Chapter I: Preface

Some years ago the writer of these pages, when on his way to what is called a general congregation of the Society of Jesus, was asked by a fellow-passenger on an Atlantic liner, if he knew anything about the Jesuits. He answered in the affirmative and proceeded to give an account of the character and purpose of the Order. After a few moments, he was interrupted by the inquirer with, "You know nothing at all about them, Sir; good day." Possibly the Jesuits themselves are responsible for this attitude of mind, which is not peculiar to people at sea, but is to be met everywhere.

As a matter of fact, no Jesuit has thus far ever written a complete or adequate history of the Society; Orlandini, Jouvancy and Cordara attempted it a couple of centuries ago, but their work never got beyond the first one hundred years. Two very small compendiums by Jesuits have been recently published, one in Italian by Rosa, the other in French by Brucker, but they are too congested to be satisfactory to the average reader, and Brucker's stops at the Suppression of the Society by Clement XIV in 1773. Crétineau-Joly's history was written in great haste; he is often a special pleader, and even Jesuits find him too eulogistic. At present he is hopelessly antiquated, his last volume bearing the date of 1833. B. N. (Barbara Neave) published in English a history of the Society based largely on Crétineau-Joly. The consequence of this lack of authoritative works is that the general public gets its information about the Jesuits from writers who are prejudiced or ill-informed or, who, perhaps, have been hired to defame the Society for political purposes. Other authors, again, have found the Jesuits a romantic theme, and have drawn largely on their imagination for their statements.

Attention was called to this condition of things by the Congregation of the Society which elected Father Martin to the post of General of the Jesuits in 1892. As a result he appointed a corps of distinguished writers to co-operate in the production of a universal history of the Society, which was to be colossal in size, based on the most authentic documents, and in line with the latest and most exacting requirements of recent scientific historiography. On the completion of the various parts, they are to be co-ordinated and then translated into several languages, so as to supply material for minor histories within the reach of the general public. Such a scheme necessarily supposes a very considerable time before the completion of the entire work, and, as matter of fact, although several volumes have already appeared in English, French, German, Spanish and Italian, the authors are still discussing events that occurred two centuries ago. Happily their researches have thrown much light on the early history of the Order; an immense number of _documents inédits_, published by Carayon and others, have given us a more intimate knowledge of the intermediate period; many biographies have been written, and the huge volume of the "Liber sæcularis" by Albers brings the record down to our own days. Thus, though much valuable information has already been made available for the general reader the great collaborative work is far from completion. Hence the present history of the Jesuits.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

ORIGIN PAGE

The Name--Opprobrious meanings--Caricatures of the
Founder--Purpose of the Order--Early life of Ignatius--
Pampeluna--Conversion--Manresa--The Exercises--Authorship
--Journey to Palestine--The Universities--Life in Paris--
First Companions--Montmartre First Vows--Assembly at
Venice. Failure to reach Palestine--First Journey to Rome
--Ordination to the Priesthood--Labors in Italy--Submits
the Constitutions for Papal Approval--Guidiccioni's
opposition--Issue of the Bull _Regimini_--Sketch of the
Institute--Crypto-Jesuits 1-35

CHAPTER II

INITIAL ACTIVITIES

Portugal, Spain, France, Germany, Italy--Election of
Ignatius--Jesuits in Ireland--"The Scotch Doctor"--Faber
and Melanchthon--Le Jay--Bobadilla--Council of Trent--
Laínez, Salmerón, Canisius--The Catechism--Opposition in
Spain--Cano--Pius V--First Missions to America--The
French Parliaments--Postel--Foundation of the Collegium
Germanicum at Rome--Similar Establishments in Germany--
Clermont and other Colleges in France--Colloque de
Poissy. 36-71

CHAPTER III

ENDS OF THE EARTH

Xavier departs for the East--Goa--Around Hindostan--
Malacca--The Moluccas--Return to Goa--The Valiant
Belgian--Troubles in Goa--Enters Japan--Returns to Goa--
Starts for China--Dies off the Coast--Remains brought to
Goa--Africa--Congo, Angola, Caffreria, Abyssinia--
Brazil, Nobrega, Anchieta, Azevedo--Failure of Rodriguez
in Portugal 72-95

CHAPTER IV

CONSPICUOUS PERSONAGES

Ignatius--Laínez--Borgia--Bellarmine--Toletus--Lessius--
Maldonado--Suárez--Lugo--Valencia--Petavius--Warsewicz--
Nicolai--Possevin--Vieira--Mercurian 96-133

CHAPTER V

THE ENGLISH MISSION

Conditions after Henry VIII--Allen--Persons--Campion--
Entrance into England--Kingsley's Caricature--Thomas
Pounde--Stephens--Capture and death of Campion--Other
Martyrs--Southwell, Walpole--Jesuits in Ireland and
Scotland--The English Succession--Dissensions--The
Archpriest Blackwell--The Appellants--The Bye-Plot--
Accession of James I--The Gunpowder Plot--Garnet,
Gerard 134-165

CHAPTER VI

JAPAN
1555-1645

After Xavier's time--Torres and Fernandes--Civandono--
Nunhes and Pinto--The King of Hirando--First Persecution
--Gago and Vilela--Almeida--Uprising against the Emperor
--Justus Ucondono and Nobunaga--Valignani--Founding of
Nangasaki--Fervor and Fidelity of the Converts--Embassy
to Europe--Journey through Portugal, Spain and Italy--
Reception by Gregory XIII and Sixtus V--Return to Japan
--The Great Persecutions by Taicosama, Daifusama, Shogun
I and Shogun II--Spinola and other Martyrs--Arrival of
Franciscans and Dominicans--Popular eagerness for death
--Mastrilli--Attempts to establish a Hierarchy--Closing
the Ports--Discovery of the Christians. 166-196

CHAPTER VII

THE GREAT STORMS
1580-1597

Manares suspected of ambition--Election of Aquaviva--
Beginning of Spanish discontent--Dionisio Vásquez--The
"Ratio Studiorum"--Society's action against Confessors
of Kings and Political Embassies--Trouble with the
Spanish Inquisition and Philip II--Attempts at a Spanish
Schism--The Ormanetto papers--Ribadeneira suspected--
Imprisonment of Jesuits by the Spanish Inquisition--
Action of Toletus--Extraordinary Congregation called--
Exculpation of Aquaviva--The dispute "de Auxiliis"--
Antoine Arnauld's attack--Henry IV and Jean Chastel--
Reconciliation of Henry IV to the Church--Royal
protection--Saint Charles Borromeo--Troubles in Venice--
Sarpi--Palafox 197-227

CHAPTER VIII

THE ASIATIC CONTINENT

The Great Mogul--Rudolph Aquaviva--Jerome Xavier--de
Nobili--de Britto--Beschi--The Pariahs--Entering Thibet
--From Pekin to Europe--Mingrelia, Paphlagonia and
Chaldea--The Maronites--Alexander de Rhodes--Ricci enters
China--From Agra to Pekin--Adam Schall--Arrival of the
Tatars--Persecutions--Schall condemned to Death--Verbiest
--de Tournon's Visit--The French Royal Mathematicians--
Avril's Journey 228-267

CHAPTER IX

BATTLE OF THE BOOKS

Aquaviva and the Spanish Opposition--Vitelleschi--The
"Monita Secreta"; Morlin--Roding--"Historia Jesuitici
Ordinis"--"Jesuiticum Jejunium"--"Speculum Jesuiticum"--
Pasquier--Mariana--"Mysteries of the Jesuits"--"The
Jesuit Cabinet"--"Jesuit Wolves"--"Teatro Jesuítico"--
"Morale Pratique des Jésuites"--"Conjuratio Sulphurea"--
"Lettres Provinciales"--"Causeries du Lundi" and
Bourdaloue--Prohibition of publication by Louis XIV--
Pastoral of the Bishops of Sens--Santarelli--Escobar--
Anti-Coton--Margry's "Descouvertes"--Norbert 268-295

CHAPTER X

THE TWO AMERICAS
1567-1673

Chile and Peru--Valdivia--Peruvian Bark--Paraguay
Reductions--Father Fields--Emigration from Brazil--
Social and religious prosperity of the Reductions--
Martyrdom of twenty-nine missionaries--Reductions in
Colombia--Peter Claver--French West Indies--St. Kitts--
Irish Exiles--Father Bath or Destriches--Montserrat--
Emigration to Guadeloupe--Other Islands--Guiana--Mexico--
Lower California--The Pious Fund--The Philippines--
Canada Missions--Brébeuf, Jogues, Le Moyne, Marquette--
Maryland--White--Lewger 296-342

CHAPTER XI

CULTURE

Colleges--Their Popularity--Revenues--Character of
education: Classics; Science; Philosophy; Art--
Distinguished Pupils--Poets: Southwell; Balde;
Sarbievius; Strada; Von Spee; Gresset; Beschi.--Orators:
Vieira; Segneri; Bourdaloue.--Writers: Isla; Ribadeneira;
Skarga; Bouhours etc.--Historians--Publications--
Scientists and Explorers--Philosophers--Theologians--
Saints 343-386

CHAPTER XII

FROM VITELLESCHI TO RICCI
1615-1773

Pupils in the Thirty Years War--Caraffa; Piccolomini;
Gottifredi--Mary Ward--Alleged decline of the Society--
John Paul Oliva--Jesuits in the Courts of Kings--John
Casimir--English Persecutions. Luzancy and Titus Oates--
Jesuit Cardinals--Gallicanism in France--Maimbourg--Dez--
Troubles in Holland. De Noyelle and Innocent XI--
Attempted Schism in France--González and Probabilism--Don
Pedro of Portugal--New assaults of Jansenists--
Administration of Retz--Election of Ricci--The Coming
Storm 387-423

CHAPTER XIII

CONDITIONS BEFORE THE CRASH

State of the Society--The Seven Years War--Political
Changes--Rulers of Spain, Portugal, Naples, France and
Austria--Febronius--Sentiments of the Hierarchy--Popes
Benedict XIV; Clement XIII; Clement XIV 424-441

CHAPTER XIV

Pombal

Early life--Ambitions--Portuguese Missions--Seizure of
the Spanish Reductions. Expulsion of the Missionaries--
End of the Missions in Brazil--War against the Society in
Portugal--The Jesuit Republic--Cardinal Saldanha--Seizure
of Churches and Colleges--The Assassination Plot--The
Prisons--Exiles--Execution of Malagrida 442-477

CHAPTER XV

CHOISEUL

The French Method--Purpose of the Enemy--Preliminary
Accusations--Voltaire's testimony--La Vallette--La
Chalotais--Seizure of Property--Auto da fé of the Works
of Lessius, Suárez, Valentia, etc.--Appeal of the French
Episcopacy--Christophe de Beaumont--Demand for a French
Vicar--"Sint ut sunt aut non sint"--Protest of Clement
XIII--Action of Father La Croix and the Jesuits of Paris--
Louis XV signs the Act of Suppression--Occupations of
dispersed Jesuits--Undisturbed in Canada--Expelled from
Louisiana--Choiseul's Colonization of Guiana 478-503

CHAPTER XVI

CHARLES III

The Bourbon Kings of Spain--Character of Charles III--
Spanish Ministries--O'Reilly--The Hat and Cloak Riot--
Cowardice of Charles--Tricking the monarch--The Decree
of Suppression--Grief of the Pope--His death--Disapproval
in France by the Encyclopedists--The Royal Secret--
Simultaneousness of the Suppression--Wanderings of the
Exiles--Pignatelli--Expulsion by Tanucci 504-529

CHAPTER XVII

THE FINAL BLOW

Ganganelli--Political plotting at the Election--Bernis,
Aranda, Aubeterre--The Zelanti--Election of Clement XIV--
Renewal of Jesuit Privileges by the new Pope--Demand of
the Bourbons for a universal Suppression--The Three
Years' Struggle--Fanaticism of Charles III--Menaces of
Schism--Moñino--Maria Theresa--Spoliations in Italy--
Signing the Brief--Imprisonment of Father Ricci and the
Assistants--Silence and Submission of the Jesuits to the
Pope's Decree 530-554

CHAPTER XVIII

THE INSTRUMENT

Summary of the Brief of Suppression and its Supplementary
Document 555-576

CHAPTER XIX

THE EXECUTION

Seizure of the Gesù in Rome--Suspension of the Priests--
Juridical Trial of Father Ricci continued during Two
Years--The Victim's Death-bed Statement--Admission of his
Innocence by the Inquisitors--Obsequies--Reason of his
Protracted Imprisonment--Liberation of the Assistants by
Pius VI--Receipt of the Brief outside of Rome--Refused by
Switzerland, Poland, Russia and Prussia--Read to the
Prisoners in Portugal by Pombal--Denunciation of it by
the Archbishop of Paris--Suppression of the Document by
the Bishop of Quebec--Acceptance by Austria--Its
Enforcement in Belgium--Carroll at Bruges--Defective
Promulgation in Maryland. 577-603

CHAPTER XX

THE SEQUEL TO THE SUPPRESSION

Failure of the Papal Brief to give peace to the Church--
Liguori and Tanucci--Joseph II destroying the Church in
Austria--Voltaireanism in Portugal--Illness of Clement
XIV--Death--Accusations of poisoning--Election of Pius VI
--The Synod of Pistoia--Febronianism in Austria--Visit of
Pius VI to Joseph II--The Punctation of Ems--Spain,
Sardinia, Venice, Sicily in opposition to the Pope--
Political collapse in Spain--Fall of Pombal--Liberation
of his Victims--Protest of de Guzman--Death of Joseph II
--Occupations of the dispersed Jesuits--The _Theologia
Wiceburgensis_--Feller--Beauregard's Prophecy--Zaccaria--
Tiraboschi--Boscovich--Missionaries--Denunciation of the
Suppression in the French Assembly--Slain in the French
Revolution--Destitute Jesuits in Poland--Shelter in
Russia 604-635

CHAPTER XXI

THE RUSSIAN CONTINGENT

Frederick the Great and the "Philosophes"--Protection of
the Jesuits--Death of Voltaire--Catherine of Russia--The
Four Colleges--The Empress at Polotsk--Joseph II at
Mohilew--Archetti--Baron Grimm--Czerniewicz and the
Novitiate--Assent of Pius VI--Potemkin--Siestrzencewicz--
General Congregation--Benislawski--"_Approbo; Approbo_"--
Accession of former Jesuits. Gruber and the Emperor Paul
--Alexander I--Missions in Russia 636-664

CHAPTER XXII

THE RALLYING

Fathers of the Sacred Heart--Fathers of the Faith--Fusion
--Paccanari--The Rupture--Exodus to Russia--Varin in
Paris--Clorivière--Carroll's doubts--Pignatelli--Poirot
in China--Grassi's Odyssey 665-684

CHAPTER XXIII

THE RESTORATION

Tragic death of Father Gruber--Fall of Napoleon--Release
of the Pope--The Society Re-established--Opening of
Colleges--Clorivière--Welcome of the Society in Spain--
Repulsed in Portugal--Opposed by Catholics in England--
Announced in America--Carroll--Fenwick--Neale 685-715

CHAPTER XXIV

THE FIRST CONGREGATION

Expulsion from Russia--Petrucci, Vicar--Attempt to wreck
the Society--Saved by Consalvi and Rozaven 716-733

CHAPTER XXV

A CENTURY OF DISASTER

Expulsion from Holland--Trouble at Freiburg--Expulsion
and recall in Spain--_Petits Séminaires_--Berryer--
Montlosier--The Men's Sodalities--St. Acheul mobbed--
Fourteen Jesuits murdered in Madrid--Interment of Pombal
--de Ravignan's pamphlet--Veuillot--Montalembert--de
Bonald--Archbishop Affre--Michelet, Quinet and Cousin--
Gioberti--Expulsion from Austria--Kulturkampf--Slaughter
of the Hostages in the Commune--South America and Mexico
--Flourishing Condition before the Outbreak of the World
War 734-764

CHAPTER XXVI

MODERN MISSIONS

During the Suppression--Roothaan's appeal--South America
--The Philippines--United States Indians--De Smet--
Canadian Reservations--Alaska--British Honduras--China--
India--Syria--Algeria--Guinea--Egypt--Madagascar--
Mashonaland--Congo--Missions depleted by World War--
Actual number of missionaries 765-824

CHAPTER XXVII

COLLEGES

Responsibility of the Society for loss of Faith in Europe
--The Loi Falloux--Bombay--Calcutta--Beirut--American
Colleges--Scientists, Archæologists, Meteorologists,
Seismologists, Astronomers--Ethnologists 825-854

CHAPTER XXVIII

LITERATURE

Grammars and Lexicons of every tongue--Dramas--Histories
of Literature--Cartography--Sinology--Egyptology--
Sanscrit--Catholic Encyclopedia--Catalogues of Jesuit
Writers--Acta Sanctorum--Jesuit Relations--Nomenclator--
Periodicals--Philosophy--Dogmatic, Moral and Ascetic
Theology--Canon Law--Exegesis 855-890

CHAPTER XXIX

THE SOVEREIGN PONTIFFS AND THE SOCIETY

Devotion, Trust and Affection of each Pope of the
Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries manifested in his
Official and Personal Relations with the Society 891-916

CHAPTER XXX