Chapter III: Greek and Roman Concepts of Race

Footnote 45:

The extreme of racial fanaticism will be found in H. S. Chamberlain,
Grundzüge des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts.

Footnote 46:

Aristophanes, Acharn. 104, Ιαοναῦ and the Schol. _ad
loc._: ὂτὶ πάντας τοὺς Ἕλληνας Ἰάονας ἐκάλουν οι
βάρβαροι.

Footnote 47:

After the defeat of the Persians, the victors set up a tripod at
Delphi, about the stem of which a bronze serpent was coiled. About
this serpent ran an inscription, τοίδε τὸν πόλεμον
ἐπολέμεον, “The following took part in the war.” Then follows
the list of the Greeks beginning with the Lacedemonians. Here, if
anywhere, a collective term denoting the common origin of all these
nations might have been expected.

Footnote 48:

Euripides, Iph. Aul. 1400; Aristotle, Pol. I. ii. 4; ὡς ταὐτὸ
φύσει βάρβαρον καὶ δοῦλον ὄν.

Footnote 49:

Isocrates, Pan. 181.

Footnote 50:

Demosthenes, In Mid. 48 (xx. 530).

Footnote 51:

Daniel xi. 3.

Footnote 52:

Besides the flings at barbarian descent scattered throughout the
orators (cf. Dem. In Steph. A. 30), Hellenic origin was required for
all the competitors in the Olympian games. Herodotus, v. 22.

Footnote 53:

The secretary of Appius Caecus was a certain Gnaeus Flavius, grandson
of a slave, who became not merely _curule aedile_, but one of the
founders of Roman jurisprudence. (Livy, IX. xlvi.). Likewise the
Gabinius that proposed the Lex Tabellaria of 139 B.C.E. was the son or
grandson of a slave, _vernae natus_ or _nepos_. (Cf. the newly
discovered fragment of Livy’s Epitome, Oxyr. Pap. iv. 101 f.) The
general statement is made by the emperor Claudius (Tac. Ann. xi. 24),
in a passage unfortunately absent in the fragments of the actual
speech discovered at Lyons.

Footnote 54:

Cicero, In Pisonem (Fragments 10-13). Aeschines, In Ctes. 172.

Footnote 55:

Muttines, a Liby-Phoenician (cf. Livy, XXI. xxii. 3, _Libyphoenices
mixtum Punicum Afris genus_), becomes a Roman citizen (_ibid._ XXVI.
v. 11).

Footnote 56:

Ennius ap. Cic. de. Or. iii. 168.

Footnote 57:

Mucius defines _gentiles_, _i.e._ true members of Roman _gentes_, as
follows (ap. Cic. Topica, vi. 29): _Gentiles sunt inter se qui eodem
nomine sunt, qui ab ingenuis oriundi sunt, quorum maiorum nemo
servitutem servivit, qui capite non sunt deminuti._ Literally taken,
that would exclude descendants of former slaves to the thousandth
generation. But Pliny demands somewhat less even for Roman knights.
The man is to be _ingenuus ipse, patre, avo paterno_ (H. N. XXXIII.
ii. 32).

Footnote 58:

Gallic was still spoken in southern Gaul in the fourth century C.E.,
Syriac at Antioch in the time of Jerome, and Punic at Carthage for
centuries after the destruction of the city.

Footnote 59:

The racial bond upon which modern scientific sectaries lay such stress
was constantly disregarded in ancient and modern times. The Teutonic
Burgundians found an alliance with the Mongol Avars against the
Teutonic Franks a perfectly natural thing.