U. S.” (1896).—J. R. Common’s “Distribution
of Wealth,” Enc. p. 1392.

Footnote 116:

Enc. of Soc. Reform, p. 1392.

Footnote 117:

Enc. of Soc. Reform, p. 1370.

Footnote 118:

Mr. and Mrs. Webb, “History of Trade Unionism,” p. 1 or 2.

Footnote 119:

“Introduction and Mutual Insurance,” vol. I, pp. 148-9, 150-1164.

Footnote 120:

Enc. of Soc. Reform, pp. 1370, 1373 and the Labor Reports.

Footnote 121:

Dr. Spahr, ib., pp. 116, 117.

Footnote 122:

The above 246,938 families could not be here classified among the
tenants of farms consisting of the 1,624,765 families, because after
losing their country properties, these homeless hurry on to crowd up
cities.

Footnote 123:

Dr. Spahr, ibid, p. 122-3.

Footnote 124:

As numerous inquiries convince me.

Footnote 125:

According to the U. S. Census of 1890, there were 4,564,641 farms
consisting of 623,218,619 acres of land, or an average of 136 acres to
a farm. World Almanac, 1899, p. 184.

Footnote 126:

Enc. of Soc. Reform, pp. 22, 23; also based on the census.

Footnote 127:

“Present Distribution of Wealth in the U. S.,” pp. 104, 105; (see
here: Appendix I.). The same: Enc. of Soc. Reform, p. 1385—table of
incomes, 1890.

Footnote 128:

Some one may suppose that some net earnings of the national banks
might overlap some net earnings of the mortgagee monopolies, since
mortgage profits are often obtained by banks. But such a supposition
cannot have a real ground here, because the national banks are
prohibited by the law of the United States to make investments in
mortgages; and because mortgages of real estate, being not easily
convertible securities for loans, would not be admissible by them. The
only exception made by the law for these banks is that, for a
necessary accommodation of their business, a mortgage may sometimes be
held as a security, collateral to some other which is more easily
convertible into currency. (See Revised Statutes, §5137. Prof.
Dunbar’s “Theory and Hist. of Banking,” p. 26.)

It is the non-national or State banks that often directly deal with
mortgages. But estimating their gross earnings at $200,000,000 for the
year 1890 (see p. 101), Mr. Waite evidently could not ascertain their
enormous net incomes, hence we leave them to be understood as surplus
above all our concluding totals of net incomes.

And whereas, the net incomes of the national banks decreased
$110,378,930 in the 7 years, those of the life insurance companies
increased $108,932,030 (World Almanac, 1900, p. 180, 184) and with the
help of the omitted net incomes of the gas companies (p. 101) more
than offset the loss, leaving our totals correct.

Footnote 129:

Enc. of Soc. Reform, 1897, pp. 1346-7; from “Philadelphia Times,” etc.

Footnote 130:

Dr. Spahr, ibid., pp. 104-5.

Footnote 131:

It was the gross income.

Footnote 132:

See the upper table, p. 42.

Footnote 133:

Table, p. 47.

Footnote 134:

Lower table, p. 42, 1st two groups.

Footnote 135:

Mr. Waldron, “Hand-book on Currency or Wealth,” pp. 106 and 107. See
also: Enc. of Soc. Reform, p. 1389.

Footnote 136:

See the statistical conclusions on the fall of wages, p. 134; also Dr.
Spahr’s “Present Distribution of Wealth,” etc., pp. 95-118.

Footnote 137:

“Present Distr. of Wealth in U. S.” (1896), pp. 104, 105, 112. Here,
pp. 140-143. “Average daily wages: 1873, $2.04; 1891, $1.69; urban
laborers.”

Footnote 138:

Dr. Spahr, ibid., pp. 104-5. Enc. of Soc. Reform, p. 1385.

Footnote 139:

Dr. Spahr, ibid., pp. 98, 104-5. Also: Statistics of Massachusetts
Bureau of Labor, 1890, p. 319.

Footnote 140:

Dr. Spahr, ibid., p. 104-5.

Footnote 141:

Dr. Spahr, ibid., pp. 116, 117.

Footnote 142:

Ibid., pp. 104, 105.

Footnote 143:

Dr. Spahr, ibid., p. 104-5.

Footnote 144:

World Almanac, 1899, pp. 200, 225.

Footnote 145:

Quoted from Enc. of Soc. Reform, p. 1347.

Footnote 146:

For 1897 is an approximate estimate of The World Almanac, 1899, p.
200, foot note.

Footnote 147:

It might be that some of these families paid house rents on farms
beside the land rent, as Dr. Spahr has shown; while some others might
pay simply house rents, and thus offset each other, making the above
sum correct.

Footnote 148:

“For a share in product” is an initial form of serfdom pure and
simple.

Footnote 149:

Enc. of Soc. Reform, pp. 606-7.

Footnote 150:

Also here, p. 125.

Footnote 151:

Enc. of Soc. Reform, pp. 606-7.

Footnote 152:

World Almanac, 1900, p. 174.

Footnote 153:

Here, see foot-note, p. 150.

Footnote 154:

Table of profits, here, p. 101.

Footnote 155:

Includes the increase of $310,001,619 by the railroad, telegraph and
telephone monopolies, p. 162.

Footnote 156:

Excludes net incomes of the artificial gas companies and those of the
non-national banks (beside mortgages) as not given in the table on p.
101. See foot note, pp. 150, 167, 168.

Footnote 157:

Includes the house rent on farms and that of the increased population,
pp. 149, 164.

Footnote 158:

Includes the rent of land paid by the increased populations, p. 165.

Footnote 159:

This amount of double taxes is calculated to have been fully paid for
7 years on the net incomes here stated, and on all the property these
trusts, etc., have had in the beginning of 1891 and after, according
to the tax rates to be here indicated.

Footnote 160:

Compare tables, here, on pp. 42 and 47.

Footnote 161:

Mr. Mallock’s “Classes and Masses” (1896.)

Footnote 162:

Enc. of Soc. Reform, p. 1392.

Footnote 163:

His work on “Social Elements,” p. 162.

Footnote 164:

“Statistics of Railways, 1890,” p. 58.

Footnote 165:

I italicized the words.

Footnote 166:

Dr. Spahr, ibid., pp. 41, 42. The total capitalization of railroads in
1890 was represented by $9,437,300,000, while the total investment
amounted to only $3,714,400,000. And Mr. Van Oss stated that “shares
now return at least 18 per cent per annum on the actual investment.”
Ibidem.

Footnote 167:

Dr. Spahr, ibid., p. 143. The total incomes in the table of taxes
above represented are gross incomes.

Footnote 168:

Statistics, World Almanac, 1899, p. 165.

Footnote 169:

Dr. Spahr, “Present Distribution of Wealth in the United States,” p.
143-4.

Footnote 170:

Ib., p. 156-7.

Footnote 171:

“Extra Census Bulletin No. 70” represents taxes on property $465,000,000 including corporations for 1890

Licenses, poll taxes, etc. (about) 50,000,000

------------

Total (the same as that contained above) $515,000,000

The Bulletin adds that “three-fourths of this tax falls upon the
relatively poorer classes.” Dr. Spahr, ibid., p. 156.

Footnote 172:

See here, pp. 64, 65, 68, 72.

Footnote 173:

Dr. Spahr, ibid., pp. 157, 158.

Footnote 174:

The World Almanac, 1899, p. 164. Mr. Upton, here, p. 27.

Footnote 175:

The World Almanac, 1900, p. 539.

Footnote 176:

This average would mean that in every 100 families 90 have 5 and 10
have only 4 members. See the decrease of family membership: foot note,
p. 18.

Footnote 177:

“It is interesting to remark that, while in 1893 the number of the
propertyless families reached over 7-millions, the national and local
Building and Loan Associations having net assets of over $450,000,000,
have,” in 25 years, “helped to secure” only “probably over 400,000
homes,” says Mr. Wright, U. S. Commissioner of Labor. The World
Almanac, 1899, p. 168; ib., 1900, p. 172. But that inability is
aggravated by the taxation unjust to the poor. See here, pp. 174-178.

Footnote 179:

Encyclopedia of Social Reform, p. 1346.

Footnote 180:

Encyclopedia of Social Reform, p. 1346.

Footnote 181:

Ibid., p. 888.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Transcriber’s note:

• Silently corrected obvious punctuation and capitalization errors.
Several unpaired double quotation marks were retained as they
occurred in the original text.

• Unless noted below, spelling and hyphenation are retained as in the
original.

• Footnotes have been renumbered and moved to the end of the book.

Other changes:

• Removed half-title page originally on first page
• Page 003: thousands of like opnions → thousands of like opinions
• Page 036: surplus milion families → surplus million families
• Page 039: distribution of weatlh → distribution of wealth
• Page 048: more wealth that → more wealth than
• Page 099: in possesion of others → in possession of others
• Page 108: Napoleon Boneparte → Napoleon Bonaparte
• Page 132: bound, by dividogensure → bound, by dividogenesure

• Page 163: In the table "Increase of Population" corrected the value
for percent of population in cities for the year 1880. Changed
from 2.57 to 22.57. The correct value was taken from page 18 of
the 1890 census
http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1890d9-01.pdf pg
18

• Page 192: defintion and origin → definition and origin
• Page 193: not partizan → not partisan