Chapter XXI: Appendix: The Dutch Lancelot213 (2)

Line 26630. LANCELOT. When Sarras has left him, another knight appears, like Belyas. They fight; knight flies, pursued by L. to castle near at hand. L.'s horse is slain; but he slays all who attack him, and reaches garden, where in tent, guarded by four knights, he finds Mordret chained. L. releases him, and they escape together. Belyas and Bryadas had wished to be knights of R. T. A. refused, not knowing them. They had sworn to keep fountain against all comers; L. has mortally wounded both. L. meets wounded knight, whom he heals at last, sending message to King B. that questers are found; also to those released at 'Verbodene berch,' bidding them meet him at court. Gawain is ready, but Ywein demurs, all are not found yet. G. says duration of quest should be year and day, they have been away three years. All agree to go. (This seems to indicate that =1533= was correct in not noting their departure earlier, as =D. L.= does, thus contradicting itself. Probably an earlier redaction did make them leave at once, while a later introduced more of L.'s adventures. This points to the later interpolation of 'tomb' adventures.) B. knights one of the squires, 'Axille die blonde,' and gives him the castle.

Line 27236. GAWAIN and comrades come to a castle by a deep water, where men are erecting lodges for a tourney. It is the castle of Galehoudijn, 'neve' of _Gawain_ (obvious mistake for Gallehault), (=1533=, _son of Gallehault and la belle Géande_, but she was Gallehault's mother). Conceal their names, are well received and lodged outside castle. Hear a tumult, and see Agloval pursued by forty armed men. Go to his aid, and slay many. Their host is much distressed; they tell him they are of A.'s court. Galehoudijn arrives; is angry at first, but when Gawain reveals their names, is much rejoiced, does them great honour, and knights their host. (=1533= _is very confused here, persistently calling Galehoudijn, Gallehault; correcting mistake, and then relapsing again._)

Line 27735. LANCELOT[233] and MORDRET ride till nightfall. See white hart and leopards; decide to follow them. Two knights ride suddenly out of side road, unhorse them and take their steeds. Dwarf appears, will lead them to horses, if they will give him a gift. Promise; he leads them to two pavilions where they find their horses, and go off with them. Come to a hermitage, where they spend the night. L. asks H. of white hart; mystery may not be revealed till 'the good knight' come. Asks of king whom he slew, and who was mourned by maidens (cf. _supra_, p. 239), he was named Merlan, from 'die Marchen van Scollant,' a wicked man; L. did well to slay him. Next morning they ride away; are attacked by knights who stole their horses. M. overthrows them, and gives knights' horses to L. Spend this night with 'Vavasseur,' who tells them of Galehoudijn's tourney. They will go, host with four sons (_no number in_ =1533=) to attend them. Next morning they ride to hear Mass. Meet an old man who prophesies M. shall be ruin of kingdom and death of his father, 'who is a mightier king than K. Lot.' M., angry, smites off his head. L. finds letter on dead man saying who M. really is. Would slay him and avert mischief, but for love of Gawain, whose brother he is. Come to tourney. Kings of Norgales and of a hundred knights there. L. discomfits all comers. Then rides out of press followed by Bohort, who suspects his identity. Meet, and agree to ride to court together.

Line 28835. GAWAIN and his companions are much annoyed when they find they have missed L. again. Agree to return to court, each going his own way.

Line 29018. LANCELOT and BOHORT see a fire, hear cries for help. B. goes to see, and finds maiden and brother being ill-treated by eight knights; slays three, rest fly. B. returns to L. who has disappeared; spends night in forest. (=1533=, _goes with maid, who is daughter of king of a hundred knights, to lodging, then with brother to find L.; not doing so, returns and spends night with them. Departs next morning, and hears L. has been seen chasing a knight._)

Line 29095. BOHORT, second visit to Grail castle. Tempts its adventures. Cf. _supra_, pp. 160, 233.

Line 29695. LANCELOT comes to two tents, light, and a maiden and dwarf in one, asks for lodging. Her lover will not allow her to give it. Knight and brother ride up, throw L.'s armour out of tent. Fight. L. slays one and wounds the other. Rides to a hermitage where he passes night. Next day meets two maidens sitting by spring, would eat with them. Maiden pursued by black knight runs up asking for aid, before L. can reach his sword she is slain. L. very angry smites off knight's head. Fourth night comes to forester's house in moon light.

Line 29952. LANCELOT and KAY. Cf. _supra_, p. 156.

Line 30380. LANCELOT after overthrowing knight of R. T. comes to two pavilions, in one of which is maiden who cured him of poison. Sees Bohort's son. Cf. _supra_, p. 157.

Line 30584. GAWAIN and his comrades return to court and hang up shield L. has thrown down in middle of hall; telling how they were overthrown. Queen much distressed that L. has not come, gives them rich garments in order of valour. Bohort is best, then Gawain, Hector, Gariëtte, Lionel, Bagdemagus (=1533= _omits Hector but gives others in same order_). Kay arrives in L.'s armour. Other knights overthrown by L. come and recognise shield. Next morning L. is seen coming, go out to meet him, joust, and Gawain overthrows him, L.'s horse being weary. Great Feast, A.D. 426 (=1533=, A.D. 225). A knight in white armour comes weeping, he is probably going to his death. Gives L. a letter--if he dies he is to read it aloud, if he survives return it. Sits in Perilous Seat, fire descends and consumes him. He was Brumal (=1533=, _Brumant_), nephew of King Claudas, who had vowed to prove himself a better knight than L. who dare not sit there. Queen and L. talk apart, and she tells him of Claudas's insult; he vows to avenge her, C. has taken Gannes, Benoyc and _Aquitaine_. (=1533=, _Gaule and Benoyc_--[but Gaule was not yet L.'s].) L. takes counsel with his friends and resolves on war. Brimol van Pleiche comes, was conquered by B. at bridge of Corbenyc (not recorded previously).

Line 31976. CLAUDAS prepares to resist A., gives all his nobles leave to go, richly rewards those who remain; is promised help from Rome.

Line 32394. Recital of knights' adventures, recorded above.

Line 32755. War with Claudas told at great length. Valiant deeds of Gawain, Hector, and Bohort. King and L. join army later. A.'s fight with Frollo and winning of Gaul is placed here. Claudas finally conquered, L. makes Hector king of Benoyc, Bohort of Gannes, Lionel of Gaule (cf. _supra_, p. 201).

Line 35465. Feast at Camalot. Arrival of Elaine, L.'s madness. Cf. chap. ix. pp. 161-163.

Line 35830. PERCEVAL. His arrival at court. Adventure with Patrides; fight with Hector. Grail is vessel out of which Our Lord ate Paschal lamb in house of Simon the Leper.

Line 36610. PERCEVAL and HECTOR come to house of a hermit who is priest to the fisher-folk, who provide him with fish, etc. After riding some time they come to house of a man, who had lodged L. six months before, knows H. for his brother by likeness, L. was mad then.

(This is not in =1533=, which says, _Or dit le compte que grant piece chevaucherent P. et H. ensemble per mainte terre estrange pour scavoir se adventure les meneroit en lieu ou ilz peu(s)(s)ent trouver L. ains chevaucherent maint yver et maint este ensemble._)

Line 36705. LANCELOT. Adventure at pavilion, imprisonment, and fight with boar (cf. p. 163). Breaks off short here, as if MS. came to an end and returns to

Line 36947. PERCEVAL returns to court. They do him great honour.

Damsel arrives (Grail messenger, but _Grail_ is not mentioned). Castle Orguelous and Montesclaire ventures. (From this point source is analogous to Chrétien.) Gawain will go to Montesclaire, Ywein to Castle Orguelous, Kay and Griflet to 'Tere Dolorous' (not previously mentioned), Perceval will ride through land, jousting with all whom he may meet. Ginganbresil arrives, challenges Gawain. All ride forth, Gawain, Agravain, Gariëtte, Ywein, Perceval, Griflet, Kay and Mordret ride together for four miles, then separate.

Line 37105. GAWAIN adventure against Melias de Lis, and tournament as in _Conte del Graal_.

Line 37584. KAY and AGRAVAIN go to seek Dolorous Castle. Meet maiden, she will guide them thither if they dare to go there. Meet two knights who will joust, K. and A. overthrow them, are attacked by eight and finally taken prisoners, though A. defends himself stoutly. Will take them to Castle D., before they have gone half a mile P. rides out of side road. They attack him, but he puts them to flight, rescues K. and A., the three take castle and sent lord prisoner to A.'s court.

Line 37855. YWEIN and GARIËTTE meet a dwarf, who leads them to the Castle Orguelous. There they must joust against all comers. Ladies watch from battlements, and as each knight is overthrown his lady sends wreath of roses to victor. Thus they vanquish twenty. At last sixty at once attack and overpower them, and they are led to castle, where ladies insist on their being well treated.

Line 38000. MORDRET and GRIFLET are warned by hermit of danger they run in going to Montesclaire. Ride on and are taken prisoners by tyrant who will wed the lady of the castle.

Line 38133. PERCEVAL hears how Y. and G. have been vanquished at Castle Orguelous. Rides thither with Kay and Agravain. P. overthrows ten knights; K. and A. fifteen between them; when all attack them slay twenty, wound fifteen, and take castle, setting Y. and G. and the maidens free.

Line 38230. GAWAIN. Adventure with lady and chessmen in tower as in _Conte del Graal_. G. is sent to find the bleeding 'white' spear. Comes to hermitage, hermit tells him how Mordret and Griflet have been made prisoners at Montesclaire, and are to be hanged in the morning. G. will rescue them. Rises early, rides to hill where gallows already set up; frees M. and G. Tyrant appears, fight fiercely, G.'s strength increases at midday, overthrows tyrant, is fiercely attacked by his men.

Line 38990. PERCEVAL hears of M.'s danger; rides with Y., G., K., and A. to aid. Comes up in time to help Gawain against four hundred men. Slay tyrant and free maiden. Gawain wins sword 'metten vremden ringen,' which will break if an unworthy knight handles it. Next morning separate; G. goes to seek _Grail_ (which had not been mentioned before), others return to court.

Line 39140. GAWAIN. Adventure with wounded knight and Château Merveil. (Here we are told that _Merlin_ made the _Lit Merveil_. Here too G. is warned he may not leave castle, but queen permits him to do so on condition he returns in evening.)

Line 40060. Adventure with Guiromelant. Lady is Orgeloise. The queens came into the land after the death of Uther Pendragon, and _King Lot_ (who in other romances is contemporary with Arthur), when there was civil war in Logres. G. is girded for the fight by Tristram (who has not previously appeared in the story). At prayer of Clareant a truce is declared, and A. says Guir. shall wed his niece. Kay bears tidings to G., who is so angry he vows he will not return to court. A. much distressed. Twenty-four knights vow to seek G. for a year and a day.

Line 40785. QUESTERS come third day into wood. Voice from thicket bids them stand; they may go no further unless they joust for it. Kay and Dodinel overthrown. Knight asks Tristram's name; he will not tell it unless knight tells his. He refuses; they fight fiercely till midday, when they rest. Knight sees others coming and fears to be known; flies into wood. Squire comes to seek T.; his wife is ill, must see him. T., K., and D. return. On way K. says he was overthrown unfairly. Knight is in wood, overhears, comes out and challenges K. and D.; puts them to the worse. T. and he fight again, lasts long, and T. is becoming exhausted, when maiden appears seeking knight; it is Lancelot. They go off together, and the three reach court safely.

Line 41013. PERCEVAL, who has separated from the others, comes to the Castle of Orgeloise, who is besieged by old lover whom she left when she rode off with Gawain. P. fights with and slays him. O. is hereafter known as '_die goede joncfrouwe_.'

Line 41160. AGLOVAL (who is seeking P.) meets knight, who will not reply to his greeting, but enters castle, arms himself, and attacks A. It is Gregorias, who stole Gawain's horse. A. slays him. Comes to castle, where old man receives him kindly. Greg. was his foe; his sons are out seeking him. All rejoiced to hear of his death.

Line 41420. GAWAIN. Visit to Grail Castle as in Montpelier MS. of _Conte del Graal_. Next day meets knight and maiden; former, hearing G.'s name, challenges him--he has slain his father. They fight, and desist, since it is no honour to fight with none to behold. Will fight it out before court. He is Dyandras. G. goes to Scavaleon to report ill-success of quest.

Line 41660. GARIËTTE and GRIFLET come to a tower where Hector is imprisoned; find two knights ill-treating maiden for advising H.'s release. Free her. H. appears to aid her (has escaped). Lord of castle pursues them with twenty men. Perceval and Agloval arrive; slay eleven, rest flee. All return to court.

Line 41845. GAWAIN goes to Scavaleon to fulfil compact with Ginganbresil. Dyandras comes and claims his fight. King consults counsellors; they judge that G. must fight _with both at once_. Squire goes to warn King A., who comes with court to witness fight. After a time would stop it, with king's consent, but Ginganbresil refuses. Gawain's strength doubles, and he conquers both. King and one hundred knights become A.'s men. Next day, rides homeward, stopping at castle of Tibaut of Tintavel, where G. is warmly welcomed. Then all go to Carlion.

Line 42540. Then follows _Morien_. Cf. _supra_, p. 150.

INDEX

Abel, 180.

Ade, 12, 13.

Agloval, 36, 150, 162.

Agravain, 137, 149, 152, 157, 160, 186, 194, 195, 199.

Aguisel, 71.

Alexander, 81.

Arimathea (Joseph of), 121, 126, 127, 133, 134, 139, 209.

Armorica, 56, 57.

Arnoul, 181.

Arnout, _v._ Arnoul.

Arthur, 13, 15, 17, 21, 30, 32, 40, 41, 46, 47, 50, 51, 55, 56, 60,
62, 63, 65, 67, 71, 94, 103, 106, 107, 110, 113, 126, 135, 141,
154, 167, 184, 195, 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204.

Astolat (_v._ Escarloet), 194.

Avalon, 59, 60, 64, 65, 126, 153, 204, 205.

Bagan, _v._ Vagan.

Balaan and Balaain, 73, 167.

Ban of Benoyc, 91, 92, 129, 143, 177, 185, 192, 200, 201, 210.

Barenton, 72.

Bath, 47, 48, 59, 60, 83.

Baudemagus, 41, 101, 137, 143, 154, 158, 170, 184, 185, 203, 204.

Beaurösch, 52.

Bedivere, 4.

Beforet, 12, 13, 14, 17.

Bel Inconnu, 97, 98.

Birch-Hirschfeld (Professor), 123.

Bleeding Tomb, 139.

Bohort, 21, 92, 121, 135, 136, 143, 144, 150, 153, 154, 156, 157, 160,
161, 163, 166, 168, 170, 178, 195, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 205.

Boiling Fountain, 139.

Borron (Robert de), 122, 125, 126, 127, 128, 131, 133, 158, 163, 210.

---- pseudo _v._ above.

Bors, _v._ Bohort.

Briant des Illes, 129, 130.

Brimol van Pleiche, 160, 186.

Brisane, 142.

Broceliande, 72, 82.

Bromel le Plêche _v._ Brimol v. P.

Brunel du Plessis _v._ Brimol v. P.

Brut (_v._ also Layamon and Wace), 4, 6, 56, 71, 105, 106.

Brynhild, 47.

Cærnant, 82.

Cahere, 198.

Camalot, 83, 196, 197, 198.

Caradigan, 82.

Caradoc, 4, 91.

Carduel, 82.

Carlion, 83.

Cath Palug, 60.

Celidoine, 177.

Champagne (Marie de), 42, 48, 114.

Chapalu, _v._ Cath Palug.

Charrette (Chevalier de la), 5, 6, 7, 11, 19, 20, 21, 27, 30, 49,
50, 52, 53, 68, 81, 83, 101, 103, 112, 115, 116, 138, 143, 149, 185,
188, 194, 206, 212.

Charrette (summary of poem), chap. iv. 40-42.

Chastel du Trespas, 153, 154.

Château Merveil, 121.

Chester, 82.

Chevalier au Lion (_v._ also Yvain), 6, 42, 50, 100.

Chevalier à la Manche, 18, 151.

Chrétien de Troyes, 5, 6, 7, 10, 19, 20, 24, 26, 27, 30, 31, 42, 43,
44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 95, 103, 115, 121, 131, 134, 140,
143, 149, 191, 210, 211, 212.

---- position in Arthurian cycle, chap. v. pp. 54-88.

Clarine, 11, 114.

Claudas (King), 4, 102, 129, 182, 183.

Claudins, 182, 183.

Cligés, 5, 6, 42, 68, 79, 81, 83, 115.

Conlaoch, 109.

Corbenic, 121, 138, 139, 159, 160, 161, 167, 168, 181, 182, 183, 186.

Cuchullain, 24, 58, 109.

Cybele, _v._ Sibile.

Diarmid, 109, 110.

Dinasdron, 82.

Dodine le Sauvage, 15.

Dodinel, 150.

Dover, 83.

Elaine, 142, 160, 161.

Elayne, _v._ above.

Eleanor of Aquitaine, 48, 114.

Elidiâ, 16.

Eliezer, 139.

Erec, 5, 15, 16, 64, 71, 79, 82, 115.

---- (poem), 5, 6, 11, 27, 42, 53, 64, 69, 78, 80, 81, 83, 85, 115, 130.

Ernoulf, _v._ Arnoul.

Escalot, _v._ Escarloet.

Escarloet, 135, 187, 196, 197, 198.

Esealt der lange, 16.

Falerîn, _v._ Valerîn.

False Claimant (story of), 34, 35.

Fata Morgana, 19.

Fier Baiser, 18, 19, 98, 99.

Fisher King, 129, 138, 161, 168, 169, 192.

Foerster (Professor), 9, 10, 16, 17, 19, 20, 26, 44, 49, 50, 93, 188.

---- ---- theory of Arthurian evolution examined, chap v. pp. 54-88.

Frazer (Professor J. G.), 72.

Frollo, 4, 102, 126.

Furnivall (Dr.), _v._ Queste.

Gaheret, _v._ below.

Gaheriet, 15, 143, 150, 154, 158, 159, 172, 195, 196, 198, 199.

Galagandreiz, 12, 26.

Galahad, 97, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 129, 132, 134, 135, 137, 138,
142, 145, 146, 161, 163, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172,
174, 178, 182, 183, 184, 185, 189, 191, 208, 209, 210.

Galehault, 136, 138, 147, 149, 153, 205.

Galehodyn, 153.

Galobrus de la Vermeille lande, 130.

Gandîn, 51, 116.

Garel, 53.

Gareth, _v._ Gaheriet.

Gariëtte, _v._ Gaheriet.

Gawain, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 14, 15, 16, 19, 21, 22, 24, 31, 32, 33,
35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 43, 51, 53, 57, 63, 67, 91, 93, 95, 99, 103, 108,
109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 120, 121, 129, 136, 137, 139,
143, 149, 150, 151, 156, 157, 158, 161, 162, 166, 167, 169, 170, 173,
178, 183, 184, 185, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 203, 208.

Genewîs, 11, 17.

Geoffrey of Monmouth, 20, 55, 56, 102, 104.

Gildas, 46.

Ginganbrisil, 149, 150.

Giraldus Cambrensis, 64.

Girard de Viane, 71.

Glastonbury, 46, 48, 59.

Godefroy de Leigni, 42, 44.

Goothe, _v._ Goth.

Gorres, 43, 47.

Got, 174.

Goth, _v._ Got.

Graal, Conte del, 121, 189, 212.

Graalent, 64, 65, 77, 87.

Grail (Holy), 78, 80, 90, 97, 100, 120, 123, 129, 131, 133, 134, 137,
138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 145, 146, 161, 163, 168, 169, 173, 181, 191,
192, 208, 209, 210, 212.

Grail castle (_v._ also Corbenic), 121, 150, 183, 192.

Grail Quest, _v._ Queste.

Graislemier de Fine Posterne, 64, 65.

Grand S. Graal, 101, 121, 126, 127, 133, 137, 138, 139, 175, 179, 192,
209.

Griflette, 150.

Guendolen, 100.

Guerresches, 159, 198, 199.

Guinevere, 1, 2, 3, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 23, 32, 38, 40, 41,
43, 45, 46, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53, 59, 90, 96, 100, 103, 104, 106, 107,
108, 111, 112, 113, 116, 117, 129, 135, 138, 141, 142, 158, 182, 188,
197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 203, 207.

Guingamor, 64, 65, 77.

Guinglain, 19.

Gurnemanz, 13, 26, 28, 80.

Hagen (Herr P.), theory of Grail origin, 29, 52, 78.

Hartland (Mr. E. S.), 34, 62, 73, 84.

Hartmann von Aue, 5, 16, 26, 27, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 75, 80, 116.

Hector, 21, 136, 139, 143, 152, 153, 157, 161, 163, 178, 195, 198,
200, 201.

Heinzel (Professor), 129, 130, 213.

Hélie le Blank, 157, 170.

Henry II., 48.

Hertz (Professor), 26, 95.

Iblîs, 13, 14, 16, 17, 27.

Ider, 4.

Idylls of the King, 114.

Iseult, 1, 5, 37, 38, 45, 113, 116, 117, 197.

Isle of Women, 22.

Iwân de Nonel, 27.

Iwanet, 95.

Iwein (_v._ also Yvain), 4, 49, 50, 52, 53, 95.

---- (_v._ Hartmann von Aue).

Iweret, 12, 13, 27.

Johfrit de Liez, 12, 26.

Kailet, 27.

Kamalot, _v._ Camalot.

Karados, 203.

Karnachkarnanz, 27.

Kay, 4, 22, 30, 31, 40, 41, 44, 50, 51, 60, 151, 155, 156, 162, 200.

Kei, _v._ Kay.

Ker (Professor), 23, 24.

Kiot, 28, 29.

Krône (Diu), 15, 22, 58, 80, 121.

Lady of the Lake, 23, 36, 94, 99, 138, 152, 207.

Lady of the Fountain, 67.

Lamorak, 162.

Lancelot, not a character of early Arthurian tradition, chap. i. pp. 1-7.

---- origin of name, 8, 9, 10.

---- rescuer of Guinevere, 15, 16, 40, 43.

---- origin of legend, 21-25.

---- _et le cerf au pied blanc_, chap. iii., 30-39, 151, 206-207.

---- (prose), chaps, vi., vii., viii., 89-146.

---- (Dutch), 30, 31, 38, 130, 131.

---- comparison of text, chaps, ix., x., xi., 147-205.

Lanval, 64, 65.

Lanzelet, _v._ Zatzikhoven (Ulrich von).

Laudine, 70, 74, 75.

Laudunet, 10, 74, 75.

Layamon, 4, 27, 56, 93, 104, 105, 106, 111.

Limors, 12.

Lionel, 21, 92, 135, 136, 143, 152, 153, 156, 161, 166, 170, 178,
195, 200, 201.

Lohengrin, 210.

Lohot, 130.

London, 83.

Lot (M. Ferdinand), 59, 62, 64, 74.

Lot (King), 13, 26, 93, 159.

Loth (M.), 60.

Louis VII., 48.

Lucan, 204.

Mabûz, 13, 14.

Maelwas, 8, 10 (_v._ also Melwas).

Maheloas, 64.

Maimed King, 138, 161, 169, 192.

Malduc, 15, 16, 80.

Malduz, _v._ Malduc.

Malehault (Dame de), 101, 129.

Malmesbury (William of), 59.

Malory, 23, 45, 46, 49, 90, 101, 104, 108, 114, 131, 151, 165.

---- comparison of text, chaps. ix., x., xi., pp. 107-205.

Mantle (Lai), 14, 19.

Map (Walter), 122, 125, 131, 163, 184, 210.

---- (pseudo), as above.

Marie de France, 61, 65, 66.

Mathoeus die felle, 154.

Mauduiz li Sages (cf. Malduc).

Maurîn, 27.

Meide-lant, 11, 14, 22, 94.

Meleagant, 40, 41, 42, 43, 47, 51, 52, 59, 60, 101, 118, 138, 143, 185.

Melians de Lile, 171.

Meliot de Logres, 158.

Melwas, 8, 46, 47, 59, 60, 118.

Méraugis de Portlesguez, 18, 73.

Merlin, 23, 34, 60, 91, 92, 103, 107, 117, 122, 126, 127, 138, 142.

---- (prophecies of), 100.

---- (Suite de), 23, 73, 92, 122, 137, 184, 185, 204, 209.

Modena (bas-relief at), 4, 56.

Mordred, 20, 93, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 111, 113, 115, 118, 126,
154, 156, 159, 162, 199, 202, 203.

Morgain la fee, 64, 99, 153, 156, 160, 199, 204, 207.

Morholt, 92.

Morien, 35, 37, 150, 174, 181, 207.

Mort Artur, 93, 104, 122, 126, 127, 135, 137, 138, 145, 148, 151,
159, 184.

Mort Artur, comparison of text, chaps, xi. 194-205.

Nohan (Dame de), 97.

Norgales, 153, 196.

Nutt (Mr. Alfred, _Studies_), 120.

Orguelleus de la Lande, 80.

Orgeluse, 112, 149.

Orgeloise, _v._ Orgeluse.

Ossenefort, 79.

Oxford, 83.

Pallada, 178.

Pant of Genewîs, 11, 91.

Paris (M. Gaston), 8, 9, 16, 32, 35, 40, 44, 60, 110, 150, 151, 188.

---- (M. Paulin), 96, 101, 124, 127, 137, 149, 155, 190, 213.

Parzival (Wolfram von Eschenbach's), 26, 27, 28, 31, 94, 95, 96, 112,
118, 140, 181, 212, 213.

Patrides, 162.

Patryse, 195.

Pelles, King, 112, 138, 139, 160, 167, 168, 169, 183.

Perceval, 3, 5, 6, 24, 26, 33, 36, 42, 63, 69, 71, 78, 81, 83, 91,
95, 96, 98, 115, 118, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 130, 131, 132,
133, 134, 135, 138, 139, 140, 142, 146, 149, 157, 158, 161, 162, 163,
167, 168, 170, 173, 174, 175, 178, 179, 181, 191, 192, 207, 208, 209,
210, 211, 212.

---- Didot, 93, 126, 128, 134, 140, 191, 192, 205, 212.

---- li Gallois, 107, 127, 129, 134, 140, 158, 181, 191, 212.

Peredur, 8, 9, 10.

Perilous Cemetery, 139, 158.

Perlesvaus (_v._ P. li Gallois), 130.

Perseus (Legend of), 34.

Philip of Flanders (Count), 78.

Plurîs, 14, 15.

Queste, 34, 76, 101, 107, 120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 130,
131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 142, 144, 145, 148, 150,
153, 161, 208, 209, 210.

Queste, comparison of text, chap. x. 165-193.

---- Welsh, 148.

Raguidel (vengeance de), 150.

Rajna (Professor), 6.

Rochedon (Duc de), 101, 153.

Rhys (Professor), 8, 10, 104, 108.

Rigomer, 18.

Scarloet, _v._ Escarloet.

Schofield (Dr.), 87, 98, 99.

Schrîenden Mose (den), 47.

Segramore, 5.

Shoreham, 83.

Sibile (l'Enchanteresse), 153.

Siegfried, 19, 24, 47.

Sommer (Dr., _Sources of Malory_), 49, 90, 131, 151, 214.

---- Summary compared, chaps. ix., x., xi., pp. 147-205.

Soredamors, 81.

Sorelois, 153.

Sorestan, 152, 153.

Southampton, 83.

Tanebor, 196, 197.

Tarquijn, _v._ Terriquen.

Terriquen, 152, 187, 200, 203.

Torec, 18, 151.

Tristan, 1, 3, 5, 6, 15, 16, 35, 37, 38, 51, 91, 92, 100, 103, 107,
109, 110, 111, 113, 116, 117, 125, 128, 137, 159, 162, 191, 197, 207.

Turquin, _v._ Terriquen.

Tyolet, 32, 33, 35, 63.

Urre of Hungary, 187, 194.

Uther Pendragon, 142.

Uwayne, 172.

Vagan, 170.

Valerîn, 14, 15, 47, 48.

Villemarqué (M. de la), 8, 10, 101.

Vivienne, 99.

Wace, 20, 56, 72, 93, 104, 106.

Wallingford, 83.

Walter of Oxford, 105.

Wechssler (Dr.), 78, 101, 117, 121, 122, 123, 125, 127, 128, 132,
134, 137, 150, 159, 187, 191.

Widow of Ephesus, 69, 70, 76, 77.

Winchester, 83, 195, 196.

Windsor, 83.

Wolff (lais), 77.

Wolfram von Eschenbach, 52, 53, 94, 95, 121, 130, 134, 141, 149,
150, 191.

---- _v._ also Parzival.

Yonet, 95.

Yvain, 45, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 81, 82, 83, 85,
94, 95, 96, 129, 153, 154, 155, 156, 202.

---- _v._ also Iwein and Chevalier au Lion.

Zatzikhoven (Ulrich von), 11, 17, 20, 29, 44, 46, 66, 80.

---- Lanzelet of U. _v._ chap. ii., 47, 66, 80, 91, 93, 94, 98, 99,
102, 206.

Zimmer (Professor), 9.

Appendix, pp. 215-247, not included in above INDEX.

Printed by T. and A. CONSTABLE, (late) Printers to Her Majesty at the Edinburgh University Press

FOOTNOTES:

[1] _Brut_, ed. Leroux de Lincy, vol. ii. ll. 10158-10360. These remarks also apply to Layamon.

[2] Described and illustrated by Zimmerman in _Oberitalische Plastik im frühen und hohen Mittelalter_: Leipzig, 1897. Cf. also _Romania_, xxvii. p. 510.

[3] It is difficult to resist the conclusion that if the Welsh stories were as late in date and as dependent upon French tradition as some scholars maintain, Lancelot would certainly be mentioned in them.

[4] Cf. _Erec_, Foerster's ed., l. 1694; Hartmann's _Erec_, l. 1630.

[5] _Cligés_, Foerster's ed., ll. 4765-4798.

[6] The advocates of Chrétien as an independent and original genius would do well carefully to consider the meaning of such curious inconsistency. If Chrétien were dealing with matter either of his own invention, or of his own free adaptation, he would surely have been more careful of the unities. If, on the other hand, he simply retold tales belonging to different stages of Arthurian tradition, this is exactly what we might expect to find.

[7] In the opening lines of _Cligés_, Chrétien gives a list of his works. This includes a version of the story of _Tristan_, and several translations from Ovid. _Tristan_ probably preceded _Erec_, but there is nothing to indicate the relative order of the other works.

[8] Signor Rajna has found the names of Arthur and Gawain in Italian deeds of the first quarter of the twelfth century, and from the nature of some of these deeds it is clear that the persons named therein cannot have been born later than 1080.

[9] _Charrette_, ll. 2347-2362.

[10] _Romania_, vol. x. p. 492.

[11] _Studies in the Arthurian Legend_, chap. vi.

[12] The only adventure of the kind I can recall is that of the fiery lance of the _Charrette_ and prose _Lancelot_, an adventure which is the common property of several knights, and by no means confined to Lancelot.

[13] _Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Litteratur_, vol. xii. Heft I.

[14] _Der Karrenritter_, herausgegeben von Wendelin Foerster: Halle, 1899.

[15] Cf. _Anturs of Arthur_, where the ghost foretells to Gawain the treason of Mordred, the destruction of the Round Table, and his own death. Lancelot is not mentioned. Nor does he appear in _Syr Gawayne and the Grene Knyghte_ or in _The Avowynge of Arthur_. In some of the other poems, _Galogres and Gawayne_, _The Carle of Carlile_, _The Marriage of Sir Gawain_, and _Sir Libeaus Desconus_ he is mentioned, but plays no important part. The ballad of _Sir Lancelot du Lake_ in the Percy Collection is a version of an adventure related in the Prose _Lancelot_.

[16] Cf. _Karrenritter_, Introduction, p. xxxix.

[17] The materials for this study had been collected, and my conclusion as to the origin of the Lancelot story arrived at, before the publication of Professor Foerster's book. I am glad to find myself supported in any point by such an authority, but think it well to avoid misconception by stating that my results have been arrived at through independent study.

[18] _Lanzelet_ von Ulrich von Zatzikhoven, ed. Hahn: Frankfurt, 1845. Out of print and difficult to procure.

[19] This account, and the mention of England, l. 7054, seem to render it possible that the original poem may have been written in this island.

[20] This is entirely in accordance with Tristan's character as represented in the poems. He is in the highest degree _rusé_ and resourceful.

[21] Is it not possible that this _Malduz_ the magician may be the original of _Mauduiz li Sages_ whom Chrétien ranks as eighth of Arthur's knights? Cf. _Erec_, 1699. Hartmann's version gives Malduiz; _Diu Krône_, 1379, Malduz der Weise. The identification seems clear.

[22] I am quite at a loss to account for the mistake into which such authorities as M. Gaston Paris and Professor Foerster have apparently fallen. In M. Paris's study the idea that Lanzelet is the rescuer is perhaps rather implied than stated, but when I wrote the _Charrette_ chapter (viii.) in my _Studies on the Legend of Sir Gawain_, in which I followed the article in _Romania_, I was certainly under the impression that the latter was the case. In the introduction to the _Karrenritter_, p. xliv., Professor Foerster distinctly says that Lanzelet frees the queen. I have read and re-read the text carefully and made my final summary direct from it, and there is no doubt that Lanzelet has nothing to do with the matter. The passage in question is contained in ll. 6975-7445. How too did Professor Foerster come to ignore the real character of Guinevere's imprisonment? Cf. _Charrette_, lxxi.

[23] _Karrenritter_, Introduction, p. xliv.

[24] I think it is worthy of note that though Lanzelet is the hero of the tale here and not Guinglain, Gawain's son, as elsewhere, yet in this poem Lanzelet is Arthur's nephew, and of Gawain's kin, which he is not in any other version. The _Fier Baiser_ is thus still restricted to the family of Gawain.

[25] Cf. my _Legends of the Wagner Drama_, _Siegfried_.

[26] I say especially 'as told by Geoffrey and Wace,' for these writers give us clearly to understand that the queen was a consenting party, and no victim to Mordred's treachery. It is quite a different version from that of the prose _Lancelot_.

[27] I shall have occasion to refer very frequently to Professor Foerster's introduction. It is a full and powerful statement of views which so far as they affect the origin and evolution of the Arthurian legend I believe to be radically unsound. It is most useful to have at hand a summary so clear and concise.

[28] _Merlin_, G. Paris and Ulrich's ed., vol. ii. pp. 136-137.

[29] In the prose _Lancelot_ the hero is always addressed as 'king's son.' Cf. in this connection Professor Ker's review of my _Legend of Sir Gawain_, Folk-lore, vol. ix. p. 266. I incline to think that the question of a hero's possessing from the first a name and a well-marked story depends upon whether he has or has not an existence in _myth_. If of mythical origin he probably would have both, if an actor in folk-tale very likely neither; thus while I should reject Professor Ker's correction as regards _Gawain_, I would certainly hold it true of _Lancelot_. In the case of this latter hero, I think his name may well have been determined by his title du Lac. The tendency of early verse is towards alliteration, probably mere chance determined the _Lancelot_, the one essential was that it should begin with an _L_. It should, I think, also be noted that while in the _Lanzelet_ the hero's ignorance of his name and birth are genuine, in the prose _Lancelot_ he knows who he is, and the wrong done to his father and uncle by Claudas. The pseudonyms '_Filz du Roi_,' '_Beau Varlet_' are here unnecessary; a meaningless survival from the original tale.

[30] This feature is, I think, peculiar to Wolfram; Chrétien does not mention it.

[31] Professor Hertz, in his edition of the _Parzival_, p. 440, records these points of contact, but does not discuss the question of the relation of the two poems. Professor Foerster in his introduction simply notes that the instruction by Johfrit de Liez recalls the _Perceval_ story.

[32] Layamon '_Brut_' knows Maurin of Winchester as a kinsman of Arthur's, ll. 20238 and 24336. I have not found the name elsewhere.

[33] It appears to me that, in view of Herr P. Hagen's excellent demonstration of the correctness of the many curious Oriental references with which the _Parzival_ abounds, and his remarkable identification of Wolfram's Grail with a sacred _Bætylus_ stone, it is impossible any longer to deny the possession, by Wolfram, of a source other than Chrétien's poem. But whether the _Lanzelet_ offers another proof or not I should hesitate to say. If it does, the evidence, extending as it does over so much of the _Parzival_, is of the greatest value as an indication of the extent of Kiot's work.

[34] _Lancelot_, ed. Jonckbloet, vol. ii. ll. 22271-23126. The summaries in this chapter, and all subsequent references to the Dutch _Lancelot_, are taken direct from the text. A summary of the romance here discussed is given by M. Gaston Paris, _Histoire Littéraire de la France_, vol. xxx. p. 113.

[35] Throughout the Dutch _Lancelot_ we have constant references to Gawain's skill in healing. Cf. _Parzival_, x. 104. Chrétien does not appear to know this trait in Gawain's character.

[36] The _lai_ of _Tyolet_ was published by M. Gaston Paris in vol. viii. of _Romania_, '_Lais Inédits_.' I have given a prose translation in vol. iii. of _Arthurian Romances unrepresented in Malory_.

[37] Cf. _Merlin_, Sommer's ed. chap. xxiv. p. 302.

[38] _Tristan_, vol. i. Book XIII., ed. Bechstein, _Deutsche classiker des Mittelalters_; also my translation of same, _Arthurian Romances_, No. ii. vol. i.

[39] Dutch _Lancelot_, vol. i. l. 42,540 to end. The portion dealing with the adventure begins l. 43,593; the adventure itself, l. 46,514; also summarised in _Hist. Litt._ vol. xxx.

[40] The poem itself has been discussed by M. Gaston Paris in _Romania_, vol. xii., and by Professor Foerster in the introduction to his edition. The question of Guinevere's rescuer has been treated by Professor Rhys in his _Studies in the Arthurian Legend_, and in M. Gaston Paris's article just referred to, and that on Ulrich von Zatzikhoven's _Lanzelet_ in _Romania_, vol. x. I have also devoted a chapter in my _Legend of Sir Gawain_ to the subject.

[41] The concluding portion of the poem is by Godefroy de Leigni, who, however, worked with Chrétien's knowledge and approval, so that practically the work may be held to be Chrétien's throughout.

[42] Livre, _Cligés_ and _Perceval_; conte, _Erec_ and _Chevalier au Lion_. The concluding lines of the latter, 'qu'onques plus conter n'an oï,' clearly indicate this. I shall return to this subject in the next chapter.

[43] The manifold discrepancies of Chrétien's version were long ago remarked upon by M. Gaston Paris, and even Professor Foerster, with all his enthusiasm for the poet, is constrained to admit their existence, but he considers some of the puzzles were of Chrétien's own making, and he intended later to clear them up. Why then did he not explain them to Godefroy de Leigni, who finished the poem with Chrétien's approval?

[44] I do not here include either the mediæval Welsh fragments or Malory's account. The meaning of the former cannot be accurately ascertained, and the latter practically represents the same version as that of the _Charrette_ poem, though the question of _source_ cannot, as I shall prove later on, be held to be definitely settled.

[45] Cf. Simrock, _Handbuch der deutschen Mythologie_, _Dornröschen_. Some of the details of Arthur's journey to Valerîn's stronghold are worth the attention of folk-lore experts, _e.g._ the curious account of the _Schrîenden Mose_, that at certain times utters loud cries, _drî tage vor sunegihten sô schrît daz mos und selten mêr_, and the curious fish in its stream, which are '_ebenlanc und ebenkurz_,' and of which '_die Engellende_' have many. Cf. _Lanzelet_, ll. 7040 _et seq._

[46] On these varying forms of the '_other-world_' dwelling, cf. _Rassmann Heldensage_, vol. i. p. 152.

[47] _Legend of Sir Gawain_, chap. viii.

[48] As a rule, whenever in the _Iwein_ Hartmann does depart from his source, it is with the effect of making the story more coherent and probable. I have noted several instances of this in my study on the _Yvain_ poems, _Modern Quarterly for Language and Literature_, July and November, 1898.

[49] Cf. _Parzival_, Book VII. 1472.

[50] Cf. _Parzival_, Book VII., as above; also 590 _et seq._ and 1355 _et seq._

[51] Cf. _Der Gral_, P. Hagen: Strassburg, 1900. I am unable to accept the author's contention that the _Bætylus_-Grail represents the original form of the talisman; but he certainly proves the correctness of the many curious references to Oriental literature which are peculiar to Wolfram's version of the story, and cannot possibly have been within that writer's own knowledge.

[52] In this connection, cf. Dr. Brown's study on _The Round Table before Wace_, vol. vii. of _Harvard Studies_: Boston, 1900; and the incidental demonstration that Layamon had access to Welsh traditions unknown to Wace.

[53] For the first, cf. _Legend of Sir Gawain_, chap. ix., where I have discussed the variants of the poem. For _The Marriage of Sir Gawain_, cf. Mr. Maynadier's exhaustive study of _The Wife of Bath's Tale_, vol. xiii. of the present series. In the case of the _Green Knight_ there are certain peculiarities of names which point to an intermediate French stage, which, in this instance at least, cannot well have been other than an Anglo-Norman poem.

[54] The French variant which seems to have most affinity with the tale referred to is that of the Didot _Perceval_, printed by M. Hucher in vol. i. of his _Saint Graal_, p. 453.

[55] Introduction, _Charrette_, p. cxxvii.

[56] Cf. 'Nouvelles Etudes sur la provenance du cycle Arthurien,' _Romania_, vols. xxvii. and xxviii.

[57] Cf. _Artus Kampf mit dem Katzenungetum_, E. Freymond, Halle: 1899.

[58] _Romania_, vol. xxix. p. 121 _et seq._

[59] The evidence of the _lais_, and the fact that Marie de France was Chrétien's contemporary, forbids us to postulate an entirely oral transmission.

[60] Of this the '_runs_' of Celtic and Gaelic story-tellers form a good example. Cf. Hyde's _Beside the Fire_, p. xxv.

[61] Mr. E. S. Hartland, to whom I submitted the question.

[62] Cf. M. Ferd. Lot 'La patrie des lais Bretons,' _Romania_, vol. xxviii.

[63] Chap. iii.

[64] 'Morgue la Fée et Morgan Tud,' _Romania_, vol. xxviii. p. 327.

[65] Professor Foerster's references to this character (_Charrette_, lxxiii.) are perplexing. He prints Chrétien's description of the 'Ile' side by side with a parallel passage from Giraldus Cambrensis, _Topographia Hiberniæ_, informing us that both are 'ganz einfach eine naturgetreue Beschreibung von Irland.' He cannot mean us to understand that the one description is borrowed from the other; the work of Giraldus is at least thirty years later than the _Erec_ (_circa_ 1186), and that chronicler would hardly go to a romancer like Chrétien for the description of a country he knew personally. But _is_ it a '_Naturgetreue_' description of Ireland at all? Professor Foerster is compelled himself to admit naïvely, '_Gewitter und Stürme fehlen nicht ganz_!' Is this not rather a description of the fabled Irish Paradise which Chrétien and Giraldus alike have borrowed from a source common to both?

[66] Of course I here use the word _Breton_ in a general sense as opposed to _French_. I do not intend to imply that Arthur is of _Continental_ origin.

[67] _Ueber die Bedeutung von Bretagne, Breton_, Zeitschrift für französische Sprache, xx. 79-162.

[68] Cf. chap. ii.

[69] Cf. _Charrette_, lxxxi. and cxli.

[70] Cf. on this point Professor Foerster's Introductions to his editions of the _Yvain_, 1887 (large ed.), 1891 (small ed.).

[71] Cf. Grisebach, _Die Treulose Witwe_: Wien, 1873.

[72] Cf. review of _The Legend of Sir Gawain_. Zeitschrift für französische Sprache, No. 20, p. 95.

[73] Cf. Gautier, _Epopées Françaises_, vol. ii. p. 89 ff.; also Helisant, in _Garin le Loherain_.

[74] Cf. _Brut_, ed. Leroux de Lincy, vol. ii. ll. 13597-99.

[75] Cf. _The Golden Bough_, J. G. Frazer.

[76] Cf. _Merlin_, ed. Paris and Ulrich, vol. ii. pp. 44-56; _Meraugis de Portlesguez_, ll. 2915 _et seq._

[77] _Vide supra_, _Legend of Sir Gawain_, Zeitschrift für franz. Spr.

[78] M. Ferd. Lot, to whom I am indebted for the verification of this passage, writes: 'Le () répresente un léger blanc occasionné par un défaut du parchemin, en sorte qu'on pourrait lire en deux mots _Lan donez_ (d'où _l'ont donez_); on peut lire La_n_-donez aussi bien que La_u_donez.'

[79] Cf. Introduction to _Yvain_, large edition, where it is referred to as G.

[80] Cf. chap. x. p. 182, where the passage referred to is given in full.

[81] To say, as Professor Foerster does, that the spring=grave is to misrepresent the incidents; the castle in which the lady dwells is some distance from the spring, as we see in Yvain's chase of his flying foe.

[82] I do not know that it is has any real bearing on the question, but the passage from _Flamenca_ quoted by Wolff (_Lais_), p. 51, is curious: '_L'uns viola lais del cabrefoil, E' l'autre cel de Tintagoil; l'uns cantet cels des fis amanz, E l'autre cel que fes Ivans._'

[83] P. cxli. _et seq._

[84] It should be noted that Professor Foerster offers no arguments; he only makes assertions. There may, or there may not, have been a Grail romance which knew nothing of Perceval, certainly we have no traces of such, but how _can_ we tell what would be the character of such a story? There are any amount of theories on the subject. Wechssler has his, Hagen his, diametrically opposed to each other. Theories unsupported by proof are useless as argument. Professor Foerster is very fond of telling us this; but the moment we get on to the question of Chrétien de Troyes and his sources, _adieu_ proof. We are wrapped in the mists of subjectivity.

[85] The italics are mine.

[86] Cf. _Erec_, l. 1526; list of knights, l. 1691 _et seq._

[87] Cf. _Erec_, l. 1699; Hartmann, _Erec_, l. 1635; _Diu Krône_, l. 1379 (Adventure of the Cup); _Lanzelet_, ll. 7353-64.

[88] If Malduz, or Malduc, were a well-known enchanter, and connected with the Arthurian story, as he appears to have been, how did he vanish from it? Was it the greater popularity of _Merlin_ which displaced him? What is the origin of his name? It sounds as if it might be Celtic, or can he be in any way connected with Maugis, the resourceful cousin of '_Les quatre fils Aginon_'?

[89] So far as the _Perceval_ story is concerned, there is certainly evidence of varying forms, _e.g._, Whence did the continuators of Chrétien, notably Gerbert, draw their versions? And what of the _Perceval_ embodied in the Dutch _Lancelot_, which appears to be independent, so far as the working out of the adventures suggested by the Grail messenger are concerned, of any known version?

[90] Professor Foerster's attempt to base an argument on the source of _Cligés_ cannot for a moment be accepted, cf. Introduction, _Charrette_, cxxxviii. We only know that the source was a book; but what that book contained, no one can say. We can never argue from the _un_known to the known. We do not know much of Chrétien's sources for the other poems, but the grounds for an investigation _do_ exist in the above instances, they do _not_ in _Cligés_. We must find out how Chrétien dealt with _Erec_, _Yvain_, and _Perceval_ before we are in a position to offer the slightest hypothesis as to his treatment of _Cligés_. The fact that Mark of Rome gives a short summary of the story is interesting, but so brief a _résumé_ is of little critical value. It is certainly not a _book_, therefore cannot possibly be identical with Chrétien's source.

[91] On this subject, cf. any scientific collection of folk-tales, _e.g._, _The Science of Fairy Tales_, by Mr. E. S. Hartland, or in the same author's _Legend of Perseus_, the tabulated variants of the Dragon story in vol. iii. These would help the reader to realise the number of _motifs_ often combined in a single story. The _lais_ of _Lanval_, _Graalent_, and _Guingamor_, comparatively short though they be, yet combine at least three distinct story-_motifs_, _i.e._ what we may call the Joseph and Potiphar's wife, Tannhäuser, and Lohengrin themes. Any one of these _lais_ would be capable of considerable expansion.

[92] I have studied the _Yvain_ versions carefully, and have read those of _Erec_, but not compared them critically; but I should not be surprised if it were ultimately found that in _The Lady of the Fountain_ we have the story at a stage anterior to Chrétien, and probably that at which it came into his hands, _redacted by the Welsh scribe under the influence of Chrétien's poem_; while in _Geraint_ we have the process reversed, _i.e._ a rendering of _Chrétien's poem modified by the earlier version_. In the statement, '_Gwiffert Petit he is called by the Franks, but the Cymry call him the Little King_,' we have, I think, a hint of this. The writer must have been too good a French scholar to think the one term a translation of the other; it rather implies that the Welsh knew the character only by a sobriquet borrowed from his diminutive size, which is exactly what we should expect, the earlier stages of story-telling being anonymous. So far as the correspondence in word and dialogue is concerned, the conclusion to be drawn depends entirely on the nature of the parallel passages; if they be merely such ordinary dialogue (question and response) as would naturally spring from the incidents of the story, both may well be reminiscences of the oral version. Analytic, self-communing passages would, of course, point to a later stage in evolution; but the Welsh version dialogue is of the simplest description.

[93] Professor Foerster recognises this argument in a measure, but does not appear to realise its full bearing.

[94] I should myself be inclined to limit Chrétien's share in the work to the rearrangement of existing combinations. I do not think he ever made any new combination, unless it were in the case of _Cligés_, and that is only a 'perhaps.'

[95] Cf. _Lays of Graalent and Lanval_, p. 175.

[96] The printed editions of the prose _Lancelot_ chronicled by Dr. Sommer, _Sources of Malory_, p. 8, note, are 1494, Ant. Verard; 1513, Philippe Lenoire; 1533, Jehan Petit. There was also an edition 1533, _Philippe Lenoire_, which represents a very important text, and one which Dr. Sommer does not appear to know. A copy is in the Bodleian (Douce collection).

[97] It is difficult to know exactly what value to place on the traditional relationship of uncle and nephew as postulated of Arthur and Lancelot in the poem of Ulrich von Zatzikhoven. This is so completely a _lieu commun_ of heroic romance. Except in the case of a hero of distinctly mythical origin such as Gawain, I am inclined to consider it as marking a secondary stage in the evolution of a hero, he would have attained to a certain degree of popularity before it was postulated of him--thus Perceval and Caradoc are each, in turn, Arthur's nephews. In the case of Lancelot it probably represented an intermediate stage between entire independence of Arthur (the original) and son of a faithful ally (the final) form.

[98] _Merlin_, Sommer's ed., chap. xxxiii. The _Lancelot_ legend appears to me to offer a very interesting parallel to the methods employed by the compilers of the _Chansons de Geste_, which are so ably pointed out by M. Leon Gautier in his _Epopées Françaises_. The original story of the hero forms a nucleus from which other romances depart in a downward direction--dealing with sons and, perhaps, grandsons;--in an upward, dealing with father and grandfather--till a complete cycle is thus formed. We have exactly this process in _Lancelot_--the _Queste_ extols the deeds of his son, the _Merlin_ those of his father; and we have indications that the story was well on the way to the evolution of a secondary branch, that of Bohort and his son. None of the other Arthurian heroes has undergone a parallel development.

[99] Cf. _Merlin_, ed. Paris and Ulrich, vol. ii. pp. 137, 143.

[100] _Ibid._ pp. 231 _et seq._

[101] Cf. _Merlin_, ed. Sommer, chap. xxvii. It may be as well here to remark that Professor Foerster apparently attributes considerable importance to the pseudo-historical account of Arthur's wars with the Saxons contained in the prose romances, notably the Vulgate _Merlin_ (cf. _Charrette_, p. xcvi., and review of _Legend of Sir Gawain_, Zeitschrift für Franz. Sp., Band 20, p. 102), asserting that the prose romances contain, side by side with the later, the remains of the oldest stages of Arthurian tradition. To me it seems patent that these romances have simply borrowed from the _Chronicles_. There is nothing in them which cannot be found in Geoffrey or his translators, and the fact that they represent the _romantic_ legend in a demonstrably late form, and not in one consonant with the pseudo-historic indications, while there is no trace of any fundamental revision of the story, such as might be expected, seems to make it quite clear that they are of comparatively late invention. They by no means stand on the same footing as do Wace and Layamon, which are of distinct value in determining earlier forms of the legend. To take one instance alone, the _Merlin_ gives a long account of the sons of King Lot, who play a most important part in the action of the story, but the genuine early tradition gives Gawain no brother save Mordred, and Layamon distinctly says, 'he wes Walwainnes broðer, næs þer nan oðer' (ll. 25467-8). The existence of these sons marks a secondary stage in the story; but they are in all the _prose_ romances. An exception should perhaps be made in favour of the Didot _Perceval_, which gives the _Mort Artur_ section in a form differing from the other prose romances and much more closely in accord with the _Chronicles_. I shall return to this point later on.

[102] The two accounts should be carefully compared.

[103] Cf. _Parzival_, Book III. l. 937 _et seq._ I unfortunately omitted to note the reference in the prose _Lancelot_. The passage is on p. 127, vol. iii. of M. Paulin Paris's abridged edition.

[104] Cf. _Parzival_, Hertz, n. 66, p. 495.

[105] Cf. _Lais inédits_, M. Gaston Paris, _Romania_, vol. viii.

[106] Lancelot's eagerness to receive knighthood should be compared with that of Parzival. Thus Lancelot says to Yvain, 'Dictes a monseigneur le roy qu'il me face chevalier comme il a promis--car ie le veuil estres sans attendre plus,'--and again, 'ie ne seray plus escuyer.' prose _Lancelot_, ed. 1533, vol. i. Cf. this with _Parzival_,