Chapter I: Part 1

THE HONORABLE THEODORE ROOSEVELT,

President of the United States.

An Active Member of the Society.
]

THE JOURNAL
OF THE
AMERICAN-IRISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

BY

THOMAS HAMILTON MURRAY,

_Secretary-General_.

VOLUME VI.

BOSTON, MASS.,
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY,
1906.

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CONTENTS

AN INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY, A. D. 1906.
THE ANNUAL MEETING AND DINNER, A. D. 1906.
ADDRESS TO THE SOCIETY BY PRESIDENT-GENERAL McGOWAN.
RECEPTION TO THE PRESIDENT-GENERAL.
SOME HISTORICAL PAPERS.
REVIEW OF THE YEAR.
NECROLOGY.
MEMBERSHIP ROLL OF THE AMERICAN-IRISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY.
PRESIDENTS-GENERAL OF THE SOCIETY.
GENERAL INFORMATION REGARDING THE AMERICAN-IRISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY.
GOOD WORDS FOR VOL. V OF THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY.
GENERAL INDEX.

AN INTRODUCTORY NOTE.

This is the sixth volume of the JOURNAL of the Society. It continues the series so auspiciously begun years ago and which has been added to annually. These six volumes represent a great amount of work and contain a vast deal of historical material relative to the Irish element in the composition of the American people. As we progress with our researches, even we ourselves are quite astonished at the facts brought to light, facts showing in a far greater degree than anticipated, how tremendously important was the part taken by the Irish element in American colonial life and in the early and subsequent career of the republic itself. The present volume sets forth much matter of interest and value in this regard, and is in every way a worthy companion for the volumes of the JOURNAL that have preceded it.

BOSTON, MASS., December 31, 1906.

OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY, A. D. 1906.

_President-General_,
=Rear Admiral John McGowan, U. S. N.= (retired),
Washington, D. C.

_Vice-President-General_,
=Hon. Franklin M. Danaher=,
Albany, N. Y.

_Secretary General_,
=Thomas Hamilton Murray=,
36 Newbury Street, Boston, Mass.

_Treasurer-General_,
=Michael F. Dooley=,
Of the Union Trust Co., Providence, R. I.

_Librarian and Archivist_,
=Thomas B. Lawler=,
Of Ginn & Company, publishers, Boston and New York.

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL,

The foregoing and

=Hon. John D. Crimmins=, New York City. =Hon. William McAdoo=, New York City. =Hon. Thomas J. Gargan=, Boston, Mass. =Patrick F. Magrath=, Binghamton, N. Y. =Rev. John J. McCoy, LL. D.=, Worcester, Mass. =Thomas Addis Emmet, M. D., LL. D.=, New York City. =Edward J. McGuire=, New York City. =John F. O’Connell=, Providence, R. I. =James L. O’Neill=, Elizabeth, N. J. =Stephen Farrelly=, New York City. =Cyrus Townsend Brady, LL. D.=, Toledo, Ohio. =Hon. Thomas J. Lynch=, Augusta, Me. =John J. Lenehan=, New York City. =Hon. Thomas Z. Lee=, Providence, R. I. =Hon. Patrick Garvan=, Hartford, Conn. =Maj. John Crane=, New York City. =Col. John McManus=, Providence, R. I. =Hon. William Gorman=, Philadelphia, Pa. =Col. C. C. Sanders=, Gainesville, Ga. =John F. Doyle=, New York City.

STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS.

Maine—=James Cunningham=, Portland. New Hampshire—=Hon. James F. Brennan=, Peterborough. Vermont—=John D. Hanrahan, M. D.=, Rutland. Massachusetts—=Hon. Joseph H. O’Neil=, Boston. Rhode Island—=Thomas A. O’Gorman=, Providence. Connecticut—=Dennis H. Tierney=, Waterbury. New York—=Joseph I. C. Clarke=, New York City. New Jersey—=John F. Kehoe=, Newark. Pennsylvania—=Hugh McCaffrey=, Philadelphia. Delaware—=John J. Cassidy=, Wilmington. Virginia—=James W. McCarrick=, Norfolk. West Virginia—=John F. Healy=, Thomas, Tucker County. South Carolina—=Henry A. Molony=, Charleston. Georgia—=Capt. John Flannery=, Savannah. Ohio—=John Lavelle=, Cleveland. Illinois—=Hon. P. T. Barry=, Chicago. Indiana—=Very Rev. Andrew Morrissey, C. S. C.=, Notre Dame. Iowa—=Rt. Rev. Philip J. Garrigan, D. D.=, Sioux City. Montana—=Rt. Rev. M. C. Lenihan, D. D.=, Great Falls. Minnesota—=Hon. C. D. O’Brien=, St. Paul. Missouri—=Julius L. Foy=, St. Louis. Kentucky—=John J. Slattery=, Louisville. Kansas—=Patrick H. Coney=, Topeka. Utah—=Joseph Geoghegan=, Salt Lake City. Texas—=Gen. A. G. Malloy=, El Paso. California—=James Connolly=, Coronado.

OTHER VICE-PRESIDENTS.

District of Columbia—=Hon. Edward A. Moseley=, Washington. Arizona—=Col. O’Brien Moore=, Tucson. Indian Territory—=Joseph F. Swords=, Sulphur. Canada—=Hon. Felix Carbray=, Quebec. Ireland—=Dr. Michael F. Cox=, Dublin.

THE ANNUAL MEETING AND DINNER, A. D. 1906.

The annual meeting and dinner of the Society took place at the Hotel Manhattan, 42d Street and Madison Avenue, New York City, on Thursday evening, January 18, 1906. Preceding the meeting a reception was held, during which the members and guests from various cities and states exchanged greetings and congratulated each other upon the continued success of the organization.

The annual meeting was called to order by Hon. John D. Crimmins of New York City, president-general of the Society.

Thomas Hamilton Murray of Boston, Mass., secretary-general of the organization, recorded the minutes of the meeting.

Mr. Crimmins delivered an address of welcome and felicitated the Society upon its usefulness and good work in the cause of historical truth.

It was voted that, in order to save time, the reading of the records of the preceding meeting be omitted.

The annual reports of the secretary-general and the treasurer-general were then presented, and were accepted and adopted.

Appropriate action was taken on members of the Society who had died during the year.

Mr. Edward J. McGuire of New York City, paid an eloquent tribute to the late Francis C. Travers of the Society. Mr. Travers was one of the leading New York members of the organization and always took an active interest in advancing its interests and welfare.

The list of officers nominated by the executive council to serve the Society for the ensuing year, was presented and was unanimously elected, the secretary-general being authorized to cast one ballot for the same. (The ticket is set forth on pages 5 and 6 of this volume.)

Upon the result of the election being announced, Hon. Franklin M. Danaher of Albany, N. Y., the newly-chosen vice-president-general, took the chair, in the absence of Admiral McGowan, the new president-general.

Judge Danaher thanked the members for the honor bestowed upon him, and delivered a brief address along the Society’s line of work.

During the meeting attention was called to the movement to erect a monument in Washington, D. C., to Commodore John Barry, and the active interest of the members of the Society was urged in behalf of the project.

After thanks had been extended the retiring officers for their services to the Society, several new members were elected and the meeting adjourned.

THE ANNUAL DINNER.

Upon the adjournment of the business meeting, the members and guests proceeded to the banquet hall of the Manhattan for the annual dinner. Judge Danaher presided and seated on his right and left, among others, were: the retiring president-general, Hon. John D. Crimmins; Hon. Joseph T. Lawless of Norfolk, Va.; Michael F. Dooley, of the Union Trust Company, Providence, R. I.; Hon. John Hannan, mayor of Ogdensburg, N. Y.; Hon. John F. Finerty, Chicago, Ill., and other prominent gentlemen.

After grace had been said, the company began a practical discussion of the elaborate menu prepared for the occasion. Among those present were the following:

FROM NEW YORK CITY, INCLUDING BROOKLYN.

Hon. John D. Crimmins. Rev. Henry A. Brann, D. D. Hon. Joseph F. Daly. Henry Wright. Stephen J. Richardson. F. J. Richardson. James J. Phelan. Thomas F. Smith. James Kearney. T. P. Kelly. Edward J. McGuire. Dr. Bryan DeF. Sheedy. Francis D. Ward. W. H. Mahony. John Quinn. Cyril Crimmins. William F. Daly. John J. Lenehan. Edmond J. Curry. John O’Sullivan. Willis B. Dowd. P. J. O’Leary. James T. Ryan. Warren E. Mosher. D. H. McBride. John F. Doyle. Alfred L. Doyle. Edward H. Daly. E. Clinton Smith. Richard P. Morrissey. David Healy. J. E. Smith, M. D. Maurice O’Meara. R. J. O’Donnell. Edward M. Tierney. F. H. Stoltzenberg, Jr. John E. Milholland. Dr. C. E. Byrne. W. F. Clare. John J. Daly. William J. Broderick. P. J. Hughes. John Flanigan. Charles V. Halley, Sr. Charles V. Halley, Jr. John J. Fox. James O’Flaherty. A. J. Meister. Maj. E. T. McCrystal. Matthew J. Flynn. Robert Watchorn. John H. Regan. John H. Rogan. Peter McDonnell, Jr. John J. Ryan. Patrick Kiernan. T. Vincent Butler. John Jay Joyce. Henry L. Joyce. James F. Roach. J. O’Carroll. J. R. Adams. John J. Haigney. H. Van Atta. Theron Van Atta. Frank V. A. Loucks. John J. Sullivan. Andrew J. Curtin. James P. Farrell. Daniel Moynahan. James W. O’Brien. George A. Fleury. Joseph Hopkins. George W. Sweeney. Daniel J. Curtin. Sylvester J. O’Sullivan. J. D. Rohan.

PRESENT FROM OTHER PLACES.

Hon. Joseph T. Lawless, Norfolk, Va. Hon. Franklin M. Danaher, Albany, N. Y. Hon. John F. Finerty, Chicago, Ill. Hon. John Hannan, Ogdensburg, N. Y. Hon. J. J. O’Connor, Elmira, N. Y. Hon. Thomas Z. Lee, Providence, R. I. P. F. Magrath, Binghamton, N. Y. James O’Sullivan, Lowell, Mass. Rev. James O’Doherty, Haverhill, Mass. Rev. John D. Coyle, New Haven, Conn. Hugh N. Murphy, Newark, N. J. Patrick Cassidy, M. D., Norwich, Conn. Henry V. McLaughlin, M. D., Brookline, Mass. J. F. O’Reilly, Montclair, N. J. John F. Hayes, M. D., Waterbury, Conn. Thomas Hamilton Murray, Boston, Mass. Patrick Carter, Providence, R. I. George J. Twohy, Norfolk, Va. R. J. Donahue, Ogdensburg, N. Y. Michael F. Dooley, Providence, R. I. James L. O’Neill, Elizabeth, N. J. Joseph M. Byrne, Newark, N. J. Don C. Seitz, Cos Cob, Conn. Bernard J. Joyce, Boston, Mass. Dennis H. Tierney, Waterbury, Conn. John T. F. MacDonnell, Holyoke, Mass. Thomas A. O’Gorman, Providence, R. I. M. P. O’Connor, Binghamton, N. Y. P. H. Garrity, Waterbury, Conn. Richard Tillard, Newark, N. J. Francis I. McCanna, Providence, R. I. H. S. Tierney, Torrington, Conn. James J. Higgins, Elizabeth, N. J. Thomas J. Spellacy, Hartford, Conn. John F. O’Connell, Providence, R. I. John Haddow, Newark, N. J. Michael J. Morkan, Hartford, Conn. William J. Kelly, Portsmouth, N. H. John J. McNally, Norfolk, Va.

The after-dinner exercises were of unusual interest, Judge Danaher presiding, as he had over the dinner, and the various events on the program being most enjoyable.

The leading paper of the evening was by Hon. Joseph T. Lawless of Norfolk, Va., whose subject was “Gen. Daniel Morgan of the Revolution.” It was a very able production and was highly appreciated.

Willis B. Dowd of New York City, read a paper on the “Early Irish Settlers of North Carolina,” showing much research on his part, and being a valuable contribution to the historical papers of the Society.

There were also addresses by Hon. John F. Finerty of Chicago, Ill., and by other gentlemen.

The evening’s exercises likewise included solo and chorus singing, with orchestral accompaniment, the selections including “The Star Spangled Banner” and “Killarney.”

ADDRESS TO THE SOCIETY BY PRESIDENT-GENERAL McGOWAN.

The following address was issued early in the year by President-General McGowan:

_To the Members of the American-Irish Historical Society_:

GENTLEMEN: Permit me to express my gratitude for the honor you have
done me in electing me to be your president-general for the ensuing
year. I accept the office, and will discharge its duties and
responsibilities to the utmost of my ability.

To be the official head of a society such as ours is a position any
man, no matter how exalted his place in life, should be proud to
hold. My distinguished predecessors in the office—Meade, Moseley,
Gargan, Crimmins, McAdoo—have ably presided over the Society’s
affairs in the past and have reflected honor upon the organization,
as honor has been reflected upon them in virtue of their being
chosen to that high station.

The American-Irish Historical Society is now in its tenth year of
existence. It has accomplished a vast amount of good, and the
practical work it has so abundantly performed is of permanent value
and utility. No organization was more needed and none has a broader
or more glorious field in which to work.

The Irish chapter in American history is one of the most important
and interesting in our career as a nation. It was a strong and
important chapter in America for even a century before we became a
nation, and has gone on increasing in importance and potency, in
value and interest, as generation has succeeded generation, until
today it stands unsurpassed in the respects mentioned.

As John Boyle O’Reilly once wrote,

We slight no true devotion, steal no fame
From other shrines to gild the Pilgrims’ name.

So I may say, we rob no race to gild the Irish name when we
undertake to unearth the records of the past, showing what the Irish
element has accomplished in the early colonial periods and in later
periods when the republic was forming and had become a fact. We
merely wish to claim, assert and set forth the credit which to us
belongs, for the part that men and women of Irish blood took in
bringing about the reign of liberty and freedom we now enjoy.

Toward people of all other race elements in the make-up of the
American people—English, French, Dutch, German, etc., by whatever
name they may be known or from whatever land they or their ancestors
may have come—we entertain good will and desire them to have such
meed of credit and of praise as to them belongs. We do not wish to
praise ourselves by “masquerading in borrowed plumes,” nor have we
any desire to detract one iota from the credit that is honestly that
of others.

But the credit that is ours we demand and shall insist upon
possessing. Our mission is “To make better known the Irish chapter
in American history.” That brief statement of our principles conveys
in a very few words our exact reason for existence as a society.

We are an American historical organization devoted to a work that
shall place the Irish element in this great republic in its proper
and merited position before the American people of which we
constitute no small part, and which shall, at the same time, reflect
glory upon the Irish fatherland. Our Society rests upon a generous
basis. Its founders builded wisely and for the perpetuation of the
heroic deeds of the past. I trust these founders will long be
honored by every member of the organization.

Reviewing the work thus far accomplished by the Society, I am
prompted to say a few words: With very limited financial means, we
have, nevertheless, produced five handsome volumes of the JOURNAL of
the organization, two other volumes of great merit and a number of
extremely interesting pamphlets. Copies of these publications have
been placed in the leading libraries of the country, where they have
been cordially welcomed. Our publications are in the libraries of
such institutions as Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Dartmouth, Cornell,
Georgetown, Princeton, and other great universities, where they are
having an excellent influence.

Here in Washington our publications are in the library of Congress,
in that of the George Washington University, in the Catholic
University and in the newly-established Trinity College for young
women. The United States Military Academy at West Point also has our
works on its shelves, as has the Naval Academy at Annapolis. From
many leading historical societies come reports of our publications
being received by them.

Many of the great public libraries—North, South, East and West are
in receipt of the works issued by our Society, and the same are in
constant demand for consultation and reference. Among these public
libraries are those of New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Boston,
Chicago, Troy, Rochester, Oswego, Buffalo, Detroit, Milwaukee,
Minneapolis, Denver, San Francisco and other cities.

This is practical work. I know of no other society that in so short
a time has done so much of real, lasting value as has ours. Indeed,
when we consider all the circumstances, we have done astonishingly
well. Many societies hoary with age, in the possession of plethoric
treasuries, and constantly receiving large bequests, have done no
better, if as well, from a practical viewpoint.

Our Society is fortunate in having an indefatigable secretary, who
from the start has worked in season and out of season to advance the
interests of the organization. A competent secretary is a priceless
possession for any society, and we have been especially fortunate in
this respect.

The Hon. John D. Crimmins of New York City, my immediate predecessor
in the office of president-general, has always been ready with
purse, services and hospitality to forward the interests of the
Society, and under his administration the organization has made
splendid progress. Owing to his initiative, a movement has just been
started to raise a permanent fund of $10,000 for the organization.
This is good news, indeed, and I have no doubt the amount will be
speedily raised. With a substantial fund such as this back of it,
the Society will be enabled to be of even greater service in the
future than it has in the past.

The salient work of the organization must be its publications. The
more we have of these the better for the cause we have at heart.
While a dinner, now and then, is desirable, the organization must
never deteriorate into a mere dining club. Too many societies,
started with the most comprehensive program, have done this and lost
sight of their original purposes. Our Society differs from others in
that it is established for historical purposes, to make original
research into the records and documents of the past and to place the
result of its researches in permanent, tangible form. Careful and
frequent publications will enable us to do this.

A great deal depends upon the continued issuance of the annual
volume of the JOURNAL of our Society. That work has thus far been,
and will continue to be, of the greatest possible utility. It gives
the Society a recognized standing in the community that would be
difficult to obtain by any other means. Its advent, year by year,
therefore, is of prime importance.

Speaking incidentally, I may say that I would like to see special
attention given during the year to a study of the material bearing
upon the reputed voyages to these shores of the Irish missionary,
Brendan. These voyages, attributed to a period many centuries
preceding Christopher Columbus, appear to be fully as well
authenticated as those of the Northmen to Vinland. Indeed, the Norse
sagas mention remote Irish comers to these shores and duly credit a
land here once known as Great Ireland. De Roo, in his recent work,
the _History of America Before Columbus_, goes into this subject in
a very entertaining manner. As a rule, our school text-books on
history, while accepting implicitly the narratives relative to the
Northmen and Vinland, find no room in their pages to even allude to
Brendan and his voyages, although, as I have intimated, the latter
seem to rest upon as secure an historical basis as the former. Mr.
Justin Winsor and other distinguished writers, however, make special
mention of the subject and treat the latter with respect.

The history of the early Irish in Virginia is also deserving of our
special attention. Irish names are found in the Old Dominion prior
to the arrival of the Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock, while in the
Plymouth colony itself, Governor Bradford tells us, numbers of Irish
arrived a few years after the coming of the _Mayflower_. The war
against the Indian king, Philip, 1675–’76, found Irish enlisted on
the side of the colonists, showing that at that period sons of old
Hibernia were numerous and active here. These and other early
periods and movements furnish our Society ample material for
consideration.

As American history progresses, the material increases in volume and
is greatly multiplied as the Revolution eventuates. But these facts
are well known to you and require no lengthy narrative of detail on
my part. I merely briefly refer to them in order, by way of review,
to indicate the abundance of material awaiting development at our
hands.

I am delighted with the project now under way by the Society to
erect a bronze tablet in the Rhode Island state capitol to the
memory of Maj.-Gen. John Sullivan. The idea is a most felicitous one
and deserves the heartiest commendation. Sullivan was one of the
great soldiers of the Revolution. The placing of the forthcoming
tablet will be a merited tribute to his patriotism and military
skill while in command of the Rhode Island department and during the
entire period of the war.

There are many other great Americans of Irish blood who deserve like
honors, and doubtless the Society will, from time to time, erect
tablets to their memory or commemorate them in some other worthy
manner. The suggestion that the occasion of the dedication of the
Sullivan tablet be made a field day by the Society is a happy one,
and will, I trust, be fully carried out.

As our Society grows in numbers and prosperity, the question of
permanent headquarters will demand consideration. Books and
pamphlets will accumulate by gift or purchase and a place will be
needed where these can be displayed for consultation by the members
and others engaged in historical research. Where these headquarters
shall be located is a subject for future action. A number of cities
are deserving of consideration. In many respects, Washington, the
national capital, would be the ideal place, while, New York, Boston,
Philadelphia and other cities, also present special advantages. But
this whole matter can be fully considered at some future time.

The Society recalls with pleasure its visit to Washington a few
years ago, when it was cordially received at the White House by our
distinguished fellow-member, President Roosevelt. I hope that during
my term as head of the organization the Society will again have
occasion to visit the national capital and once more partake of
Washington hospitality.

Again expressing my gratitude for the honor you have conferred upon
me and hoping that I shall have, while president-general, the
generous assistance of every member of the Society, I remain

Yours fraternally,
JOHN MCGOWAN,
_President-General_.

WASHINGTON, D. C., February 25, 1906.

RECEPTION TO THE PRESIDENT-GENERAL.

A brilliant event under the patronage of the Society took place in New York City on April 26, 1906. The occasion was a reception to Admiral John McGowan, U. S. N., the newly-elected president-general. The exercises took place in the residence of the Hon. John D. Crimmins, and will long be remembered by the large assemblage participating. Admiral McGowan resides in Washington, D. C., and the reception was held in order to give him and the members of the Society an opportunity to exchange mutual greetings.

The reception was participated in by judges, prominent clergymen, distinguished members of the medical, law, journalistic and other professions, as well as by leading bankers and gentlemen prominent in mercantile life.

Admiral McGowan received in the magnificent drawing-room of Mr. Crimmins’ home, the introductions being made by Mr. Crimmins, who was assisted by Thomas Hamilton Murray of Boston, the national secretary of the Society.

The following is a copy of the notice sent to each member:

AMERICAN-IRISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

RECEPTION TO REAR-ADMIRAL JOHN MCGOWAN, U. S. N., PRESIDENT-GENERAL.

_Dear Sir_: It gives me great pleasure to notify you that a
reception to Rear-Admiral John McGowan, U. S. N., President-General
of our Society, will take place in New York City on Thursday
evening, April 26, 1906, at 8 o’clock.

Owing to the kindness of our fellow member, the Hon. John D.
Crimmins, the reception will be held at the home of the latter, 40
East 68th Street, and it is hoped that every member of the Society
who possibly can will be present on this occasion.

Few events under the auspices of the organization will possess as
much interest as this, and all who participate in the forthcoming
reception to our President-General will find it a red-letter event
in the history of the Society. Each member is at liberty to invite a
friend to accompany him to the exercises.

Kindly inform the Secretary, upon receipt of this notice, whether
you will attend the reception, as it is desirable to know,
approximately, how many will be present.

Fraternally,
THOMAS HAMILTON MURRAY,
_Secretary-General._

36 NEWBURY STREET, BOSTON, MASS.,
April 5, 1906.

Among those present from New York City, were: Hon. James Fitzgerald, a justice of the New York Supreme Court; Hon. Edward F. O’Dwyer, chief justice of the New York City court; Hon. Samuel Adams, Robert E. Danvers, M. E. Bannin, Richard Deeves, John J. Rooney, William F. Clare, M. J. Drummond, Cyril Crimmins, J. Henry Haggerty, Nathaniel Doyle, Col. James Quinlan, formerly of Meagher’s Irish Brigade; Sylvester J. O’Sullivan, James O’Flaherty, Robert T. Dyas, Edward J. McGuire, John W. Donovan, Dr. Hugh M. Cox, Henry Wright, Rev. Dr. Henry A. Brann, John A. Brann, John Jay Joyce, Willis B. Dowd, Rt. Rev. Mgr. Charles McCready, William J. Broderick, J. J. Hickey, W. E. Callahan, Charles V. Halley, J. H. Rohan, John J. Ryan, Thomas S. Lonergan, John O’Sullivan, Owen J. Brady, James J. Phelan, and other people of note.

Present from other places were: Rt. Rev. Mgr. William Byrne, D. D., V. G., Boston, Mass.; Rt. Rev. Arthur J. Teeling, D. D., Lynn, Mass.; Rev. Gerald P. Coghlan, Philadelphia, Pa.; Hon. P.T. Barry, Chicago, Ill.; Hon. Patrick Garvan, Hartford, Conn.; James L. O’Neill, Elizabeth, N. J.; Hon. Thomas Z. Lee, Providence, R. I.; Thomas A. O’Gorman, Providence; John F. O’Connell, Providence; Dr. J. F. Hayes, Waterbury, Conn.; P. F. Magrath, Binghamton, N. Y.; James J. Higgins, Elizabeth, N. J.; City Clerk Kenah, Elizabeth; Hon. P. J. Ryan, Elizabeth; John Moriarty, Waterbury, Conn.; Prof. J. E. Madigan, Waterbury; Philip A. Curran, Waterbury; William M. Sweeny, Astoria, L. I., N. Y., a son of the late Gen. Thomas W. Sweeny; Dr. A. J. Anderson, Astoria, L. I., N. Y.; Fire Commissioner Cox, Elizabeth, N. J.; Dr. John D. Hanrahan, Rutland, Vt.; William P. Connery, Lynn, Mass., and a number of others.

Letters expressing interest in the occasion, and regretting inability to be present, were received from Hon. Joseph T. Lawless, Norfolk, Va.; Hon. Thomas H. Carter, Washington, D. C.; Hon. Andrew C. Smith, M. D., Portland, Ore.; Hon. Patrick Egan, New York City; Hon. Edward A. Moseley, Washington, D. C.; Hon. M. T. Moloney, Ottawa, Ill.; Hon. Franklin M. Danaher, Albany, N. Y.; Rt. Rev. Thomas J. Conaty, D. D., Los Angeles, Cal.; Rt. Rev. Mgr. D. J. O’Connell, S. T. D., Washington, D. C.; Brig-Gen. Michael Cooney, U. S. A. (retired), Washington, D. C.; Rev. John J. McCoy, LL. D., Worcester, Mass.; John J. Lenehan, New York City; William Doogue, Boston, Mass.; James A. Fogarty, New Haven, Conn.; Michael J. Ward, Brookline, Mass.; William Lyman, New York City; James Connolly, Coronado, Cal.; M. P. O’Connor, Binghamton, N. Y.; R. J. Donahue, Ogdensburg, N. Y.; James G. Hickey, Boston, Mass.; Patrick H. Garrity, Waterbury, Conn.; P. C. Walsh, Jr., Newark, N. J.; Rev. M. J. Cooke, Fall River, Mass.; F. L. Dunne, Boston, Mass.; J. J. O’Connor, Elmira, N. Y.; J. T. Gibbons, New Orleans, La.; Maurice O’Meara, New York City; Rev. J. C. Harrington, Lynn, Mass.; D. H. Tierney, Waterbury, Conn.; Rev. D. W. Fitzgerald, Penacook (Concord), N. H.; Dr. J. E. Sullivan, Providence, R. I.; W. H. Mahony, New York City; Gustav W. Lembeck, Jersey City, N. J.; Myles Tierney, New York City; Roger G. Sullivan, Manchester, N. H.; Richard W. Meade, New York City; John L. Carroll, Newark, N. J.; W. J. O’Hagan, Charleston, S. C.; James McMahon, New York City; John C. Griffin, Skowhegan, Me.; Stephen Farrelly, New York City; M. J. Morkan, Hartford, Conn.; Osborne Howes, Boston, Mass.; James W. Kenney, Boston, Mass.; P. J. Byrnes, New York City; Frank S. O’Neil, Binghamton, N. Y.; D. H. McBride, New York City; Rev. J. P. McCaughan, Warren, Mass.; Hon. George J. Gillespie, New York City; J. A. O’Keefe, Lynn, Mass.; Laurence Clancy, Oswego, N. Y., and Patrick J. Lawlor, Waterbury, Conn.

The company inspected Mr. Crimmins’ splendid library and his costly collections of rare old manuscripts and original letters. Among the latter were notes written by Washington, Adams, Calhoun, Jackson, Jefferson, Carroll, and other historic personages.

Among the Washington letters was one in which the father of his country mentions his contemplated purchase of an Irish wolfdog, on the recommendation of Lafayette. In a letter by Andrew Jackson occurs this sentence: “For you know my parents were Irish.” This very effectually disposes of those who have classed Jackson as “Scotch-Irish.”

Attention was called to Cyrus Townsend Brady’s new work, _The True Andrew Jackson_, which is dedicated to Mr. Crimmins and the American-Irish Historical Society, Doctor Brady being a member of the latter. Much interest was also displayed in a new volume by Mr. Crimmins himself, entitled _Irish-American Historical Miscellany_, which has recently been brought out. It is a volume of some five hundred pages and is replete with interesting data.

After the exercises in the drawing-room, lunch was served, and was followed by addresses, readings and musical selections. The whole occasion was one of unusual interest.

SOME HISTORICAL PAPERS.

PATRIOTS BEARING IRISH NAMES WHO WERE CONFINED ABOARD THE _JERSEY_
PRISON SHIP.

BY THE HON. JOHN D. CRIMMINS, NEW YORK CITY.[1]

Footnote 1:

From Mr. Crimmins’ recent book, _Irish-American Historical
Miscellany_. (New York, 1905.)

The horrors of the _Jersey_ prison ship have often been told. The _Jersey_ and other hulks, used by the British, were anchored near the Wallabout, Brooklyn, N. Y. Many thousands of prisoners perished on these ships by cruelty and disease. The conduct of their captors was inhumane and dastardly. It is not surprising, therefore, that the mortality was so great.

William Burke, a prisoner aboard the _Jersey_, at one time, has left a record in which he states that he was confined on the ship fourteen months, and that he saw, among other cruelties, many American prisoners put to death by the bayonet. This cruel treatment was never relaxed by the English or Scots, but sometimes the more humane Hessians evinced pity for the unfortunate sufferers. Burke says:

“During that period, among other cruelties which were committed, I have known many of the American prisoners put to death by the bayonet: in particular, I well recollect, that it was the custom on board the ship for but one prisoner at a time to be admitted on deck at night, besides the guards or sentinels. One night, while the prisoners were many of them assembled at the grate at the hatchway, for the purpose of obtaining fresh air, and waiting their turn to go on deck, one of the sentinels thrust his bayonet down among them, and in the morning twenty-five of them were found wounded, and stuck in the head, and dead of the wounds they had thus received. I further recollect that this was the case several mornings, when sometimes five, sometimes six, and sometimes eight or ten, were found dead by the same means.”

It is estimated that over eleven thousand prisoners perished, from all causes, aboard these ships during the Revolution. The dead would be carried ashore and carelessly buried in the sand, their bodies, in many cases, to be uncovered by returning tides. For many years after, the bones of these martyrs were visible along the shore.

About 1801, John Jackson sold to the United States, through Francis Childs, a middleman, forty acres of the Wallabout for $40,000. About this time large numbers of Irish refugees arrived and located in New York and Brooklyn. They bought some land of Jackson at, or near, the Wallabout, the settlement being named “Vinegar Hill.”

During the summer of 1805, a Mr. Aycrigg, shocked at the exposed remains of the prison-ship victims, made a contract with an Irishman residing at Wallabout, to “collect all the human bones as far as may be without digging,” and deliver the same to him. This was done, and these bones were a portion of those interred in the vault patriotically erected by Tammany.

Among the patriots imprisoned aboard the _Jersey_ were a great many Irish. In 1888, the Society of Old Brooklynites published a pamphlet dealing with the _Jersey_, and giving the names of several thousand persons who had been confined therein, many of whom perished. A copy of this pamphlet is in the possession of the New York Historical Society. From that authoritative source we have compiled the following list of patriots, bearing Irish names, who were confined on the _Jersey_:

Barry, Samuel Black, James Black, John Black, Philip Black, Timothy Blake, James Boyle, John Brady, John Broderick, William Brown, Michael Brown, Patrick Bryan, Edward Bryan, John Bryan, Mathew Bryan, William Buckley, Cornelius Buckley, Daniel Buckley, Francis Buckley, John Burk, Thomas Burke, James Burke, William Burn, William Burns, Edward Burns, John Butler, Daniel Butler, Francis Butler, James Butler, John Byrnes, Hugh Cain, David Cain, Thomas Callaghan, Daniel Campbell, Philip Cannady, James Cannady, William Carney, Anthony Carney, Hugh Carr, William Carolin, Joseph Carrall, Robert Carroll, James Carroll, John Carroll, Michael Casey, Edward Casey, Richard Casey, William Christie, James Cochran, James Cogan, Thomas Coleman, David Collins, James Collins, John Collins, Joseph Collohan, Daniel Connell, John Connelly, John Conner, George Conner, James Conner, John Conner, Robert Conner, William Connolly, Patrick Connolly, Samuel Connor, John Conway, John Conway, Thomas Corrigan, Bernard Corrigan, John Cox, Joseph Cox, William Crane, Philip Cullen, William Cunningham, Bartholomew Cunningham, Cornelius Cunningham, James Cunningham, Joseph Cunningham, William Curry, Anthony Curry, William Dailey, Patrick Daily, James Daily, William Darcey, W. Daunivan, William Delany, Edward Doherty, John Doherty, Thomas Donalin, Nicholas Donogan, John Dorgan, Patrick Dorgan, Timothy Dowling, Henry Downey, John Downing, Peter Doyle, Peter Doyle, William Dring, Thomas Duffy, Thomas Dunn, Peter Durphey, Patrick Dwyer, John Dwyer, Timothy Dyer, Patrick Fallen, Thomas Filler, Patrick Finagan, Bartholomew Finn, Dennis Finn, John Fitzgerald, Edward Fitzgerald, Patrick Flinn, John Ford, Bartholomew Ford, Daniel Ford, Martin Ford, Philip Fox, William Fury, John Gallager, Andrew Gallaspie, John Goff, Patrick Grogan, John Griffin, Joseph Griffin, Peter Haggarty, James Hallahan, James Halley, John Hanagan, James Hanagan, Stephen Hand, Joseph Hanegan, John Hanes, Patrick Hart, Cornelius Hart, John Hayes, John Hayes, Thomas Hays, Patrick Hensey, Patrick Higgins, George Higgins, William Hogan, Roger Hogan, Stephen Hughes, John Hughes, Joseph Hughes, Peter Hughes, Thomas Jordan, John Jordan, Peter Joyce, John Kane, Barney Kane, Edward Kane, John Kane, Patrick Kane, Thomas Kelley, John Kelley, Michael Kelley, Oliver Kelley, Patrick Kelley, William Kelly, Hugh Kelly, James Kelly, John Kelly, John K. Kennedy, James Kennedy, William Kenney, John Lafferty, Dennis Lally, Sampson Lane, William Larkin, Thomas Leary, Cornelius Lee, Peter Loggard, Patrick Loney, Peter Lowery, John Lynch, Timothy Lyon, Peter Lyons, Daniel Lyons, Michael Macguire, Anthony Malone, John Marley, James Martin, Daniel Martin, James Martin, John Martin, Michael Martin, Joseph Martin, Philip Martin, Thomas Maxfield, Patrick Maxwell, James Maxwell, William McCampsey, Mathew McCanery, John McCann, Edward McCarty, Andrew McCarty, Cornelius McCarty, William McCash, John M. McClain, Francis McClanegan, James McClavey, Daniel McClemens, Patrick McCloskey, Patrick McCloud, Murphy McCloud, Peter McClure, James McClure, William McConnell, James McCormac, Hugh McCormick, James McCormick, John McCowen, William McCoy, George McCoy, Peter McCoy, Samuel McCrea, Roderick McCrady, John McCulla, Patrick McCullough, William McCullum, Patrick McDaniel, James McDaniel, John McDavid, John McDermott, William McDonald, John McDonald, William McDonough, Patrick McEvin, John McFall, James McFarland, Daniel McGandy, William McGee, John McGerr, James McGill, Arthur McGill, James McGinness, Henry McGinnis, James McGoggin, John McGowen, James McHenry, Barnaby McKay, Patrick McKenney, James McKeon, Thomas McLain, Edward McLaughlin, Philip McLaughlin, Peter McLayne, Daniel McMichal, James McNamee, Francis McNeal, John McNeil, James McNeil, William McQueen, William McQuillian, Charles McWaters, Samuel Melone, William Mungen, Michael Mitchell, Anthony Mitchell, James Mitchell, John Molloy, James Morgan, Thomas Montgomery, James Montgomery, John Moore, James Moore, Joseph Moore, Patrick Moore, Thomas Mooney, Hugh Morris, Andrew Morris, James Morris, John Muckelroy, Philip Mullen, Jacob Mullin, Robert Mullin, William Mulloy, Edward Mulloy, Francis Mulloy, Silvanus Murphy, Daniel Murphy, John Murphy, Patrick Murphy, Thomas Murray, Bryan Murray, Charles Murray, Daniel Murray, John Murray, Thomas Murray, William Neville, Francis Neville, Michael Norton, John Norton, Nicholas Norton, Peter O’Brien, Cornelius O’Brien, Edward O’Brien, John O’Bryen, William O’Hara, Patrick O’Neil, John Orsley, Patrick Power, Patrick Power, Stephen Powers, Richard Quinn, Samuel Reed, John Rafferty, Patrick Regan, Julian Reid, Hugh Reynolds, Thomas Riley, James Riley, Philip Riordan, Daniel Roach, Joseph Roach, Lawrence Rowe, William Rowland, Patrick Ryan, Frank Ryan, Jacob Ryan, Michael Ryan, Peter Ryan, Thomas Sullivan, John Sullivan, Parks Sweeney, John Thompson, Patrick Tobin, Thomas Toy, Thomas Tracy, Benjamin Tracy, Nathaniel Twoomey, Dailey Walsh, Patrick Ward, Francis Waters, Thomas Welch, James Welch, Mathew Welch, Robert Welsh, David Welsh, John Wen, Patrick Whelan, Michael Wilson, Patrick

Many other Irish names could be added, but sufficient have been given to establish the fact that a large number of the sons of Erin were among those who suffered the rigors of the _Jersey_ prison ship.

Capt. Thomas Dring, who was a prisoner aboard the _Jersey_, tells us in his _Recollections_ many startling facts about that terrible ship. He says: “Silence was a stranger to our dark abode. There were continual noises during the night. The groans of the sick and dying; the curses poured out by the weary and exhausted upon our inhuman keepers; the restlessness caused by the suffocating heat and the confined and poisonous air, mingled with the wild and incoherent ravings of delirium, were the sounds which, every night, were raised around us in all directions.”

And another writer states that the lower hold, and the orlop deck, were such a terror that no man would venture down into them. Dysentery, smallpox and yellow fever broke out, and “while so many were sick with raging fever, there was a loud cry for water; but none could be had except on the upper deck, and but one was allowed to ascend at a time. The suffering then from the rage of thirst during the night, was very great. Nor was it at all times safe to attempt to go up. Provoked by the continual cry to be allowed to ascend, when there was already one on deck, the sentry would push them back with his bayonet.”

Stiles in his _History of the City of Brooklyn_, narrates a scene that took place on the _Jersey_, July 4, 1782. He says: “A very serious conflict with the guard occurred ... in consequence of the prisoners attempting to celebrate the day with such observances and amusements as their condition permitted. Upon going on deck in the morning, they displayed thirteen little national flags in a row upon the booms, which were immediately torn down and trampled under the feet of the guard, which on that day happened to consist of Scotchmen. Deigning no notice of this, the prisoners proceeded to amuse themselves with patriotic songs, speeches and cheers, all the while avoiding whatever could be construed into an intentional insult of the guard; which, however, at an unusually early hour in the afternoon, drove them below at the point of the bayonet, and closed the hatches. Between decks, the prisoners now continued their singing, etc., until about nine o’clock in the evening. An order to desist not having been promptly complied with, the hatches were suddenly removed and the guards descended among them, with lanterns and cutlasses in their hands. Then ensued a scene of terror. The helpless prisoners, retreating from the hatchways as far as their crowded condition would permit, were followed by the guards, who mercilessly hacked, cut, and wounded everyone within their reach; and then ascending again to the upper deck, fastened down the hatches upon the poor victims of their cruel rage, leaving them to languish through the long, sultry summer night, without water to cool their parched throats, and without lights by which they might have dressed their wounds. And to add to their torment, it was not until the middle of the next forenoon that the prisoners were allowed to go on deck and slake their thirst, or to receive their rations of food, which, that day, they were obliged to eat uncooked. _Ten corpses_ were found below on the morning which succeeded that memorable fourth of July, and many others were badly wounded.”

An especially affecting incident is told regarding one prisoner, who died on the ship: “Two young men, brothers, belonging to a rifle corps, were made prisoners and sent on board the _Jersey_. The elder took the fever and, in a few days, became delirious. One night (his end was fast approaching) he became calm and sensible, and lamenting his hard fate and the absence of his mother, begged for a little water. His brother, with tears, entreated the guard to give him some, but in vain. The sick youth was soon in his last struggles, when his brother offered the guard a guinea for an inch of candle, only that he might see him die. Even this was denied. ‘Now,’ said he, drying up his tears, ‘if it please God that I ever regain my liberty, I’ll be a most bitter enemy!’ He regained his liberty, rejoined the army, and when the war ended he had _eight large and one hundred and twenty-seven small_ notches on his rifle stock.”

The Pennsylvania _Packet_, September 4, 1781, published a letter from the _Jersey_, which said: “We bury six, seven, eight, nine, ten, and eleven men in a day; we have two hundred more sick and falling sick every day.” This will illustrate the terrible mortality aboard the ship.

In his _Recollections of Brooklyn and New York in 1776_, Johnson says of the prisoners dying on the _Jersey_: “It was no uncommon thing to see five or six dead bodies brought on shore in a single morning, when a small excavation would be dug at the foot of the hill, the bodies be thrown in and a man with a shovel would cover them by shovelling sand down the hill upon them. Many were buried in a ravine of the hill; some on the farm. The whole shore, from Rennie’s Point to Mr. Remsen’s dooryard was a place of graves; as were also the slope of the hill near the house ...; the shore from Mr. Ramsen’s barn along the mill pond, to Rapelje’s, and the sandy island between the floodgates and the mill-dam, while a few were buried on the shore on the east side of the Wallabout. Thus did _Death_ reign _here_, from 1776 until the peace. The whole Wallabout was a sickly place during the war. The atmosphere seemed to be charged with foul air from the prison ships, and with the effluvia of the dead bodies washed out of their graves by the tides. We believe that more than half of the dead buried on the outer side of the mill-pond, were washed out by the waves at high tide, during northeasterly winds. The bones of the dead lay exposed along the beach, drying and bleaching in the sun, and whitening the shore, till reached by the power of a succeeding storm; as the agitated waters receded, the bones receded with them into the deep.... We have, ourselves, examined many of the skulls lying on the shore. From the teeth, they appeared to be the remains of men in the prime of life.”

“The _Jersey_ at length,” declares Stiles, “became so crowded, and the increase of disease among the prisoners so rapid, that even the hospital ships were inadequate for their reception. In this emergency, bunks were erected on the larboard side of the upper deck of the _Jersey_ for the accommodation of the sick between decks. The horrors of the old hulk were now increased a hundred-fold. Foul air, confinement, darkness, hunger, thirst, the slow poison of the malarious locality in which the ship was anchored, the torments of vermin, the suffocating heat alternating with cold and, above all, the _almost total absence of hope_, performed their deadly work unchecked. ‘The whole ship, from her keel to the taffrail, was equally affected, and contained pestilence sufficient to desolate a world—disease and death were wrought into her very timbers.’”

“There was, indeed,” Stiles remarks, “one condition upon which these hapless sufferers might have escaped the torture of this slow but certain death, and that was enlistment into the British service. This chance was daily offered them by the recruiting officers who visited the ship, but their persuasions and offers were almost invariably treated with contempt, and that, too, by men who fully expected to die where they were. In spite of their untold physical sufferings, which might well have shaken the resolution of the strongest; in spite of the insinuations of the British that they were neglected by their government—insinuations which seemed to be corroborated by the very facts of their condition; in defiance of threats of even harsher treatment, and regardless of promises of food and clothing—objects most tempting to men in their condition; but few, comparatively, sought relief from their woes by the betrayal of their honor. And these few went forth into liberty followed by the execrations and undisguised contempt of the suffering heroes whom they left behind. It was this calm, unfaltering, unconquerable spirit of patriotism—defying torture, starvation, loathsome disease, and the prospect of a neglected and forgotten grave—which sanctifies to every American heart the scene of their suffering in the Wallabout, and which will render the sad story of the ‘prison ships’ one of ever-increasing interest to all future generations.”

The corner-stone of a vault for the reception of so many of the bones of the martyred dead as could be collected, was laid in April, 1808, by Tammany. The event was made the occasion of a great demonstration. There was a big military and civic parade, artillery salutes and other features. Major Aycrigg was marshal of the day and an eloquent oration was delivered by Joseph D. Fay of Tammany. On May 26, 1808, the vault being completed, the bones were removed thereto, the event being signalized by another great demonstration. There were thirteen coffins filled with bones of the dead, and 104 veterans of the Revolution acted as pall-bearers. Stiles informs us that “The procession, after passing through various streets, reached the East River, where, at different places, boats had been provided for crossing to Brooklyn. Thirteen large open boats transported the thirteen tribes of the Tammany Society, each containing one tribe, one coffin, and the pall-bearers.” The scene was most inspiring. “At Brooklyn ferry the procession formed again ... and arrived at the tomb of the martyrs amidst a vast and mighty assemblage. A stage had been here erected for the orator, trimmed with black crape. The coffins were placed in front, and the pall-bearers took their seats beneath the eye of the orator. There was an invocation by Rev. Ralph Williston, and the orator of the day was Dr. Benjamin DeWitt. The coffins were huge in size and each bore the name of one of the thirteen original states.”

COMMERCE BETWEEN IRELAND AND RHODE ISLAND.

BY THOMAS HAMILTON MURRAY, BOSTON, MASS.

Including Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island has a long extent of coast line. There are in the state 90,000 acres of safe anchorage, varying in depth from six feet to twenty fathoms. The state has the Atlantic Ocean as its southern boundary. Of its cities and towns some twenty border on deep, salt water. It is not surprising, therefore, that Rhode Island early attained maritime importance.

For many years ships were sent all over the world from Providence, Warren, Bristol and Newport. Their sails whitened many seas. These Rhode Island mariners were a hardy race and worthy of the great merchants for whom they sailed.

Before the year 1700, their vessels had already become numerous. In due time they were known in Barbadoes, Jamaica, St. Kitt’s, Nevis, Montserrat and Bermuda. Their sailors cheerily sang in the ports of Madeira, Fayal, Surinam and Curaçao, and were welcomed even in India and China.

The slave trade was the object of some of these voyages, commerce of others, while the fisheries engaged the attention of the rest. In 1738, Newport alone had over one hundred vessels engaged in business throughout the world. In 1763, the same place sent out 182 vessels on foreign voyages in addition to the 352 coastwise and fishing vessels. These were manned, all told, by 2,200 seamen. In June and July, 1774, the vessels arriving at Newport from foreign voyages numbered 64, in addition to 132 coastwise and 17 whalers.

Providence was also a great port. An address to Congress, in 1790, stated that there “is a greater number of vessels belonging to this port (Providence) than to New York,” and that “it is a place of more navigation than any of its size in the Union.” Fortunes were rapidly made by merchants engaged in the foreign trade, while domestic commerce also brought in its wealth. In reaching out to trade with the world Rhode Island merchants, unlike some “historians” of today, did not forget Ireland.

Several Rhode Island vessels made regular voyages to and from Irish ports. Others made occasional ones, or touched at Belfast, Newry, Dublin, Londonderry, Cork or Waterford, on their way to or from British and other ports. A list of fifteen vessels engaged regularly or occasionally in the Irish trade, is here given: Ships, _Hope_, _Mary_, _Neptune_, _Tristram_, _Nancy_, _Robert Burns_, _Catherine_ and _Faithful Stewart_; brigs, _Little John_, _Betsy_, _Recovery_, _Sally_, _Lydia_ and _Happy Return_; schooner, _Mayflower_. There were probably many others, but these fifteen are sufficient to illustrate the point.

Among the captains were Rathbun, Davis, Ambrose, Taggart, Dring, Warner, Crawford, Staples, Coffin, Noyes, Allen, Smith, Cook, McCansland, Coggeshall and Howland.

Of the foregoing vessels, the _Mary_ and _Little John_ belonged to George Gibbs of Newport; the _Hope_ to Samuel Fowler of Newport; the _Betsy_ to Charles Handy and the _Recovery_ to Chris. Ellery, both also of Newport. These five vessels are specifically mentioned in the _Newport Historical Magazine_ as making regular voyages to Ireland. From time to time the Newport _Mercury_ chronicles the arrival from Ireland, or departure therefor, of other ships and brigs. These were all in addition to those sailing between Ireland and Providence.

Among the articles imported from Ireland to Rhode Island at various times, were linen and woolen goods, Irish poplins, cambrics, lawns, silks, hosiery, sheetings, etc. Irish butter, beef and other food products, were also imported. The Newport _Mercury_, August 3, 1772, contains an advertisement in which, among other things, “Irish beef” is announced for sale. In the Providence _Gazette_, November 20, 1762, appears the following:

“By the Newport packet from New York, we are informed, for certain, that there are 2000 Firkins of the Best Irish Rose butter, arrived there.—A quantity of it is expected to be imported into this town, which we are confident will fall the price of that commodity.” Under date of December 25, 1762, the _Gazette_ says: “Since our last, we hear that a vessel has arrived at Newport from Ireland, with 1300 Firkins of butter—Captain Champlain, the master of her, died soon after he came out.” In December, 1764, a vessel from Ireland mistook her bearings and went ashore on Block Island. The following notice of the disaster was published in the _Gazette_, January 12, 1765:

“On the 25th of last month, in the day time, a large double-decked brig, loaded with beef, pork, butter, and candles, bound from Ireland to Halifax run ashore on the north part of Block Island, where she soon beat to pieces; the people were all saved except the boatswain, who perished on the deck, which he would not be permitted to quit with the rest.—About 500 barrels of the cargo, with some other articles, were also saved. The master’s name we cannot learn.”

The name of the wrecked brig is believed to have been the _Golden Grove_. Her Irish cargo was in the nature of supplies for the British garrison at Halifax. The fact that the cargo consisted of beef, pork, butter and candles, indicate that those articles were exported from Ireland in considerable quantities at that period.

Speaking of this wreck, recalls the fact that in 1763, the year before, a Rhode Island vessel was stranded on the Irish coast. She was the _Samuel and Joseph_, Captain Brown, bound for Amsterdam. In November and December, 1766, the Providence _Gazette_ contained this advertisement:

FOR BELFAST,

THE SHIP

Catherine, Thomas Allen, commander; Takes in her cargo at Newport,
and will be ready to sail by the 12^{th} Day of January.—For freight
or passage, apply to said Captain on board or to Mr. Benjamin
Greene, in Newport.

PROVIDENCE, Nov. 7, 1766.

June 15, 1772, the Newport _Mercury_ notes the arrival at Newport of “the brig _Joseph_, Captain Pie, bound to New York in 49 days from Waterford in Ireland.” July 19, 1773, the same paper states that “Last Thursday arrived the brig _Sally_, Capt. John Murphy, in 30 days from Jamaica.” She brought several passengers. This was probably the _Sally_ that at another time is mentioned as having reached Dublin under Captain Davis. The Providence _Gazette_, February 24, 1776, has this interesting note: “Arrived from Ireland, but last from Barbadoes, the sloop _N. York_ packet, Capt. John Freers, who informs that the people in Ireland and Barbadoes are very warm in the cause of America.” The _Gazette_ also published the following:

FOR LONDONDERRY,

THE SHIP

FAITHFUL STEWART,

_Captain McCausland_:

Will sail from Newport in ten days.—For Passage apply to Messieurs
Clark and Nightingale, in Providence, or the Captain on board.

PROVIDENCE, Jan. 29, 1785.

Special attention is called to the fact that “passage” is advertised in connection with these voyages. This is good evidence that passengers sailed direct for Rhode Island from Ireland. Some of these were probably merchants or their agents engaged in the Irish trade. The fact that such accommodations were provided, likewise justifies the conclusion that immigrants also came direct from Ireland to Rhode Island, and in considerable numbers, too. These immigrants, in all probability, landed, some in Newport and others in Providence. It may be, too, that Warren, Bristol, Westerly and other places, likewise received direct Irish accessions from this source. Further on will be found additional evidence of direct immigration from Ireland.

Another advertisement in the Providence _Gazette_ reads as follows:

FOR DUBLIN

THE GOOD SHIP

TRISTRAM,

_Gideon Crawford, Commander_.

Now lying at Mrs. Hayley’s Wharff, will sail in 10 or 12 days. For
Freight or Passage apply to the Master on board or to Joseph and
William Russell. She has good accommodations for Passengers.