Chapter XVI (1)

RECAPITULATION; THE RESPECTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THREE GREAT RACES; THE SUPERIORITY OF THE WHITE TYPE, AND, WITHIN THIS TYPE, OF THE ARYAN FAMILY

I have shown the unique place in the organic world occupied by the human species, the profound physical, as well as moral, differences separating it from all other kinds of living creatures. Considering it by itself, I have been able to distinguish, on physiological grounds alone, three great and clearly marked types, the black, the yellow, and the white. However uncertain the aims of physiology may be, however meagre its resources, however defective its methods, it can proceed thus far with absolute certainty.

The negroid variety is the lowest, and stands at the foot of the ladder. The animal character, that appears in the shape of the pelvis, is stamped on the negro from birth, and foreshadows his destiny. His intellect will always move within a very narrow circle. He is not however a mere brute, for behind his low receding brow, in the middle of his skull, we can see signs of a powerful energy, however crude its objects. If his mental faculties are dull or even non-existent, he often has an intensity of desire, and so of will, which may be called terrible. Many of his senses, especially taste and smell, are developed to an extent unknown to the other two races.[144]

The very strength of his sensations is the most striking proof of his inferiority. All food is good in his eyes, nothing disgusts or repels him. What he desires is to eat, to eat furiously, and to excess; no carrion is too revolting to be swallowed by him. It is the same with odours; his inordinate desires are satisfied with all, however coarse or even horrible. To these qualities may be added an instability and capriciousness of feeling, that cannot be tied down to any single object, and which, so far as he is concerned, do away with all distinctions of good and evil. We might even say that the violence with which he pursues the object that has aroused his senses and inflamed his desires is a guarantee of the desires being soon satisfied and the object forgotten. Finally, he is equally careless of his own life and that of others: he kills willingly, for the sake of killing; and this human machine, in whom it is so easy to arouse emotion, shows, in face of suffering, either a monstrous indifference or a cowardice that seeks a voluntary refuge in death.

The yellow race is the exact opposite of this type. The skull points forward, not backward. The forehead is wide and bony, often high and projecting. The shape of the face is triangular, the nose and chin showing none of the coarse protuberances that mark the negro. There is further a general proneness to obesity, which, though not confined to the yellow type, is found there more frequently than in the others. The yellow man has little physical energy, and is inclined to apathy; he commits none of the strange excesses so common among negroes. His desires are feeble, his will-power rather obstinate than violent; his longing for material pleasures, though constant, is kept within bounds. A rare glutton by nature, he shows far more discrimination in his choice of food. He tends to mediocrity in everything; he understands easily enough anything not too deep or sublime.[145] He has a love of utility and a respect for order, and knows the value of a certain amount of freedom. He is practical, in the narrowest sense of the word. He does not dream or theorize; he invents little, but can appreciate and take over what is useful to him. His whole desire is to live in the easiest and most comfortable way possible. The yellow races are thus clearly superior to the black. Every founder of a civilization would wish the backbone of his society, his middle class, to consist of such men. But no civilized society could be created by them; they could not supply its nerve-force, or set in motion the springs of beauty and action.

We come now to the white peoples. These are gifted with reflective energy, or rather with an energetic intelligence. They have a feeling for utility, but in a sense far wider and higher, more courageous and ideal, than the yellow races; a perseverance that takes account of obstacles and ultimately finds a means of overcoming them; a greater physical power, an extraordinary instinct for order, not merely as a guarantee of peace and tranquillity, but as an indispensable means of self-preservation. At the same time, they have a remarkable, and even extreme, love of liberty, and are openly hostile to the formalism under which the Chinese are glad to vegetate, as well as to the strict despotism which is the only way of governing the negro.

The white races are, further, distinguished by an extraordinary attachment to life. They know better how to use it, and so, as it would seem, set a greater price on it; both in their own persons and those of others, they are more sparing of life. When they are cruel, they are conscious of their cruelty; it is very doubtful whether such a consciousness exists in the negro. At the same time, they have discovered reasons why they should surrender this busy life of theirs, that is so precious to them. The principal motive is honour, which under various names has played an enormous part in the ideas of the race from the beginning. I need hardly add that the word honour, together with all the civilizing influences connoted by it, is unknown to both the yellow and the black man.

On the other hand, the immense superiority of the white peoples in the whole field of the intellect is balanced by an inferiority in the intensity of their sensations. In the world of the senses, the white man is far less gifted than the others, and so is less tempted and less absorbed by considerations of the body, although in physical structure he is far the most vigorous.[146]

Such are the three constituent elements of the human race. I call them secondary types, as I think myself obliged to omit all discussion of the Adamite man. From the combination, by intermarriage, of the varieties of these types come the tertiary groups. The quaternary formations are produced by the union of one of these tertiary types, or of a pure-blooded tribe, with another group taken from one of the two foreign species.

Below these categories others have appeared—and still appear. Some of these are very strongly characterized, and form new and distinct points of departure, coming as they do from races that have been completely fused. Others are incomplete, and ill-ordered, and, one might even say, anti-social, since their elements, being too numerous, too disparate, or too barbarous, have had neither the time nor the opportunity for combining to any fruitful purpose. No limits, except the horror excited by the possibility of infinite intermixture, can be assigned to the number of these hybrid and chequered races that make up the whole of mankind.

It would be unjust to assert that every mixture is bad and harmful. If the three great types had remained strictly separate, the supremacy would no doubt have always been in the hands of the finest of the white races, and the yellow and black varieties would have crawled for ever at the feet of the lowest of the whites. Such a state is so far ideal, since it has never been beheld in history; and we can imagine it only by recognizing the undisputed superiority of those groups of the white races which have remained the purest.

It would not have been all gain. The superiority of the white race would have been clearly shown, but it would have been bought at the price of certain advantages which have followed the mixture of blood. Although these are far from counterbalancing the defects they have brought in their train, yet they are sometimes to be commended. Artistic genius, which is equally foreign to each of the three great types, arose only after the intermarriage of white and black. Again, in the Malayan variety, a human family was produced from the yellow and black races that had more intelligence than either of its ancestors. Finally, from the union of white and yellow, certain intermediary peoples have sprung, who are superior to the purely Finnish tribes as well as to the negroes.

I do not deny that these are good results. The world of art and great literature that comes from the mixture of blood, the improvement and ennoblement of inferior races—all these are wonders for which we must needs be thankful. The small have been raised. Unfortunately, the great have been lowered by the same process; and this is an evil that nothing can balance or repair. Since I am putting together the advantages of racial mixtures, I will also add that to them is due the refinement of manners and beliefs, and especially the tempering of passion and desire. But these are merely transitory benefits, and if I recognize that the mulatto, who may become a lawyer, a doctor, or a business man, is worth more than his negro grandfather, who was absolutely savage, and fit for nothing, I must also confess that the Brahmans of primitive India, the heroes of the Iliad and the Shahnameh, the warriors of Scandinavia—the glorious shades of noble races that have disappeared—give us a higher and more brilliant idea of humanity, and were more active, intelligent, and trusty instruments of civilization and grandeur than the peoples, hybrid a hundred times over, of the present day. And the blood even of these was no longer pure.

However it has come about, the human races, as we find them in history, are complex; and one of the chief consequences has been to throw into disorder most of the primitive characteristics of each type. The good as well as the bad qualities are seen to diminish in intensity with repeated intermixture of blood; but they also scatter and separate off from each other, and are often mutually opposed. The white race originally possessed the monopoly of beauty, intelligence, and strength. By its union with other varieties, hybrids were created, which were beautiful without strength, strong without intelligence, or, if intelligent, both weak and ugly. Further, when the quantity of white blood was increased to an indefinite amount by successive infusions, and not by a single admixture, it no longer carried with it its natural advantages, and often merely increased the confusion already existing in the racial elements. Its strength, in fact, seemed to be its only remaining quality, and even its strength served only to promote disorder. The apparent anomaly is easily explained. Each stage of a perfect mixture produces a new type from diverse elements, and develops special faculties. As soon as further elements are added, the vast difficulty of harmonizing the whole creates a state of anarchy. The more this increases, the more do even the best and richest of the new contributions diminish in value, and by their mere presence add fuel to an evil which they cannot abate. If mixtures of blood are, to a certain extent, beneficial to the mass of mankind, if they raise and ennoble it, this is merely at the expense of mankind itself, which is stunted, abased, enervated, and humiliated in the persons of its noblest sons. Even if we admit that it is better to turn a myriad of degraded beings into mediocre men than to preserve the race of princes whose blood is adulterated and impoverished by being made to suffer this dishonourable change, yet there is still the unfortunate fact that the change does not stop here; for when the mediocre men are once created at the expense of the greater, they combine with other mediocrities, and from such unions, which grow ever more and more degraded, is born a confusion which, like that of Babel, ends in utter impotence, and leads societies down to the abyss of nothingness whence no power on earth can rescue them.

Such is the lesson of history. It shows us that all civilizations derive from the white race, that none can exist without its help, and that a society is great and brilliant only so far as it preserves the blood of the noble group that created it, provided that this group itself belongs to the most illustrious branch of our species.

Of the multitude of peoples which live or have lived on the earth, ten alone have risen to the position of complete societies. The remainder have gravitated round these more or less independently, like planets round their suns. If there is any element of life in these ten civilizations that is not due to the impulse of the white races, any seed of death that does not come from the inferior stocks that mingled with them, then the whole theory on which this book rests is false. On the other hand, if the facts are as I say, then we have an irrefragable proof of the nobility of our own species. Only the actual details can set the final seal of truth on my system, and they alone can show with sufficient exactness the full implications of my main thesis, that peoples degenerate only in consequence of the various admixtures of blood which they undergo; that their degeneration corresponds exactly to the quantity and quality of the new blood, and that the rudest possible shock to the vitality of a civilization is given when the ruling elements in a society and those developed by racial change have become so numerous that they are clearly moving away from the homogeneity necessary to their life, and it therefore becomes impossible for them to be brought into harmony and so acquire the common instincts and interests, the common logic of existence, which is the sole justification for any social bond whatever. There is no greater curse than such disorder, for however bad it may have made the present state of things, it promises still worse for the future.

NOTE.—The “ten civilizations” mentioned in the last paragraph are as follows. They are fully discussed in the subsequent books of the “Inequality of Races,” of which the present volume forms the first.

I. The Indian civilization, which reached its highest point round the Indian Ocean, and in the north and east of the Indian Continent, south-east of the Brahmaputra. It arose from a branch of a white people, the Aryans.

II. The Egyptians, round whom collected the Ethiopians, the Nubians, and a few smaller peoples to the west of the oasis of Ammon. This society was created by an Aryan colony from India, that settled in the upper valley of the Nile.

III. The Assyrians, with whom may be classed the Jews, the Phœnicians, the Lydians, the Carthaginians, and the Hymiarites. They owed their civilizing qualities to the great white invasions which may be grouped under the name of the descendants of Shem and Ham. The Zoroastrian Iranians who ruled part of Central Asia under the names of Medes, Persians, and Bactrians, were a branch of the Aryan family.

IV. The Greeks, who came from the same Aryan stock, as modified by Semitic elements.

V. The Chinese civilization, arising from a cause similar to that operating in Egypt. An Aryan colony from India brought the light of civilization to China also. Instead however of becoming mixed with black peoples, as on the Nile, the colony became absorbed in Malay and yellow races, and was reinforced, from the north-west, by a fair number of white elements, equally Aryan but no longer Hindu.

VI. The ancient civilization of the Italian peninsula, the cradle of Roman culture. This was produced by a mixture of Celts, Iberians, Aryans, and Semites.

VII. The Germanic races, which in the fifth century transformed the Western mind. These were Aryans.

VIII.–X. The three civilizations of America, the Alleghanian, the Mexican, and the Peruvian.

Of the first seven civilizations, which are those of the Old World, six belong, at least in part, to the Aryan race, and the seventh, that of Assyria, owes to this race the Iranian Renaissance, which is, historically, its best title to fame. Almost the whole of the Continent of Europe is inhabited at the present time by groups of which the basis is white, but in which the non-Aryan elements are the most numerous. There is no true civilization, among the European peoples, where the Aryan branch is not predominant.

In the above list no negro race is seen as the initiator of a civilization. Only when it is mixed with some other can it even be initiated into one.

Similarly, no spontaneous civilization is to be found among the yellow races; and when the Aryan blood is exhausted stagnation supervenes.

INDEX

Abraham, 123

Abu-Hanifah, 123

Achaemenidae, 176

Adair, 72

Adam, 118–9, 145

Æschylus, 14, 99

Agrippa, 17

Albigenses, 198

Alcæus, 94

Alexander the Great, 44, 175–6, 193

Alexandria, 61

Alexandrians, 38, 176

Algiers, 171

Alleghany race, 71, 172

Altaic languages, 183

Altai Mountains, 128, 141

Amalfi, 61

America, Anglo-Saxons of North, 39, 71, 160 _n._

Anabaptists, 20

Anaxagoras, 14

Ancorso, 143

Andes, 115

Anglo-Saxons, 30, 69

Annam, 164

Anne, Queen, 42

Antilles, 50

Antioch, 60

Antonines, 15

Antoninus Pius, 11

Anubis, 66

Apollo, 108–9

Appius Claudius, 9

Arabs, 21, 58, 122–5, 177–9

Aral, Lake, 128

Aramaic, 194

Aranda, Count of, 52

Ararat, Mount, 142

Araucans, 119

Arbela, 33

Arcadia, 59

Arginusæ, 158

Aristophanes, 14, 157

Aristotle, 166

Arkansas, 71

Armagnacs, 12

Armenians, 58, 193

Arsacidæ, 177

Artibonite, 48

Aryan languages, 183, 188, 199

Aryavarta, 32

Aseddin, 129

Ashik-Pacha-Zadeh, 130 _n._

Aspasia, 14

Assyria, 2, 7, 56, 79

Assyrians, 87, 126

Athene, 94

Athenians, 7;
religion, 13, 17;
art and politics, 157–8

Athens, 59, 104

Atlas, Mount, 141

Attila, 132

Aurelian, 17

Auvergne, 121

Aymaras, 85

Aztecs, 8, 13, 192

Baber, 129 _n._

Babylon, 10, 194

Bagdad, 178

Baker, 137–8

Balaïbalan, 188

Bambaras, 180

Barrow, 121 _n._

Basques, 194

Belgium, 92, 99

Berbers, 194, 201

Berlin, climate of, 38

Bernard, St., 69

Bichat, 24

Birman, 190

Blumenbach, 109–10, 119, 146

Bœotia, 59

Bordeaux, 60

Born, Bertran de, 197

Bossuet, 12

Brahmans, 32, 65;
civilization, 83, 97, 209;
religion, 142;
pacifism, 161

Brazil, 125 _n._

Bremen, 60

Breton, language, 201

Brittany, 17, 44, 101 _n._

Buddhists, 65, 97

Burgundian, 201

Bushmen, 187

Caciques, 171

Cadiz, 150

Cæsar, Julius, 15, 158

Calabrians, 121

Calvinists, 41

Camper, 108–10

Canaries, 144, 155

Cappadocians, 193

Capri, 60

Carians, 193

Caroline Islands, 173

Carthage, 13

Carthaginians, 35, 38, 66, 79

Carus, 54 _n._, 74 _n._, 111–4, 149

Catalans, 92

Catawhas, 172

Cato, 158

Catullus, 166

Caucasian, 119, 146

Caucasus, 127, 141–2, 187

Celtic languages, 189–90, 196–201

Celts, 32, 35, 172

Chagres, 61

Charlemagne, 150

Charles I, of England, 41;
VII, of France, 43

Cherokees, 69, 71–2, 74, 121, 172

China, 7, 20;
climate of, 56–7

Chinese, 33;
as traders, 58;
Chinese Christians, 64–5;
material civilization, 87, 95–7;
permanent characteristics, 138;
language, 184–5

Chiquitos, 202

Chlodwig, 160 _n._

Christianity, its fight against paganism, 45;
relation to civilization, chap. vii _passim_

Cicero, 158

Cincinnatus, 11

Cingalese, 126

Cirionos, 53

Civilization, Guizot’s definition, 80–1;
von Humboldt’s definition, 82;
Gobineau’s definition, 91;
list of —s, 211–12

Co-adjutor, 41

Columbus, 144

Confucius, 74 _n._

Constantine, 15

Constantinople, 61, 128, 150

Coptic, 185 _n._

Cordilleras, the, 64

Cordova, 29, 177

Corinth, 59

Coromandel Coast, 122

Cortes, 8, 192

Creeks, 71

Croats, 29

Cuba, 51

Cuvier, 118, 136, 141

Cuzco, 167

Cyrus the Great, 10

Dahomey, 48, 85

Damascus, 57

Dante, 198

Darius, 10, 33, 176

Davis, 96

Deccan, 147

Decius, 17

Degeneration, meaning of, 25

Delaware, 190

Delhi, 34

Demeter, 59, 94

Diocletian, 17, 96

Djelat-Eddin-Rumi, 188

Dodona, 175

Draco, 40

Druids, 44

Ecbatana, 175

Egypt, 2, 7, 56

Egyptians, 30, 80;
civilization, 87;
relations with Islam, 178

Ekkhili, 201

England, luxury in, 8;
change in institutions, 42

English, as rulers of India, 34;
civilization, 81, 92, 97–102

Epicurus, 13

Erie, Lake, 55

Eskimos, 64–5, 69, 131

Etruscans, 80, 121

Euhemerus, 16

Euphrates, 56

Europeans, physical and mental characteristics of, 107–8 and chaps. x,
xii, xvi, _passim_

Euskara, 201, 203

Eve, 119

Fabii, 33, 159

Farnese Hercules, 108

Fatimites, 7

Fellatahs, 48

Fénelon, 12

Ferdinand the Catholic, 41

Finns, 38, 127–32, 146

Flourens, 116

France, luxury in, 8;
under English rule, 20;
change in institutions, 43

Franklin, 180 _n._

Franks, 199

French, civilization of, 81, 92;
power of resistance, 152;
language, 189, 196–201

Galerius, 16

Galla, 67

Gallatin, 72

Gallo-Romans, 11, 197

_Garin le Loherain_, 200–1

Gauls, the, independence of, 170

Gayaseddin-Keikosrev, 129

Genesis, Book of, 117–8

Genoese, 8, 79

Gerando, 132

Germanic tribes, 87, 91, 93, 128;
language, 189–90, 198–9

Germany, religious wars in, 21

Gioberti, 151

Goethe, 83, 185 _n._

Gothic, 190

Goths, 10, 197

Greece, 2, 7;
Christianity in, 17;
climate of, 59

Greeks, 8, 10;
civilization, 87–8, 92, 94;
religion, 142;
relation to Persians, 174–6;
language, 191–4

Grenada, 29

Grimm, Monsieur de, 49

Guaranis, 52–3

Guizot, 77–82

Gutenberg, 165

Ham, 29, 48

Hamites, 118, 146

Hanover, 92

Hanseatic towns, 60

Harmodius, 10

Hawaii, 47

Hayti, 48–51

Hedjaz, 178

Helvetius, 151

Henry IV, of France, 43

Heracles, Tyrian, 66

Hindus, 29–30, 76;
civilization, 80, 87, 91;
age of marriage among, 124

Holbach, Baron, 49

Holland, 92, 99

Homer, 157

Hottentots, 121, 180

Humboldt, A. von, 129 _n._, 132 _n._, 137 _n._, 144 _n._

Humboldt, W. von, 82–4, 183 _n._, 187, 192, 195

Hungary, 29

Huns, 132

Huron, 37

Hussites, 20

Hybrids, fertility of, 115–7

Hyderabad, 34

Iberians, 172–3

Ibn Foszlan, 160 _n._

_Iliad_, the, 199, 209

Illyrians, 172

India, 7;
government of, by the English, 34;
climate, 56–7;
art, 104

Indians, North-American, _see_ Redskins

Indians, South-American, 171

Ishmael, 122, 177

Isis, 66

Isola Madre, 144

Jamaica, 51

James I, of England, 42

Janissaries, 130

Japanese, 64, 80

Japhet, 118

Javanese, 45, 171

Jerome, St., 197

Jesuits, 51–3, 68, 125 _n._

Jews, 3, 29;
growth, 58–9;
religion, 66;
physical identity, 122–3;
language, 194–5

Jovian, 11

Judæa, 13

Julia, 15 _n._

Julian, 16

Jupiter, 13

Kabyles, 57

Kaffirs, 85, 180

Kalidasa, 157

Kalmucks, 108

Kamaun, 147

Kamehameha III, 47

Katai Mountains, 128

Kawi, 190

Khalil Chendereli, 130

Khorsabad, 126

Kirghiz-Kasaks, 132

Klemm, 86 _n._

Koran, 123–4

Krapff, 125 _n._

Kurds, 29

Lællius, 14

Lahore, 34

Lander, 180

Languedoc, 122

_Langue d’oil_, 197, 199–201

Lapps, 69, 127, 131, 133

Latin, rustic, 196–7

Leila, 124

Lenni-Lenapes, 55 _n._, 190–1

_Lingua romana_, 189, 197–9

Littré, 199

London, mixture of races in, 150

Louis XIV, 12, 21, 151

Lucrece, 9

Ludolf, 114 _n._

Lutherans, Danish, 69

Lycurgus, 40, 42

Lyons, 60

Macaulay, Lord, 198

Macedonians, the, 30, 175

Magadha, 7

Magi, 13

Magyars, 29, 131–3

Malabar, 122

Malays, 58, 111–3, 152, 208

Manchus, 20

Manu, Code of, 32

Marcius, Ancus, 15 _n._

Marianne Islands, the, 172

Marseilles, 60

Martial, 166

Martinique, 51

Maximin, 16

Medusa, 109

Meiners, 107 _n._

Memphis, 38

Meru, 142

Mexico, Gulf of, 55

Mieris, 113 _n._

Milan, 60

Mississippi, 71

Missouri, 55

Mohammedans, 51, 177–9

Mohammed IV, 130

Mohammed (the Prophet), 177–8

Mongols, 20;
Mongol Christians, 64;
material civilization, 85;
physical characteristics, 111–5, 150.
_See also_ Yellow Races

Montausier, the, 12

Montpellier, 178

Moors, 41

Moravians, 69, 161

Morosini, 193

Morton, 111

Mulattoes, 149, 209

Muskhogees, 172

Mussulmans, _see_ Mohammedans

Napoleon, 41, 151

Narbonese Gaul, 44

Narbonne, 60

Natchez, 172

Negroes, incapacity for civilization, 74–5;
physical and mental characteristics, chaps. x, xii, xvi, _passim_

Nero, 17

Nestorians, 29

Neustria, 133

New Zealanders, 152

Nimroud, 168

Nineveh, 104

Normandy, climate of, 144

Normans, 31, 60

Novgorod, 60

Numidia, 94

Nushirwan, 128 _n._

Oceania, 46, 57, 107, 116, 162

Odenathus, 177

Oghuzes, 128–9

Olympia, 175

Olympus, Mount, 142

d’Orbigny, 163 _n._, 202

Orenburg, 76

Ortoghrul, 129

Osman, 129–30

Osmanlis, 129–30

Ostiaks, 127, 133

Othomi, 185 _n._

Owen, 109–11

Palestine, climate of, 59

Palmyra, 177

Panama, 61

Paraguay, 51–3, 125 _n._

Parana, 53

Paris, 10, 43, 60;
mixture of races in, 150

Park, Mungo, 180

Parsees, 29

Parthenon, 193

Pathans, 76

Paul, St., 17

Pecheray, 150

Pelagian, 150

Penn, 39

Pericles, 14, 94, 157

Permians, 133

Persepolis, 126, 176

Persians, 8, 13, 29–30, 33;
relation to Greeks, 174–6;
relation to Arabs, 178–9

Peru, 13, 85

Peruvians, 80, 115;
civilization, 167;
language, 192

Philæ, 104

Philip of Macedon, 94

Philip the Arabian, 177

Phœnicians, 9, 35, 57, 79

Picardy, 201

Piedmont, 87

Pindar, 94, 157

Pisans, 8, 79

Plato, 157, 166

Pliny, 159, 166

Plutarch, 5

Polynesians, 27, 85, 147

Pompeius, 158

Pontus, 7

Postumus, C. Junius, 159

Prætorian Guard, 16

Prakriti, 86

Prichard, 8, 73, chap. x _passim_, 123, 125, 137, 146

Prometheus, 142

Purusha, 86

Quaternary type, 149

Quichuas, 85, 115

Quito, 167

Radack Islands, the, 143

Ravenna, 61

Raynal, Abbé, 6

Rechabites, 122

Redskins of North America, their treatment, 46;
skull-measurement, 111–2;
exclusiveness, 170–1

Regent of France (Anne of Austria), 41

Rocky Mountains, 55

Roman Empire, fall of, 2–3, 33

Romans, 8, 9;
civilization, 87, 92, 94–7;
modernity, 158–9;
diffusion of books among, 166

Rome, luxury in, 8;
religion in, 13, 17, 66;
climate of, 59–60

Rosa, St., 68

Roussillon, 122

Rubens, 113 _n._

Rûm, 129

Russia, 8, 152

Russians, 76

de Sacy, 187

Sakuntala, 124

Salsette, 104

Samal, 143

Samoyedes, 27, 85, 127, 131

San Domingo, 48–51

Sandwich Islands, 46–7

Sanscrit, 188–91, 203

Saracens, 197

Sarah, 123

Sassanidæ, 177

Saxons, 29

Scandinavians, 133, 209

Schlotzer, 132

Scilly Isles, 173

Scipio, 14, 35

Scythians, 129 _n._, 133

Seljukians, 129–30

Seminoles, 172

Semites, 29, 118, 146

Semitic languages, 184, 188–9

Seneca, 161

Septimius Severus, 11

_Shahnameh_, the, 209

Sharuz, 128

Shelley, 37 _n._

Shem, 29

Siamese, 164 _n._

Siculi, 132

Sicyon, 175

Sidon, 57

Slavs, 32, 74, 92

Socrates, 14

Sophocles, 14

Spain, 20; Arabs in, 29

Spaniards, in South America, 46, 52;
independence of, 170

Sparta, 59, 175

Spartacus, 159

Spartans, 9, 40, 79

Squier, 55 _n._

St. Bartholomew’s day, 12

Strafford, Earl of, 41

Suetonius, 15 _n._

Sufis, 188

Sulla, 158

Sulpicius Severus, 197

Swabia, 79

Switzerland, 124;
climate of, 144

Syria, 79

Syrians, 94, 172, 177–9

Tacitus, 5, 17

Tahitians, 154

Talmud, 195

Tatars, 146

Tchingiz, 129 _n._

Tenochtitlan, 104

Terah, 194

Teresa, St., 69

Tertiary type, 147

Tertullian, 159

Teutates, 13

Thebaid, 69

Thirty Tyrants, 20

Thucydides, 6

Thuringia, 79

Tiberius, 60

Tibetans, 80, 91, 97

Tigris, 56

Tihuanaco, 167

Tlaxcala, 159

Tocqueville, de, 72 _n._

Toledo, 29

Tonga-Tabu, 154

Tonkin, 164

Toulouse, 60

Touraine, 100 _n._

Trajan, 11, 159

Treves, 60, 197

Tribunate, the, 9

Triptolemus, 59

Tungusians, 117, 127, 133

Turanians, 128

Turkestan, 128

Turkey, 29

Turks, 29, 127–31

Tylos, 57

Tyre, 13, 57

Ulea, 143

Ulfilas, 190

Ur, 194

Urkan, 130

Uruguay, 53

Valentia, 29

Valerius Publicola, 10

Valmiki, 157

Vaqueiras, Raimbaut de, 198

Venetians, 8, 79

Venice, 60

Venus, 108

Virgil, 166

Voltaire, 5

Vrolik, 114–5

Wallachians, 29, 190

Wanikas, 125 _n._

Washington, 39

White races, definition, 146;
_see also_ Europeans

William III, of England, 21, 81

Xerxes, 176

Yellow races, physical and mental characteristics of, chaps. x, xii,
xvi _passim_;
definition, 146;
_see also_ Mongols

Yemen, 178

Yolofs, 180

Yo-kiao-li, 125 _n._

Yunnan, 87

Zama, battle of, 35

Zend, 201

Zeno, 14

Zenobia, 177

Zerubbabel, 194

Zingaris, 124, 195 _n._

Zita, St., 69

Zuleika, 124

PRINTED AT
THE BALLANTYNE PRESS
LONDON & EDINBURGH

-----

Footnote 1:

See my Introduction to Count Gobineau’s “Renaissance” (Heinemann).

Footnote 2:

This dedication and the following preface apply to the whole work, of
which the present volume contains the first book. The remaining books
are occupied by a detailed examination of the civilizations mentioned
at the end of this volume, and it is of these as well as the present
book that the author is thinking, in his preface, when speaking of his
imitators. A few passages in the dedication that relate exclusively to
these books have been omitted.—Tr.

Footnote 3:

Amédée Thierry, _La Gaule sous l’administration romaine_, vol. i, p.
244.

Footnote 4:

By C. F. Weber, _Lucani Pharsalia_ (Leipzig, 1828), vol. i, pp. 122–3,
_note_.

Footnote 5:

Prichard, “Natural History of Man.” Dr. Martius is still more
explicit. _Cf._ Martius and Spix, _Reise in Brasilien_, vol. i, pp.
379–80.

Footnote 6:

Balzac, _Lettre à madame la duchesse de Montausier_.

Footnote 7:

The power of the Tribunate was revived after Appius’s decemvirate in
450 B.C., but the office had been founded more than forty years
before. On the other hand, consular tribunes were first elected after
450 (in 445); but the consular tribunate could hardly be described as
a “great revolution.” The author may be confusing the two
tribunates.—Tr.

Footnote 8:

_Cp._ Homer, “Odyssey,” XV, 415 _sqq._

Footnote 9:

Augustin Thierry, _Récits des temps mérovingiens_; see especially the
story of Mummolus.

Footnote 10:

Cæsar, the democrat and sceptic, knew how to hold language contrary to
his opinions when it was necessary. His funeral oration on his aunt is
very curious: “On the mother’s side,” he said, “Julia was descended
from kings; on her father’s, from the immortal gods: for the Marcian
Reges, whose name her mother bore, were sprung from Ancus Marcius,
while Venus is the ancestress of the Julii, the clan to which belongs
the family of the Cæsars. Thus in our blood is mingled at the same
time the sanctity of kings, who are the mightiest of men, and the
awful majesty of the gods, who hold kings themselves in their power”
(Suetonius, “Julius,” p. 6). Nothing could be more monarchical; and
also, for an atheist, nothing could be more religious.

Footnote 11:

Acts xxvi, 24, 28, 31.

Footnote 12:

The reader will understand that I am not speaking of the political
existence of a centre of sovereignty, but of the life of a whole
society, or the span of a whole civilization. The distinction drawn at
the beginning of chap. ii must be applied here.

Footnote 13:

The celebrated physiologist (1771–1802), and author of _L’Anatomie
générale_.—Tr.

Footnote 14:

This attachment of the Arab tribes to their racial unity shows itself
sometimes in a very curious manner. A traveller (M. Fulgence Fresnel,
I think) says that at Djiddah, where morals are very lax, the same
Bedouin girl who will sell her favours for the smallest piece of money
would think herself dishonoured if she contracted a legal marriage
with the Turk or European to whom she contemptuously lends herself.

Footnote 15:

The man
Of virtuous soul commands not, nor obeys;
Power, like a desolating pestilence,
Pollutes whate’er it touches; and obedience,
Bane of all genius, virtue, freedom, truth,
Makes slaves of men, and of the human frame
A mechanized automaton.
SHELLEY, “Queen Mab.”

Footnote 16:

Anne of Austria, mother of Louis XIV.—Tr.

Footnote 17:

The Comte de Saint-Priest, in an excellent article in the _Revue des
Deux Mondes_, has rightly shown that the party crushed by Cardinal
Richelieu had nothing in common with feudalism or the great
aristocratic methods of government. Montmorency, Cinq-Mars, and
Marillac tried to overthrow the State merely in order to obtain favour
and office for themselves. The great Cardinal was quite innocent of
the “murder of the French nobility,” with which he has been so often
reproached.

Footnote 18:

A. von Humboldt, _Examen critique de l’histoire de la géographie du
nouveau continent_, vol. ii, pp. 129–30.

Footnote 19:

See the articles of Gustave d’Alaux in the _Revue des deux Mondes_.

Footnote 20:

The colony of San Domingo, before its emancipation, was one of the
places where the luxury and refinement of wealth had reached its
highest point. It was, to a superior degree, what Havana has become
through its commercial activity. The slaves are now free and have set
their own house in order. This is the result!

Footnote 21:

Consult, on this subject, Prichard, d’Orbigny, A. von Humboldt, &c.

Footnote 22:

_See above_, p. 38.

Footnote 23:

Compare Carus, _Über ungleiche Befähigung der verschiedenen
Menschheitstämme für höhere geistige Entwickelung_ (Leipzig, 1849), p.
96 _et passim_.

Footnote 24:

Prichard, “Natural History of Man,” sec. 37. _See also_ Squier,
“Observations on the Aboriginal Monuments of the Mississippi Valley.”

Footnote 25:

The special construction of these tumuli and the numerous instruments
and utensils they contain are occupying the attention of many eminent
American antiquaries. It is impossible to doubt the great age of these
monuments. Squier is perfectly right in finding a proof of this in the
mere fact that the skeletons discovered in the tumuli fall to pieces
when brought into the slightest contact with the air, although the
conditions for their preservation are excellent, so far as the quality
of the soil is concerned. On the other hand, the bodies which lay
buried under the cromlechs of Brittany, and which are at least 1800
years old, are perfectly firm. Hence we may easily imagine that there
is no relation between these ancient inhabitants of the land and the
tribes of the present day—the Lenni-Lenapes and others. I must not end
this note without praising the industry and resource shown by American
scholars in the study of the antiquities of their continent. Finding
their labours greatly hindered by the extreme brittleness of the
skulls they had exhumed, they discovered, after many abortive
attempts, a way of pouring a preparation of bitumen into the bodies,
which solidifies at once and keeps the bones from crumbling. This
delicate process, which requires infinite care and quickness, seems,
as a rule, to be entirely successful.

Footnote 26:

Ancient India required a vast amount of clearing on the part of the
first white settlers. _See_ Lassen, _Indische Altertumskunde_, vol. i.
As to Egypt, compare Bunsen, _Ägyptens Stelle in der Weltgeschichte_,
as to the fertilization of the Fayoum, a vast work executed by the
early kings.

Footnote 27:

“They say that it spontaneously produces wheat, barley, beans, and
sesame, and all the edible plants that grow in the plains”
(Syncellus).

Footnote 28:

Salvador, _Histoire des Juifs_.

Footnote 29:

M. Saint-Marc Girardin, in the _Revue des Deux Mondes_.

Footnote 30:

We may cite, on the subject treated in this chapter, the opinion of a
learned historian, though it is rather truculent in tone:

“A large number of writers are convinced that the country makes the
people; that the Bavarians or the Saxons were predestined by the
nature of the soil to become what they are to-day; that Protestantism
does not suit the South, nor Catholicism the North, and so on. Some of
the people who interpret history in the light of their meagre
knowledge, narrow sympathies, and limited intelligence would like to
show that the nation of which we are speaking (the Jews) possessed
such and such qualities—whether these gentlemen understand the nature
of the qualities or not—merely from having lived in Palestine instead
of India or Greece. But if these great scholars, who are so clever in
proving everything, would condescend to reflect that the soil of the
Holy Land has contained in its limited area very different peoples,
with different ideas and religions, and that between these various
peoples and their successors at the present day there have been
infinite degrees of diversity, although the actual country has
remained the same—they would then see how little influence is exerted
by material conditions on a nation’s character and civilization.”
Ewald, _Geschichte des Volkes Israel_, vol. i, p. 259.

Footnote 31:

Acts ii, 4, 8, 9–11.

Footnote 32:

Apocryphal Gospels: “The Story of Joseph the Carpenter,” chap. i.

Footnote 33:

Prichard, “Natural History of Man,” sec. 41.

Footnote 34:

_Ibid._

Footnote 35:

“Synopsis of the Indian Tribes of North America.”

Footnote 36:

I have discussed Prichard’s facts without questioning their value. I
might, however, have simply denied them, and should have had on my
side the weighty authority of A. de Tocqueville, who in his great work
on “Democracy in America” refers to the Cherokees in these words: “The
presence of half-breeds has favoured the very rapid development of
European habits among the Indians. The half-breed shares the
enlightenment of his father without entirely giving up the savage
customs of his mother’s race. He is thus a natural link between
civilization and barbarism. Wherever half-breeds exist and multiply we
see the savages gradually changing their customs and social
conditions” (“Democracy in America,” vol. iii). De Tocqueville ends by
prophesying that although the Cherokees and the Creeks are half-breeds
and not natives, as Prichard says, they will nevertheless disappear in
a short time through the encroachment of the white race.

Footnote 37:

In discussing the list of remarkable negroes which is given in the
first instance by Blumenbach and could easily be supplemented, Carus
well says that among the black races there has never been any politics
or literature or any developed ideas of art, and that when any
individual negroes have distinguished themselves it has always been
the result of white influence. There is not a single man among them to
be compared, I will not say to one of our men of genius, but to the
heroes of the yellow races—for example, Confucius. (Carus, _op. cit._)

Footnote 38:

W. von Humboldt, _Über die Kawi-sprache auf der Insel Java_,
Introduction, vol. i, p. 37.

Footnote 39:

_I.e._ the world in its second stage of improvement.

Footnote 40:

Klemm (_Allgemeine Kulturgeschichte der Menschheit_) divides the races
of men into “active” and “passive.” I do not know his book, and so
cannot tell if his idea agrees with my own. But it is natural that if
we follow the same path we should light upon the same truth.

Footnote 41:

It is also in connexion with these that we find the main cause of the
false judgments passed on foreign peoples. Because the externals of
their civilization are unlike the corresponding parts of our own, we
are often apt to infer hastily that they are either barbarians or of
less worth than ourselves. Nothing could be more superficial, and so
more doubtful, than a conclusion drawn from such premises.

Footnote 42:

“It is still only in China that a poor student can offer himself for
the Imperial examination and come out a great man. This is a splendid
feature of the social organization of the Chinese, and their theory is
certainly better than any other. Unfortunately, its application is far
from perfect. I am not here referring to the errors of judgment and
corruption on the part of the examiners, or even to the sale of
literary degrees, an expedient to which the Government is sometimes
driven in times of financial stress....” (F. J. Mohl, “Annual Report
of the Société Asiatique,” 1846).

Footnote 43:

John F. Davis, “The Chinese” (London, 1840): “Three or four volumes of
any ordinary work of the octavo size and shape may be had for a sum
equivalent to two shillings. A Canton bookseller’s manuscript
catalogue marked the price of the four books of Confucius, including
the commentary, at a price rather under half-a-crown. The cheapness of
their common literature is occasioned partly by the mode of printing,
but partly also by the low price of paper.”

Footnote 44:

“Force them to enter.”

Footnote 45:

A nurse of Touraine put a bird into the hands of the three-year-old
boy of whom she was in charge, and encouraged him to pull out its
wings and feathers. When the parents blamed her for teaching such
wickedness, she replied, “It is to make him proud.” This answer, given
in 1847, goes back directly to the educational maxims in vogue at the
time of Vercingetorix.

Footnote 46:

A very few years ago there was a question of electing a churchwarden
in a little obscure parish of French Brittany, that part of the old
province which the true Bretons call the “Welsh,” or “foreign,”
country. The church council, composed of peasants, deliberated for two
days without being able to make up their minds; for the candidate
before them, though rich and well esteemed as a good man and a good
Christian, was a “foreigner.” The council would not move from its
opinion, although the “foreigner’s” father, as well as himself, had
been born in the district; it was still remembered that his
grandfather, who had been dead for many years and had never known any
member of the council, was an immigrant from another part of the
country. The daughter of a peasant-proprietor makes a _mésalliance_ if
she marries a tailor or a miller or even a farmer, if he works for
wages. It does not matter whether the husband is richer than she is;
her crime is often punished, just the same, by a father’s curse. Is
not this case exactly like that of the churchwarden?

Footnote 47:

This chapter was, of course, written before the appearance of the
“Origin of Species” or the “Descent of Man”; see author’s preface.—Tr.

Footnote 48:

These views are quoted by Flourens (_Eloge de Blumenbach_, _Mémoire de
l’Académie des Sciences_), who himself dissents from them.

Footnote 49:

This and the other illustrations in this chapter are taken from
Prichard, “Natural History of Man.”

Footnote 50:

Meiners was so struck with the repulsive appearance of the greater
part of humanity that he imagined a very simple system of
classification, containing only two categories—the _beautiful_, namely
the white race, and the _ugly_, which includes all the others
(_Grundriss der Geschichte der Menschheit_). The reader will see that
I have not thought it necessary to go through all the ethnological
theories. I only mention the most important.

Footnote 51:

Prichard, _op. cit._ (2nd edition, 1845), p. 112.

Footnote 52:

Prichard, p. 116.

Footnote 53:

_Ibid._, pp. 117–18.

Footnote 54:

Carus, _op. cit._, from which the following details are taken.

Footnote 55:

There are some apparently trivial differences which are, however, very
characteristic. A certain fullness at the side of the lower lip, that
we see among Germans and English, is an example. This mark of Germanic
origin may also be found in some faces of the Flemish School, in the
Rubens _Madonna_ at Dresden, in the _Satyrs and Nymphs_ in the same
collection, in a _Lute-player_ of Mieris, &c. No craniological method
can take account of such details, though they have a certain
importance, in view of the mixed character of our races.

Footnote 56:

Job Ludolf, whose data on this subject were necessarily very
incomplete and inferior to those we have now, is none the less opposed
to the opinion accepted by Prichard. His remarks on the black race are
striking and unanswerable, and I cannot resist the pleasure of quoting
them: “It is not my purpose to speak here about the blackness of the
Ethiop; most people may, if they will, attribute it to the heat of the
sun and the torrid zone. Yet even within the sun’s equatorial path
there are peoples who, if not white, are at least not quite black.
Many who live outside either tropic are further from the Equator than
the Persians or Syrians—for instance, the inhabitants of the Cape of
Good Hope, who, however, are absolutely black. If you say that
blackness belongs solely to Africa and the sons of Ham, you must still
allow that the Malabars and the Cingalese and other even more remote
peoples of Asia are equally black. If you regard the climate and soil
as the reason, then why do not white men become black when they settle
down in these regions? If you take refuge in ‘hidden qualities,’ you
would do better to confess your ignorance at once” (Jobus Ludolfus,
_Commentarium ad Historiam Æthiopicam_). I will add a short and
conclusive passage of Mr. Pickering. He speaks of the regions
inhabited by the black race in these words: “Excluding the northern
and southern extremes, with the tableland of Abyssinia, it holds all
the _more temperate_ and fertile parts of the Continent.” Thus it is
just where we find most of the pure negroes that it is least hot ...
(Pickering, “The Races of Man and their Geographical Distribution.”
The essay is to be found in the “Records of the United States’
Exploring Expedition during the Years 1838–42,” vol. ix).

Footnote 57:

Prichard, p. 124.

Footnote 58:

Neither the Swiss nor the Tyrolese, nor the Highlanders of Scotland,
nor the Balkan Slavs, nor the Himalaya tribes have the same hideous
appearance as the Quichuas.

Footnote 59:

_Annales du Muséum_, vol. xi, p. 458.

Footnote 60:

The unitarians are continually bringing forward comparisons between
man and the animals in support of their theory; I have just been using
such a line of argument myself. It only applies, however, within
limits, and I could not honestly avail myself of it in speaking of the
modification of species by climate. In this respect the difference
between man and the animals is radical and (one might almost say)
specific. There is a geography of animals, as there is of plants; but
there is no geography of man. It is only in certain latitudes that
certain vegetables, mammals, reptiles, fishes, and molluscs can exist;
man, in all his varieties, can live equally well everywhere. In the
case of the animals this fully explains a vast number of differences
in organization; and I can easily believe that the species that cannot
cross a certain meridian or rise to a certain height above sea-level
without dying are very dependent upon the influence of climate and
quick to betray its effects in their forms and instincts. It is just,
however, because man is absolutely free from such bondage that I
refuse to be always comparing his position, in face of the forces of
nature, with that of the animals.

Footnote 61:

Barrow is the author of this theory, which he bases on certain points
of resemblance in the shape of the head and the yellowish colour of
the skin in the natives of the Cape of Good Hope. A traveller, whose
name I forget, has even brought additional evidence by observing that
the Hottentots usually wear a head-dress like the conical hat of the
Chinese.

Footnote 62:

Müller, _Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen_, vol. ii, p. 639.

Footnote 63:

Prichard, “Natural History of Man,” 2nd edition, pp. 484 _et sqq._

Footnote 64:

Genesis xxi, 5.

Footnote 65:

We must make an exception in the case of Shakespeare, who is painting
a picture of Italy. Thus in _Romeo and Juliet_ Capulet says:

“My child is yet a stranger in the world,
She hath not seen the change of fourteen years;
Let two more summers wither in their pride
Ere we may think her ripe to be a bride.”

To which Paris answers:

“Younger than she are happy mothers made.”

Footnote 66:

According to Krapff, a Protestant missionary in East Africa, the
Wanikas marry at twelve, boys and girls alike (_Zeitschrift der
Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft_, vol. iii, p. 317). In
Paraguay the Jesuits introduced the custom, which still holds among
their disciples, of marrying the boys at thirteen and the girls at
ten. Widows of eleven and twelve are to be seen in this country (A.
d’Orbigny, _L’Homme américain_, vol. i, p. 40). In South Brazil the
women marry at ten or eleven. Menstruation both appears and ceases at
an early age (Martius and Spix, _Reise in Brasilien_ vol. i, p. 382).
Such quotations might be infinitely extended; I will only cite one
more. In the novel of Yo-kiao-Li the Chinese heroine is sixteen years
old, and her father is in despair that at such an age she is not yet
married!

Footnote 67:

Prichard, p. 486.

Footnote 68:

It has been since discovered that this fairness, in certain Jews, is
due to a mixture of Tartar blood; in the 9th century a tribe of
Chasars went over to Judaism and intermarried with the German-Polish
Jews (Kutschera, _Die Chasaren_).—Tr.

Footnote 69:

_Edinburgh Review_, “Ethnology or the Science of Races,” October 1848,
pp. 444–8: “There is probably no evidence of original diversity of
race which is so generally relied upon as that derived from the
_colour of the skin and the character of the hair_ ... but it will
not, we think, stand the test of a serious examination....”

Footnote 70:

_Ibid._, p. 453: “The Cingalese are described by Dr. Davy as varying
in colour from light brown to black. The prevalent hue of their hair
and eyes is black, but hazel eyes and brown hair are not very
uncommon; grey eyes and red hair are occasionally seen, though rarely,
and sometimes the light blue or red eye and flaxen hair of the
Albino.”

Footnote 71:

_Edinburgh Review_, “The Samoyedes, Tungusians, and others living on
the borders of the Icy Sea have a dirty brown or swarthy complexion.”

Footnote 72:

_Ibid._, p. 439.

Footnote 73:

_Ibid._, p. 439 (summarized).

Footnote 74:

Hammer, _Geschichte des Osmanischen Reichs_, vol. i, p. 2.

Footnote 75:

Ritter, _Erdkunde, Asien_, vol. i, pp. 433, 1115, &c.; Tassen,
_Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes_, vol. ii, p. 65; Benfey,
Ersch and Gruber’s _Encyclopädie, Indien_, p. 12. A. von Humboldt
calls this fact one of the most important discoveries of our time
(_Asie centrale_, vol. ii, p. 639). From the point of view of
historical science this is absolutely true.

Footnote 76:

Nushirwan, who reigned in the first half of the sixth century A.D.,
married Sharuz, daughter of the Turkish Khan. She was the most
beautiful woman of her time (Haneberg, _Zeitschrift für die Kunde des
Morgenlandes_, vol. i, p. 187). The Shahnameh gives many facts of the
same kind.

Footnote 77:

Just as the Scythians, a Mongolian race, had adopted an Aryan tongue,
so there would be nothing surprising in the view that the Oghuzes were
an Aryan race, although they spoke a Finnish dialect. This theory is
curiously supported by a naïve phrase of the traveller Rubruquis, who
was sent by St. Louis to the ruler of the Mongols. “I was struck,”
says the good monk, “by the likeness borne by this prince to the late
M. Jean de Beaumont, who was equally ruddy and fresh-looking.”
Alexander von Humboldt, interested, as he well might be, by such a
remark, adds with no less good sense, “This point of physiognomy is
especially worth noting if we remember that the family of Tchingiz was
probably Turkish, and not Mongolian.” He confirms his conclusion by
adding that “the absence of Mongolian characteristics strikes us also
in the portraits which we have of the descendants of Baber, the rulers
of India” (_Asie centrale_, vol. i, p. 248 _and note_).

Footnote 78:

Hammer, _op. cit._, vol. i, p. 448: “The battle against the Hungarians
was hotly contested and the booty considerable. So many boys and girls
were seized that the most beautiful female slave was exchanged for a
jackboot, and Ashik-Pacha-Zadeh, the historian, who himself took part
in the battle and the plunder, could not sell five boy-slaves at Skopi
for more than 500 piastres.”

Footnote 79:

“Ethnology,” &c., p. 439: “The Hungarian nobility ... is proved by
historical and philological evidence to have been a branch of the
great Northern Asiatic stock, closely allied in blood to the stupid
and feeble Ostiaks and the untamable Laplanders.”

Footnote 80:

_Essai historique sur l’origine des Hongrois_ (Paris, 1844).

Footnote 81:

The current opinions about the peoples of Central Asia will, it seems,
have to be greatly modified. It can no longer be denied that the blood
of the yellow races has been crossed more or less considerably by a
white strain. This fact was not suspected before, but it throws a
doubt on all the ancient notions on the subject, which must now be
revised in the light of it. Alexander von Humboldt makes a very
important observation with regard to the Kirghiz-Kasaks, who are
mentioned by Menander of Byzantium and Constantine Porphyrogenetes. He
rightly shows that when the former speaks of a Kirghiz (Χερχις)
concubine given by the Turkish Shagan Dithubul to Zemarch, the envoy
of the Emperor Justin II, in 569, he is referring to a girl of mixed
blood. She corresponds exactly to the beautiful Turkish girls who are
so praised by the Persians, and who were as little Mongolian in type
as this Kirghiz (_Asie centrale_, vol. i, p. 237, &c.; vol. ii, pp.
130–31).

Footnote 82:

Schaffarik, _Slavische Altertümer_, vol. i, p. 279 _et pass._

Footnote 83:

Aug. Thierry, _Histoire de la Conquête d’Angleterre_, vol. i, p. 155.

Footnote 84:

Lyell, “Principles of Geology,” vol. i, p. 178.

Footnote 85:

Link, _Die Urwelt und das Altertum_, vol. i, p. 84.

Footnote 86:

Link, _op. cit._, vol. i, p. 91.

Footnote 87:

Cuvier, _op. cit._ Compare also, on this point, the opinion of
Alexander von Humboldt: “In the epochs preceding the existence of the
human race the action of the forces in the interior of the globe must,
as the earth’s crust increased in thickness, have modified the
temperature of the air and made the whole earth habitable by the
products which we now regard as exclusively tropical. Afterwards the
spatial relation of our planet to the central body (the sun) began, by
means of radiation and cooling down, to be almost the sole agent in
determining the climate at different latitudes. It was also in these
primitive times that the elastic fluids, or volcanic forces, inside
the earth, more powerful than they are to-day, made their way through
the oxidized and imperfectly solidified crust of our planet” (_Asie
centrale_, vol. i, p. 47).

Footnote 88:

Second edition, pp. 92–4. The man was born in 1727.

Footnote 89:

_See_ Genesis ii, 8, 10, 15.

Footnote 90:

Lyell, “Principles of Geology,” vol. ii, p. 119.

Footnote 91: