Chapter XXXII: Appendix: Potatau II

The ancestry and tribal connections of Matutaera Te Pukepuke Te Paue Tu Karato Te-a-Potatau Te Wherowhero Tawhiao, or Potatau II., render him the most illustrious and influential chief in New Zealand. No Maori chief is truly great unless he can trace his descent to some of those who came in the first canoes from Hawaiki. Tawhiao can do this, his ancestor being Hotonui, who came in the canoe Tainui, which made the land at Kawhia. The ancestor, however, who makes the greatest figure in the history of the family is Tapaue, who had a number of children who did well in the world, and founded quite a number of tribes who exist to this day. These children were--Te Rorokitua, who was the ancestor of the Ngatipaoa, Te Putu, Tahau, Te Apa, Huiarangi, Ratua, Hikaurua. The son of Te Putu was Tawhia, whose son was Tuata, whose son was Te Rauanganga, whose son was Te Wherowhero, whose son was the present Tawhiao. The name of Tawhiao's mother was Whakaawi, a woman of high birth of the Ngatimahutu tribe.

Tawhiao's autobiographical narrative is as follows:--

"I was born at a place called Orongokoekoea, at Mokau. The whole of the Waikatos had been driven from Waikato by the invasion of Hongi, with his muskets, and the tribes had suffered greatly when the pa was taken at Matakitaki. The whole of the Waikatos were living at Mokau when I was born, from fear of Pomare. [The fall of Matakitaki took place in 1823, and Tawhiao would probably be born a year or two later.] We did not remain long at Mokau after the death of Pomare. We came back to Haurua, Kopua, and other places. I lived at Honipaka, in the Waipa. The Ngatitipa were at Haurau. Te Rauparaha had gone south long before that time, in prosecution of his conquests at Cook's Straits. Some of Rauparaha's people, however, the Ngatitoa and Ngatikoata, came to Matakitaki, and were slain there. Te Waharoa was then living at Horotiu, and did not move. The Ngapuhi did not attack him. Pomare made peace with Takurua. Waikato heard that peace had been made. At this time Te Wherowhero had gone to Taupo. Rauroha said to Pomare, 'Go back to your own country,' but Pomare would not consent. Rauroha said, 'You have made peace with me; look at Matire.' [Matire Toha was subsequently married to Kati, Te Wherowhero's brother, on the peace-making between Waikato and Ngapuhi.] Te Wherowhero wished to go to Pomare, but Te Kanawa resisted his desire, thinking there would be treachery. Pomare insisted upon going up to Waikato. He was met in battle by the Ngatitipa, the Ngatitamaoho. Te Aho, a son of Kukutai shot Pomare's fingers off, and when his people discovered that Pomare was wounded, they fled. The fight took place at Te Rore, on the Waipa, and the Ngapuhi fled to Whaingaroa. The chase continued to Te Akau, and as far as Awhitu. I remember when Matire Toha was brought to Waikato to be married to Kati. I remember the great crowds that were assembled at the time. Te Kihirini brought Matire to Waikato. She was very young then. The first Europeans we saw were at Kawhia. The first I remember was Captain Kent. The first missionaries in Waikato were Stack, Hamlin, Williams, and Morgan. The missionaries told us that we should be burned up unless we believed. I myself was baptized by the name Matutaera, at Mangere, by Mr. Burrows.

"I remember a European coming to ask Te Wherowhero to sign the treaty of Waitangi. That European was the missionary, Mr. Maunsell. [The Ven. Archdeacon Maunsell.] The Maori he had with him was Tipene Tahatika. Te Wherowhero said he would not sign. Mr. Maunsell remarked to Tipene, 'This ignorant old man, if he had signed, I would have given him a blanket.' Te Wherowhero was then at Awhitu. Te Wherowhero's name was afterwards put to the treaty, but it was written by Te Kahawai, not by himself. I was at the great meeting at Remuera. That was when Fitzroy was Governor. The principal speakers were Wetere te Kauae and Te Katipa. Governor Fitzroy visited Kawhia. The Rev. Mr. Whiteley and the missionaries had been there long before that time. When Sir George Grey came, he visited Rangiawhia, Te Awamutu, and other settlements in Waikato. He had thirty Maoris as his following. Sir George Grey pointed out Mangere as a place for Te Wherowhero. He said to my father, 'Come to Mangere, the land is for you.' I never attended any of the Mission schools."

In reference to the beginning of the New Zealand war, after Te Wherowhero's death, and when Tawhiao had succeeded his father as king, he narrates:--

"I was at Rawhitu, a few miles above Rangiriri, when I heard that the soldiers had crossed the Mangatawhiri. Heta Tarawhiti and a few others were with me. The Waikatos were then at Rangiriri and other places. I warned them to avoid the soldiers. When I heard that the soldiers had crossed the Mangatawhiri, I warned the Maoris to avoid the soldiers. I told them they should not meet the soldiers on the line of the Waikato river, but should go inland by Whangamarino to Paparata, and then to the Kirikiri. [Apparently this was Tawhiao's military plan, instead of constructing _pas_ on the river, like Meremere and Rangiriri. If his advice had been taken, the line of our advance, would have been threatened, and the settlements around Auckland placed in great danger.] The next thing I heard was that a battle had been fought at the Koheroa, and that the people I had sent to evade the soldiers had also gone and fought at the Koheroa. Tapihana was the chief man whom I had charged. I sent a message also to Mohi and Ihaaka (occupying the settlement at Pukekohe, the Kirikiri and adjacent places), telling them to come out from their villages. The engineer of the _pa_ at Rangiriri, who directed its formation, was Te Wharepu. I told the people that they should retire to the depth of the forest to evade the troops. The others would not consent. Te Wharepu was the leader of the others. They said, 'We will not agree; if our blood must be shed, let it be shed on our own land at Waikato.' I was at the fight at Rangiriri. Wiremu Tamehana and myself went to Rangiriri, and requested the people to move away from that place. That was the object of both Thompson[74] and myself in going. A dozen times I tried to persuade them to break up from Rangiriri, but finding that our efforts were unsuccessful, we left. The balls were then flying in all directions. I took refuge behind a flax bush. A bullet passed close to me, and struck the bush. I was not injured. I had a gun and cartridge-box. I saw some of my people escaping. I told them to be swift, and move on. They said, 'You must look after yourself; are you not in danger?' I said, 'No, I will rest a while here.' I took off my coat and vest, and, after a while, I succeeded in getting on board a canoe belonging to the Ngatitamaoho, and in making my escape. Previously ten guns were levelled at me, and a big gun also. Messengers had gone before, and told the people that I was safe."

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 74: A native known as The King Maker.]

THE CHIEFS.

WIREMU TE WHEORO Te Morehu Maipapa comes from a distinguished line of ancestors. From a woman of celebrity, named Hourua, after whom the tribe was called, and whose worthy chief was that famous man Wiremu Te Awatora, of Raglan. Then from the renowned ancestor Tapoue, Te Wheoro becomes a near relative of Tawhiao, the present Maori King, which circumstance accounts for the fact of his taking possession of the Tiwai canoe, which conveyed the late Maori King, Potatau Te Wherowhero, from Manukau to Ngaruawahia.

The father and mother of Te Wheoro resided in the earlier times at their settlement, Kaniwhaniwha, on the Waipa River, but, as was the custom, they would remove to other places, being interested in other lands, thus verifying the old Maori proverb, "_Ka mete kainga tahi; ka ora kaingarua_" (he that has but one home will be subject to failure; he that has two homes will prosper). The name of Te Wheoro's father was Te Kaingamata, and his mother's name was Ngapaoa of the Ngatihinetu tribe of Rangiaowhia. Te Wheoro's grandfather was Te Whakaete, who was acknowledged to have been of great power among the Waikatos. Te Whakaete was killed at Maungatautari by the Ngatipukenga, a war party on its way to Te Wairoa, east coast, and headed by the chief Naunau. Te Wheoro's own settlement was at Te Kohekohe, Lower Waikato, and he was always a faithful adherent of the Europeans. His valuable services were brought into requisition by General Cameron when war was declared against the Waikatos. The calamities which befell his people arising out of the war must have greatly afflicted him, for he tried very hard to divert war during the Civil Commissionership of Mr. Gorst, M.P., in the Waikato, when Sir George Grey's _Runanga_ system was introduced, and when the two Maori newspapers--the Government organ, _Te Pihoihoi_, and the Maori King organ, _Te Hokioi_--were waging a hostile war, which unhappily culminated in a breach of the peace, Manga Maniapoto having instructed his partisans to seize the press and type, which was duly carried out. Te Wheoro is called by the Maoris "_he tangata rangatira_"(a man of noble extraction), and although he is a Ngatihourua of Whaingaroa, a Ngatimahuta of Waikato-nui, and a Ngatihinetu of Rangiaowhia, his particular tribe is the Ngatinaho, the members of which acknowledge his chieftainship and _mana_, and these people acted under him during the Waikato war. Of his fidelity, friendship, and singular loyalty to Europeans before the war, during the war, and subsequently up to the present time, abundant evidence may be adduced both by Maoris and Europeans, while Government despatches and military records simply corroborate facts well known to reliable settlers. Te Wheoro is in great favour with the King party, and besides being decorated with the New Zealand war-medal, and holding a commission as Major in the Colonial forces, he is a member of the House of Representatives for the Southern Maori Electoral district of the North Island.

WAHANUI, the most influential chief of the Ngatimaniapoto tribe, is a man of giant proportions, considerably over six feet in height. His name in the Maori language signifies "broad," and was given to him in reference to his enormous stature. He was educated at the "Three Kings," and was originally intended for the Church, but returning to the King Country, he took up his home at Te Kopua in the centre of his tribe, where he has remained, watching over the interests of his race. For many years he was the king's principal minister and staunchest supporter. With a singularly dignified and courteous manner, he displays a remarkable intelligence, which is heightened in no small degree by a wonderful power of oratory which he usually employs with remarkable effect at the councils of the native tribes. He is one of the largest native land-owners, the territory of his tribe extending over the most fertile portion of the King Country.

MANGA REWI, a chief of the Maniapoto tribe, descended from a long line of ancestors, is a man of great intelligence, and, although now aged, is one of the most influential and respected representatives of his race. He has been throughout a strong supporter of the King Movement, and during the war was one of the most valorous and daring of Maori leaders.

PATARA TE TUHI belongs to the same tribe as Tawhiao, namely, the Ngatimahuta, and is, besides, his brother-in-law. He is a clever man, and being ready with his pen, he was selected by the Kingites to edit the _Hokioi_, the newspaper which they established to advocate the Kingite cause. This paper was printed by types and a press obtained by the Maoris who went to Europe with Dr. Hochstetter and which was given to them by the Archduke Maximilian, who afterwards had such an unfortunate career in Mexico. This powerful organ came to an untimely end, the printing-office having been smashed up by an armed party under Rewi, and the plant thrown into the Waipa river.

WHITIORA WIRIMU TE KOMETE, a chief of the Waikato tribe, is renowned for his bold defence of the Rangiriri _pa_ against the imperial troops. He narrates his capture with ninety of his men as follows:--

"A white flag was hoisted on board the steamer, at the Waikato river, in consequence of which he ordered the flag of truce to be hoisted in the Rangiriri _pa_, which act he supposed would have led to a parley; but, to his great astonishment, General Cameron and fifty of his men came into the _pa_, and commanded the Maoris to deliver up their arms. We could easily have shot the fifty soldiers, including the General, if we had known that their coming into the _pa_ was to deal treacherously with us. We could have maintained our post in the _pa_, and we had made up our minds to fight to the death. After admitting the soldiers into the fortress we discovered for the first time we were prisoners."

PAORA TU HAERE is a chief of the Ngatiwhatua tribe.

HATI WIRA TAKAHI, chief of the Ngapuhi tribe.

PARATENE TE MANU, chief of the Ngatiwai tribe.

TUKUKINO, head chief of the Ngatitematera, was one of the principal Hauhau leaders during the war, and one of the most active obstructionists to European Settlement. He is at present one of the most aged natives in New Zealand.

TE RAIA NGAKUTU TE TUMUHUIA, chief of the Ngatitematera tribe, was the last of the New Zealand cannibals. He attacked a _pa_ at Katikati, in 1842, belonging to the Ngatiterangi, defeated the powerful chief Te Whanake, and feasted his own followers upon the slain.

TE KOOTI is well known as the great Hauhau leader during the war. He is a man of singular intelligence, and still exercises a widespread influence over the tribes. He was sent as a prisoner of war, with other natives, to the Chatham Islands, and his escape from that inhospitable region with his followers, together with his massacre of the settlers at Poverty Bay, form one of the most remarkable and stirring events connected with the campaign.

LIST OF THE NEW ZEALAND TRIBES, WITH THEIR LOCALITIES.

These tribes, which constitute the principal divisions of the Maori race, are all subdivided into _hapus_, or tribal families, bearing often a different appellation to that of the parent tribe, to which, however, each _hapu_ claims a direct relationship.

Name of Tribe. Locality.

Aopouri and Rarawa North Cape to Hokianga.
Ngapuhi Bay of Islands.
Ngatiwhatua and Uriohau Manukau Kaipara and Waitemata.
Ngatitai Firth of Thames and Auckland.
Ngatipaoa Thames from Cape Colville to Katikati.
Ngatierangi Katikati to Maketu and inland.
Ngatiwhaka-aue Maketu and Lake Country.
Ngatiraukawa Otaki Arowhenua.
Waikato Valley of Waikato to Manukau.
Ngatimaniapoto Valley of Waipa to Mokau.
Ngatiawa West Coast from Mount Egmont to
Mount Taupiri, Waikanae, Wellington,
&c.
Te Whakatohea Bay of Plenty and inland.
Ngatipouri Cape Runaway and inland.
Ngatituwharetoa Lake Taupo and centre of North
Island.
Ngatitama From Mokau inland.
Taranaki West Coast near Mount Egmont.
Ngatiruanui Waitotara and inland.
Ngarauru Waitotara to Whanganui and inland.
Ngatihau Whanganui and inland.
Ngatiapa Rangitane, Whanganui River, and
inland.
Ngatitoa Near Wellington.
Ngatikahungunu Table Cape to Palliser Bay, and inland.
Te Urewera Taupo to Poverty Bay.
Whanauapanui Cape Runaway to Bay of Plenty and
inland.
Rangitane Admiralty Bay and vicinity.
Ngahitao South and Middle Island.

THE FLORA.

Synopsis of the principal _flora_ met with during the journey, arranged alphabetically in accordance with native names.

TREES.

Hinau.--_Eloecarpus dentatus._ A graceful tree, 20 to 30 feet high;
blossoms with a white flower; produces an edible berry 1/2 inch
long, pulp astringent, stone deeply furrowed; bark furnishes a
black dye, common throughout the interior of the island; finest
specimens met with in the Teranga forest, west of Ruapehu, at an
altitude of about 2000 feet.

Horoeka.--_Aralia Crassifolia._ A small tree with a narrow leaf;
frequent in the forests of the Lake Country and other parts of
the interior.

Kahikatea.--_Podocarpus dacrydioides._ The white pine, growth 50
to 120 feet; found on the swampy lands and river-banks; berry
edible, wood soft; largest trees seen in Valley of Whanganui.

Karaka.--_Corynocarpus loevigatus._ A beautiful tree, 30 to 40 feet
high, with glossy ovate leaves and oblong berries, which, when
ripe, are of a bright red colour. The natives affirm that this
tree was brought by their ancestors from Hawaiki. Seen near
Tauranga and in Lake Country.

Karamu.--_Coprosma lucida._ A handsome tree with dark, shining
ovate leaves; growth 20 to 30 feet; berries small, bright red,
and edible; foliage eaten readily by cattle and horses; widely
distributed all over the central portion of North Island, especially
in forests of Kaimanawa Mountains and Western Taupo; grows
up to altitude of 3000 feet.

Mahoe.--_Melicytus ramiflorus._ A bushy tree; growth 15 to 30 feet;
frequent in forests of the interior; foliage eaten by cattle.

Makomako.--_Aristotelia racemosa._ A small tree, 10 to 20 feet high;
bark black; bears a small berry; bark used by natives to produce
a black dye; plentiful in forests of Whanganui.

Manoa.--_Dacrydium Colensoi._ Growth 10 to 50 feet; leaves an inch
in length, those of the upper branches overlapping each other;
wood very hard, formerly much prized by natives for the manufacture
of spears and clubs; frequent in valley of Manganui
a-te-Ao.

Mataii.--_Podocarpus spicata._ Growth 80 to 100 foot; berries edible;
common in all the forests of the interior; finest trees found in
Valley of Whanganui.

Miro.--_Podocarpus ferruginea._ Growth 60 to 120 feet; produces a
red berry, the favourite food of the wood-pigeon; frequent
throughout the interior; finest specimens met with in forests
west of Ruapehu, at altitude of about 2000 feet.

Nikau.--_Areca Sapida._ A beautiful and graceful palm, with ringed
trunk, and bright green pinnate leaves 4 to 6 feet long, the sole
representative of its genus in New Zealand; the pulp of the top
portion of the stem is edible, and when young is a favourite
article of food with the natives; very frequent in the forests of
the interior, but appeared to attain its greatest growth and
development in the damp marly soil of the Valley of the Whanganui.

Pohutukawa.--_Metrosideros tormentosa._ A grand, wide-spreading
tree, with gnarled trunk and twisting branches, growth 30 to 50
feet; bears in the month of December a large crimson flower;
inner bark used by the natives for diarrhoea; wood hard and
red; grows usually near the sea, but also inland at Lake Tarawera
at altitude of over 1000 feet.

Pukatea.--_Atherosperma Novæ Zelandiæ._ A straight-growing tree,
with a buttressed trunk, growth 50 to 150 feet; grows to a large
size in the forests west of Ruapehu, at an altitude of about 2000
feet.

Rata.--_Metrosideros robusta._ A gigantic tree from 60 to 160 feet in
height, base of trunk often exceeds 40 feet in circumference;
blooms with a crimson flower; the trunk gives life to innumerable
parasitical plants; wood hard, but not durable; inner bark
powerful astringent, used by natives for diarrhoea; frequent in
all the forests of the interior, the largest trees found being on
the eastern side of Mount Pirongia and in the dense low-lying
forests of the Valley of Whanganui.

Rewarewa.--_Knightia excelsa._ A handsome tree, growth 80 to 100
feet; bears large clusters of red flowers; frequent in the Lake
Country.

Rimu.--_Dacrydium cupressinum_, the red pine. A noble tree, growth
from 80 to 150 feet; branches pendulous; wood red, heavy, and
handsome. This tree attains to its largest size in the Terangakaika
Forest, west of Mount Ruapehu, where it flourishes in great
abundance at an altitude varying from 2000 to 2500 feet.

Tanekaha.--_Phyllocladus trichomanoides._ A celery-leaved pine,
producing a tough timber-growth, from 20 to 30 feet; the bark
affords a red dye which is fast becoming a valuable article of
export for the purpose of colouring kid gloves; frequent in
forests of Western Taupo and Te Toto ranges.[75]

Tawa--_Nesodaphne Tawa._ A fine tree, growth 60 to 80 feet; leaves
lance-shaped; produces an edible berry; common throughout
the interior.

Ti.--_Cordyline Australis._ Growth 10 to 30 feet; leaves uniform, from
2 to 3 feet long; flowers white and drooping; root edible; frequent
throughout the interior, grows at an altitude of 3000 feet;
frequent on Rangipo table-land.

Towai.--_Fagus fusca._ One of the most beautiful of New Zealand
trees, growth 80 to 140 feet; leaves 1 to 1-1/4 long, deeply
serrate; forms dense forests on the Kaimanawa Mountains and other
parts of interior; attains to its greatest growth on the western
slopes of Mount Ruapehu, where it grows at an altitude of over
4000 feet.

Totara.--_Podocarpus totara._ A fine forest tree; growth from 60 to
100 feet; met with in all parts of the interior.

SHRUBS, FLOWERS, AND PLANTS.

Anata.--A buttercup.

Hanea.--A cress.

Harakeke.--_Phormium tenax._ A New Zealand flax; flowers dark
red; leaves long, drooping and narrow; the seeds may be used
as a substitute for coffee; the root is employed by the natives as
a purgative and worm medicine; the gum is applied to wounds
and sores; the fibre of the leaf is used for rope-making and the
manufacture of paper. Common throughout the interior in
swampy places; growth from 4 to 8 feet.

Heruna.--_Polygonum adpressum._

Kaikaiatua.--_Rabdothamnus solandri._ A plant.

Kokota.--_Epilobium minuta._ A small willow-herb.

Korikori.--A species of ranunculus.

Koromiko.--_Veronica salcifolia._ A common shrub, with lilac or
white flowers, lanceolate leaves; frequent all over interior; grows
luxuriantly around southern and western region of Lake Taupo.
A decoction of the leaves is valuable in dysentery. The foliage
is eaten readily by cattle.

Koropuku.--A plant with a red berry, common in the vicinity of
Tongariro.

Koru.--A blue and white flower.

Kotukutuku.--_Fuchsia excorticata._ A spreading tree-like shrub,
leaves ovate lanceolate; bears a purple berry, yields a dye of the
same colour; met with in all parts of interior.

Kowhitiwhiti.--Watercress.

Kalakuta.--A white flower.

Manuka.--_Leptospermum ericoides._ A tree-like shrub, widely distributed
all over interior; finest specimens met with in the
Geyser Valley, Wairakei.

Mataroa.--A flax-plant.

Matuakumara.--A plant.

Nahui.--_Alternanthera denticulata._

Nene.--_Dracophyllum latifolium._

Outatoranga.--_Pimelia arenaria._

Panahi.--_Convolvulus._

Panara.--Taupo primrose.

Papataniwhaniwha.--_Lagenophora Forsteri._ A plant like a daisy.

Pototara.--_Cyothodes oxydrus._--A plant with a small white fragrant
flower, found growing on Rangipo table-land.

Piripiri whata.--_Carpodetus serratus._

Poipapa.--_Chenopodium triandrum._

Poroporo.--An edible nightshade with a white flower.

Puatea.--A yellow daisy.

Puwha.--_Sonchus oleraceus._ Sowthistle, much used by the natives
as a vegetable.

Rengarenga.--_Anthropodium cirrhatum._ A lily.

Rongotainui.--A flax used for cordage and fishing-lines.

Taihinu.--A white flower found at Taupo.

Taretu.--A plant with blue berries.

Tataramoa.--_Rubus australis._ A climbing bramble, armed with
prickles, branches pendulous, leaves coriaceous; berry, red or
amber-coloured; known to the colonists as the "bush lawyer;"
found in all the forests of the interior; most frequent in Valley
of Whanganui.

Tikupenga.--_Cordyline stricta._

Titirangi.--_Veronica speciosa._

Totaratara.--A small shrub with a white flower.

Tupapa.--_Lagenophora Forsteri._ Native daisy.

Tutu.--_Coriaria ruscifolia._ A frequent shrub with glossy leaves
and pendulous clusters of purple fruit, the seeds of which are
poisonous as well as the foliage; produces a black dye.

Waewaekaka.--_Gleichenia hecystophylla._

Wharangi.--_Melicope ternata._ A broad-leaved, poisonous shrub,
very common in the forests of the Whanganui and Western
Taupo.

CREEPING, CLIMBING, AND PARASITIC PLANTS.

(_Common throughout the interior._)

Aka.--_Metrosideros buxifolia._

Kareao.--_Rhipogonum scandens._ A climbing wiry vine, the "supple
Jack" of the colonists; leaves three to five inches long, linear,
ovate; often grows in entangled masses, abundant in all the
forests; largest specimens found in the swampy forests of the
Whanganui. A decoction of the root forms a good substitute
for sarsaparilla.

Kiekie.--_Freycientia Banksii._ A plant producing an edible flower
and fruit.

Kohia.--_Parsiflora tetrandra._ A climbing plant.

Kowharawhara.--_Astelia Banksii._ A parasitical broad-leaved grass,
growing in tufts on trees, bearing an edible berry.

Kowhaia.--_Edwardsia microphilla._ A passion-flower; colour, green
and orange, with fragrant fruit.

Mawhai.--_Sicyos Australis._ A creeping plant.

Patangatanga.--_Freycientia Banksii._

Pikiarero--_Clematis_, bearing a beautiful white flower.

Puawananga.--_Clematis indivisa_, bearing a white flower.

FERNS.

Hiaue.--Creeping _lycopodium._

Huruhuruwhenua.--_Asplenium lucidum._

Kiokio.--_Polypodium._

Kopakopa.--_Trichomanes._ A round-leaved fern.

Korokio.--The smallest tree-fern.

Kotote.--A small-leaved fern.

Kurakura.--A small kind of _lycopodium_.

Maerere.--A small-leaved fern.

Makaka.--_Adianthum._

Mangapowhatu.--_Polytrichum cyphoma._

Mangemange.--_Lycopodium articulatum._ A creeping fern.

Mokimoki.--Long-leaved fern.

Mouku.--An edible fern.

Ngutu-Karkariki.--Parrot's bill fern, so called from the form of its
foot-stalk; the fronds are plume-shaped.

Panaka.--_Asplenium._ A very graceful fern.

Para Marattia.--_Salicina._ A large fern.

Paretau.--_Asplenium obliquum._ A large-leaved fern.

Puaka rimu.--The tree _lycopodium._

Raorao.--_Pteris esculenta._ A common edible fern, the root of which
formed at one time the principal food of the Maori.

Raumanga.--_Polypodium._ A broad-leaved fern.

Tapui kotuku.--Creeping _lycopodium_.

Tarakupenga.--Creeping _lycopodium_.

Waewaekoukou.--_Lycopodium volubile._ A running fern.

Ti Taranaki.--A fern growing on the plains, having its fructification
on a separate stalk.

TREE FERNS.

CYATHEA.

Tote.--_C. dealbata._ The "silver-tree fern;" growth, 10 to 20 feet;
trunk slender and black; fronds lanceolate, 8 to 12 feet long,
dark green above, silvery white below. Abundant in the interior;
finest specimens seen in forests of the Lake Country.

Ponga.--_C. medullaris._ The "black fern;" trunk very stout, 12 to
40 feet high, and covered with matted fibres; fronds very
numerous, from 10 to 15 feet long; deep green above, pale
below; abundant throughout the interior.

_C. Cunninghamii._ Trunk, 12 to 15 feet high; fibrous at
base; fronds, 20 to 30 in a crown, 6 to 9 feet long; bright
green; frequent in the Lake Country.

FLORA OF TONGARIRO AND RUAPEHU.

The _flora_ of Tongariro and the surrounding region partakes of an alpine character, and is both varied and beautiful. Indeed, not only are many of the mountains forming the group clothed with a dense and attractive vegetation, but where the forests spread down to the plains, the trees and shrubs are often so disposed by Nature as to form perfect gardens, which appear to have been artificially planted. During the exploration of both Tongariro and Ruapehu, I had an opportunity of examining the varied growth of trees, shrubs, and plants; and although I was unable, under the circumstances, to make a very extensive botanical collection, I secured some of the choicest specimens of mountain plants, and afterwards obtained their native names from the Maoris.

Houhou.--_Panax Colensoi_ is an abundant plant in hilly districts.

Huripo.--A tall shrub, common around Tongariro, and remarkable
for its foetid smell.

Manao.--_Pittosporum fasciculatum_ is found in both islands.

Monao.--_Cyathodes acerosa_ is plentiful throughout the whole country.

Papauma.--_Griselima littoralis_ is a plentiful tree, especially in the
high interior districts.

Patotara.--_Leucopogon Colensoi_ is a common mountain plant found in
both islands.

Peki Peki.--_Clemisia spectabilis_ is an alpine plant, abundant on the
open mountains of the South Island, but is seldom found in the north.

Purea.--_Cassinia fluvida_ is a plentiful mountain plant on both islands.

Rimu.--_Dacrydium laxifolium_ is abundant on the high mountains.
It is the smallest known pine in the world.

Taubinu.--_Olearia nummularifolia_ is plentiful on the mountains of
the South Island, but is found less frequently in the north.

Toatoa.--_Phylloctadus Alpinus_ is a sub-alpine tree, frequently met
with in both islands.

Towai.--_Fagus fusca._ This is the largest and by far the most
attractive tree growing in the vicinity of the high mountains
of this portion of the island. It is somewhat stunted around
Tongariro, but attains to colossal size on the western slopes
of Mount Ruapehu.

Tumigi.--_Leucopogon fasciculatus_ is a shrub having small, thick
leaves, with white underneath. It is very plentiful at Tongariro.

Tutu.--_Coriaria mystifolia_ is common in mountains and dry places.

Waewaekohu.--_Gleichenia dicarpa_ is a widely distributed mountain
plant.

The _Gnaphalium bellidioides_ is a mountain plant met with in both islands. This plant was the last sign of vegetable life on Tongariro, where it grew up to an altitude of 6000 feet. I also found it growing on Ruapehu, with the _Ligusticum aromaticum_, at an altitude of 7000 feet, where both these plants likewise formed the last sign of vegetation. It is worthy of remark that the natives could give no names for these latter species.

GRASSES.

Kakaho.--_Arundo Australis._ A tall grass or reed, very common
around Lake Taupo.

Karetu.--_Torresia redolens._ A sweet-smelling grass.

Kopoupou.--_Scripus lacustrina._ A rush, frequent in the Lake
Country.

Kurikuri.--A grass with a prickly flower-head, Western Taupo.

Mata.--A reed-like grass.

Matarauriki.--A tussock grass, Rangipo table-land.

Mouka.--A wide-leaved grass.

Ngawha.--Native bulrush, frequent in Lake Country.

Oioi.--_Leptocarpus fasciculus._ A common rush.

Otaota.--A thin grass.

Parakerake.--A fine grass, frequent at Taupo and Rangipo table-land.

Pouaka.--A fine grass, emitting, when bruised, a foetid smell;
found at Western Taupo.

Pureirei.--A swamp-grass.

Raupo.--_Typha latifolia._ A flag-rush, common everywhere in swamps
and banks of rivers; used by natives for building.

Tarareke.--A flax-grass.

Tarapuarere.--A flowering grass.

Toetoekiwi.--A low, rush-like grass, frequent in swamps.

Toetoe.--_Epicacris pauciflora._ A handsome cutting grass, common in
swampy places.

Tupari.--A broad-leaved grass.

Tutaikuri.--A swamp-grass, the native couch.

Wi.--A fine grass, frequent around Lake Taupo.

Wiwi.--A small swamp-rush.

MOSSES, FUNGI, AND LICHENS.

Hakekakeka.--A brown, edible fungus.

Harori.--A white, edible fungus.

Haroritui.--A tree-fungus.

Hawai.--A tree-fungus.

Karerarera.--A slimy plant.

Karengo.--A slimy plant, growing on stones in the water.

Koukou.--A tree-moss.

Kokirikiri wetu.--A globular fungus.

Kopura.--A scented moss, frequent in forests of Whanganui.

Maru.--Stag's-horn moss.

Pukurau.--_Lycopodon fontainesii_. A fungus.

Tikitiwhenua.--A toad-stool.

THE FAUNA.

The almost total absence of land mammalia forms one of the most remarkable features in the _fauna_ of New Zealand. Of this class New Zealand can boast of only two genera: the bat--_pekapeka_ of the natives, two species--and a small indigenous rat, the _kiore_, now almost extinct. The author met with one or two specimens of the latter animal at Ruakaka, in the King Country, but there, as in other parts of the island, it has been mostly exterminated by the Norwegian or grey rat. The _kararehe_, a native dog, the origin of which is uncertain, has entirely passed away. Its remains, however, have been found with those of the _moa_ in the limestone caves of the South Island. The natives claim to have brought the _kiore_ with them on their migration from Hawaiki, and it is likely that they may have imported the dog at the same time, as a reference to it is made in connection with their earliest traditions. Of the maritime mammalia both whales and seals were formerly very numerous on the coast of the islands. There are known to be eight kinds of whales, and three of seals. The total absence of serpents and tortoises is again another notable feature.

BIRDS.

By far the most attractive part of the New Zealand _fauna_ is the birds, which include some of the most beautiful species of the feathered tribe. Of these the following are among the most remarkable:--

Hihipopokero.--_Turdus albifrons._ A small brown bird with a white head.

Hioi.--_Ptilocinctatis._ A ground-lark, very common on the plains of
the interior of North Island.

Huia.--Genus _Melliphagus._ A black bird, about the size of a jay; it
has two little fleshy lappets under the beak: its tail feathers,
tipped with white, are much prized by the Maories as ornaments
for the hair.

Hurukiwi.--A wild duck.

Kahu.--_Falcon harpe._ A large hawk.

Kaiaia.--A sparrow-hawk.

Kaka.--_Nestor, meridionalis._ A largo greenish-brown parrot. The
author found this bird to be very common in the forests of the
Whanganui, where its harsh note was the first sound to break the
morning stillness. This family of parrots is characterized by an
aquiline or overlapping beak.

Kakapo.--_Strigaps habroptilus._ A ground-parrot; colour, green and
yellow; it does not fly, although it has wings, but hops from branch
to branch; it is nocturnal in its habits.

Kakariki.--_Platycerus Novæ Zealandiæ._ A pretty, green parrot.

Karewarewa.--_Falco brunnea._ A quail-hawk.

Katatai.--_Ralus assimilus._ A kind of rail.

Kauau.--_Graculus carunculatus._ A shag or cormorant.

Kea.--A large parrot, common in the South Island. It was formerly a
vegetarian, but in recent times it has developed a strong taste for
flesh, and has wrought great destruction among sheep flocks. The fat
surrounding the kidney appears to be its chief delight. Planting its
strong claws into the woolly loins of the live sheep, it, by the aid
of its powerful beak, pierces through those parts of the flesh and
fat around the kidney, which it greedily devours, while the animal
is powerless to resist its attacks.

Kereru.--_Columbus spadicea._ A wood-pigeon.

Kiwi.--Fam. _Struthionidæ._ (See Wingless Birds.)

Kohihi.--_Endynamys taitensis._ A bird.

Kohaperoa.--A bird of passage, the New Zealand cuckoo; it is a handsome
bird, spotted like the sparrow-hawk.

Kokako.--The New Zealand crow.

Kororeke.--The New Zealand quail.

Koriniako.--Genus _Melliphagus._ The bell-bird, one of the sweetest
songsters.

Kotare.--_Halcyon vagrans._ The king-fisher.

Kotuku.--_Ardea flavirostris._ A large white crane.

Koukou.--A small nocturnal owl, the "morepork" of the colonists.

Kuruengo.--The shoveller, a duck of Lake Taupo.

Mata.--A swamp-sparrow, a small brown bird with long tail feathers.

Matuku.--_Botaurus melanotus._ A bittern.

Mirmiro.--_Miro albifrons._ A small, graceful bird.

Moa.--Fam. _Struthionidæ._ (See Wingless Birds.)

Moakeroa.--A black bird with red bill and feet.

Ngirungiru.--_Petroica macrocophala._ A tomtit.

Parera.--_Anas superciliosa._ A wild duck.

Pihana.--A little black and white bird.

Pihoihoi.--The New Zealand ground-lark.

Piwakawaka.--_Rhipidura flabellifera._ The fantail fly-catcher, a small
graceful bird with a spreading tail.

Poaka.--_Himantopis._ Pied stilt.

Popokatea.--_Orthornyx heteroalytus._ The New Zealand canary bird.

Poporoihewa.--A snipe-like bird.

Puetoeto.--A bird living in swamps.

Pukeko.--_Porophyrino melanotus._ The swamp-hen; red bill and feet,
back black, breast bright blue.

Putaugitange.--_Casarca variegata._ The paradise-duck.

Riroriro.--Fam. _Luscindæ._ A small wren.

Ruru.--_Strigidæ Athene._ An owl.

Takupu.--A white gull.

Tarapunga.--A small gull, frequenting Lake Taupo.

Tatarihuka.--A small bird, held sacred by the Maories.

Tatariki.--Fam. _Luscindæ._ A small bird.

Tewakawaka.--Fam. _Rhipidura fuliginosa._ The black fantail.

Titi.--_Palecanoides urinatrix._ The mutton-bird.

Toetoe.--_Certhiparus Novæ Zealandiæ._ A small bird.

Totoara.--The robin.

Tui.--_Prosthemadera Novæ Zealandiæ._ The parson-bird. A beautiful
black bird, the size of a thrush; plumage a lustrous blue-black,
irradiated with green hues, pencilled with silver-grey, and white
delicate hair-feathers under the throat, suggestive of a parson's
tie. It has a melodious, clear note, and mocks other birds. It is
easily domesticated, and may be taught to talk.

Weka.--_Ralus Australis._ A large rail, the wood-hen, frequently met
with on the high land of the interior.

Wio.--The blue mountain duck.

Wiorau.--A small grey duck, frequenting the forest streams.

SEA BIRDS.

The sea birds inhabiting the coasts of New Zealand are fairly numerous, and among them are two small kinds of penguin.

Hawe.--A large gull, the tail-feathers of which are highly prized by
the natives.

Hoiho.--_Eudyptes antipodes._ A small penguin, inhabiting the coasts of
the South Island.

Kao.--A gull frequenting the shores at night.

Karoro.--A gull.

Kawan.--_Graculus carruculatus._ A shag or cormorant.

Kuaka.--A small sea bird.

Pekeha.--A gull.

Pitoitoi.--A small sea bird.

Taiko.--A gull.

Takahikahi.--A sea-shore bird.

Takupu.--A white gull.

Tara.--_Lula Australis._ A sea swallow.

Tarapunga.--A small, graceful gull, inhabiting Lake Taupo; very
numerous in the vicinity of Tokanu.

Titipu.--A gull.

Torea.--_Hæmatopus picatus._ The oyster-catcher; has red legs and beak.

Toroa.--_Diomedia exulans,_ The albatross.

WINGLESS BIRDS.

The almost extinct family of the _Struthionidæ_, or wingless birds, of New Zealand, forms one of the most interesting features in the _fauna_ of the country. All the members of this genus are wholly different from the common types of birds. They are remarkable for short rudimentary wings, entirely unfit for flight, and for bones nearly devoid of air cells; the leg muscles are of unusual strength and thickness; the feet are powerful and long, with three toes, while the plumage is composed of light, shaggy feathers, almost resembling hair. Before its period of extinction, the largest member of this family, known by tradition to the natives as the _moa_, was the giant of the feathered tribe, the height of the several species of this bird, as computed from its remains, being as follows:---

Feet. Inches.
Dinornis Giganteus 11 0
" Robustus 8 6
" Elephantopus 6 8
" Casuarinus 5 6
" Crassus 5 0
" Didiformus 4 8

Although the remains of all those birds are of extraordinary proportions, the _Dinornis elephantopus_, or elephant-footed _moa_, is distinguished by the singularly massive construction of its leg bones. The sole remaining representative of these colossal birds is the _apteryx_ or _kiwi_ of the natives. Of this genus there are several species. The _Apteryx Australis_ was the first made known to science, in 1812. The _Apteryx Mantelli_ differs from the former kind in its smaller size, shorter toes, and longer bill and less developed wings, while its plumage is of a somewhat darker colour. The _Apteryx Owenii_ is slightly smaller than the former species, with a greyish plumage. During his journey through the interior the author found the _kiwi_ to be yet common in the Kaimanawa Mountains, the forests of the Whanganui, in the mountainous districts of Western Taupo, and at Mount Pirongia.

REPTILES.

In New Zealand the lizards are represented by eleven species, five of which belong to the neat genus _Naultinus_.

Kakariki.--_Naultinus elegans._ A beautiful green lizard, now rarely
found.

Kakawariki.--_Naultinus punctatus._ A green lizard with yellow spots on
the back.

Mokonui.--A large lizard, said by the natives to be common on the Upper
Whanganui.

Tuatara.--_Halteria punctata._ A great fringed lizard, about eighteen
inches long. It is now only found on the small island of Karewha,
in the Bay of Plenty.

Around Lake Taupo the author found small brown lizards, about two inches long; and at Pangarara, near Tongariro, lizards eight inches long, of a dark-brown colour.

INSECTS.

The insect life of New Zealand is represented by many curious forms.

Anule.--A large caterpillar.

Aweto.--A caterpillar which feeds on the _kumara_.

Hara.--A large centipede, nearly six inches long.

Hataretare.--Slug-snail.

Hawate.--Caterpillar.

Heire.--Maggot.

Hotete.--_Sphæria Robertsi._ The vegetating caterpillar.

Howaka.--A cerambyx.

Huhu.--A boring grub.

Huhu.--A moth.

Hurangi.--A fly.

Kukaraiti.--A grasshopper.

Kapapa.--A large cerambyx.

Kapokapowai.--A dragon-fly.

Katipo.--A venomous spider, one kind red and one black, with a red spot
on the back.

Keha.--A flea.

Kekeriru.--_Cimex nemoralis._ A large black wood-bug.

Kekerewai.--A small green beetle.

Kihikihi.--A grasshopper.

Kiriwhenua.--A garden bug.

Kopi.--Chrysalis.

Kowhitiwhiti.--A small grasshopper.

Kurikuri.--A grub which turns into a green, bronzed beetle.

Kutu.--Louse.

Mokoroa.--A large caterpillar.

Mumatana.--A large brown beetle.

Naenae.--Mosquito.

Namu.--Sand-fly.

Ngata.--Leech.

Ngaungau.--Midge.

Papapapa.--Small brown beetle.

Pepeaweto.--The grub which begets the _hotete_, or vegetating
caterpillar.

Pepeatua.--Butterfly.

Pepeturia.--Large green moth.

Puawere.--Spider.

Purehurehu.--Large butterfly.

Puwerewere.--Spider.

Rango.--Large meat-fly.

Tarakihi.--Locust.

Titiwai.--Small luminous earthworm.

Toke.--A very long worm.

Kokoriro.--Large red _weta_.

Weta.--_Deinacrida heteracantha._ A beetle two and a half inches in
length.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 75: Mr. G.W. Griffin, United States' Consul at Auckland, whose valuable reports upon the various commercial products of New Zealand have been recently printed by authority of the New Zealand Government, is the author of a very interesting paper upon the economic uses of this tree.]

A BRIEF REFERENCE TO THE MAORI LANGUAGE.

The Maori alphabet is composed of fourteen letters, namely:--

_Consonants._

H, K, M, N, P, R, T, W, NG.

_Vowels._

A, E, I, O, U.

_Diphthongs._

aa, ae, ai, ao, au, ee, ei, ii, oo, ou, uu.

_Vowels._ _Sound._[76]
a as _a_ in f_a_ther
e as _a_ in f_a_re.
i as _ee_ in sl_ee_p.
o as _o_ in m_o_le.
u as _oo_ in sh_oo_t.

_Consonants._ _How named._
h _ha._
k _ka._
m _ma._
n _na._
p _pa._
r _ra._
t _ta._
w _wa._
ng _nga._

THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

_The Article._

_Te_ is the definite article, _nga_ is its plural; as, _te whare_, the house; _nga whare_, the houses.

The indefinite articles are _he_ and _tetahi_, a, an, or some; the plural of _tetahi_ is _etahi_, as _he kuri_, a dog; _tetahi hoe_, a paddle; _etahi waka_, canoes or some canoes.

_The Noun._

The noun has two numbers, the singular and the plural, the plural being formed by the article _nga_ prefixed to the singular; as, _Te tamaiti_, the child; _nga tamaiti_, the children.

_Adjectives._

The adjective does not precede the noun, as in English, but is placed immediately after it; as, _he rakau roa_, a tree long.

_Pronouns._

The personal pronouns are:--

{1st person, _ahau_ or _au_, I.
Singular {2nd " _koe_, thou.
{3rd " _ia_, he, she, or it.

{1st person, _tatau_ or _matou_, we.
Plural {2nd " _koutou_, ye.
{3rd " _ratou_, they.

_Possessive Pronouns._

_Tahu_, mine or my.
_Ta taua_, _ta maua_, _ta tatou_, or _ta matou_, ours.
_Tau_, thine or thy.
_Ta korua_, or _ta koutou_, yours.
_Tana_, his.
_Ta raua_, or _ta ratau_, theirs.

_Relative Pronouns._

In the Maori there is no distinct form.

_Demonstrative Pronouns._

_Singular._ _Plural._
_Tenei_, this. Enei or _anei_.
_Tena_, that (next). _Ena._
_Tera_, that (farther off). _Era._
_Taua_, that (before mentioned). _Ana._
_Ia_, that.

_Interrogative Pronouns._

There are three, viz.:--

_Wai_, who; _Aha_, what; _tehea_ or _ehea_, which.

_Verbs._

These are of three kinds, active, neuter, and causative, each of which admits of the passive voice.

The passive is formed by adding to the active one of the following terminations:--_a_, _ia_, _tia_, _hia_, _kia_, _ria_, _na_, _ina_, _ngia_.

The causative verb is formed by the prefix _whaka_.

_Tenses._

The present tense is formed by _ka_ before the verb, or by _e_ before and _ana_ after it.

The past tense is formed by the prefix _i_.

The future tense is formed by the prefix _ka_, _e_, and _tera_.

_Adverbs._

_Ae_, yes, affirmation.
_Kahore_, no, not, on the contrary.
_Ekore_, not.
_Au_ or _aua_, I do not know.
_Inakaura_, a little while ago.
_Inapo_, last night.
_Inanahi_, yesterday.
_Inaoake_, day before yesterday.
_Aianei_, to-day, now, presently.
_Pea_, perhaps, indeed, of course.
_Ko_, then, thither.
_Konei_, here, this place, this time.
_Ake_, upwards, onwards.
_Atu_, onwards, away.
_Iho_, downwards, up above, from above.
_Mai_, hither.
_Tua_, behind, rather.
_Mua_, before.
_Roto_, within, the inside place, inland.
_Waho_, without, the outside.
_Puku_, secretly, without speaking.
_Niamata_, in former times.
_Meake_, soon, presently.
_Ahea_, when, at what time.
_Pehea_, how, in what way.
_Oti_ else, in question, then.
_Ata_, gently, deliberately.
_Marie_, quietly.
_Hanuga_, besides, not.
_Kau_, only, alone.
_Ki_, very.
_Ara_, namely.

_Prepositions._

_E_, by.
_O_, of, belonging to.
_Whaka_, towards, in the direction of.
_To_, up to, as far as.
_U_, according to.
_Kei_, at, on, in, with.
_Hei_, for, at; of time or place, to.
_No_, from, belonging to.
_Mo_, for, because of, on account of.
_Roto_, inside, within.
_Waho_, outside, without.
_Tua_, other side.
_Tata_, near.

_Conjunctions._

_A_, and, as far as, there.
_Koia_, therefore.
_Oti_, or _Otira_, but, at the same time.
_Ahakoa_, although, nevertheless.
_Hoki_, also, for, because.
_Notema_, because.

_Interjections._

_Na_, or _nana_, behold! see!
_E_, or _O_! oh!
_Aue_, alas!
_Taukiri_, exclamation of surprise.

_Numerals._

_Tahi_, one.
_Rua_, two.
_Toru_, three.
_Wha_, four.
_Rima_, five.
_Ono_, six.
_Whitu_, seven.
_Waru_, eight.
_Iwa_, nine.
_Tekau_, or _nga huru_, ten
_Tekau ma tahi_, eleven.
_Tekau ma rua_, twelve.
_Tekau ma toru_, thirteen.
_Tekau ma wha_, fourteen.
_Tekau ma rima_, fifteen.
_Tekau ma ono_, sixteen.
_Tekau ma whitu_, seventeen.
_Tekau ma waru_, eighteen.
_Tekau ma iwa_, nineteen.
_Rua tekau_, twenty.
_Rua tekau ma tahi_, twenty-one.
_Toru tekau_, thirty.
_Toru tekau ma tahi_, thirty-one.
_Wha tekau_, forty.
_Wha tekau ma tahi_, forty-one.
_Rima tekau_, fifty.
_Rima tekau ma tahi_, fifty-one.
_Ono tekau_, sixty.
_Whitu tekau_, seventy.
_Waru tekau_, eighty.
_Iwa tekau_, ninety.
_Ko tahi rau_, one hundred.
_Ko tahi rau ma tahi_, one hundred and one.
_Rua rau_, two hundred.
_Toru rau_, three hundred.
_Wha rau_, four hundred.
_Rima rau_, five hundred.
_Ono rau_, six hundred.
_Whitu rau_, seven hundred.
_Waru rau_, eight hundred
_Iwa rau_, nine hundred.
_Ko tahi mano_, one thousand.
_Ko tahi mano ma tahi_, one thousand and one.
_Rua mano_, two thousand.

_Ordinal Numbers._

_Te tahi_, or _tuatahi_, the first.
_Te rua_, or _tuarua_, the second.
_Te tekau_, the tenth.
_Te tekau ma tahi_, the eleventh.
_Te rua tekau_, the twentieth.
_Te toru tekau_, the thirtieth.
_Te rau_, the hundredth.
_Te rua o nga rau_, the two hundredth.

_Useful Verbs._

To be able, _ahei_.
To add, _hono_.
To assemble, _huihui_.
To ask, _inoi_.
To believe, _whakapono_.
To boil, _koropupu_.
To burn, _tahu_.
To call, _karanga_.
To carry, _kawe_.
To be calm, _aio_.
To clean, _horoi_.
To clear, _para_.
To count, _tatau_.
To curse, _kanga_.
To cut off, _tope_.
To cut (in two), _pounto_.
To desire, _hiahia_.
To dig, _ko_.
To dive, _ruku_.
To divide, _wehewehe_.
To drive, _whiu_.
To drink, _inu_.
To eat, _kai_.
To enter, _tomo_.
To entrap, _reti_.
To exchange _hokohoko_.
To fetch, _tiki_.
To fell (timber), _tua_.
To fish, _hi_.
To float, _taupua_.
To gather, _kohikohi_.
To go, _haere_.
To be healed, _mahu_.
To hear, _rongo_.
To hide, _huma_.
To imitate, _whakatau_.
To jest, _hangarau_.
To kill, _patu_.
To lead, _arabi_.
To light, _whakamarama_.
To light up, _hopai_.
To listen, _whakarongo_.
To look, _rimi_.
To make, _hauga_.
To measure, _wharite_.
To murder, _kohuru_.
To pay, _utu_.
To plant, _whakato_.
To play, _takaro_.
To plunder, _muru_.
To pray, _muru_.
To run, _oma_.
To rest, _okioki_.
To see, _kite_.
To sell, _hoko_.
To sew, _tui_.
To shine, _tiaho_.
To sing, _waiata_.
To speak, _ki_.
To stop, _whakamutu_.
To be able, _ahei_.
To sow, _rui_.
To swim, _kaukoe_.
To take, _tango_.
To teach, _ako_.
To undo, _wewete_.
To watch, _mataara_.
To wash, _horoi_.
To work, _mahi_.
To understand, _mohio_.

_Useful Nouns._

Abyss, _torere_.
Anger, _riri_.
Boundary, _rohe_.
Bridge, _arawhata_.
Canoe, _waka_.
Carving, _whakairo_.
Child, _tamahiti_.
Council, _runanga_.
Dance, _haka_.
Daylight, _awatea_.
Dog, _kuri_.
Door, _tatau_.
Dust, _nehu_.
Egg, _hua_.
Eel, _koiro_.
Feather, _how_.
Fence, _taiepa_.
Firewood, _ahi_.
Floor-mat, _takapau_.
Ford, _kauranga_.
Girdle, _tatua_.
Hand, _ringaringa_.
Heat, _pukaka_.
Hatchet, _patiti_.
Jealousy, _hae_.
Lake, _roto_.
Landing-place, _tauranga_.
Man, _tangata_.
Mind, _hinengaro_.
Plain, _raorao_.
Precipice, _pari_.
Proverb, _whakatauki_.
Priest, _ariki_.
Rope, _whakaheke_.
Row, _rarangi_.
Seaside, _tatahi_.
Ship, _kaipuke_.
Shoal, _tahuna_.
Skin, _hiako_.
Sky, _rangi_.
Smoke, _auahi_.
Song, _waiata_.
Spear, _tao_.
Speech, _reo_.
Sport, _takaro_.
Spring of water, _puna_.
Steam, _korohu_.
Summit, _teitei_.
Tree, _rakau_.
Valley, _wharua_.
Verandah, _whakamahau_.
Water, _wai_.
Waterfall, _wairere_.
Woman, _wahine_.
Year, _tau_.

_Useful Adjectives._

Abundant, _ranea_.
Afraid, _wehi_.
Aged, _kaumatua_.
Ashamed, _whakama_.
Bad, _kino_.
Bald, _pakira_.
Black, _pango_.
Blind, _matapo_.
Brave, _maia_.
Bright, _kanapa_.
Broad, _whanui_.
Calm, _marino_.
Carved, _whakairo_.
Concealed, _huna_.
Conceited, _whakahihi_.
Confused, _porauraha_.
Damp, _maku_.
Dark, _pouri_.
Deep, _hohonu_.
Deceitful, _hangarau_.
Dry, _maroke_.
Fat, _momona_.
False, _horihori_.
Good, _pai_.
Great, _Nui_.
Hard, _pakeke_.
Heavy, _toimaha_.
High, _teiti_.
Hot, _wera_.
Idle, _mangere_.
Light, _mama_.
Loose, _korokoro_.
Narrow, _whaiti_.
Near, _tutata_.
New, _hou_.
Noisy, _turituri_.
Open, _tuwhera_.
Playful, _takaro_.
Quarrelsome, _pakani_.
Quick, _kakama_.
Quiet, _marie_.
Red, _whero_.
Ripe, _pakari_.
Round, _porotaka_.
Salt, _mataitai_.
Shallow, _pakupaku_.
Sharp, _koi_.
Short, _poto_.
Slippery, _pahekeheke_.
Slow, _ngoikore_.
Small, _iti_.
Soft, _ngawari_.
Sour, _kawa_.
Strong, _kaha_.
Tall, _roa_.
Tame, _rarata_.
Thick, _matotoru_.
Thin, _heroki_.
Timid, _wehi_.
True, _pono_.
Uncooked, _kaimata_.
Wasteful, _maumau_.
Weak, _iwikore_.
Wet, _maku_.
White, _ma_.
Winding, _awhiowhio_.
Wild, _maka_.
Wearisome, _hoha_.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 76: It may be set down as a general rule, to which there are, however, some few exceptions, that Maori words are always accented on the _first_ syllable, but compound words, or words which have the dissyllabic root doubled, have a secondary accent on the second portion of the word.]

INDEX.

Alexandra, 17, 44.

Amnesty Act, The, 10.

Animals introduced by the Maories, 71.

_Aotea_ canoe, The, 70.

AOTEA Harbour, 44.

AOTEAROA, Meaning of, 33

Apteryx, The, 317.

_Arawa_ canoe, The, 70.

ARAWAS, The, 68.

Area of the King Country, 1.

ARIKI KAPAKAPA, 62.

Ascent of Pirongia, 36.

---- Ruapehu, 199, 237.

---- Tongariro, 179.

Atea-Amuri, 112.

AUCKLAND, 46.

Aukati, The, 1, 44, 328.

Australasian volcanoes, The, 195.

Bathing at the hot springs, 58.

---- at Te Koutu, 67.

----, the pleasures of, 98.

Bay of Plenty, The, 48.

Big Geyser, The, 121.

Birds, 358.

Birds, Measurements of, 318.

Botany, 350.

Boundaries of the King Country, 1.

Bridal Veil Fall, The, 244.

Bryce, Mr., 10.

Cambridge, 44.

Cameron, General, 6.

---- at the Gate Pa, 51.

Camp of TAWHIAO, The, 20.

---- on Ruapehu, 210.

Canoes, The seven, 70.

Caterpillar, The vegetating, 83.

Chemical constituents of the springs, 63.

Coast-line of the King Country, 2.

Coffee-pot, The, 64.

CONFISCATIONS, The, 7.

Crater lakes, 147,

---- of Te Tarata, 97.

---- of Tongariro, The, 191.

Cream Cups, 64.

Crown of Ruapehu, The, 221.

Davis, Mr. C.O., 68.

Descent of Tongariro, 195.

Devil's Hole, The, 102.

Discoverer of New Zealand, The first Maori, 70.

Dismal Swamp, 268.

Distribution of the tribes, 349.

Eagle's Nest, The, 119.

Earliest discoverers, The, 68.

Entomology, 364.

EXPLORERS OF THE KING COUNTRY, 4.

Fauna, 358.

Ferns, 354.

Flora, 350.

Flute of Tutanekai, 76.

Fungi, 357.

Gas in the pools, 120.

Gate Pa, The, 51.

Genealogy of Tawhiao, 343.

Generations, The Maori, 71.

Geology of the King Country, 3.

---- of Pirongia, 40.

---- of the Taupo region, 140.

Geysers, 49, 62, 100, 109, 111, 116, 162.

Giant Rocks, The, 219.

Glacier on Ruapehu, The, 247.

Glowworms, The, 82.

Grasses, 357.

Greenstone, The, 22.

Grey, Sir George, 9, 15, 47.

Hamilton, 44.

Hapurangi, 110.

Hariki Kapakapa, 109.

HATI WIRA TAKAHI, 37.

Hauhaus, The, 276.

Haurungaroa Mountains, The, 305.

Haurungatahi, 287.

Hawaiki, The fatherland of, 69.

Hemo Gorge, The, 110.

Hengia, 326.

HIKURANGI, The meeting at, 7.

Hinemoa, The legend of, 78.

Hinepareoterangi, 273.

HOCHSTETTER'S EXPLORATION, 4, 304.

HONE TE WETERE, 23.

Hongi, The, 309.

Horohoro, 110.

Horomatangi, 166.

Horses, Our, 135.

Horseshoe Fall, The, 242.

Hot springs, 56, 98, 101, 107, 109, 111, 117, 162, 193, 297.

Hotete, The, 83.

Huata, A, 292.

Huka Falls, The, 116, 125.

Hurakia Mountains, The, 305.

Hursthouse affair, The, 135.

Hurutirangi, 76.

Hymn of the Hauhaus, 280.

Insects, 364.

Jade ornaments, 22.

Kahakaharoa, 316.

KAHOTAWA Spring, The, 66.

Kai, 102.

Kaimanawa Mountains, The, 229.

Kainga, A, 329.

Kakaramea Ranges, The, 161.

Kakariki Geyser, The, 102.

Kakepuku, 18.

Karangahape, 306.

Karioi, 254.

Karioi, Mount, 44.

KAWAU, 47.

KAWHIA Harbour, 43.

Ketetahi, 299.

Kihikihi, 44.

King's address, The, 33.

Kings of the Maories, The, 343.

Kiriohinekai, The, 124.

Kiwi, The, 317.

Korero at Manga-o-Rongo, 329.

----, The, at Whatiwhatihoe, 27.

Kuiti Mountains, The, 331.

_Kurahaupo_ canoe, The, 70.

Kuruaro, 76.

Kuwharua, 301.

Lake Country, The, 46.

Lament for Te Heuheu, 165.

---- of Te Kooti, 279.

Land Court, The, 313.

Language, The, 364.

Legend of the Huka Falls, 130.

---- Rotua, The, 282.

---- Tongariro, The, 181.

Lichens, 357.

Lizard, A gigantic, 319.

Lizards, 364.

Love song, A, 80.

McLean, Sir Donald, 9.

Mamanui, 233.

Mammalia, 358.

MANAWAPOU, RUNANGA at, 5.

Mangakara, The, 307.

Mangakino, The, 321.

Mangakowiriwiri, 320.

Manganui-a-te-Ao, The, 270, 284.

Manga-o-Rongo, 329.

MANGA REWI, 23, 25, 347.

Mangatotara, The, 267.

Mangatuku, The, 267, 329.

MANGOREWA Gorge, The, 54.

Manuka-trees at Wairakei, 119.

Manutarere, 329.

Maories, The, 11.

----, their cheerfulness, 322.

----, cause of their decay, 291.

----, fatherland of the, 69.

----, their language, 364.

----, their life, 133.

----, their mode of fighting, 292.

----, murder of a girl, 231.

----, their origin, 68.

----, their numbers, 11.

----, a typical speech, 33.

----, tribes of the, 71.

_Mata-Atua_ canoe, The, 70.

MATENE TE WHIWI, 5.

MAUNGAKAWA, 44.

MAUNGATAUTARI, 44.

Maunsell, Archdeacon, 344.

Mere, use of the, 294.

----, sketch of a, 311.

Mineral wealth of the Kaimanawas, 236.

Moa, 317.

Moffat, the murder of, 273.

Mohi, 311.

Mokaikai, The, 326.

Mokia, Island of, 77.

Morning on Ruapehu, 214.

Moss, Mr. F.J., 41.

Mosses, 357.

Motuoapa, 159.

Motutaiko, 166.

Motutere, 158.

Murimotu Plains, The, 253.

Napier mail, The, 256,

Natives Reserves Act, The, 9.

New Zealand War, The, 6, 51, 345.

Ngahapu, 100.

NGAPUHI, a chief of the, 40.

Ngatihau legend, 130.

NGATIPROA, chief of the, 39.

NGATIRUANUI, The, 5.

NGATITEMATERA, a chief of the, 42.

NGATITOA, a chief of the, 38.

Ngatituwharetoa, The, 130, 164, 333.

Ngatiwhakaue, The, 68.

Ngatoroirangi, 181, 255.

Ngatokorua Pa, 281.

Ngauruhoe, 182.

Ngongotaha, 65.

Ohinemutu, 56.

Okarewa, 307.

Onetapu Desert, The, 232.

Orakeikorako, 111.

Origin of the Maories, 68.

Ornithology, 358.

Oropi, 53.

Oruapuraho Valley, The, 315.

Paeroa Mountains, The, 111.

Pakihi, 265.

Pangarara, 177

PAORA TU HAERE, 34.

PARATENE TE MANU, 40.

Parekura, 283.

Patara te Tuhi, 347.

Pehi Hetau Turoa, 288.

PIG, Tragedy of a, 61.

Pihanga Mount, 169.

Pink Terrace, The, 105.

Piritana, The, 82.

PIRONGIA, 3, 18.

----, ascent of, 36.

Plants of New Zealand, 352.

---- introduced by the Maories, 71.

POHAERE, 20.

Pohaturoa, 112.

Point Victoria, 227.

Political State of the King Country, 3.

POTATAU I., 6.

POTATAU II., 6.

Pouotepiki, 308.

Pukaki, 71.

Pukeakikiore, 306.

PUKEROA, 56.

Pumice plains, The, 114.

Puniu, The, 325.

Puruohutaiki, 71.

Putauaki, 91.

Rangihewa, 88.

Rangipo table-land, The, 169.

Rangariri Pa, 345, 348.

Rangitanua, 264.

Rangitauaiti, 264.

Rangitoto, 47.

---- Ranges, The, 331.

Rangituku, 306.

RATA Trees, The, 41.

Rauporoa Forest, The, 82.

Reptiles, 364.

Rivers of Lake Taupo, The, 142.

ROTOHIKO HAUPAPA, 60.

Rotoiti Lake, 62.

Rotokakahi, 84.

Rotomahana, 94, 103.

Roto Ngaio, 155.

ROTORUA, Lake, 56.

Rotua, The legend of, 282.

Ruakaka, 269.

RUAPEHU, 3, 287.

----, first ascent of, 199.

----, second ascent of, 237.

----, flora of, 355.

Runanga at Pouotepiki, 310.

---- at Te Ruapeka, 71.

Salute, The, 309.

Sheep station at Karioi, 254.

Shrubs, 352.

Silica formations at Te Otukapurangi, 106.

---- at Te Tarata, 95.

Skeleton buried in a tree, 77.

Sophia the guide, 89.

Sowthistle as food, The, 313.

Springs, Hot, 56, 98, 101, 107, 109, 111, 117, 162, 193, 297.

Stations of the tribes, 349.

Stone axes, 329.

Storm on Ruapehu, 211.

Struthious birds, heights of, 318.

Sulphur Cups, The, 64.

---- Point, 63.

---- pools, 123.

Summit of Ruapehu, The, 223.

Sunrise on Ruapehu, 213.

Tahuatahi, 118.

_Tainui_ canoe, The, 70.

_Takitumu_ canoe, The, 70.

Tama te Kapua, 73.

---- Turaki, 282.

Tangi, The, 309.

TAPU, its meaning, 4.

Tapuwaeharuru, 136.

TARANAKI, 3.

---- confiscation, The, 7.

Tarawera, Lake, 87.

----, Mount, 91.

Taupo, Lake, 139, 304.

TAURANGA, 48.

---- Taupo, 159.

TAWHIAO, King, 9, 15, 20, 343.

Te Ana Taipo, 102.

Te Ariki, 92.

Tehatepe, 156.

Te Hau, 178.

Te Henga, 169.

TE HEUHEU, 5, 6, 164, 297.

Te Heuheu of Tokanu, 310.

Te Huka, 102.

Te Kaina Valley, The, 308.

Te Karapiti, 125.

Te Kauhanga, 63.

TE KAUWHANGA, 64.

Te Kohae Point, 156.

TE KOOTI, 7, 14, 278, 334, 348.

TE KOPUA, Meeting at, 9.

Te Koutu, 65.

Te Kupe, 70.

Te Mahuki's outbreak, 136.

Temple at Te Ruapeka, 71.

TE NGAKAU, 23.

Te Otukapurangi, 105.

Te Pakaru Plain, The, 301.

Te Pareoterangi, 272.

Te Pirori, 162.

Te Porere, 299.

Te Poroporo, 157.

Te Pupunitanga, 64.

TE RAIA NGAKUTU, 43, 348.

Terangakaikha Forest, The, 261.

Terania, 307.

Terekirike, 118.

Terraces, The, 94.

TE RUAPEKA, 57, 68.

Te Takapo, 103.

Te Tarata, 94.

Tetauranga, 325.

Te Tihoi Plains, The, 319.

Te Tokapo, 100.

Te Toto Ranges, The, 324.

TE TUHI, 30.

Te Wairoa, 85.

Te Whakataratara, 104.

Te Whatapohu, 102.

TE WHEORO, Major, 22, 28, 346.

TE WHEU, 259.

TE WHITI, 14, 278.

Thorny plant, A, 230.

Tikitapu, 84.

Tikitere, 62.

Time, Maori method of reckoning, 332.

Titiraupenga, 3, 320.

_Tokomaru_ canoe, The, 70.

Tokanu, 161.

TONGARIRO, 3, 7, 179, 296.

----, flora of, 355.

Towai, Mount, 286.

Trachytic lava bed, 240.

Traditions of the Maories, 68.

Tree ferns, 355.

Trees, 350.

---- in the pumice, 177.

---- in the Terangakaikha Forest, 261.

Tribes of the Maories, 70.

---- at Manga-o-Rongo, 332.

---- on the Whanganui, 276.

---- and their localities, 349.

TUATARA, The, 49.

TUKUKINO, 42, 348.

TUPUHI Spring, The, 65.

Turner, Mr. J.A., 134.

Tutanekai, 76.

TU TAWHIAO, 22.

Twin Waterfalls, The, 246.

Uenuku, 277.

Uenukukopako, 76.

Upper Waikato, The, 143, 160, 174, 249.

Vegetating caterpillar, The, 83.

Victoria Point, 227.

View from Ruapehu, The, 225.

Vocabulary, 364.

Volcanic origin of the rocks, 144.

Volcanoes in Australasia, 195.

Wahanui, 23, 347.

Waihaha, The, 316.

Waihohonu Valley, The, 186.

Waihora, The, 319.

Waikanapanapa, 101.

Waikato, The, 115, 146, 151.

----, The Upper, 143, 160, 174, 249.

---- confiscation, The, 6.

Waikite Geyser, The, 65.

Waikomiko, The, 319.

Waimarino, The, 287.

Waipa River, The, 2, 339.

Waipapa, 324.

Waipahihi, The, 154.

Waipari, The, 325.

Wairakei, 115.

Wairoa, The, 85.

Waitahanui, The, 154.

Waitangi, The treaty of, 344.

Water-shed, A curious, 249.

Weapons, 292.

Whakarewarewa, 64.

WHAKARI, 48.

Whakarra, 76.

Whakatira, 76.

Whale, Legend of the, 74.

WHANGA Ranges, The, 44.

Whangaehu, The, 237.

Whanganui River, The, 2.

---- ----, source of the, 296.

---- tribes, The, 276.

Whangapipiro, 63.

Wharangi shrub, The, 269.

WHARES at Ohinemutu, The, 57.

WHATIWHATIHOE, Meeting at, 10, 19.

Whistling Geyser, The, 119.

White Island, 48.

---- Terrace, The, 95.

WHITIORA, 23, 348.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LIMITED,

ST. JOHN'S SQUARE.

SKETCH MAP
OF
EXPLORATIONS
MADE IN THE
KING COUNTRY
BY
J.H. KERRY-NICHOLLS
1883]

Transcibers note: The folowing printers errors have been corrected; turqoise/turquoise varions/various puposes/purposes

The following place/proper names have been corrected on the advise of proofreaders and after cross-referencing within the text and on-line.

tangate to tangata Kamianawa to Kaimanawa Perongia to Pirongia Tuatard to Tuatara Te Motopuke to Te Motupuke Kakaramia Ranges to Kakaramea Ranges

Other possible errors, because of doubt, have been left unaltered. We hope our kiwi cousins will forgive us.