Chapter V: Part 5

In the rural districts the people only know Russia as a foreign power that sends them tax-collectors, justices of the peace, and other civil servants, who perform obnoxious functions in a manner not calculated to conciliate the ratepayers. It is notorious that the chinovnik has an unpleasant reputation, even among his fellow-countrymen, and those who consent to a temporary exile in Transcaucasia are not precisely the flower of the profession, although their behaviour to Europeans leaves little to be desired. The justices of the peace, as in Poland, are directly appointed by the Minister of Justice at Petersburg; all the evidence has to be translated into the official language, and this accentuates the natural feeling of the litigants that they are being tried by foreign laws arbitrarily imposed from without. The personal character of the judges is, in many cases, not such as to inspire respect for the law; the arrogant, bullying tone of these personages is intolerable at any time, but especially when aggravated by alcoholism. I shall never forget one scene in particular at which I was present; a fine, tall mountaineer came humbly to present a petition to a puny, besotted judge, who was a guest at the house where I was staying; the representative of law and order was drunk, hopelessly drunk, and treated the suppliant in such a manner that I blushed to be in his company; I feared that the petitioner would take summary revenge for the insult, but he restrained his wrath; as he turned away there was on his face a look of hellish hatred, and I do not think that he will trouble the court again as long as he has a sharp kinjal of his own wherewith to settle disputes.

Whatever may be the cause of the awakening, there cannot be any doubt of its reality. Nevertheless, it is hard to give any definite description of the channels into which the national activity is finding its way. In any case it may be safely said that the Georgian people are not likely to imitate the imprudent conduct of their neighbours the Armenians, who have, more than once, unseasonably provoked popular movements which they had not the power to bring to a happy issue. The character of the Georgians is too frank and open for the hatching of plots; however strong their feelings may be, they know how to wait until an opportunity arrives for the satisfaction of those feelings; the perfect unanimity in the aims of the people renders an elaborate organization unnecessary.

It is interesting to notice that the political ideals of the country are borrowed from Western Europe. Excepting in Japan, perhaps, there is no such instance of a people passing directly from feudalism to liberalism. The grandsons of absolute monarchs, the men who little more than a quarter of a century ago were large slaveholders, are now ardent champions of the democratic idea, and loudly proclaim the freedom, the equality, the brotherhood, of prince and peasant, master and man. This is not the only case in which Georgia has turned her back on Asia and opened her arms to Europe--Parisian fashions, German rationalism, English sport and other products of our civilization are beginning to have an influence; however, it is a consolation to remember that the women, in every country the more Conservative and, at the same time, more patriotic half of the community, may be counted upon to restrain their husbands and sons from a too hasty advance in the slippery paths of modern progress.

It must not be supposed that the Georgian people are forgetful of what Russia has done for them in protecting them against Persia and Turkey; they have no hatred for their Slav fellow-subjects, indeed, it is hard to imagine how any one could dislike such an amiable individual as the average Russian, not being an official; but on the other hand, it must be remembered that this military aid is the only benefit Georgia has ever received. It is true that roads have been made, but their construction was only undertaken in order to facilitate the movement of troops, and they are practically worthless for the purposes of trade. The industrial and commercial development of the country has been wholly neglected; and, at the instigation of the late editor of the Moscow News, the transit of foreign merchandise was prohibited. At the present time a few Russian capitalists are endeavouring to get a footing beyond the Caucasus, but they experience some difficulty in doing so, for the Georgians prefer to avail themselves of the services of European investors; among others, the Rothschilds have not been slow to see that Transcaucasian wines, ores and oils are worth attention.

Should Russia ever become involved in a great war, Georgia would undoubtedly declare her independence, and endeavour to seize the Dariel Road; the Armenians and Lesghians would also revolt, each in their own way. It is idle to speculate as to the result of such a movement, but it may interest the reader to know that it took an army of more than a quarter of a million men to conquer the Lesghians alone, in the time of Shamil. The Russians put so little confidence in the loyalty of their Caucasian army, that they took care to send a large part of it to Poland in January last, when there seemed to be a prospect of war with Austria. This was a prudent measure; but, after all, it does not matter so very much whether Georgian soldiers mutiny in Georgia or Poland, Poles in Poland or Georgia, the essential point at which diplomats hostile to Russia would aim is, of course, to bring about perfectly simultaneous action on the part of all the enemies of that power, both at home and abroad. It is superfluous to add that the Georgian troops are the flower of the Russian army; every schoolboy can ride and shoot like a trained man; their officers are especially good, and there are at present many generals who are worthy successors of Andronikov, Bagration and Loris Melikov.

The sympathy with which the Armenian national movement has been regarded in Western Europe encourages the Georgians to hope that a like feeling will be manifested towards them when the time is ripe for action. It is especially upon England that their hopes are fixed, for they are well aware of the fact that the existence of a strong, independent state between the Black Sea and the Caspian would be an enormous advantage to our country. The possibility of Armenians, Georgians and Lesghians consenting to combine into one homogeneous state is not to be thought of; but there is no reason why the descendants of the three sons of Targamos, great-great-grandson of Noah, should not, if they were free, form a defensive alliance for the protection of common interests; the Lesghians have, in past times, done good service against both Persians and Turks. In any case, Georgia has a frontier which she is quite able to defend, and she could always count upon the assistance of the mountaineers on the northern side of the Caucasus. The Cherkesses (Circassians), whose hatred of Russia is well known, have almost all migrated to Asia Minor.

It is sincerely to be hoped that the present good feeling between the Georgian and Russian peoples may continue. If they were kindly treated, and trusted with some measure of local government, I am sure that the Christian peoples of the Caucasus would never cause the Tsar's ministers any trouble; but if an attempt be made to crush the national spirit, the descendants of the men who fought under Irakli will, at least, show despots how men can die.

APPENDIX.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The standard work on Transcaucasian bibliography is Miansarov (M.), Bibliographia Caucasica et Transcaucasica. S. Pbg., 1874-76, 8vo, 804 pp., 4840 refs. It is rather scarce, as the edition was limited to 600 copies. Only one volume has been published, although a second was promised. Most of the works mentioned are in Russian or Armenian, and as far as European publications are concerned, Miansarov is very incomplete. In the following pages I have referred to comparatively few Russian books.

After Miansarov, the following, among many others, may with advantage be consulted:--

Catalogue de la Section des Russica, published by Bibl. imp. publ. de St. Pbg., 1873. 2 vols. 8vo. Semenov (P.), Geografichsko-statistichskii slovar Rosiiskoi Imperii. Pbg., 1863-1885. 5 vols. 4to. Stuckenberg (J. Ch.), Versuch eines Quellen-Anzeigers ... fuer das Studium der Geographie ... des Russischen Reichs. Pbg., 1849-1852. 2 vols. 8vo.

I am fully conscious of the shortcomings of this essay, and shall be glad to find it extended and corrected by later writers, to whom it may serve as a groundwork.

Works of special interest are marked *.

GEOGRAPHY, TRAVELS, AND MISCELLANEOUS LITERATURE.

* Brosset (M. F.), Description géographique de la Géorgie par le Tsarévitch Wakhoucht. Texte géorgien suivi d'une traduction française. Avec 6 cartes lith. S. Pbg. Acad. Scient., 1842. 4 to.

Wakhoucht wrote to the local authorities all over the country, asking each for information about his own district; the present standard work was the result of his inquiries.

Ancient Geography.

Cf. Apollonius Rhodius, Strabo, Plinius, Arrianus, Ptolemæus, C. Rommel's Caucasiarum Regionum et gentium straboniana descriptio. Lipsiæ, 1804. 8vo.

Luenemann (G. H.), Descriptio Caucasi. Lipsiæ, 1803. 4to.

Carli (Joh. Rinaldi), De expeditione Argonautorum in Colchidem. Venet., 1745. 2 vols. 4to.

Vivien de St. Martin (Louis), Mémoire historique sur la géographie ancienne du Caucase. Paris, 1848.

---- ----, Etude géographique sur le Caucase de Strabon. In Etudes de Géogr. Anc. Paris, 1852.

Preller (E.), Bedeutung des schwarzen Meeres fuer die Handel und Verkehr der alten Welt. Dorpat, 1842. 8vo.

Mediæval Geography.

Stephanus Byzantinus, Massudi, Abulfeda.

Defrémery, Fragments de géographes et d'historiens arabes et persans inédits, relatifs aux anciens peuples du Caucase. In Nouv. Journ. Asiat., 1849-1851. Paris.

Rubruquis (1253) in Navigantium atque itinerantium bibliotheca, by John Harris, D.D., continued by J. Campbell. 2 vols. in fol. London, 1764. In this collection will be found other records of travel in Georgia.

Barbaro (Josafat), Viaggio alla Tana e nella Persia (1436). In Ramusio's Raccolta di Viaggi. Venetia, 1583.

Contarini (Ambroise), Voyage de Perse (1473). In Bergeron's Collection de Voyages. Paris, 1735.

Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries.

Hakluyt (Richd.), The Principall Navigations, Voiages, and Discoveries of the English Nation in ... the Empire of Russia, the Caspian Sea, Georgia ... London, 1589. Fol. Also 1600. 3 vols. Fol. New edition, London, 1809-1812. 4to.

Jenkinson (Anthony), Early Voyages and Travels to Russia and Persia, by A. J. and other Englishmen (in reign of Queen Elizabeth). Hakluyt Soc. London, 1886. 2 vols. 8vo.

Zampi (Giuseppe Maria), Relatione della Cholchida. 1620.

Lamberti (Arcangelo), Relatione della Cholchida, hoggi detta Mengrellia, nella quale si tratta dell' origine, costumi e cose naturali di quei paesi. 2nd edition. Napoli, 1654. 4to.

Olearius (Adam), The Voyages and Travels of the Ambassadors sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia ... in 1633-1639. Translated from the Dutch by J. Davies. London, 1662. 2 vols. Fol.

Dapper (Olfert), Asia ... beneffens en volkome Beschryving van geheel Persie, Georgie, Mengrelie en andere Gebuur-gewesten. Amsterdam, 1672. Fol.

----, German edition. Nuernberg. Translated by Beern. 2 vols. Fol. 1681.

Novikov, Drevnaya rossiiskaya biblioteka. S. Pbg., 1788. 8vo. For Travels of Russian Ambassadors to Georgia in Seventeenth Century.

Moreri (Ludvig), Relations nouvelles du Levant, ou Traité de la religion, du gouvernement et des coutumes des Perses, des Arméniens et des Gaures. Lyon, 1671. 12mo.

Bruin (C. de) (Dutch painter), Voyages au Levant. Delft, 1700. Fol.

---- ----, Voyages dans la Moscovie et la Perse. Amsterdam, 1718. 2 vols. Fol. And Paris, 1725. 5 vols. 4to.

Struys (Jean), Voyages en Muscovie, en Tatarie, en Perse, etc. Amsterdam, 1720. 3 vols. 12mo.

Tavernier, Six voyages ... en Perse (1663-69). Rouen, 1724.

Chardin (Sir John), The Travels of Sir John Chardin into Persia. London, 1686. Fol. 2 vols.

Tournefort (Pitton de), Rélation d'un Voyage du Levant, contenant l'histoire ancienne et moderne de ... l'Arménie, de la Géorgie ... Paris and Lyon, 1717. 2 vols. 4to. Amsterdam, 1718. English edition, London, 1718. Dutch edition, Amsterdam, 1737.

Evliya (Effendi), Travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa in the Seventeenth Century. Translated from the Turkish by J. von Hammer. London, 1846.

Eighteenth Century.

Lerch (Joh. Jacob), Zweite Reise nach Persien. In Buesching's Magazin. 1776.

Reineggs (Jacob), Beschreibung des Kaukasus. Gotha, 1796-97. 8vo. And some other works. Sketches in Pallas's Nordische Beitraege, etc. A General, Historical, and Topographical Description of Mount Caucasus. Translated by Ch. Wilkinson. London, 1807. (Reineggs was a diplomatic agent of the Russian Court, and induced the Ossets to submit, besides preparing the way for the annexation of Georgia.)

Gueldenstaedt (Joh. Ant.), Geografichskoie i statistichskoie opisanié Gruzii (Geographical and Statistical Description of Georgia). S. Pbg., 1809. 8vo.

---- ----, Reisen nach Georgien und Imerethi, ausg. von J. von Klaproth. Berlin, 1815. 8vo.

---- ----, Beschreibung der Kaukasischen Laender, ausg. von J. von Klaproth. Berlin. 1834. 8vo.

Peyssonnel (French Consul in Smyrna), Traité sur le Commerce de la Mer Noire. Paris, 1787. 2 vols. 8vo.

Memoir of a Map of the Countries comprehended between the Black Sea and the Caspian; with an account of the Caucasian nations, and vocabularies of their languages. London, 1788. 4to.

Howell, Journal of the Passage from India through Armenia, &c.

Wilford (Francis), On Mount Caucasus. In Asiatic Researches. London, 1799.

Potocki (Jean), Voyage dans les steps d'Astrakhan et du Caucase (in 1797) publié par Klaproth. Paris, 1829. 8vo.

Voyages historiques et géographiques dans les pays situés entre la Mer Noire et la Mer Caspienne. Paris, 1798.

Biberstein (Maréchal de), Tableau des provinces situées sur la Côte occidentale de la Mer Caspienne, entre les fleuves Térek et Kour. S. Pbg., 1798. 4to.

Mémoires historiques et géographiques sur les pays situés entre la Mer Noire et la Mer Caspienne. Paris, 1797. 4to.

Natolien, Georgien ... in historischer, geographischer ... politischer Hinsicht. Berlin and Leipzig, 1799. 8vo.

Nineteenth Century.

Zass (de), Description du Caucase, avec le précis historique et statistique de la Géorgie. S. Pbg., 1804. 8vo.

Langen (Jacob), Opisanié Kavkaza s kratkim istorichskim i statistichskim opisaniem Gruzii (Description of the Caucasus, with a short historical and statistical description of Georgia). Translated from the French of J. L. S. Pbg., 1805.

Rommel (V. C.), Die Voelker des Kaukasus. Weimar, 1808.

Lagorio, Extrait du Journal d'un voyage en Mingrélie. In Annales des Voyages. Paris, 1809.

----, Bemerkungen ueber Mingrelien. In Minerva. 1811.

Clarke (E. D.), Voyages en Russie etc., trad. de l'anglais. Paris, 1812. 2 vols. 8vo. I have not seen the English original.

Morier (John), Journey through Persia. London, 1812. 4to. ---- ----, Second Journey through Persia ... with an account of the embassy of Sir Gore Ouseley. London, 1818. 4to.

Kinneir, Geographical Memoir of the Persian Empire, interspersed with an account of manners and customs. London, 1813. 4to.

----, Journey through Asia Minor, Armenia, &c. London, 1818. 8vo.

Colchis oder Mingrelien. In Hormayr's Archiv. 1813.

Drouville, Voyage en Perse. S. Pbg., 1820. 2 vols. 8vo. With atlas.

Freygang (Wilhelm and Frederica), Lettres sur le Caucase et la Géorgie. Hambourg, 1816. 8vo.

Engelhardt (Moritz von) and Parrot (Friedr.), Reise in die Krymm und den Kaukasus. Berlin, 1815. Parrot also wrote Reise nach Ararat. Berlin, 1830. Translated by W. D. Cooley, London, n.d. 8vo.

Kotzebue (Moritz von), Reise nach Persien im Jahre 1817.

Johnson (John), A Journey from India to England through Persia, Georgia.... London, 1818. 4to.

Ker-Porter (Sir Robt.), Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, Ancient Babylonia, &c., during the years 1817-1820. London, 1821. 2 vols. 4to.

Lumsden (Thos.), A Journey from Merut in India to London, through Arabia, Persia, Armenia, Georgia.... London, 1822. 8vo.

Gamba (Jacques Francois), Voyage dans la Russie méridionale, et particulièrement dans les provinces situées au-delà du Caucase, fait depuis 1820 jusqu'en 1824. With an atlas. 2 tom. Paris, 1826. 8vo.

Lyall (Robt.), Travels in Russia, the Crimea, and Georgia. London, 1825. 2 vols. 8vo.

Asiatic Journal. London. Former and Present State of the Road over Mount Caucasus, 1825; Visit to the Caucasian Wall, 1833; The Caucasian Nations, 1837; and other articles.

Bronievskii, Puteshestvié na Kavkazié (Journey in the Caucasus). Moskva, 1825. 2 vols. 8vo.

Henderson, Biblical Researches and Travels in Russia, including ... the Passage of the Caucasus. London, 1826. 8vo.

Halen (D. Juan van), Dos años en Rusia. Valencia, 1849. 8vo. Also Mémoires. Paris and Bruxelles, 1827. 2 vols. 8vo.

----, Narrative of D. Juan van Halen's Imprisonment ... his Campaign with the Army of the Caucasus. Translated from the Spanish. London, 1827. 2 vols. 8vo. Another edition in 1830.

Klaproth (Julius von), Voyage au Mont Caucase. Paris, 1827. 8vo.

----, Extraits d'une topographie de la Géorgie. Paris, n. d. 8vo. And several other works.

Seristori (Comte), Notes sur les provinces russes au-delà du Caucase. Odessa, 1829.

Vetter (J. C. W.), Meine Reise nach Grusien. Leipzig, 1829.

Rottiers, Itinéraire de Tiflis à Constantinople. Bruxelles, 1829.

Jaeger (B.), Reise von St. Petersburg in die Krim und die Laender des Kaukasus. Leipzig, 1830. 8vo.

Pushkin (A. S.), Puteshestvié v Erzerum (Journey to Erzerum). 1829.

Lermontov (M. Y.), Geroi nashevo vremeni (A Hero of our Times). 1839-40.

Kupfer, Voyage dans les environs du Mont Elbrous. S. Pbg. Acad. Scient., 1830.

Jaeger (B.), Versuch einer Darstellung des natuerlichen Reichthums ... der russischen Laender jenseit des Kaukasus. Leipzig, 1830. 8vo.

Marigny (E. T. de), Portulan de la Mer Noire. Odessa, 1830.

Guibal (Paul), Industrie et économie des Abazes in Courrier de la Nouvelle Russie. 25 Dec., 1831. Odessa.

Armstrong (T. B.), Travels in Russia and Turkey.... Itinerary through ... Georgia. London, 1831. 8vo.

Budberg (Leonh., Freiherr von), Galerie der neuesten Reisen von Russen durch Russland. S. Pbg., 1832.

L. S. (Cte.) (? Seristori), Notes statistiques sur le littoral de la Mer Noire. Vienne, 1832. 8vo. 22 pp.

Nouv. Annales des Voyages. Paris. Many articles.

Nouv. Journal Asiatique. Paris. Description géographique du Ghouria. 1832. And many other articles.

Annalen der Erdkunde. Blick auf Georgien. 1832. Georgien und seine Umgebung. 1843. And other articles.

Eichwald (Carl Eduard von), Reise auf dem Caspischen Meere und in den Caucasus. Stuttgard, 1834-38. 2 Bde. 8vo. A scientific work.

Mignan, Journal of a Tour through Georgia.... Asiatic Society. Bombay, 1834.

Smith (Eli) and Dwight (H.), Missionary Researches in Armenia, including a journey ... into Georgia. London, 1834. 8vo.

Conolly (Arthur), Journey to the North of India overland. London, 1834. 2 vols. 8vo.

Famin (César), Region caucasienne in Univers pittoresque. Paris, n. d. 8vo. Caucasien in Weltgemaeldegallerie. Stuttgard, 1835. 8vo.

Hammer (Joseph von), Schwarzes Meer. Wien, 1835.

Evetskii (Orest), Statistichskoé opisanié Kavkaza (Statistical Description of the Caucasus). S. Pbg., 1835.

Obozrenie russkikh vladenii za Kavkazom (Description of the Russian Possessions beyond the Caucasus). S. Pbg., 1836. 4 vols. 8vo. An official publication.

Zubov, Kartina kavkazskavo kraya (Picture of the Caucasian Land). S. Pbg., 1834-35. 4 vols. 8vo.

----, Shest pisem o Gruzii i Kavkazié (Six Letters about Georgia and the Caucasus). Moskva, 1834. 8vo.

Besse, Voyage en Crimée, au Caucase, etc. Paris, 1838. 8vo.

Belanger (Ch.), Voyage aux Indes par ... la Géorgie. Paris, 1838. 8vo. With atlas.

Spencer (Edm.), Travels in the Western Caucasus. London, 1838. 2 vols. 8vo.

Fragmens de lettres écrites de Tiflis en Géorgie. In Bibl. univ. de Genève, 1838.

Wilbraham (Capt. Richard), Travels in the Transcaucasian Provinces. London, 1839. 8vo.

*Dubois de Montpéreux (Frédéric), Voyage autour du Caucase. Paris, 1839-1843. 6 tom. 8vo. A well-written work. I am indebted to Dubois for many bibliographical notes. The same author published an Atlas in five parts in folio, Neuchatel, 1843, to illustrate his book (part 1, Ancient Geography; part 2, Picturesque views; part 3, Architecture; part 4, Archeology; part 5, Geology).

Hamilton (Walter), Researches in Asia Minor, Armenia, &c. London, 1840. 2 vols. 8vo.

Southgate, Horatio. Narrative of a Tour through Armenia. New York, 1840. 12mo.

Samuel (J.), The Remnant found, or the Place of Israel's Hiding discovered ... the Result of Personal Investigation during a Missionary Tour in Georgia. London, 1841. 8vo.

Teule (Jul. C.), Pensées ... extraites du journal des mes voyages dans ... les provinces russes, géorgiennes et tartares du Caucase.... Paris, 1842. 2 vols. 8vo.

Hommaire de Hell, Voyage à la Mer Caspienne. Paris, 1845. 3 vols.

Cameron (Geo. Poulett), Personal Adventures and Excursions in Georgia. London, 1845. 2 vols. 8vo. Cf. United Service Journal. London, 1840-44.

Hagemeister, Zakavkazskie ocherki (Transcaucasian sketches). S. Pbg., 1845. 8vo. Novie (New) do. do. S. Pbg., 1848.

Joselian (Plato), Opisanié Shiomgvimskoi pustini v Gruzii (Description of the Desert of Shiomgvim in Georgia). Tiflis, 1845. 12mo.

---- ----, Puteviya zapiski po Kakhetii (Travel Notes from Kakheti). Tiflis, 1846. 12mo.

Suzannet (Cte. de), Souvenirs de voyage. Les provinces du Caucase. Paris, 1846. 8vo.

Danilevskii (N.), Kavkaz i evo gorskie zhiteli (The Caucasus and its Mountaineers). Moskva, 1846. 8vo.

---- ----, Der Kaukasus. Physisch-geographisch, statistisch, ethnographisch und strategisch. Leipzig, 1847. 8vo.

Kolenati, Die Ersteigung des Kasbek. In Russ. Archiv. S. Pbg., 1848.

Wagner (Moritz), Reise nach Kolchis und nach den deutschen Kolonien jenseits des Kaukasus. Leipzig, 1850. 8vo. And Der Kaukasus und das Land der Kosaken. 2te. Ausg. Leipzig, 1850. 2 Bde. 8vo. Translated into English as Travels in Persia, Georgia, and Koordistan. London, 1856. 3 vols. 8vo.

*Stackelberg (Count Ernst von), Le Caucase pittoresque, dessiné d'après nature par le Prince G. Gagarine; avec une introduction et un texte explicatif par le Comte E. S. Paris, 1847-59. Fol.

*---- ----, Scènes, paysages, moeurs et costumes du Caucase, dessinés d'après nature par le Prince G. Gagarine, et accompagnés d'un texte par le Comte E. S. Paris, 1850, etc. Fol.

Bodenstedt (Fr.), Tausend und ein Tag im Orient. Berlin, 1850. 2 vols. 8vo.

Marmier (X.), Du Danube au Caucase. Paris, 1854. 8vo.

Haxthausen (August, Baron v.), Transcaucasia. Translated into English by J. E. Taylor. London, 1854. 8vo.

Golovine (Ivan), The Caucasus. London, 1854. 8vo.

Spencer (Edm.), Turkey, Russia, the Black Sea. London, 1854. 8vo.

Thuemmel (A. R.), Bunte Bilder aus dem Kaukasus. Nuernberg, 1854-55. 2 vols. 8vo.

Borozdin (K. A.), Zakavkazskiya vospominaniya. Mingrelia i Svanetia s 1854 do 1861 g. S. Pbg.

*Dumas (Alexandre), Le Caucase. Paris, 1859. 4to. A charming book.

Gille (F.), Lettres sur le Caucase.... Paris, 1859. 8vo. Cf.--

Bocage (V. A. B. du), Rapport fait à la Société de Géographie. Paris, 1860. 8vo.

Chodzko (General), Die neuesten Hoehenmessungen im Kaukasus. In Petermann's Mittheilungen. Gotha, 1859.

---- ----, Die russischen Aufnahmen im Kaukasus. Ibid., 1862.

Moynet, Voyage à la Mer Caspienne et à la Mer Noire. In Charton's "Tour du Monde," 1860. 1er. sém. Paris.

Blanchard, Voyage de Tiflis à Stavropol. In Charton's "Tour du Monde," 1861. 2er. sém. Paris.

Lapinskii (T.), Die Bergvoelker des Kaukasus. Hamburg, 1863. 2 vols. 8vo.

Bianchi (A. de), "Viaggi in Armenia ... e Lazistan. Milano, 1863. 8vo.

Ruepprecht, Barometrische Hoehenbestimmungen im Caucasus, 1860-61. In Mém. de l'Acad. de Sc. S. Pbg., 1864.

Bergé (Adolphe), Voyage en Mingrélie. Paris, 1864. 8vo.

Ussher (John), A Journey from London to Persepolis; including Wanderings in ... Georgia. London, 1865. 8vo.

Stebnitzky, Uebersicht der Kaukasischen Statthalterschaft. In Petermann's Mittheil. Gotha, 1865.

Petzholdt, Der Kaukasus. Leipzig, 1866. 2 vols. 8vo.

*Radde (Dr. Gustav, Curator of Caucasian Museum, and corresponding member of R.G.S., London), Bericht ueber die biologisch-geographischen Untersuchungen in den Kaukasus-Laendern. Tiflis, 1866. 4to.

---- ----, Reisen und Forschungen im Kaukasus im 1865. In Petermann's Mittheil. Gotha, 1867. 4to.

---- ----, Vier Vortraege ueber dem Kaukasus. Ibid., 1874.

---- ----, Die drei Langenhochthaeler Imeritiens. Tiflis.

---- ----, Das kaukasische Museum in Tiflis. In Jahresbericht des Vereins fuer Erdkunde. Dresden, 1878.

---- ----, Die Chews'uren und ihr Land. Cassel, 1878. 8vo.

Abich (Hermann), Geologische Beobachtungen auf Reisen in den Gebirgslaendern zwischen Kur und Araxes. Tiflis, 1867. 4to. And other geological works.

Becker (A.), Reise nach dem Kaukasus. Moskau, 1868. 8vo.

Schlotheim, Vier Monate in Grusien. Hermansburg, 1869. 8vo.

Favre, Notes sur quelques glaciers de la chaîne du Caucase. In Bibl. universelle de Génève, 15 Janv., 1869.

Vereschaguine (Basile), Voyage dans les Provinces du Caucase. In Charton's "Tour du Monde." Paris, 1869. 4to.

*Freshfield (Douglas W.), Travels in the Central Caucasus and Bashan. London, 1869. 8vo. Contains an account of the famous ascent of Mkhinvari (Mt. Kazbek). Cf. Mr. Freshfield's Lecture before the Royal Geographical Society, London, March 12, 1888.

Cunynghame (A.), Travels in the Eastern Caucasus. London, 1872. 8vo.

Mounsey (Aug. H.), A Journey through the Caucasus. London, 1872. 8vo.

Lyons (F. A.), Adventures in Lazistan. In Bates's Illustrated Travels. London, 1872.

Dilke (Ashton), An Article on Transcaucasia in the Fortnightly Review. London, 1874.

Grove (F. C.), The Frosty Caucasus. London, 1876. 8vo. (Account of ascent of Elbruz in 1874.)

Bunbury (E. H.), Art. Caucasus in Encyc. Brit. Vol. v. 1876.

Thielmann (Baron Max von), Journey in the Caucasus. Translated by Dr. C. Hemeage. London, 1875. 2 vols. in 1. 8vo.

Ernouf, Le Caucase, le Perse et la Turquie d'Asie. D'après la relation de M. le Baron de Thielmann. Paris, 1876. 8vo.

Schneider, Vorlaeufiger Bericht ueber im Laufe des Sommers 1875 in Transkaukasien ausgefuehrte Reisen. In "Isis." 1876.

Fuchs (P.), Ethnologische Beschreibung der Osseten. In "Ausland." 1876.

Bernoville (Raphael), La Souanétie libre. Illustr. Paris, 1875. 4to. Also Notes d'un voyage au Caucase. In Revue catholique de Bordeaux, Oct. 1883.

Telfer (J. B., Commander R.N.), The Crimea and Transcaucasia. London, 1876. 2 vols. 8vo.

*Bryce (Prof. James), Transcaucasia and Ararat. London, 1877. 8vo.

Bakradse (D.), Das tuerkische Grusien. aus d. Russischen uebers. v. N. v. Seidlitz. In Russ. Revue. 1877.

Call (G. v.), Eisenbahnen im Kaukasus. In Oesterr. Monatsschrift fuer d. Orient. Wien, 1877.

Kohn (A.), Kaukasien und seine Bewohner. In "Grenzboten." 1877.

Reisen im Kaukasus Gebiet. In "Ausland." 1877.

Travels in the Caucasus. In Edinburgh Review. January, 1877.

Cole (G. R. F.), Transcaucasia. In Fraser's Magazine. December, 1877.

Schweizer-Lerchenfeld (A. v.), Lazistan und die Lazen. In Monatsschrift fuer d. Orient. Wien, 1878.

Karsten (K.), Natur- und Kulturbilder aus Transkaukasien. In "Aus allen Welttheilen." 1878.

Smirnow (M.), Aperçu sur l'ethnographie du Caucase. In Revue d'Anthropologie. Paris, 1878.

Kaukasische Skizzen. In Russ. Revue. S. Pbg., 1879.

Art. Georgia in Encyc. Brit. Vol. x. 1879. Only remarkable for its typographical errors.

Vivien de Saint-Martin (Louis), Nouveau dictionnaire de Géographie universelle. Paris, 1879. 4to. Art. Caucase and Géorgie. Also his Nouv. Annales des Voyages.

Serena (Mme. Carla), Articles in Charton's "Tour du Monde." Paris. 4to. Iméréthi, 1880. Mingrélie, 1881. Kakhétie, 1882. Samourzakan, Abkasie, 1882.

Seidlitz (N. v.), Die Voelker des Kaukasus. In Russische Revue. 1881. Vide also Petermann's Mittheilungen and Russ. Revue passim.

Reclus (Elisée), Nouvelle Géographie Universelle. Paris, T. vi., 1881. 4to.

Morrison (M. A.), Caucasian Nationalities. In Journal of Royal Asiatic Society. London, 1881.

Wolley (Clive Phillips, formerly British Vice-Consul at Kertch). Sport in the Crimea and Caucasus. London, 1881. 8vo.

---- ----, Savage Svanêtia. 2 vols. London, 1883. 8vo.

Koch (C.), Wanderungen im Oriente. Weimar, 1846-47. 3 vols. 8vo.

---- ----, Die Kaukasische Militaerstrasse. Leipzig, 1851. 8vo.

---- ----, Nachklaenge orientalischer Wanderungen. Erfurt, 1881. 8vo.

Koechlin-Schwartz (A.), Un touriste au Caucase. Paris, 1881. 12mo.

Bayern (Fr.), Contribution à l'archéologie du Caucase. Lyon, 1883.

Wanderer (an English officer), Notes on the Caucasus. London, 1883. 8vo.

Sobolsky (W.), Spuren primitiver Familienordnungen bei den Kaukasischen Bergvoelkern. In Russ. Revue. 1883.

Vladikin, Putevoditel po Kavkazu (Guide to the Caucasus). Moskva, 1885. 2 vols. 8vo.

Chantre (Ernest), Recherches anthropologiques dans le Caucase. Paris and Lyon, 1886. 2 vols. 4to.

Erckert (R. von), Der Kaukasus und seine Voelker. Leipzig, 1887. 8vo. Ethnography.

Kovalevskii, Customs of the Ossetes. In Journ. R. Asiat. Soc., July, 1888. Translated by E. Delmar Morgan, M.R.A.S.

Kavkaz, Spravochnaya kniga. Tiflis, 1888. 12mo.

Weidenbaum (E.), Putevoditel po Kavkazu (Guide to the Caucasus). Tiflis, 1888. An official publication. A good guide on the principle of those of Murray is much wanted, but Murray's Guide to Russia, 4th edition, 1888, gives very little information about the Caucasus.

*Sbornik Svdenii o Kavkazié, Tiflis, 9 vols., 4to, beginning 1871, contains a mass of interesting and useful information. Vol. I. 1871. Monograph on the Ossets, by Pfaff. Collection of Georgian, Armenian, and Tatar proverbs, &c.--Vol. II. 1872. Statistical and economic condition of the Ossets, by Pfaff. Serfdom in Georgia at the beginning of the present century by Kalantarov. Railway routes to India.--Vol. III. 1874. Exhaustive Treatise on Viniculture in the Caucasus.--Vol. IV. and V. 1878-79. Statistics.--Vol. VI. 1880. Tiflis according to the census of March 25, 1876. Also contains a brief historical account of the city.--Vol. VII. 1880. And Vols. VIII. and IX. 1885. Statistics.

*Sbornik materialov dlya opisaniya myestnostei i plemen Kavkaza. The sixth volume was published in Tiflis this year.

For Archeology vide--

Akti of the Kavkazskaya Arkhéografichskaya Kommissiya of Tiflis, from 1866. In fol. Also the Zapiski and Izvestiya of the Obshchestvo Lyubiteléi Kavkazskoi Arkhéologii of Tiflis. Former, from 1875, in fol.; latter, from 1877, in 8vo.

The Best Map is that of the General Staff. Five versts to the inch.

HISTORY.

General.

*Brosset (M. F.), Histoire de la Géorgie (two volumes of Georgian text, and six volumes of French translation and notes). S. Pbg. (Acad. Scient.), 1849-58. 4to. M. Brosset has written a great many books and articles on Georgian history, published by the Imperial Academy of Sciences in S. Pbg.; some of them may still be purchased. Cf. Bibliographie analytique des ouvrages de M. Marie-Félicité Brosset ... par M. Laurent Brosset. S. Pbg., 1887.

Joselian (Plato), Istoriya gruzinskoi tserkvi. S. Pbg., 1843. Translated into English under the title of "A Short History of the Georgian Church," translated from the Russian by the Rev. S. C. Malan. London, 1866. 8vo.

---- ----, Razlichniya naimenovaniya Gruzin (On the various Appellations of the Georgians). Tiflis, 1846. 12mo.

---- ----, Istorichskii vzglad na sostoyanie drevnei Gruzii (Historical glance at the condition of ancient Georgia). In Zhurnal Ministerstva narodn. Prosv. S. Pbg., 1843. Cf. also his periodical Zakavkazskii Vestnik from 1845. Tiflis.

Baratov (Prince Sulkhan), Istoriya Gruzii. S. Pbg., 1865, &c. 8vo.

David (Tsarevich of Georgia), Kratkaya istoriya o Gruzii. S. Pbg., 1805. 12mo.

Barataiev, Numizmatichskie fakti Gruzinskavo tsarstva (Georgian numismatics). S. Pbg., 1844. 8vo.

Villeneuve (de), La Géorgie. Paris, 1870. 8vo.

Breitenbauch (Georg Aug. von), Geschichte der Staaten von Georgien. Memmingen, 1788. Thin 8vo.

Reineggs (Jacob), Kurzer Auszug der Geschichte von Georgien. Published in P. S. Pallas's Neue Nordische Beitraege, III. Bd., S. Pbg., 1781. 8vo.

*Evgeny (Bolkovitinov, Metropolitan of Kiev), Georgien, oder historisches Gemaelde von Grusien, aus dem Russischen uebers. von F. Schmidt. Riga, 1804. 8vo. A capital little book.

Malcolm (Sir John), History of Persia. 2nd edition. London, 1829. 8vo.

Fraser, An Historical and Descriptive Account of Persia. Edinburgh, 1834. 12mo.

Kazem-Beg, Derbend Nâmeh, or the History of Derbend. Translated from the Turkish (into English). S. Pbg., 1851. 4to.

Early History.

Ditmar (T. J.), Von den kaukasischen Voelkern der mythischen Zeit. Berlin, 1789. 8vo.

Ritter (Carl), Die Vorhalle Europaeischer Voelkergeschichten vor Herodotus, um den Kaukasus und an den Gestaden des Pontus, eine Abhandlung zur Alterthumskunde. Berlin, 1820. 8vo. The copy in the British Museum is lettered "Ritter's Wahnsinn," and we must own that we think the book more interesting than instructive.

Neumann (Carl), Die Hellenen im Skythenlande. Berlin, 1855. 8vo.

Shea (D.), Mir Khwand. History of the Early Kings of Persia from Kaiomars to ... Alexander the Great. London. Oriental Translation Fund. 1832. 8vo.

Procopius, De bello persico ... De bello gothico. Continued down to 560 A.D. by Agathias.

Constantinus Porphyrius (X. cent, A.D.), De administrando imperio.

Boyer, De muro caucasico. In vol. i. of Comment. de l'Acad. de Sciences. S. Pbg.

Polybius, De bello persico. Lib. i., cap. xii. et passim.

Ruffinus, Historia ecclesiastica. Lib. i., cap. x. Conversion of Georgia.

Saint-Martin (Jean Antoine), Mémoires historiques et géographiques sur l'Arménie. 2 tom. Paris, 1818 and 1819. 8vo.

Ashik (Anton), Bosforskoye Tsarstvo s yevo paleografichskimi i nadgrobnimi pamyatnikami, raspisnimi vasami, planami, kartami i vidami (The Kingdom of the Bosphorus, with its paleographic and monumental remains, inscribed vases, plans, maps, and views). Odessa, 1848-49. Three parts. 4to.

Neumann (C. F.), Elisha Vartabed. The History of Vartan, and of the battles of the Armenians. 1830. 8vo. And Vahram's Chronicle of the Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia. 1831. 8vo. Published by Oriental Translation Fund. London.

D'Ohsson (Chév.), Des peuples du Caucase au Xe. siècle. Paris, 1828.

Lebeau (Charles), Histoire du Bas Empire. Corrigée et augm. par M. de Saint-Martin et continuée par M. Brosset jeune. 20 tom. Paris, 1824-36. 8vo.

Vivien de Saint-Martin (Louis), Recherches sur les populations primitives et les plus anciennes traditions du Caucase. Paris, 1847. 8vo.

Stritter (J. G.), Memoriæ populorum olim ad Danubium, Pontum Euxinum, Paludem Mæotidem, Caucasum, Mare Caspium, et inde magis ad Septentriones, incolentium, e scriptoribus Historiæ Byzantinæ erutæ et digestæ. Petropoli, 1771-79. 4 vols. 4to. (Vol. iv. refers to Georgian History.)

Modern History.

Klaproth (J. von), Aperçu des entreprises des Mongols en Géorgie ... dans le XIII. siècle. Paris, 1833. 8vo.

Comte L. S. (? Seristori), Memoria sulle colonie del Mar Nero nei secoli di mezzo. 26 pp. 8vo. (n. d.) An account of the Genoese trading colonies.

Dorn (B.), Beitraege zur Geschichte der Kaukasischen Laender und Voelker, aus morgenlaendischen Quellen. Esp. III. Bd. (Geschichte der Georgier), which contains a work by a Mahometan writer named Iskender Munshi, and a History of the Szafid Dynasty; it deals with the period 1540-1663. Acad. Scient. S. Pbg., 1844. 4to.

*Perepiska na inostrannikh yazikakh gruzinskikh tsarei s rosiiskimi gosudaryami ot 1639 g. do 1770 g. (Correspondence in foreign languages between the Kings of Georgia and the Sovereigns of Russia from 1639 to 1770.) Acad. Scient. S. Pbg., 1861. 4to.

Hanway (Jonas), The Revolutions of Persia during the present century (being the second volume of the Historical Account of the British trade over the Caspian). 2nd edition. London, 1754. 4to.

Der allerneueste Staat von Casan ... Georgien und vieler andern dem Czaren, Sultan und Schach ... unterthanen Tartarn Landschaften ... Nuernberg, 1724. 8vo.

Van der Quelle (Philander--pseudonym), Leben und Thaten des persischen Monarchen Schach Nadyr. Leipzig, 1738. 8vo.

Peyssonnel (French Consul in Smyrna), Histoire des Troubles dans la Géorgie. (? Paris, 1754.) 8vo. Translated into German, also into English as a continuation of Hanway's History. London, 1756. 4to.

Ouosk' Herdjan (Jean), Mémoire pour servir à l'histoire des événemens qui ont eu lieu en Arménie et en Géorgie à la fin du XVIIIe. siècle et au commencement du XIXe. Trad. de l'arménien par J. Klaproth. Paris, 1818. 8vo.

Cirbied (J.), Histoire arménienne; details sur les changements politiques en Géorgie et en Arménie dans les premières années du XIXe. siècle. (? Paris, 1818.) 8vo.

Rottiers (Col.), Notice biographique sur Marie, dernière reine de Géorgie. Journal Asiatique. Tom. 10. Paris, 1827.

*Zubov, Podvigi russkikh voisk v stranakh kavkazskikh v 1810-34 (The Exploits of the Russian Army in the Caucasian Countries from 1810 to 1834). S. Pbg., 1835-36. Ten vols. 8vo. With portraits and plans.

----, Kartina voini s Persieiu (A Picture of the War with Persia). S. Pbg., 1834. 8vo.

Fonton (Félix de), La Russie dans l'Asie Mineure. Histoire de la campagne du Maréchal Paskewitch. Paris, 1831. 8vo. With atlas.

Urquhart (David), Progress and Present Position of Russia in the East. London, 1836. 8vo. And second edition "continued to the present time." London, 1854. 8vo.

Hommaire de Hell, Situation des Russes dans le Caucase. Paris, 1844. 8vo.

Holland (Thomas Erskine), Lecture on the Treaty Relations of Russia and Turkey from 1774-1853. London and Oxford, 1877. 8vo.

Haxthausen (August, Baron von), The Tribes of the Caucasus, with an account of Shamyl. Translated by J. E. Taylor. London, 1855. 12mo.

Moser (L.), Der Kaukasus, seine Voelkerschaften ... nebst einer Charakteristik Schamils. Wien, 1854. 8vo.

Our Dangerous Neighbour over the Way, and Two Questions upon the Caucasus. London, 1854. 8vo.

*Bodenstedt (Friedrich Martin), Die Voelker des Kaukasus und ihre Freiheitskaempfe gegen die Russen. 2 Bde. 2te. Ausg. Berlin, 1855. 8vo.

Wagner (Dr. Friedr.), Schamyl als Feldherr, Sultan und Prophet. Leipzig, 1854. 8vo. English translation by L. Wraxall. London, 1856. 8vo.

Douhaire (P.), Les Russes au Caucase. Prise de Schamyl. Paris, 1859. 8vo.

*Dubrovin, Istoriya voini i vladichestva russkikh na Kavkazié (History of the War and Supremacy of the Russians in the Caucasus). 3 vols. S. Pbg., 1871. The first volume is introductory, and contains an excellent ethnographical account of the country.

Baumgarten (G.), Sechzig Jahre des kaukasischen Krieges. Nach russischen Originalen.... Leipzig, 1861. 8vo.

Dulaurier, La Russie dans le Caucase. In Revue des Deux Mondes. Paris, 1865-66.

Boys (A. du), Le Caucase depuis Shamyl. In Le Contemporain. Paris, 25 Août, 1876.

The following Periodical Publications should also be consulted:--

The official newspaper Kavkaz. 1844-88. Tiflis.

Kavkazskii Sbornik. 1876-86. 10 vols. 8vo. Tiflis. A series of articles chiefly referring to Russian military exploits in the Caucasus during the present century.

For Georgian Jurisprudence, cf.--

Sbornik zakonov gruzinskavo tsarya Vakhtanga VI. (Collection of the laws of the Georgian King Vakhtanga VI.), izd. A. S. Frenkelya, pod redak. D. Z. Bakradze. Tiflis, 1887. Bagaturov (S. J.), Lichniya i pozemelniya prava v drevnei Gruzii (Personal and Agrarian Laws in Ancient Georgia). Tiflis, 1886. Dareste, An Art. in Journ. des Savants. Paris, 1887. Kovalevskii, Arts. in Vestnik Yevropi.

LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.

Georgian Grammars and Dictionaries--Comparative Philology.

Alphabetum Ibericum sive Georgianum. Romæ, 1629. 8vo.

Paolini (Stefano), Dittionario Giorgiano e Italiano, composto da S. P. con l'aiuto del M. R. P. D. Niceforo Irbachi Giorgiano. Roma (Propag.), 1629. 4to.

Maggi (Francesco Maria), Syntagmatwn linguarum Orientalium quæ in Georgiæ regionibus audiuntur. Romæ, 1643. Fol. And 1670. Fol.

Hyde (Thomas, D.D.), Historia religionis veterum Persarum .... Oxonii, 1700. 4to. And 1760. 4to. Contains Georgian alphabet.

Tlulcaanti (David), Dottrina Cristiana per uso delle missioni della Giorgia, tradotta dalla lingua italiana in lingua civile giorgiana. Roma, 1741. 8vo. And 1800. 8vo.

Vocabularium Catherinæ. Nos. 108, 109, 110, &c. S. Pbg.

Varlaamov, Kratkaya gruzinskaya grammatika. S. Pbg., 1802.

Hervas, Vocabolario poliglota, p. 164, &c. Madrid.

Witsen, Nord en Oost Tartarye II., 506, 526.

Firalov, Samouchitel, soderzhashchii v sebé Grammatiku, Razgovori, Nravoucheniya i Lexikon, na Rossiiskom i Gruzinskom yazikakh (Grammar, Dialogues, Moral Precepts, and Dictionary in Russian and Georgian). S. Pbg., 1820. 8vo.

Vater (J. S.), Vergleichungstafeln der Europaeischen Stamm-Sprachen ... Grusinische Grammatik, nach Maggio, Ghai und Firalow ... Halle, 1822. 8vo.

Klaproth (H. J. v.), Kaukasische Sprachen. Halle and Berlin, 1814. 8vo.

---- ----, Vocabulaire et grammaire de la langue géorgienne. Paris (Soc. Asiat.), 1827. 8vo.

---- ----, Sur la langue Géorgienne. In Journal Asiat. Paris, 1827.

Brosset (M. F.), L'Art libéral ou grammaire géorgienne. Paris, 1830. 8vo.

---- ----, Éléments de la langue géorgienne. Paris, 1837. 8vo.

Soulkhanoff (A.), Vocabulaire méthodique géorgien-français-russe. S. Pbg., 1839. 8vo.

*Chubinov (David), Gruzinsko-russo-frantsuzkii slovar. Dictionnaire géorgien-français-russe avec un abrégé de la grammaire géorgienne par M. Brosset. S. Pbg., 1840. 4to.

---- ----, Kratkaya gruzinskaya grammatika. S. Pbg., 1855. 8vo.

---- ----, Russko-gruzinskii slovar. Vnov sostavlenii po noveishim russkim slovaryam. S. Pbg., 1886. 8vo.

Bopp, Kaukasische Glieder des Indo-Europaeischen Sprachstamms. Berlin, 1847.

Mueller (F. C. J.), Zur Conjugation des georgischens Verbums. Wien, 1869. 8vo.

Schiefner (Prof.), Report on the languages of the Caucasus. In Transactions of Philological Society. London, 1877.

Gatteyrias (J. A.), Etudes linguistiques sur les langues de la famille géorgienne. In Revue de linguistique. Paris, Juillet, 1881.

Tsagareli (Prof.), Georgische Inschrift aus Jerusalem. In Zeitschrift des Palestina-Vereins. 1881.

*---- ----, Examen de la littérature relative à la grammaire géorgienne. S. Pbg., 1873.

Peacock (D. R.), Original Vocabularies of Five West Caucasian Languages (Georgian, Mingrelian, Lazian, Svanetian, and Apkhazian). Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, 1877, pp. 145-156.

Osset, Mingrelian, Abkhazian, Svanetian, and Lazian Languages.

Sjögren (A. J.), Ossetische Sprachlehre (also published in Russian). S. Pbg. (Acad. Scient.), 1844. 4to.

---- ----, Ossetische Studien. S. Pbg. (Acad. Scient.), 1848. 4to.

Schiefner (A.), Ossetinskie texti (Osset texts). S. Pbg. (Acad. Scient.), 1868. 8vo.

---- ----, Versuch ueber die Thusch-Sprache. S. Pbg. (Acad. Scient.), 1856. 4to. And other works.

Mueller (F. C. J.), Ueber die Stellung des Ossetischen. Wien, 1861. 8vo.

---- ----, Beitraege zur Lautlehre des Ossetischen. Wien, 1863. 8vo.

Miller (Vsyevolod, Professor at Moscow), Ossetinskie etyudi.

Bartolomaei (Lieut.-Gen.), Lushnu Anban. Svanetskaya Azbuka (Svanetian Primer with Georgian and Russian translation. Includes a large vocabulary, Lord's Prayer, colloquial phrases, &c.). Tiflis, 1864. 4to. 147 pp.

Klaproth (J. de), Détails sur le dialecte géorgien usité en Mingrélie. In Journ. Asiat. Paris, 1829.

Rosen, Sprache der Lazen. Berlin, 1840.

----, Abhandlungen ueber das Mingrelische. Berlin, 1840.

----, Ueber das Suanische und Abchasische. Berlin, 1845.

Georgian Literature.--Translations and criticisms.

*Brosset, Articles, Lectures, &c., published by Acad. Scient. S. Pbg. in their periodical and other publications.

*Leist (Arthur), Georgische Dichter. Leipzig, 1887. 12mo. A collection of modern lyrics translated into German verse.

---- ----, Georgian, Natur, Sitten u. Bewohner. Leipzig, 1885. (Last chapter contains a short history of Georgian literature, which I freely used in writing the present work.)

*Evgeny (Bolkovitinov), Georgien, oder historisches Gemaelde von Grusien, aus dem Russischen uebers. von F. Schmidt. Riga, 1804. 8vo.

Alter (Franz C.), Ueber georgianische Litteratur. Wien, 1798. 8vo.

*Gulak (N. I.), O barsovoi kozhé Rustaveli. (Two lectures in Russian on Rustaveli's "Man in the Panther's Skin.") Tiflis, 1884. 8vo.

État actuel de la littérature Géorgienne. In Nouv. Journ. Asiat. Vol. I., p. 434.

Gabriel (Bishop of Imereti), Sermons, &c. Translated from the Georgian by S. C. Malan, Vicar of Broadwindsor. London, 1867. 8vo.

Orbeliani (Prince Sulkhan), Kniga mudrosti i lzhi. (A Russian translation of a collection of Georgian fables and folk tales of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.) Perevod i obyasneniya A. Tsagareli. S. Pbg. (Acad. Scient.), 1878. 8vo.

Bebur B ... Gruzinskiya narodniya skazki. S. Pbg., 1884. 8vo. (A collection of folk tales, &c., chiefly from Guri.)

Mueller (W.), Prometheische Sagen im Kaukasus. In Russische Revue. 1883.

Bleçki (R. v.), Das Schloss der Tamara. Eine kaukasische Sage. S. Pbg., 1852. 8vo.

Tsagareli (Prof.), Svedeniya o pamyatnikakh gruzinskoi pismennosti (Information concerning the monuments of Georgian literature). S. Pbg., 1887. 8vo.

Morfill (W. R.), An Article on Georgian Literature in "The Academy," July 21, 1888.

Mr. Morfill has catalogued the Georgian Library presented to the Indian Institute at Oxford by the Rev. S. C. Malan, with whom he shares the honour of being the only Georgian scholar in England, and he will shortly publish a History of Russia, a chapter of which will be devoted to Georgia.

STATISTICS.

All the following figures are from official papers, and they refer to the year 1886. They must not be too implicitly believed:--

A. Statistics of Population.

Area in sq. km. Total population.
Government of Tiflis 40,473 735,000
Government of Kutais 35,000 814,000

Population of the chief towns in Georgia:--

Government of Tiflis. Government of Kutais.
Akhaltzikhe. 13,265 Batum 11,878
Akhalkalaki 4,303 Kutais 20,227
Gori 5,386 Poti 4,785
Dushet 2,041 Sukhum 1,279
Signakh 10,069
Telav 8,014
Tiflis 104,024

It will be seen that the urban population is very small.

B. Trade and Agriculture (1886).

Total trade of Transcaucasia (value in roubles at, say 22d. per rouble):--

Exports. Imports. Total.
27,812,402 11,452,145 39,264,547 Rbl.

Trade of the interior of Russia and Transcaucasia with Persia:--

Exports. Imports. Total.
6,128,933 10,256,056 16,384,989 Rbl.

Transit trade through Transcaucasia:--

From Asia to Europe. From Europe to Asia. Total
1,017,607 95,614 1,113,221

Traffic returns of Transcaucasian Railway.

Total weight of goods carried, 58,000,000 puds (Ton = 62 puds).

To Batum and Poti, for export, 32,000,000 puds.

viz. 15,000,000 pd. petroleum and its products.
9,000,000 pd. grain.
8,000,000 pd. miscellaneous goods.

Goods imported from abroad and despatched from Batum and Poti by railway, 5,000,000 pd.

Bread stuffs produced in Transcaucasia:--

Wheat 50,000,000 puds.
Barley 30,000,000 puds.
Maize 20,000,000 puds.
Millet 9,000,000 puds.
Rice 5,000,000 puds.
Oats 350,000 puds.
Potatoes 4,000,000 puds.
Total 118,350,000 puds.

Wine.--The total annual production of wine In Transcaucasia was about 25,000,000 gallons, of which about 15,000,000 gallons in the government of Kutais.

The Transcaucasian Rwy. carried a weight of 247,000 puds from stations in the government of Kutais; 173,000 puds from stations in the government of Tiflis.

(As there is no railway to Kakheti, the wine from that district comes to the capital by road, in carts.)

Two hundred thousand puds were sent to Batum, presumably for export (chiefly to France, where it is "manipulated" and sold as Burgundy).

Sundry goods despatched by Transcaucasian Railway.

From stations in the From stations in
govt. of Kutais. the govt. of Tiflis.

Puds. Puds. Manganese ore 3,800,000 chiefly to Great -- Britain Timber 536,000 817,000 Dried raisins -- 116,000 Palm wood 23,000 -- Walnut wood 20,000 12,000 Walnuts 6,000 36,000 Tobacco 64,000 31,000 Silk and cocoons -- 1,500 Wool -- 195,000 Fruits 70,000 110,000 Raw hides 8,000 36,000 Manufactured hides 21,000 45,000

C. Education (1886).

No. of Schools.

Higher Lower Private Elementary Total No. gymnasia, municipal. schools. schools. of &c. schools. Government 17 16 35 339 407 of Tiflis Government 5 9 7 459 480 of Kutais

No. of Pupils.

Boys. Girls. Total. For every 10,000
inhabitants there
are--
Schools. Pupils.
Government of 16,282 6,727 23,009 5·03 284
Tiflis
Government of 19,234 1,662 20,896 5·90 257
Kutais

SPECIMENS OF GEORGIAN VOCAL MUSIC.

1.--The River Aragva.

2.--The Singer.

3.--Avtandil's Song.

4.--Drinking Song (p. 88).

End of Project Gutenberg's The Kingdom of Georgia, by Oliver Wardrop