Chapter XXI (1)

THE COMMERCIAL PROSPECTS OF E. EQUATORIAL AFRICA.

As an anticipatory reply to the inquiries of such of my readers as may be of a commercial turn, I conclude this work on the district of Kilima-njaro by a short summary of its commercial prospects and capabilities. If in my natural history or geographical statements I occasionally repeat information already given in previous chapters, I deprecate the critic’s impatience; I do so because the general reader is not likely to peruse this chapter, and my commercial friends will probably not have wasted their time over the other portions of the book; consequently it will be suggested to neither that he has seen these facts stated before, while at the same time their reiteration may serve to accentuate—what I believe to be—their great importance from the point of view in which this chapter is written.

Let me, then, first sketch out the physical geography of this country, which I have broadly described as Eastern Equatorial Africa. For present purposes, it may be delineated as follows:—By the River Ruvu, or Pangani, on the south; then westwards, following the 4th degree of south latitude to the 32nd degree of east longitude, including the basin of the Victoria Nyanza lake, and round again to the east, from the northern border of the lake, by Bariṅgo, to Kenia, the Tana river, and the coast.

The most marked characteristics of this region are its immense isolated mountain-masses, in most cases volcanic, such as Kenia and Kilima-njaro, the latter the highest known peak in Africa, its spacious level plains, or, more strictly speaking, plateaux, and its freedom from marshy or swampy ground, as contrasted with other parts of Africa. The water supply is fairly abundant, and equally distributed, though there is but one river, the Tana, or Pokomo, which is at all navigable. Besides the huge Victoria Nyanza, there are a few very much smaller lakes, one or two of which are salt, and the majority fresh. The highlands, up to 10,000 feet, and also the banks and rivers of streams, are generally clothed with forests of splendid timber, the plateaux are often covered with scattered bush and short grass—not the terrible giant grass of six to eight feet high, which obstructs so much of African country; while many districts I can only compare to beautiful natural lawns, whereon you meet with springy turf, closely cropped by the browsing antelopes, and here and there a group of handsome shady trees, disposed with so much regularity that it would seem as if man and not Nature had planted them. Such is the country that lies between Paré and Usambara, or in the vicinity of Lake ǰipé, or again, to the south of Kilima-njaro, and also in many districts to the north, as we hear from Thomson.

These vast regions are very unequally populated. On the coast there is a fringe of slightly civilized races, nominally under the dominion of the Sayyid of Zanzibar. These people belong principally to the Bantu family of negroes, which includes all the inhabitants of Africa from the Victoria Nyanza to the Cape and Fernando Po to Mombasa, with very few exceptions. There are also Gallas on the north between the Sabaki and the Dana rivers, a few invading Somalis in the same district, Arabs of pure blood and Arab hybrids of every degree throughout the length of the littoral, and about four thousand Banyans and other natives of British India who come there to trade and sometimes to settle. To add to this medley of races, there are remains here and there of ancient Persian and Portuguese colonization, but, as I have before said, the bulk of the coast population is Bantu-negro, a stock which seems to absorb and assimilate easily most foreign strains. The lingua-franca spoken is the celebrated Swahili language, one of the Bantu tongues, which promises to be the French of Eastern Africa.

On penetrating inland from the coast, the country is for the first hundred miles, as a rule, very thinly inhabited, except on certain mountainous districts, or along the coast of the Ruvu, the Sabaki, or the Tana rivers, and what people there are belong to the Bantu stock, and speak languages related to Swahili. Whenever you meet with people speaking Bantu languages in this part of Africa, you find they are invariably settled agriculturists, and never nomads. As a contrast to them, may now be mentioned the celebrated Masai, a negro race of splendid physical development. The Masai are semi-nomads, that is to say, each tribe has its home country wherein the married men and women settle, and move about within a circumscribed radius, while the warriors, who are forced to remain unmarried, range over immense areas, for the sake of plunder. These people were once, and are still in a lesser way, the scourge of Eastern Equatorial Africa. They have made previously well-populated, prosperous districts abandoned wildernesses, driving away all the cattle, killing such of the inhabitants as resisted, and leaving the remainder to die of starvation. But of late years they no longer play the same havoc. Between the coast and Kilima-njaro they are rarely to be met with, and in such cases as when they are encountered away from their homes, the white traveller will not find them very hard to deal with. Commerce is slowly but surely humanizing the Masai. They most of them prefer trading to fighting now. Yearly they are visited by many native caravans from the coast, who go to buy ivory with iron, wire, cloth, and beads. Certain tribes of the Masai, generally known as Wa-kwavi by the coast people, have abandoned entirely this roving robber life, and now occupy large districts as quiet, thrifty agriculturists. The Masai are all of them great cattle-keepers, and possess not only innumerable herds of splendid kine, but also keep numbers of donkeys as beasts of burden. These asses are very fine animals, resembling exactly the Ethiopean wild ass, from which stock they are certainly derived. The Masai are a people who in time will become amenable to civilization, I am sure, and commerce will temper their wild ways. They are very different from the mad fanatics we have been fighting in the Soudan, and if all Europeans behave as well to them as Mr. Joseph Thomson has done, we should soon be welcomed as traders and settlers in their midst.

It may be roughly said, then, that between the coast and the Victoria Nyanza, the plains or plateaux are inhabited by the Masai and their helot races, and the mountains and mountain-ranges by Bantu people. These latter evidently occupied the land prior to the incursion of the Masai from the north, and existed in former times in greater numbers than at the present day. Of late, however, their fortunes have begun to revive. Forced, during their struggle for existence, to take to the highlands that were difficult of access to an invader, they have become a more hardy, independent race than their relations on the coast, and have also, in their wish to turn their mountain soil to the best advantage, become skilful and laborious agriculturists. Now their relations with the Masai are becoming sensibly improved, the Masai raids have ceased before the rude fortifications of the hill tribes, and both parties are able to trade on equal terms. The inhabitants of the mountains bring their honey and vegetables, their smiths’ work, and dressed skins, and exchange them against the ivory, rhinoceros horns, and natron salt that are collected by the rovers of the plains. These two distinct races, whose contact was formerly so provocative of bloodshed and rapine, are now exchanging peaceably their products, but also their ideas, manners, and customs. The Bantu of Kilima-njaro and Taveita loves to copy the Masai costume and mode of fighting, he incorporates many Masai words and salutations into his own tongue, while the once nomadic and restless Masai are increasingly taking to agriculture in the vicinity of Bantu settlements, and are changing from lawless robbers into quiet and honest tillers of the soil.

Around the Victoria Nyanza lake, the population becomes very dense, and probably the littoral people alone may be estimated at from ten to twelve millions. With one small exception they are Bantu, and speak languages of an archaic form, and more resembling the typical Bantu mother-speech than any other we have yet met with. The exception is a small enclosure of Nilotic negroes settled in the country of Kavirondo on the eastern shore of the lake, who have never yet come into contact with Europeans. We know something of their language from the Swahili traders, and we find it to belong to the same group as the Šiluk of the White Nile.

Besides the races above enumerated, dwarf tribes are reported in the unknown country lying between the Victoria Nyanza and Kilima-njaro, and there are also curious helot tribes dwelling among the Masai as hunters or smiths or slaves, who speak languages of their own, and remain at present unclassified in their affinities.

Of all the people I have mentioned in this hasty recapitulation, the Bantu offers the greatest hope for civilization. He is so industrious, so imitative, so inquiring, that he is instinctively attracted towards the white man. He is a born trader, and will travel miles to sell a fowl, while his appreciation of Manchester stuffs and Birmingham beads should ensure him the favour of British merchants.

The animal and vegetable products of this vast region are typically African. I might reiterate that it is a sportsman’s paradise. Such quantities of big game were surely never met with elsewhere. If you want confirmation of my statements on this point, read Mr. Thomson’s book, “Masai-land.” In some districts you may stand on a hillock and see the plains at your feet covered with compact herds of antelopes, moving in squadrons, with straggling companies of giraffes, with scattered flocks of ostriches. Buffaloes abound so as to be dangerous. Rhinoceroses are so numerous that their horns are an important item in the trade, for they may be bought in the interior for a few pence worth of cloth, and sold on the coast for three and four rupees each. Hippopotami are abundant in the rivers and lakes. The Vice-Consul at Lamu, on the coast near the Pokomo river, informs me that when properly prepared (which is done by cutting the skin into long thin strips and drying it in the sun), hippopotamus hides will fetch 5_l._ apiece in Natal. But the great wealth of this country lies in its ivory, which is preferred to any other in the Zanzibar market. The elephant abounds in the neighbourhood of Kilima-njaro to the extent of many thousands. He here becomes quite a mountaineer, and ranges through the magnificent forests that clothe the upper slopes of this giant among African peaks. The natives waylay his forest tracks with artfully devised pitfalls and traps, preferring this more cowardly way of procuring their ivory to facing the elephant in the chase. Other tribes to the north and west of Kilima-njaro kill the elephant with poisoned arrows, or javelins, or sharp swords. Indeed, there is one district on the northern borders of Masai-land where, according to Mr. Thomson, “elephants are said to swarm unmolested and their ivory to rot untouched, for the people of the surrounding region have no trading relations with any one, and do not know the value of that precious article. A tusk worth 150_l._ in England may be picked up for nothing, or bought from any native for a pennyworth of beads, &c., &c.” However this may be, whether the elephants are slain for their ivory, or whether, as in the tales of Sinbad the Sailor, there are districts in which the tusks may be simply gathered from among the bones of elephants who for centuries have died and died unnoticed in these untravelled wilds, ivory is procured somehow and in such quantities—even with the absurdly inadequate means of exploitation and porterage—that there is always more than enough to supply the many native caravans led by Moslem natives from the coast, which annually traverse this country between the Indian Ocean and the Victoria Nyanza lake. Another item of trade should not be forgotten, namely, the valuable and handsome wild beast skins, which may either be procured in the chase, or very cheaply purchased from the natives. A leopard skin may be bought for about two or three shillings’ worth of goods, and will sell on the coast for eight or nine. Lions’ skins are less easy to obtain from the natives, as that animal is rarely killed by them, but European sportsmen might shoot him to any extent, as he is both common and bold. Monkey skins, of the handsome variety of white-tailed colobus, which is alone found in this region, are valuable, and fetch a good price on the coast.

Ostriches are exceedingly numerous in the vicinity of Kilima-njaro. When living at Taveita in the summer and autumn of 1884, I and my men used to largely subsist on their eggs, which were brought us in numbers by the natives, and sold for about a pennyworth of cloth each. Sometimes by searching we would ourselves discover nests. In the month of October I bought twelve young ostriches from the natives at the rate of an ell of cloth apiece. I could have purchased many more, and started an ostrich farm had I wished, but as I was returning shortly to the coast I did not feel disposed to commence the undertaking. I tried to bring these young ostriches away with me, but they all died before reaching Zanzibar, as they suffered a great deal from the effects of the land transit, being very young. Of course to any ornithologist this country is exceedingly interesting, but to those whom I am more immediately addressing, rare or beautiful birds will not serve as a sufficient inducement for opening up a new country; still I might remark, for economic reasons, that there are abundance of guinea fowl, francolin, pigeons, and bustards, and all these serve materially to supply the traveller with palatable food.

I cannot say much for the reptiles of this country, as there are few species which would attract the traveller’s attention, and none which, as far as I know, would be useful commercially, unless the crocodiles of Lake ǰipé might furnish some of the leather which is now so fashionable for dressing-bags; but the very scarcity and unobtrusiveness of the reptiles is a negative advantage. Like most parts of Africa I have ever visited, the snakes here are very few and infrequent in their appearance. Most species, too, are non-venomous.

In many of the streams, rivers, and lakes there are fish in great quantities, representing most of the African fresh-water genera. There are few that are not edible, and some species are remarkably good to eat, and of considerable size and weight. While at Taveita I was often able to feed the entire caravan during a week or more on the fish caught in the small River Lumi; and at ǰipé they are so plentiful that a fish-smoking establishment, similar to those on the Upper Congo, might be set going to provide food for long journeys. There are few things that Swahili porters like better than a fish diet.

The insects are not likely to offer anything commercially interesting, nor indeed any of the lower invertebrate forms. I might, however, in their case lay stress on the same favourable fact as with regard to the snakes, viz. the scarcity or absence of noxious forms. Thus there is no _tsetse fly_, such as, but a short distance southward, interferes with the introduction of horses and cattle. Mosquitoes only exist in certain districts, near rivers or lakes, and are entirely absent from most parts of the country. Fleas and bed-bugs are unknown, nor has the American jigger, which is such a pest on the Congo, been introduced. White ants are not very numerous, and do not exist at all above a moderate elevation. The tænia intestinal worm, so often heard of in other parts of Africa, is here never to my knowledge met with.

I might mention that a small edible fresh-water crab is found in the rivers.

As to the vegetable productions, they are, apart from those cultivated and introduced by man, certainly valuable. There is particularly fine timber growing in many parts, particularly on Kilima-njaro and in the mountainous districts to the northward, and again on the west of the Victoria Nyanza. The forests in Usambara and in Paré, both districts near the coast, are full of magnificent lofty trees, which are much prized at Zanzibar for shipbuilding. On the coast and in Zanzibar, timber sells for 25 to 50 dollars per 50 cubic feet, according to quality.

Gums are produced in the interior, both copal and a kind called false copal. India-rubber can be procured from at least one creeper, the _Landolphia florida_, and I think also another, a species of fig. Coffee grows wild, especially on the northwards of the district, where it is the same species as the Abyssinian plant, which, it is supposed, being first introduced from the kingdom of Kaffa to the south of Abyssinia, thence derives its name. Coffee-planting would succeed admirably in districts like Usambara, which may be regarded as the natural home of this shrub, which is, indeed, indigenous to the African continent. I might mention that cardamums are produced here, and semsem seed is also largely reported for making spurious olive oil.

On the trees growing in the Kilima-njaro and Usambara forests, orchilla weed, in incredible quantities, is found growing. When delivered half clean, that is to say, mixed with sticks and rubbish, on the coast, it fetches from 3 to 3½ dollars per frasilah of 35 lbs.

As regards minerals, iron ore is found in some abundance, and copper apparently also; since the natives possess rude rings and ornaments of this metal which have not come from the coast. Nitrate of soda covers vast plains to the south, west, and north of Kilima-njaro.

There is good building stone in many parts of the country. Limestone often appears.

And now, having briefly noted some of the productions with which this part of Africa is naturally endowed, I may mention others which owe their introduction or development to the agency of man.

Vast herds of cattle are kept not only by the Masai, whose very _raison-d’être_, as it were, consists in cattle breeding, but also by the agricultural races on the borders of Lake Victoria Nyanza, and in the mountain districts everywhere. When I was residing on Kilima-njaro I not only purchased excellent beef at about ten shillings a bullock, but also procured daily so much milk that I was able to make cream, butter, and cheese in plenty. The oxen are not, as a rule, so large as the Cape breeds, and, indeed, come from quite another stock, being descendants of Asiatic humped variety—the zebu—introduced into Africa by the ancient Egyptians. The hides are held in such little account by the natives that they may be purchased for the merest trifle. As I have already mentioned, the Masai keep large herds of fine strong asses, which they are always ready to sell cheaply.

Goats and sheep are most abundant. The goats are small, plump, and great milk-givers. The sheep belong to the fat-tailed variety, and offer really excellent juicy, tender mutton. Those who have visited Usambara will agree with me that the mountain mutton of East Africa rivals in tenderness and shortness that furnished by the Welsh and Highland sheep. Like all African sheep, they are hairy and without wool. Fowls are not kept by the Masai, but are met with in great quantities on Victoria Nyanza, and among all of the agricultural Bantu races. On Kilima-njaro they might be purchased at the rate of one ell of cloth each, averaging a cost, when the local value of cloth is estimated, of 2½_d._ each. In two days, at Mandara’s capital, I purchased eighty fowls. Some of them are a very handsome breed, pure white, with very long tail feathers in the male. Another variety is plump and dumpy, with exceedingly short legs. The hens are very good layers.

The vegetable productions of the natives’ cultivation are the banana, the sweet potato, the edible arum root, the sugar-cane, Indian corn, _mtama_, or red millet, and many unnamed varieties of peas and beans.

A little rice is grown in some districts, namely, at Taveita and on the River Tana. Tobacco is everywhere abundant, and exceedingly cheap.

I might mention my own almost incredible experience with the cultivation of European vegetables on Kilima-njaro. Immediately after my arrival, I planted the eyes of a few potatoes, onion bulbs, and the seeds of mustard, cress, radishes, turnips, carrots, peas, beans, spinach, borage, sage, tomatoes, cucumbers, and melons. Everything came up and flourished amazingly. In three months’ time I had a dozen fine cucumbers from one plant, and so many potatoes that I was able to give them away to my men, as well as supplying my own table. I had everything else in abundance in a short space of time. Before leaving, I had planted my land at Taveita with wheat and coffee, limes, oranges, mangoes, and cocoanuts. I also distributed numbers of useful seeds among the natives.

I should have mentioned in its proper place before the vegetables, that there is a great quantity of delicious honey produced throughout this district. The wax is of very good quality, but the natives have no use for it, and merely throw it away.

I might now, perhaps, briefly summarize the principal trade products, and in some cases give their cost in the interior and on the coast. At present, no doubt, the most paying thing is ivory. This may be bought in the Masai countries, between the Victoria Nyanza and the coast, at the rate of from one to two shillings a pound, according to quality. When I refer to money in the interior, I mean money’s worth in cloth or other trade goods. On the coast ivory sells from six to ten shillings a pound, sometimes reaching a higher price.

Hides may be almost got for nothing in the interior, and merely cost the expense of transit. On the coast they are sold, when dry, at about one dollar for seven pounds.

Rhinoceros horns I have already alluded to. They find a ready sale on the coast, fetching on an average, five shillings apiece.

Live-stock of all kinds may be purchased cheaply in the interior, and find a ready market on the coast.

There is even another source of profit in which, although many people laugh when I suggest it, I see nothing ridiculous, viz. the capture and sale of wild animals. If it can pay Hamburg and Austrian firms to hunt, and employ hunters on the confines of Abyssinia, for the purpose of supplying the zoological gardens of the world with wild animals, why should not the same thing be done here, where animal life is present to a degree which puts Abyssinia and the Eastern Soudan to shame. If you can get from 100_l._ to 200_l._ for a young rhinoceros, elephant, hippopotamus, or giraffe, with lesser sums, in proportion, for large antelopes, zebras, buffaloes, ostriches, lions, leopards, snakes, and crocodiles, surely it is worth while to capture them in districts like these, that are actually nearer the sea than the hunting-grounds of the German firms, and where the natives are already familiar with such a trade, and with the mode of capturing wild animals alive? When I was on Kilima-njaro and Taveita, the natives were always bringing me live creatures for sale, and I have already mentioned how cheaply I bought young ostriches.

Another important trade product would be orchilla weed, which may be gathered for nothing in the vast forests of Kilima-njaro. I have already mentioned its selling price on the coast.

Iron, copper, and nitrate of soda might pay profit on their transit, when communications between the coast and interior are facilitated.

Nevertheless, it is to be admitted that the special wealth of this country lies in its agricultural future. There are districts that might become the granaries of the world, possessing, over a large area, a European climate. There are other regions peculiarly adapted by their elevation for the culture of quinine. Sugar-cane already grows half wild, and its cultivation might be increased to any extent. Coffee, tea, cacao, vanilla, would thrive in countries and districts remarkably suitable for their favourable growth. Above all, the question arises that if it can pay people to open up and trade with other parts of Africa, why should these magnificent fertile lands remain untouched, when they possess a climate superior in its salubrity to any other part of the continent?

In the neighbourhood, and near the base of Kilima-njaro, the greatest heat I registered was 81°; in the warmest part of the interior, 91°. The average night temperature in hilly districts is 60°; in the plains, 68°. Except on the loftiest mountains, and on the Victoria Nyanza lake, where it rains a few days in every month, the seasons in Eastern Equatorial Africa are regular in their divisions of wet and dry. From June to the end of October there is almost no rain, and from November to May there is an abundant rainfall during certain months. On Kilima-njaro the climate up to 8000 feet is that of a Devonshire summer; above that elevation you may have it as cold as you like, the higher you go.

I hope I have now said sufficient to show you that if Africa is worth opening up at all, the region which lies between the coast and Victoria Nyanza is eminently so. There is no doubt that Africa is the New World of the nineteenth century. What America was to Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, that Africa is now. Within the last two years, England, France, Germany, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Belgium, and even Sweden have taken decided steps towards founding African colonies. Consequently I argue from this that if land in Africa is worth having, how much more profitable would it be in a fine country with a healthy climate lying between a great lake and the Indian Ocean.

Having explained to you that from my point of view this region is worth possessing, I now wish to indicate to you as briefly as possible the best way of opening it up to trade and civilization. Selecting some good port on the coast—and there are three or four to choose from, within a limit of a hundred miles of coast-line—the expedition should establish themselves firstly in the healthy and beautiful country of Usambara. The road to the interior runs either to the north or south of this little Switzerland, and joins to the west of it. In Usambara the first station should be established, as the country is very healthy. Here, too, the land might be sown and planted with all kinds of crop, for the proximity to the sea would render exportation easy and cheap. From Usambara you should cross the rich and fertile valley of the Mkomazi river and enter the hill country of Paré, the trade route continuing along the level plain at the foot of the hills. The scenery of Paré I can only call enchanting. There are wooded crags, waterfalls, secluded Alpine valleys, and splendid views. The people are pleasant to deal with, and food is plentiful. From Paré you might proceed to Ugwéno, over against Lake ǰipé, the road still following the plains, and the stations being established in the hills. From Ugwéno it is a short distance to Kilima-njaro, which offers splendid sites for large settlements, and has also no scarcity of food. From Kilima-njaro there are two routes to be opened up. One, or the most important, leads past Mount Méru, another pleasant site for a trading station, straight to Speke Gulf, on the Nyanza. The other is more or less Thomson’s track, leading to Lake Bariṅgo and the north-west. This is the richest country for ivory. Hither every year come the Swahili caravans, who trade nearly to the borders of Abyssinia and the Nile. In all important districts stations might be founded after Stanley’s style along the Congo, and these would, in time, become centres of civilization, cultivation, and trade. Although there is no doubt that a railway, under British auspices, made to connect the Victoria Nyanza with the coast, would give the entire trade of Eastern Central Africa into our hands, yet such an enterprise seems at present utterly impossible. British capitalists, shipowners, and manufacturers have lost the spirit of “merchant adventurers,” and now regard every venture that does not immediately promise interest on preliminary outlay, with pardonable timidity. Nevertheless, it seems to me that there are still young energetic men in our country who love a roving life, and who do not shrink from entering the wild regions of Africa because there is no railway to take them. Such as these flock year after year into the unpleasing regions between the Cape Colony and the Zambesi, attracted by the love of sport or a sheer unreasoning, English desire to pry into new countries. Why do not some of them band together, and instead of spending their money, time, and energies on barren Bechuana-land, boldly push into the countries west and north of Kilima-njaro, trading, shooting, and exploring? I can at least promise them far greater abundance of game than in the much shot over regions of South Africa, while they will never be likely to meet with such unhealthy districts as the Zambesi valley. “But the Masai?” people timidly suggest. Well, the Masai are not, after all, worse than the Kaffirs, Zulus, or even Hottentots were to the first explorers of Southern Africa. They want a little managing, that is all, and every fresh European will—or ought to—find his path smoothed by his predecessors. Besides, in some of the finest country there are no Masai. Along the direct route between the Victoria Nyanza and the coast only a strip of about 100 miles, viz. about a fourth of the distance, is ranged over by Masai and is annually traversed by Swahili caravans.

The first consideration in the development of this country is to encourage trade and create agriculture. Along many of the native tracks, as they at present exist, there is no obstacle for stout waggons, at any rate, as far into the interior as the precincts of Méru and Kilima-njaro, that is to say, half way to the Victoria Nyanza. Mules in plenty may be purchased in Zanzibar, and will do well in the country, or asses might be bought from the Masai. Oxen, doubtless, might also be trained to draw waggons as on the coast. As I have before remarked, _there is no tsetse fly_ in the country, so that even horse-breeding might be attempted in time.[91] Human labour is plentiful on the coast and fairly cheap. You may hire good stout carriers at the rate of five dollars a month, and the cost of their food is about twopence a day. Many of these men make very decent soldiers and guards, as Stanley has found on the Congo. As a rule the Zanzibar porters are faithful, trustworthy men—I have always found them so, and have even discovered very fine qualities in their nature too. At any rate, if they fall out with a white man it is generally his fault; a very little discipline, together with a kind and quiet manner, will always keep them in order. Many of them can read and write their own language in the Arabic character, so that if you wish to communicate with them at a distance you can do so by letter. The cost of keeping these men in the country would very much lessen after the first year or two, as you might soon grow sufficient food on your plantations to support the entire expedition. These Zanzibaris are very easily satisfied. They will subsist tranquilly on a few handfuls of maize a day, or a little rice and dried fish, or simply bananas; while if you manage to bring down some zebra or antelope with your rifle they are overjoyed. In two days ten men will construct you a spacious dwelling with a grass-thatched rain-tight roof, and in a much shorter time will build their own simpler habitations. They are singularly handy, and can plant gardens, make roads, trap animals, cure skins, construct bird-cages, wash clothes, mend them, make them, cook a dinner, and arrange a nosegay with equal facility. They are much more ingenious than English navvies, much more enduring of hardships, and much more courteous in behaviour. Without doubt, they are the means, the force, by which Eastern Africa will be opened up.

The white men who should form the pioneers of any commercial enterprise in Central Africa must be young, vigorous, and active, not, as they are so often, _usé_, battered men, who have failed in other careers, and try Africa as a last chance. They should possess sufficient education to be inspired with an intelligent interest in the wonderful nature that will surround them. There is no more miserable person in Africa than your utterly uncultured man; he pines and sickens for want of sympathy with his surroundings, while he who is so far alive to natural history as to be moved by the interesting fauna and flora of Equatorial Africa will never be lonely, nor have time to be ill. If any of them have a taste for sport, he will be never unhappy, for this country surely offers, without exception, the most splendid hunting-ground in the world. Nor, in such a case, will his sport be mere useless butchery of beautiful animals. He will be able to supply his caravan with fresh meat, at no expense, and may secure many valuable skins and hides. In the case of elephants, a sportsman is a positive acquisition to the party, as he can procure ivory for nothing. I have, personally, known men in Southwestern Africa who have made their fortunes over ivory and ostrich feathers.

That the opening-up of this country would secure a new field for commerce, I am convinced. Wherever I went the natives were anxious to trade—more anxious to trade than to fight, always. Constantly they have said to me, “Why won’t you come here, and set up a shop”—for shop they employ the word _duka_, which the Swahilis have taught them—“and let us exchange our goods for yours?” At places nearly two hundred miles from the coast I have found people who had never seen a white man before, in the possession of Maria Theresa dollars and Indian rupees, with which they came to buy cloth from me. They had, of course, received this currency from the coast traders, but it only shows they are beginning to understand the value of money; nay, more, Mandara, the chief of Moši, on Kilima-njaro, wanted me to open a banking account for him at Zanzibar, and he had a distinct though crude idea of drawing cheques. Even the fiercest people here have wants for extraneous things that must be satisfied. Then again, if you introduce commerce and a ready market, you suppress the slave trade. Chiefs now sell their people into slavery because the Arabs will not buy anything else, slaves being the most profitable investment for the coast trader; but once convince them—and Africans are much more practical than you think—that more money is to be gained by employing their serfs to cultivate the soil at home and produce food stuffs and other products for sale, and I am sure the expatriation of these wretched people will cease. Again, at the present moment one chief makes war against another to procure prisoners and sell them as slaves, but commercial instinct will introduce peace by turning the sword into a reaping-hook, and covering the devastated fields with fair and marketable harvests. These people are well worthy of civilization—yes, even the fierce and roving Masai, who are already being softened wherever they impinge on the rendezvous of coast trade.

I would suggest that in any undertaking to open up Eastern Equatorial Africa, Kilima-njaro should be made the centre of operations, both on account of its fine climate and the placability of its inhabitants, and for the further reason that the intervening country between Kilima-njaro and the coast is quite safe for travelling.

I have no doubt some, if not many, of my readers have received several of these statements with irritable incredulity. It is, somehow or other, vaguely annoying to the placid nature of an Englishman, who has made enough to live on and only wants to live quietly, to come across travellers—whose works he skims through in his easy-chair—that insist on bringing to his notice new and wonderful tracts of land which are possible El Dorados, and in which he _must_ take an interest and invest his money, or they will never leave him in peace and will constantly din into his ears the appalling news that he has let slip an unrecoverable opportunity of showing his patriotism and his commercial perspicacity. How well we know those cries and laments that ever and anon sweep through the public press and assail John Bull at his breakfast-table or worry his return from business. “You have lost the granary of Africa, or the granary of America,” as the case may be. “You are about to abandon the garden of Asia to the French, Russians, Germans!” and so on. I must say I rather sympathize with my readers if they display any restless petulance after reading such a chapter as this. The feeling arises partly from a lurking conviction of an element of truth in the statements, and partly from resentment at not being allowed to ignore these advantages which they must either take up themselves or see pass into the hands of aliens. “Why can’t you let us alone?” they feel inclined to exclaim, “we’ve got quite enough for our immediate wants, we have no need to embark in fresh enterprises.” Or they try to satisfy themselves and crush their disturber by anxiously endeavouring to oppose argument to argument and disprove all beguiling statistics. Yes, I am very sorry, dear reader, if I have worried and bored you by inserting a leaf or two of commercial propaganda into what you thought, when you ordered it from the library, was just going to be an average African book—adventures with lions, tossings by buffaloes, encounters with nasty natives, and so on. Believe me, I have done so disinterestedly. I am not an African trader, nor do I intend to be. I am not getting up a company to develop East Africa and speculate in land. If a railway is made to Kilima-njaro, I shall probably hear of its accomplishment from the forests of Borneo or the snow-peaks of the Andes, and remember I once visited that part of the world. Scientific pursuits and a love of rambling have led me to this richly endowed region as they may next year lead me elsewhere, and I have thought it well to let my countrymen know what advantages it possesses, so that when British merchants and philanthropists are bewailing the loss of the great African sanatorium, they cannot at least plead ignorance of its existence or advantages.

Having said this much I leave my poor remarks to the kind consideration of the general public, by whom, and Mr. Mudie, we authors of a day receive our _raison-d’être_.

INDEX.

NOTE. All African names of countries, languages, or peoples, which are
not found under the initial letter in this index, should be looked for
under the initial of the root-form. Thus for Ki-taveita (the language
of Taveita), see Taveita, Ki-; for Usambara, Sambara, U-; Wa-čaga,
Čaga, Wa-; Bu-nyoro, Nyoro, Bu-. Inasmuch as the prefix in these cases
constantly varies with the meaning of the root, it is necessary to
recognize the unvarying root, alone, in this index.

Abdallah, 61, 131, 146, 189, 190, 199, 225, 239, 302.

Abyssinia, 2, 3, 5, 98, 334, 353, 363, 398, 452, 545, 551.

Acacia, 55, 74, 81, 117, 137, 209, 329, 336.

Aden, 15, 320, 321.

Africa, flora of, 334, _et seq._;
resources of, 148.

——, Eastern, 308, 323, 535, _et seq._

——, languages of, 446.

Agreement with Mandara, 110.

—— —— Elders of Taveita, 211.

Albert Nyanza, the, 297, 400.

“Albino, my,” 304.

_Albizzia_, 209.

_Alcelaphus Cokei_, 65, 301, 355.

Aloes, 51, 90, 92, 117, 154, 229, 330, 336.

Alphabet, Lepsius’ Standard, ix, 476, _et seq._

Alps, the, 5.

—— —— African, 3.

America, 3, 4, 9, 274.

_Anas_, 359.

Anemones, 234, 336.

Ant-bear, 300, 353, 424.

Antelopes, 216, 218, 300, 310, 355.

—— and ant-hills, 65, 355.

Ant-hills, 65, 355.

Anthropology, 395–445.

Ants, 176, 220, 296.

Arabia, 335.

Arabic, 460.

Arab mongrels, 98.

Arabs, 6, 8, 97, 105, 181, 210, 308, 311, 314, 403, 408.

Arab town, an, 316.

Arnold, Edwin, vii.

_Artemisia_, 235, 334, 335.

Arums, 119, 442, 487.

Aruša, 397, 405.

Aryan languages, 460, 466, 480, 488.

Asses, 210, 304, 421, 423, 538, 546.

Association, British, 3, 6, 245.

Athmani, 58, 61, 131, 186, _et seq._, 247, _et seq._

Author, the, entrusted with command of Kilima-njaro Expedition, 6;
arrives at Zanzibar, 16;
falls ill, 41;
asserts sway over porters, 48;
is miserable at Kitimbiriu, 194;
rejects Mandara’s ultimatum, 196;
is besieged, 197;
frames projects of escape, 200;
endures great anxiety, 200;
resolves to quit Moši, 204;
falls into ambush, 206;
catches leopard in trap, 211;
goes hunting, 216, _et seq._;
ascends Kilima-njaro, 229, _et seq._, 259, _et seq._;
flight from Wa-kibošo, 237;
takes leave of Mandara, 240;
frees Mabruki’s slaves, 248;
enters Maranu, 251;
humours its chief, 256;
has accident to knee-cap, 261, _et seq._;
ascends Kibô, 266;
returns to camp, 276;
muses on the possibilities of a European settlement, 286;
has difficulties with Wa-rombo, 288;
anxiety to avoid bloodshed, 288;
fights with Wa-rombo, 293;
receives deputation of Wa-rombo, 295;
sets out for coast, 297;
ill at Lake ǰipe, 299;
meets the Masai, 303: escapes by a _ruse_, 303;
enjoys mute hospitality at the Pangani Mission-station, 316, _et
seq._;
voyages in Arab dau, 318;
returns to Zanzibar, 319;
reaches London, 321.

Baboons, 118, 212, 223, 310, 350, 351.

Baker, Sir Samuel, 450.

“Baloza,” the, 98, 100, 104, 106, 187, 226, 257.

Balsams, 92, 148, 230, 330.

Banana, the, 442, 487.

—— beer, 175.

—— plantations, 75, 88, 91, 117, 118, 124, 209, 287, 289, 307.

—— leaves, 140, 155.

Bananas (fruit), 148, 151, 155, 193, 212, 215, 264, 306, 424.

——, Wild (_Musa Ensete_), 209, 331, _et seq._, 336.

Bantu, meaning of the word, 478, 488.

—— languages, 151, 288, 313, 424, 426, 447, 474, _et seq._, 478, _et
seq._

Bantu races, 78, 247, 312, 396, _et seq._, 539, _et seq._

Baobab-trees, 304, 329, 336, 430.

Barawuio, Em-, 313, 407.

Barbel, a, 363.

Bari people, 397, 421.

—— language, 400, 450, _et seq._, 455, 466, 474, 481, 501, _et seq._

Baringo, Lake, 397, 450, 536, 551.

“Baroni,” the (Baron v. d. Decken), 10, 101, 106.

Bats, 352.

Battle with Wa-kibošo, 177.

_Bauhinia_, 80.

Beads (for trading), 45, 154;
(ornaments of), 429.

Beans, 149, 155, 442, 547.

Bed, a native’s, 214.

Bees, 92, 363, 424, 485.

Beetles, 5, 260, 363, 372–377.

Begonias, 230, 260.

Belgians, 99.

Bell, Prof. Jeffrey, on a nematoid worm, 364.

Berber language, 429, 475.

Birds, 5, 192, 356–361, 377–387, 543.

Blackberries, 154, 155, 193.

Blair, General, 15, 321.

Bleek, Dr., 446, 448, 488.

Blessbok, the, 354.

Blood-drinking, 425, 442.

Bloody scene, a, 176.

_Bombax_ tree, 329.

Bondei, Wa-, 398.

Boni, Wa-, 401 (language), 401, 501.

Bonney, Professor, on the geology of Kilima-njaro, 328.

_Borassus flabelliformis_, 154, 329.

Borneo, 4.

Bracken fern, 118, 125, 151, 330, 336.

Brambles, 117, 154, 230, 330.

Bread, 83, 143, 148.

Breakfast-table, 143, 148.

British Association, the, 3, 6, 245.

—— Ensign, Mandara’s request for, 100.

_Buceros_, 356, _et seq._

Buffalo, 66, 164, 216, 267, 277, 279, 287, 354, 485, _et seq._, 540.

Bulom language, 480.

Bura of Taita, 64, 65, 287.

Bushbuck, the, 354.

Bushmen, 427, 447, 482, 484.

Butter, 142, _et seq._, 148, 155, 193.

Buttercups, 336.

Butterflies, 5, 14, 192, 194, 235, 363, 367.

—— feeding on blood, 176.

Calophyllum, 329.

Cameroons, the, Mountains, 3, 335, 352, 489.

Camp at Habari, 83;
at Mkuyuni, 85;
at Mandara’s, 90;
on Kilima-njaro, 233, 260;
at Maraṅu, 253;
in Msai (Kimawenzi), 285;
River Lumi, 292;
delights of, 83;
meals in, 84.

—— of Masai, 304.

_Canis_, 353.

Cannibalism, 352.

Cape of Good Hope, 5, 335.

Carapace of kites’ feathers, 170.

Cardamums, 545.

_Carduus_, 267.

_Carnivora_, 352.

Carrots, 131, 149, 547.

Cattle, 315, 421, 486, 545.

—— of Africa, 421, _et seq._, 441.

—— of Wa-čaga, 441.

—— of Masai, 304, 421, 538.

_Cephalophus_, 354.

Cephas, the cook, 62, 106, 131, 146, 179, 190, 237.

_Cercopithēcus_, 352.

Chameleon, 260, 361.

Champagne, 52, 53.

Chella Mountains (Angola), 279, 310, 354.

Chervil, 234, 268.

Chief, the, of Mačame, 9, 124.

—— Maraṅu, 255, _et seq._

—— Paré, 306.

—— Usambara, 307.

Cicadas, 222.

Circumcision, 487.

—— of Wa-čaga, 438.

—— of Masai, 412 (and foot-note).

—— of Wa-taveita, 433.

Civet, 353.

Clematis, 87, 148, 336.

Climate of Kilima-njaro, 299, 322, _et seq._, 549;
(Kitimbiriu), 194.

_Clitorea_, 37, 51, 329.

Cloth, for trade, 44;
a “hand” of, 155.

Clouds on Kilima-njaro, 136, _et seq._, 154, 208.

Clover, 121.

_Cobus_ antelopes, 310.

Cocoa-nut, 59.

—— palm, 329.

Coffee, 148, 544, 545, 549.

Cold, at Kitimbiriu, 145;
on higher levels, 275, 280.

_Coleoptera_, 372–377.

Collectors, natural history, 12, 13, 136, 192.

_Collocasia_, 424, 442.

_Colobus Guereza_, _var._ caudatus, 37, 174, 352.

—— Kirkii, 37, 38.

Colobus skins, 89, 170, 174, 414, 542.

_Commelyna_, 50, 329.

Commerce of Kilima-njaro district, 535, _et seq._

Congo, River, 2, 6, 98, 99, 149, 210, 350, 442, 482, 551.

“Concord,” the, in Aryan languages, 461;
in Bantu, 459, 490;
in Ki-čaga, &c., 499, _et seq._;
in Galla, 460;
in Hottentot, 460;
in Semitic languages, 460.

Cooley, Mr. Desborough, 9.

Copal, 544.

Copper, 487, 545, 548.

_Corissa_, 51.

Cow, 121, 131, 142, 147, 148, 155, 198, 304.

Crabs, 363, 365, 544.

Cream, 142, 143, 193.

Creepers, strange, 82.

_Crinum_ lilies, 37, 51.

Crocodiles, 298, 361, 443, 543.

Crotons, 37.

Crows, 176, 304.

Cucumbers, 131, 149, 547.

Cust, Mr., R.N., 446, 478.

Cycads, 329.

_Cynocephalus_, 350.

_Cynoglossum_, 235, 267, 333.

Čaga, 8, 96, 135, 210, 215, 250, 299, 326, 351, 443.

——, agriculture of, 125, 440.

——, climate of, 139.

——, Wa- (people of), 78, 91, 95, 96, 97, 123, 154, 210, 213, 229, 233,
238, 249, 398, 428, 436, _et seq._;
domestic animals of, 441, _et seq._;
their huts, 91, 157;
mode of fighting, 175, 176;
swords, 176;
smiths, 440;
utensils, 440;
their language (Ki-čaga), 95, 111, 157, 161, 252, 289, 494, _et seq._

Čala, Lake, 281, 290.

“Dacca,” s.s., 321.

Dahalo, Wa-, 401.

Daus, Arab, 25, 318.

Day, a typical, at Kitimbiriu, 144, _et seq._

Decency, natives’ want of, 76, 90, 433, 437.

Decken, Baron von der, 9, 10, 12, 101, 106, 190.

_Didunculus_, 4.

_Dierama_, 267.

Digo, A-, 398.

Diṅka language, 400, 421, 451, 475, 501, _et seq._

Dishes, wooden, of Wa-čaga, 142.

_Dissotis_, 92, 121, 147.

Dodo, the, 4.

Dogs of Kilima-njaro, 353;
of Masai, 421, 423.

Doko people, The, 431.

Domestic animals, 421, 441, 486.

Donkey, _vide_ Ass.

Doorway, Čaga, 157, 229.

——, Taveita, 74.

——, Maraṅu, 250.

Dorobo, En-, 294, 401, 402, 424, 448.

Dowding, Captain, 320.

_Dracæna_, 90, 117, 151, 154, 172, 229, 330, 336.

Drakensberg Mountains, 334.

Ducks, 298, 359.

——, Muscovy, 294, 296, 484.

Dwarf races, 400.

Δaičo, Wa-, 379, 432.

Earrings of Masai, 410, 431;
of Wa-taita, 430.

Eastern Africa, _see_ Africa, Eastern.

Efik language, 480.

Eggs, 143, 148, 155.

Egrets, 298, 359.

Egypt, 15, 321, 484.

Egyptians, Ancient, 421, 546.

_Elaïs_ palm, 329.

Elands, 66, 301, 310, 354.

Elche, palm groves of, 311.

Elephant-gun, 167.

Elephants, 206, 207, 233, 260, 279, 213, _et seq._, 287, 294, 310, 354,
485, 541.

Emin-Bey, Dr., 450.

Enciso, 7.

En-dorobo, _vide_ Dorobo, En-.

England, 99.

English (Wa-ingrezi), 99, 310.

—— “Manowari,” 100, 135.

—— Mission, 317.

—— vegetables, 131, 149.

Equator, snow under the, 3, 8, 9.

_Equus_, 354.

Erhardt, Rev., 448, 452.

_Erica_, 233, 261.

Euphorbias, 51, 58, 81, 307, 312.

European settlements on Kilima-njaro, 286, _et seq._, 290, 298.

_Euryops_, 270, 333.

“Everlasting” flowers, 233, 235, 270, 333, 334.

Expedition, the Kilima-njaro, 3.

—— —— ——,funds for, 3, 13, 14, 296.

Famine in East Africa, 1884, 215.

Faraǰi, 61, 131, 146, 147, 229, 299.

Fariǰala, 131, 146.

Farler, Archdeacon, 403.

Fauna of Kilima-njaro, 350–394.

Fauna and flora of Kilima-njaro, 3, 5, 12.

—— —— —— —— high mountains and islands, 4, 5.

—— —— ——, ancient, of Africa, 6.

Ferns, 117, 230, 231, 235, 260, 269, 330, 334, 336.

——, tree-, 231, 260, 333, 336.

Fever caught at Zanzibar, 41;
at ǰipé, 299.

——, causes of, 41.

Fig-trees, 329.

Fire, making, 436.

Fireworks, author’s display of, 179, 188, 294.

Fischer, Dr., 12, 13.

Fish, 209, 212, 213, 298, 363, 434, 441, 543.

Flies, 176.

Flora of Kilima-njaro, 267, _et seq._, 329, _et seq._, 335, _et seq._,
337–349.

—— —— Abyssinia, 334, _et seq._

—— —— South Africa, 334, _et seq._

Flour, maize, 83, 148;
millet, 155.

Fly-catcher, 356.

Food in Africa, 84.

Forests of Bura, 65;
enchanted, 59, 81;
of Kilima-njaro, 152, _et seq._, 233;
of Kimawenzi, 282, _et seq._;
of Paré, 306, _et seq._, 544;
of Taveita, 74, 80, 209, 322, 330;
terrors of the, 285;
of Usambara, 310, 544.

Forge, a Čaga, 440.

Forget-me-nots, 336.

Fowls, 142, 143, 147, 155, 158, 198, 213, 294, _et seq._, 421;
introduction of, into Africa, 483, _et seq._, 546.

Francolin, 218, 358, 343.

French (Wa-fransa), 22, 99.

Frere Town, 42.

Frogs, 362;
tree-, 222.

Frost, 233.

Fula people (Fulbe), 452.

—— language (Fulde), 447, 451, 452, 474, 478.

Galago, the, 37, 352.

Galla Land, 398, 401, 432, 438.

—— language, 401, 450, _et seq._, 460, 474, _et seq._, 479, 501, _et
seq._

—— people, 210, 312, 398, _et seq._

Game, big, 216, 301, 354.

—— country, _the_, 219, 301.

Ganda, Bu-, 210, 483;
Lu- (the language), 400, 479, 483, 488, 490.

Gazelles, 354.

Geese, 298, 359.

Gender, recognition of in Bantu, 474.

—— —— —— —— Galla, 474, 475.

—— —— —— —— Masai, 474.

—— —— —— —— Semitic, 474.

Genet, 353.

Geographical Society, Royal, 10, 11, 14.

—— —— of Paris, 8.

—— education of British youth, 2.

Geography, physical, of the Kilima-njaro district, 322, 395, 535, _et
seq._

Geology of Kilima-njaro, 328, _et seq._

Geraniums, 235, 336.

Germans, the (Wa-dači), 99, 100, 314.

Giraffe, the, 216, 301, 310, 354, 485, 540.

Gissing, Capt., 15, 41, 48, 130.

Gladioli, 230, 267, 333.

Gnu, the, 66, 310, 354.

Goats, 90, 91, 121, 128, 142, 145, 147, 155, 158, 172, 198, 211, 213,
227, 264, 294, _et seq._, 315, 422, 441, 546.

God, names of, 215, 430, 438.

Godman, Mr. F. D., on the lepidoptera of Kilima-njaro, 367.

Gonǰa, 307, _et seq._

Gora, 48, 49, 51.

Grammar, Masai, 455–476.

_Graphic_, plates from, 46.

_Graphiurus_, 354.

Grasses, 119.

Great personages, 101.

Greffulhe, M., 401.

Guinea-fowls, 310, 358, 543.

Guides from Maraṅu, 259, 263, 280, 285.

Gums, 544.

Gwéno, Ki-, 125, 494, _et seq._

——, U-, 65, 125, 286, 297, 443, 550.

——, Wa-, 125, 210, 297, 396, 398, 428, 443.

“Habari” River, 82, 207.

Haggard, Lieut., 15.

Hamitic languages, 398, 447, 460, 474, 475, 478.

“Hand” of cloth, 155.

Handford, Rev. J., 41.

Hartebeests, 65, 66, 301, 354, 355.

Hausa language, 447, 475, 478.

Heaths, 233, 235, 261, 334, 336.

Helot tribes, 424.

Hemlock, 234.

Herero, Oči-, language, 493.

_Hibiscus_, 37, 87, 92, 148, 330.

Hides, 547, _et seq._

Hindus at Zanzibar, 27, 28.

—— —— Pangani, 316, 317.

Hippopotami, 298, 354, 443, 485, 486, 541.

_Hippotragus niger_, 69, 301, 354.

_Hippotragus equinus_, 224.

Honey, 65, 92, 148, 155, 264, 424, 442, 547.

—— boxes, 93.

—— guide (_indicator_), 424.

Hornbills, 356, _et seq._

Hottentot languages, 447, 460, 474, 480.

Houses, building at Kitimbiriu, 139, 143.

—— of Gonǰa, 307.

—— —— Masai, 420.

Hunters, native, 66, 216, 220.

Hunting and travel, 68.

Hyena, 162, 195, 211, 220, 222, 353, 423, 434, 439.

——, a human, 217.

_Hyphœne Thebaïca_, 154, 310, 329.

Hyraxes, 234, 264, 279, 354.

Ibrahim, 63, 131, 146, 303.

Ichneumon, 353.

Indian corn, 151, 155.

India, 308, 335, 363.

India-rubber, 544.

—— creeper, 336, 544.

_Indicator_, 424.

_Insectivora_, 352.

Insects, 544.

Irises, 234, 235, 267, 333.

Iron, 297, 440, 487, 545, 548.

Irrigation of plantations, 139, 149, 441.

Ivory, 210, 294, 424, 541, 547.

Jackal, 353.

“Japan,” 4.

_Java_, the, 15.

J̌emsi, En-, 210, 397.

J̌ipé, Lake, 66, 72, 125, 287, 297, _et seq._, 310, 321, 359, 363, 407,
443, 543.

“Johnston,” 76.

J̌ub, River, 401.

J̌umba Kimemeta, 98, 184, 185.

J̌uwano people, 401.

Kadu Stanley, 63, 131, 139, 149, 225, 239.

Kaffir language, 483, 488.

Kahe, Wa-, 398, 428, 443.

Kamasia, 397.

Kamba, A-, 78, 210, 220, 397, 399, 428, 431.

——, Ki-, 494.

Kambani, U-, 210, 287, 397.

Kaputei, 397.

Kara, Wa-, 397.

Kavirondo, 210, 397, 399, 401, 540.

Kenia, Mount, 2, 8, 9, 397, 418, 431, 536.

Kibô, 1, 7, 10, 80, 105, 110, 124, 129, 136, 147, 152, 229, 234, 266,
_et seq._, 277, 298, 335.

Kiboṅoto, 443.

Kibôšo, 165, 181, 244, 443.

——, people of (Wa-kibôšo), 169, 175, 177, _et seq._, 226, 233, 235,
236, _et seq._, 262, _et seq._

——, war with, 194.

——, Mandara’s armies defeated by, 200.

_Kigelia Africana_, 37.

Kihuṅgwe, 309.

Kikoro, 210, 407.

Kikuyu, Wa-, 397, 432.

Kilaki, 228, 232.

Kilema, 443;
Upper, 262.

——, River, 85, 260.