Chapter XXX: The Jubilee (4)

Russell, Lord John, his Act in regard to capital punishment, I. 28;
his measure for re-uniting Upper and Lower Canada, 35;
censured as Home Secretary, 39;
his attitude towards the Chartists, 48;
his vexation at the reduced pension to Prince Albert, 67;
his proposed duty on corn, 90;
withdrawal of the motion, 91;
dissolution of Parliament, _ib._;
his opinion on Free Trade, 94;
his re-election for the City of London, 95;
his conversion to Free Trade, 203;
asked to form a Cabinet, 204;
the reason of his failure to form a Cabinet, 206;
distrusted by Cobden, 207;
his letter regarding the Roman Catholic hierarchy in England, 450;
the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill, 464;
introduces the Militia Bill, 498;
resignation as Prime Minister, 499;
fall from the leadership of the Liberal Party, 501;
his eulogium on the Duke of Wellington, 512;
Foreign Secretary, 519;
his scheme for a national system of public instruction, 530;
the main point of his Education Scheme, 534;
his scheme for reforming Parliament, 564;
his speech on the Prince Consort’s position, 576;
his unscrupulous policy before the Russian War, 591;
his speech against Russia, 602;
resigns office, 617;
his interference with the Aberdeen Cabinet arrangements, 626;
resigns office, _ib._;
the Queen’s objection to his policy, 627;
Colonial Secretary, 630;
his humiliating position after the Second Vienna Conference, 634;
resigns office, _ib._;
his Bill to remove the Parliamentary disability of the Jews, 711;
his amendment to Disraeli’s Reform Bill, II. 32;
conflict of opinion with the Queen, 41;
his Anti-Austrian policy, 43;
his proposal regarding the reduction of the franchise, 51;
raised to the peerage, 85;
his diplomacy in regard to Sleswig-Holstein, 199, 203;
appointed Premier 245;
an address to the Queen on the Irish Church Question, 287;
his scheme of Home Rule, 724

Russell, Mr. T. W., denounces the Bankruptcy Clauses of the Irish Land Bill, II. 736

Russia, Visit of Nicholas, Emperor of, to England, I. 160;
described by the Queen, _ib._;
his opinion of the English Court, _ib._;
his life in England, 161;
his jealousy of France, 162;
memorandum regarding Turkey, 162, 163;
his departure from London, 163;
his unpopularity with the English people, _ib._;
diplomatic quarrel with England, 427, 428;
aggressive designs, 540;
geographical conditions, 541;
ultimatum to Turkey regarding the Greek Church, 550;
the points of contention with Turkey, 555;
probable offensiveness of Menschikoff’s Note to Turkey, 557;
the criminal blunder at Sinope, 578;
recall of the English ambassador, _ib._;
rejection of the proposal of the Powers, 579;
defeat by the Turks at Silistria, 582;
war declared by England, 583;
the battle of the Alma, 607;
the battle of Balaclava, 611;
the battle of Inkermann, 615;
death of the Czar, 633;
proposals at the Second Vienna Conference, 634;
ready assent to terms of peace at the Crimean War, 678;
signing of the treaty with England, 683;
attempts to separate France and England, 696;
diplomacy in regard to Poland, II. 162;
Imperial Ukase in favour of the Polish peasantry, 218;
annexation of Circassia, _ib._;
proposal regarding the Black Sea, 375;
outbreak of war with Turkey, 526;
the understanding between the Russian and Turkish Governments during
the Russo-Turkish War, 528;
English despatch to prevent the Russian occupation of Constantinople, 541;
menacing India, 542;
secret agreement with England regarding Turkey, 547;
at the Berlin Congress, 549;
the assassination of Alexander II., 623;
dispute with England regarding the Afghan boundary, 703;
advance of troops on the Indian frontier, _ib._;
occupation of Pendjeh, _ib._;
controversy with England about the Afghan frontier, 719

S.

Saint Lucia Bay, British Protectorate established at, II. 686

Sale, Sir Robert, repulsed by Dost Mahomed, I. 115;
his march to Jelalabad, 118;
his defence of Jelalabad, 121;
his death at Ferozeshah, 234

Salisbury, Marquis of, his remark regarding Russian aggression in
European Turkey, I. 555;
his opposition to Mr. Gladstone’s Irish Land Bill, II. 359;
Secretary for India, 465;
his success at the India Office, 474;
his visit to Constantinople, 570;
his interview with Bismarck, _ib._;
Foreign Secretary, 546;
his Circular to the Powers, _ib._;
his secret agreement with Russia regarding Turkey, 547;
at the Berlin Congress, 549;
his policy in Afghanistan, 556;
an error in his Egyptian policy, 638;
article in the _Quarterly Review_ bewailing Mr. Gladstone’s disintegration
of English Society, 668;
article in the _National Review_ advocating the better housing of the poor, _ib._;
blames the Government for not assisting Hicks Pasha, 674;
censure of Mr. Gladstone’s Soudan policy, _ib._;
his resistance to the Reform Bill of 1884, 697;
in office (1885), 707;
singular pledge exacted of Mr. Gladstone, _ib._;
his address at Newport, 726;
in power (midsummer, 1886), 730;
his theory about a Land Purchase Bill for Ireland, _ib._

Sandon, Lord, his Endowed Schools Bill, II. 474, 499

Sandwich Islands offered to Britain, I. 188;
Houses of Parliament established, _ib._

Saxe-Weimar, Princess Edward of, II. 723

Schouvaloff, his secret treaty with Lord Salisbury, II. 547

Science, its marked progress since Queen Victoria’s accession, I. 175;
the electric telegraph, _ib._;
the first telegraph line in England, _ib._;
the beginnings of photography, 176;
the discoveries of Wedgwood, _ib._;
the discoveries of Davy, Daguerre, and Talbot, 177;
practical applications of the telescope, _ib._;
the Thames Tunnel, _ib._;
Arctic discovery, 178;
voyages of Franklin and others, _ib._

Scinde, Annexation of, by Britain, I. 150

Scotland, conflicting views as to the character of a Church, I. 102;
Act of Parliament in regard to Presbyteries, _ib._;
decree of the General Assembly, _ib._;
the Strathbogie case, _ib._;
Dr. Chalmers and Reform, 103;
the beginning of the Free Church, _ib._;
visit of the Queen and Prince Albert, 126;
the Queen’s impression of the country and people, 127;
passing of the Education Bill, II. 591;
the great Liberal victories of 1880, _ib._;
proposed legislation by the Gladstone Government, 671;
the Universities Bill, 678;
the Sanitary Bill, 710

Seats Bill passed in the House of Commons, II. 699;
its complex character, 699-701

Sebastopol at the mercy of the Allies, I. 608;
Todleben’s genius and activity, 610;
the beginning of the bombardment, 640;
capture of the Malakoff, 671;
abandoned by the Russians, 672

Secularism, its rise in England, I. 270;
Mr. Holyoake’s views, _ib._

Sedan, Surrender of the French Emperor at, II. 370

Selborne, Lord, Lord Chancellor, II. 594.

“Senior Service,” The, II. 748

Sepoys, their dissatisfaction with British rule in India, I. 725, 726

Servants’ Provident and Benevolent Society, Founding of the, by Prince Albert, I. 363

Seymour, Admiral Sir Beauchamp (afterwards Lord Alcester), his warning to Arabi
regarding the fortifications of Alexandria, II. 642;
bombards Alexandria, _ib._;
takes possession of the town of Alexandria, _ib._;
receives a peerage in return for his services in Egypt, _ib._

Shaftesbury, Lord, his Commission of Inquiry on Mines and Collieries I. 139;
the Mines and Collieries Act, _ib._;
his Factories Act, _ib._;
the “Ten Hours Bill,” 286;
his undaunted courage, _ib._;
his withdrawal from Parliament, _ib._;
his speech against Russia, 587;
address to the Queen, asking her not to take the title of Empress, 502

Shah of Persia, The, visit to England, II. 446;
his reception, 447;
banquet in the Guildhall, 449;
his departure from London, 450;
the political element in his mission, _ib._

Shah Soojah supported by the British for the throne of Afghanistan, I. 112;
his proposed rule, 114;
his unpopularity with the Afghans, 115;
his energy and integrity, 118;
his assassination, 121

Shaw-Lefevre, Mr., Secretary to the Admiralty, I. 594

Sheffield, the disastrous flood in 1864, I. 226;
outrages by artisans, 289

Siam, Envoys from, received by the Queen, II. 667

Sibthorp, Colonel, his motion as to Prince Albert’s pension, I. 67

Sikhs, the rebellion of 1849, I. 399;
the siege of Multan, _ib._

Simpson, Dr. Young, his discovery of chloroform, I. 307

Simpson, General, his appointment to the command in the Crimea, I. 669;
his inefficiency, 671, 674

Sing, Maharajah Sir Pertab, at Windsor, II. 740

Sinkat, Massacre of the garrison of, II. 675

Sinope, The massacre of, I. 562

Slave trade, Speech on the, by Prince Albert, I. 105;
convention on the matter between England and France, 188

Sliding scale, Peel’s support of a, I. 98;
its introduction, 134

“Slumming,” II. 670

Smith, Mr. W. H., becomes First Lord of the Treasury and Leader of the House
of Commons, II. 734

Smith, Sir Harry, defeat of the Sikhs at Aliwal, I. 235

Sobraon, Battle of, I. 235

Solomon, Alderman, disqualified as a Jew from taking his seat in Parliament, I. 476

Soudan, Campaigns in the, II. 712-18;
evacuation of, by the British, 718

Southey, his interview with the Princess Victoria, I. 15

Spain, the revolution of 1848, I. 347;
rising in Madrid, _ib._;
dethronement of Queen Isabella, II. 323;
accession of King Amadeus, 376

Spencer, Lord, Lord President of the Council, II. 594;
Irish Viceroy, 632, 634;
his policy thrown over by the Tories, 710;
adopts Mr. Gladstone’s measure of Home Rule, 727

Spithead, Great naval review at, I. 569, 570

Stamp Duties, Discussion in Parliament on the, I. 444

Stanley, Dean, his death, II. 626;
his character, _ib._;
his biography of Dr. Arnold, _ib._;
his conciliatory influence on the Anglican Church, _ib._;
his intimate relations to the Royal Family, _ib._

Stanley, Lady Augusta, her admirable character, II. 511

Stanley, Lord, Secretary for the Colonies, I. 97;
resigns office, 207;
leader of the Protectionists, 227;
his attack on the Portuguese policy of the Russell Government, I. 352;
his discovery of an Ordnance Department scandal, 393;
proposes a vote of censure on the Russell Government, 431;
failure of his attempt to form a Cabinet, 466.
_See_ also Derby, Earl of

Stanley, Mr., his discoveries on the Congo, 683

Stansfeld, Mr., his Public Health Bill, II. 423

St. Arnaud, Marshal, his plan for the battle of the Alma, I. 607;
his death, 609

Stephenson, General, Repulse of the Arabs by, II. 718

Stephenson, George, opening of the passenger line between
Birmingham and London, I. 47

Stewart, Colonel, murdered by Arabs, II. 681

Stewart, Sir Donald, his support of the Ilbert Bill, II. 663

Stewart, Sir Herbert, at Korti, II. 712;
at Abu Klea, 713;
mortally wounded, 714

St. Leonards, Lord, Lord Chancellor, I. 499

Stockmar, Baron, his opinion as to the changes in the Prince Consort, I. 267;
his advice regarding the Russo-Turkish difficulty, 575

Stoddart, Colonel, his mission to Persia, I. 123;
his death, 124

Storey, Mr., his opposition to the vote to Prince Leopold on his marriage, II. 646

Stratford de Redcliffe, Lord, English ambassador at Constantinople, II. 549;
the nature of his negotiations, 550

Strutt, Mr. James, the Princess Victoria’s visit to his cotton mills at Belper, I. 15;
his son created a peer in 1856, _ib._

Stuart-Wortley, Mr., his Bill to legalise marriage with a deceased wife’s sister, I. 392

Sturge, Mr. Joseph, his leadership of the Chartists, I. 330;
his aims, _ib._

Suakim-Berber Railway, The, II. 718

Suez Canal, Purchase of the Khedive’s shares in, by the English Government, II. 492;
exorbitant tolls levied by the Company on the shipping trade, 662;
Mr. Gladstone’s agreement with M. de Lesseps, _ib._;
Mr. Gladstone’s agreement abandoned, _ib._

Sugar Duties, Lord John Russell’s proposal regarding the, I. 246

Sullivan, Mr. A. M., his description of Ireland during the famine, I. 275

Sullivan, Mr. T. D., his song of “God Save Ireland,” II. 288

Sunday reunions in London society, II. 732

T.

Tait, Archbishop, his election to the See of Canterbury, II. 321, 322;
his Public Worship Regulation Bill, 471;
death of, 650

Tamanieb, The battle of, II. 675

Tay, Disaster on the railway bridge of the, II. 582

Tea Duty, Mr. Gladstone’s reduction of the, II., 238

Tel-el-Kebir, The battle of, II. 643

Tennyson, Alfred (Lord), his ode at the opening of the Great Exhibition, II. 135;
declines offer of baronetcy by Mr. Disraeli, 482

Test Act, Repeal of the, I. 23

Thanksgiving Day for recovery of Prince of Wales, II. 415;
the service of, on Jubilee Day, 744

Theebaw, King of Burmah, deposed, II. 723

Thom, Mr. John Nicholls, his religious mania, I. 39;
his murder of a constable, _ib._;
his death, _ib._

Thompson, General Perronet, his “Catechism of the Corn Laws,” I. 83

Thorburn, Mr., his portrait of Prince Albert, I. 159

“Three Acres and a Cow,” II. 726

_Times_, its opinion on the Corn Laws, I. 205;
its attack on the proposed marriage between the
Princess Royal and Prince Frederick of Prussia, II. 663;
its attacks on the Parnellites, 735

Todleben, Colonel, his great ability, I. 610;
his splendid defence of Sebastopol, _ib._

Tokar, Fall of, II. 675

Tractarian Movement, The, 98;
its principles, _ib._;
its leaders, 99;
the “Tracts for the Times,” _ib._;
opposition to its tenets, _ib._;
the term “Anglican,” _ib._;
its effect on the younger clergy, _ib._;
the spirit of revivalism, _ib._;
the apparent cogency of its arguments, 100;
its creditable qualities, 101;
letter by the Archbishop of Canterbury, 178;
Puseyite practices, 179

Trades Unions, their incentives to crime, I. 59

_Trafalgar_, Launch of the warship, at Woolwich, I. 94

Trafalgar Square, Fair Trade meetings in, II. 731;
the riots at, _ib._

Tramways, Act enabling Irish Local Authorities to construct, II. 659

Transvaal, British occupation of the, II. 563;
misrepresentations regarding the Boer wish for annexation, 599;
Mr. Gladstone’s speeches in favour of Boer independence, _ib._;
outbreak of rebellion, _ib._;
proclamation of a Republic, _ib._;
defeat of British troops at Bronkhorst Spruit, _ib._;
futile attempt of British troops to quell the rising, _ib._;
a war of re-conquest by England, 610;
defeat of Sir George Colley, 619;
defeat of the British at Majuba Hill, _ib._;
a Republic under British Protectorate, _ib._

Trevelyan, Mr. (afterwards Sir George Otto), his motion for abolition of purchase
in the army, II. 387;
Irish Secretary, 634;
suppresses “Orange” and “Green” demonstrations in Ireland, 668;
resignation of, 727;
returns to the Gladstonian party, 735

Turkey, the quarrel with Russia, I. 540;
determination to strike a blow at Montenegro, 542;
the quarrel of the monks at Jerusalem, 544;
refuses to agree to the Vienna Note, 552;
the points of contention with Russia, 555;
Turkish modifications of the Vienna Note, 556;
suspected “shuffling” from the conditions of the Treaty of Kainardji, 557;
declares war against Russia, 559;
fleet destroyed by the Russians, 562;
defeats the Russians at Silistria, 582;
treaty with Austria, 586;
the terms of peace with Russia after the Crimean War, 685-687;
mutiny in Bosnia and Herzegovina, II. 494;
the Andrassy Note, 495;
advantages secured by the policy of England, 496;
the Bulgarian atrocities, 504-503;
Lord Beaconsfield’s policy during the Russian difficulty, 511, 523, 526;
the war against Russia, 526;
English neutrality during the war, 527;
the fall of Plevna, 528;
the Anglo-Turkish Convention, 550;
refusal of concessions to Montenegro and Greece, 597;
the British fleet sent to Ragusa, 598

U.

Ulundi, The battle of, II. 566

United States, controversy with England in regard to Oregon, I. 231;
a treaty with England ratified, 232;
the struggle on the Slave Question, II. 111;
decision of the Supreme Court regarding negroes, 114;
the contention between North and South, _ib._;
secession of the Southern States, _ib._;
outbreak of the Civil War, 115;
English sympathy with the North, _ib._;
the battle of Bull’s Run, 116;
seizure of the English steamer Trent by the Federals, _ib._;
settlement of the Trent dispute, 119;
progress of the war, 131;
the fight between the _Merrimac_ and the _Monitor_, _ib._;
the battle of Fredericksburg, 133;
embittered relations between England and America, _ib._;
efforts in England in behalf of the South, 176;
capture of Vicksburg, 177;
continuance of the war, 178;
cruisers built in English dockyards, 211;
Grant’s leadership, 219;
Sherman’s success, 222;
complete defeat of the Confederates, 238;
assassination of Lincoln, 239;
the negotiations regarding the Alabama claims, 342;
celebration of the Queen’s Jubilee in, 747

Upper Burmah annexed to the Indian Empire, II. 723

Utrecht, Treaty of, its stipulations as to the French and Spanish crowns, I. 256

V.

Van Buren, President of the United States, Proclamation of,
regarding the rebellion, I. 33

Varna, The camp of the Allies at, I. 603;
a Council of War, _ib._

Veto Law in the Church of Scotland, I. 102

Victor Emmanuel, his agreement with the French Emperor, II. 29

Victoria, Queen, birth and parentage of her Majesty, I. 4;
her illustrious descent, _ib._;
christened at Kensington Palace, 7;
a previous monarch of her name in Britain, _ib._;
her sponsors, _ib._;
her early surroundings, 10;
her education, _ib._;
grounded in languages, music, &c., _ib._;
her general education entrusted to the Duchess of Northumberland, _ib._;
her affability, 11;
influenced by Wilberforce, _ib._;
her charity and kindness, _ib._;
her appearance in public, _ib._;
false reports regarding her health, _ib._;
anecdotes regarding her studies, 11, 12;
the Regency Bill, 14;
her progress in her studies, _ib._;
her fondness for music, _ib._;
juvenile ball in her honour by Queen Adelaide, _ib._;
additional income of £10,000 granted her by Parliament, 15;
stay in the Isle of Wight, _ib._;
visit to the Belper Mills in Derbyshire, _ib._;
visit to Oxford, _ib._;
visit to Southampton, 18;
her confirmation at St. James’s, _ib._;
an instance of her benevolence, _ib._;
her coming of age, _ib._;
her first Council, 19;
her address on the King’s death, _ib._;
proclaimed Queen, 22;
the period of her accession fortunate, _ib._;
instructed in the theory and working of the British Constitution by Lord Melbourne, 23;
residence at Buckingham Palace, 27;
addresses to the Houses of Parliament, _ib._;
her income fixed at £385,000, 30;
her business precision, _ib._;
her popularity at the beginning of her reign, 35;
foolish imputations against her, 36;
Chartist and other opponents, 38;
her generous disposition, 39;
coronation, 42, 43;
a letter to Sir R. Peel, 55;
affianced to Prince Albert, 62;
informing the Privy Council of her marriage, 63;
domestic life, 75;
fired at by Edward Oxford, 82;
birth of the Princess Royal, 83;
a royal tour, 94;
speech to Parliament, 95;
her dislike to the Tractarian Movement, 102;
birth of the Prince of Wales, 106;
attempts on her life, 110;
visit to Scotland, 126;
her impressions, 127;
departure from Edinburgh, _ib._;
letter to the Lord Advocate, _ib._;
birth of the Princess Alice, 132;
meeting with Louis Philippe, 143;
visit to Belgium, 146;
visit of the Emperor Nicholas of Russia, 159;
birth of Prince Alfred, 167;
visit to Scotland, 171;
residence at Blair Athole, _ib._;
visit of Louis Philippe, 172;
founding of the Royal Exchange, 174;
the purchase of Osborne, 179;
visit to the Continent, 195;
enthusiastic reception in Germany, 197, 198;
second visit to Louis Philippe, 198;
her admirable behaviour at the Corn Law crisis, 211;
her sympathy during the agricultural distress, 218, 219;
the Speech from the Throne in 1846, 220;
her Parliamentary instinct, 226;
letter on Peel’s resignation, 239;
anecdote of her kindness, 248;
anxiety about our foreign policy, 254;
visit to the Isle of Wight, 261;
reception of Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt, _ib._;
birth of the Princess Helena, _ib._;
a letter in regard to the Prince Consort, 262;
yachting cruise in the Channel, 263;
a visit to Cornwall, 266;
visits from German friends, 267;
visit to Hatfield, 268;
her account of the installation of Prince Albert as Chancellor of Cambridge
University, 314;
visit to Scotland, 318, 320;
anxieties in 1848, 357;
birth of the Princess Louise, 364;
visit to Balmoral, 366, 367;
her plan for her children’s education, 403;
shot at by Hamilton, 406;
visit to Ireland, 409;
her Irish policy, 443;
birth of the Duke of Connaught, 452;
assaulted by Lieutenant Pate, _ib._;
birth of Prince Leopold, 567;
review of the fleet at Spithead, 584;
a letter to the King of Prussia regarding the war with Russia, 594;
her anxiety concerning the soldiers in the Crimea, 645;
decorates Crimean soldiers at Chatham Hospital, 646;
visit to France, 656-660;
visit to Aldershot, 692;
reviews the fleet, 693;
reviews the troops at Aldershot, 695;
birth of the Princess Beatrice, 738;
confers the title of Prince Consort on Prince Albert, 743;
visit to Birmingham, II. 19;
visit to the Emperor and Empress of the French at Cherbourg, 21;
visit to the Prince and Princess of Prussia, 23;
visit to Leeds, 25;
project for founding the Order of the Star of India, 40;
reviews the volunteers at Hyde Park, 64;
visit to Germany, 70;
second visit to Ireland, 87, 89;
death of the Prince Consort, 92-96;
letter on the Hartley coal-pit disaster, 138;
her deep sorrow, 143;
visit to Germany, 144;
an address from the ballast-heavers, 179;
visit to Belgium, 180;
her policy at the Danish War, 191;
first appearance in public after the Prince Consort’s death, 227;
visit to Germany, 249;
opens the Blackfriars Bridge and Holborn Viaduct, 353;
opens the hall of the London University, 377;
a garden party at Windsor, 383;
opening of the Royal Albert Hall, 409;
opening of St. Thomas’s Hospital, 410;
illness, 411;
her opposition to French decorations in England, 443;
opens the Victoria Park, 445;
visit from the Czar, 478;
the Royal Titles Bill, 499;
unveils the Scottish National Memorial at Edinburgh, 503;
proclaimed Empress of India at Delhi, 512;
her supposed pro-Turkish sympathies, 531;
visit to Hughenden, 532;
visit to Italy, 579;
cordial reception in Paris, _ib._;
visited at Baveno by Prince Amadeus of Italy, 580;
received by the King and Queen of Italy at Monza, _ib._;
visit from the Emperor of Germany at Windsor, _ib._;
Canning’s policy in India, _ib._;
visit to her relatives in Germany, 604;
arrival at Darmstadt, 606;
visit from the Crown Prince and Princess of Germany, 626;
continuation of her “Leaves from the Journal of a Life in the Highlands,” 686;
the tone of her “Journal” reminiscences, 687;
illness, _ib._;
visit to Germany, 692;
present at the marriage of Princess Victoria of Hesse, _ib._;
visit to Balmoral, 694;
troubled as to the issue of the political crisis arising out of the Reform
Bill, 695;
confers the Order of the Garter on Prince George of Wales, _ib._;
her pressure on the Duke of Richmond to accept a compromise
on Mr. Gladstone’s Reform Bill, 697;
her letter to Miss Gordon, 717;
holiday at Aix-les-Bains, 719;
visit to Darmstadt (1885), _ib._;
her objections to Ascot Race Week, 721;
visits the Indian and Colonial Exhibition, 731;
opens the Holloway College for Women, 732;
opens the International Exhibitions at Liverpool and Edinburgh, _ib._;
attends the Garden Party at Marlborough House, _ib._;
visits the Duke of Buccleuch, _ib._;
fixes date for celebrating her Jubilee, 733;
opens the Law Courts in Birmingham, 739;
her holiday at Cannes and Aix-les-Bains, 740;
visits the Grande Chartreuse, _ib._;
opens the People’s Palace, _ib._;
visits the “Wild West” Show, _ib._;
her Jubilee procession to Westminster Abbey, 741;
after the Jubilee service in the Abbey, 743;
reviews the seamen of the fleet, _ib._;
attends the children’s celebration of the Jubilee in Hyde Park, 747;
gives a Jubilee Banquet in Buckingham Palace, 748;
her letter to her people on the Jubilee, _ib._;
gives a Garden Party in connection with the Jubilee, _ib._;
reviews the metropolitan volunteers, _ib._;
the progress which she has seen during her reign, 751

Victoria, Lord Normanby’s resignation of the Governorship of, II. 690;
Prince Leopold’s wish to become Governor, _ib._;
the Queen opposes Prince Leopold’s proposed Governorship, _ib._

W.

Wady Halfa, The British at, II. 718

Waghorn, Lieutenant, his inauguration of the Overland Route, I. 190

Wakley, Mr., his remarks in regard to Sir Robert Peel, I. 238

Wales, Prince of, his birth, I. 106;
title bestowed by letters patent, _ib._;
other titles by right, _ib._;
his sponsors, _ib._;
his first public appearance in a pageant of State, 418;
his stay at Königswinter, 746;
his stay at Richmond Park, II. 19;
a letter from the Queen on his reaching his eighteenth year, 26;
tour in Canada, 66;
his warm reception in the United States, 67;
visit to Germany, 90;
his tour in the East, 136-138;
his marriage to the Princess Alexandra, 144;
takes his seat in the House of Lords, 147;
birth of Prince Albert Victor, 223;
birth of Prince George Frederick, 249;
his illness, 411;
the excitement in London regarding his illness, 412;
his relapse, _ib._;
the probability of a Regency, _ib._;
all the members of the Royal Family summoned to Sandringham, _ib._;
fall in the Money Market securities on account of his serious illness, _ib._;
his rally on the anniversary of the Prince Consort’s death, 413;
addresses of sympathy from Republican societies, _ib._;
his convalescence, _ib._;
a letter from the Queen to the Home Secretary, 414;
Thanksgiving Day, 415;
his popular discharge of royal duties, 442;
his financial embarrassments, 476;
State visit to India, 493;
Mr. Bright’s support of the grant for the State pageant to India, 494;
the argument that his visit might benefit the natives of India, _ib._;
visit to Germany, 606;
visit of, and Princess, to Ireland, 719

Wales, The “Rebecca” disturbances in, I. 138;
removal of the grievances, 139

Walewski, his letter to the British Government regarding the shelter of French
refugees, II. 10;
Palmerston’s impolitic reply, _ib._;
spirited protest by Lord Malmesbury, 14

Walpole, Horace, an anecdote of George III.’s coronation, I. 46

Walpole, Mr., S., his remarks on the Crimean War, I. 687;
Secretary for Home Affairs, II. 257

Ward Hunt, Mr., Chancellor of the Exchequer, II. 304;
his Budget for 1868, 312;
First Lord of the Admiralty, 465

Washington, meeting of a Commission regarding points at
issue between England
and America, II. 390

Waterloo Banquet, The Duke of Wellington’s proposal to dispense with the, I. 3

Wellington, Duke of, his proposal to dispense with the Waterloo Banquet, I. 3;
advises the formation of a Cabinet by Sir Robert Peel, 54;
his advice regarding the address to the Queen after her marriage, 66;
leader of the House of Lords, 97;
visit of the Queen and Prince Albert to Strathfieldsaye, 180;
his sympathy with Peel on Free Trade, 211;
his loyalty to the Queen, 212;
his attitude to the Russell Ministry, 242;
letter to Lord John Russell, _ib._;
his suppression of undue corporal punishment in the army, 248;
his anxiety about the defences of the country, 303;
letter to Sir John Burgoyne, _ib._;
the Queen’s courtesies, _ib._;
his defeat of the Chartist rising, 330, 335;
proposal to instal the Prince Consort his successor as
Commander-in-Chief, 451;
his opposition to the Militia Bill, 499;
his death, 508;
tributes to his memory, 509;
universally mourned, 510;
his lying in state, _ib._;
his funeral, 511;
his character, 513, 514

Westbury, Lord Chancellor, his action in favour of the
Fraudulent Trusts Bill, I. 715;
his statement in regard to the synodical condemnation of
“Essays and Reviews,” 215;
charged with corrupt practices, 242;
resigns office, 243

Westminster Abbey, Scene in, at the Jubilee Service, II. 746

Whewell, Dr., his invitation to Prince Albert to become
a candidate for the Chancellorship of Cambridge, I. 307;
his meeting with the Queen, 315

“White Terror,” The, at Calcutta, II. 7

Wilberforce, Dr. Samuel, his opposition to the Sugar Duties, I. 246, 247;
his account of Prince Albert’s installation as Chancellor
of Cambridge University, 314;
his reply to Lord Chancellor Westbury on “Essays and Reviews,” II. 217

William, German Emperor, his visit to England, I. 70;
his early campaigns, _ib._;
crowned King of Prussia, II. 91

Wilson, Sir Charles, in command of Sir H. Stewart’s column, II. 714;
his operations between Metamneh and Khartoum, 715;
arrives at Khartoum, _ib._;
his steamers fired on by the Arabs, _ib._;
wrecked in the Nile, 716;
rescued by Lord Charles Beresford, _ib._

Windham, Colonel, his bravery at the storming of the Redan, I. 671

Wiseman, Cardinal, his pastoral regarding Roman Catholicism in England, I. 450

Wolff, Sir Henry Drummond-, one of the founders of the Fourth-party, II. 594;
his obstructionist tactics, 601;
his mission to Egypt, II. 708

Wolseley, Sir Garnet, commands the British expedition to Ashanti, II. 461;
enters Coomassie in triumph, _ib._;
efforts to re-establish order in Zululand, 566;
commands the expedition against the Egyptians under Arabi, 642;
celerity of his movements, 643;
the battles of Kassassin and Tel-el-Kebir, _ib._;
created Lord Wolseley, _ib._;
arrives at Korti, 712;
leaves Dongola, 718

Wolverhampton, statue to the Prince Consort inaugurated by the Queen, II. 267;
the enthusiastic reception of the Queen, _ib._

Wood, Sir C., First Lord of the Admiralty, I. 630

Wordsworth, his ode on the installation of the Prince Consort
as Chancellor of Cambridge University, I. 310

Wyse, Mr., British envoy at Paris, I. 427

Y.

Yeh, Commissioner, Capture of, in Canton, II. 5

“Young Ireland” Party, its objects, I. 339;
the leaders of, _ib._

Z.

Zebehr Pasha named by Gordon as ruler of the Soudan, II. 711;
deportation of, to Gibraltar, _ib._

Zulu War, The, II. 563;
defeat of the British, 564;
the battle of Rorke’s Drift, _ib._;
battle of Ulundi, 566

PRINTED BY CASSELL AND COMPANY, LIMITED, LA BELLE SAUVAGE, LONDON, E.C.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Nothing did more to sap and undermine the popularity of the Government than an evasive statement of Mr. Cardwell’s as to the arms in store. On the vote for increasing the army by 20,000 men on the 1st of August, 1870, Sir John Hay asked what was the use of voting the money when the Government “had not 20,000 breechloaders ready for service for the army, the militia, and volunteers.” Mr. Cardwell, in reply, said he had 300,000 rifles “in store,” and left the House of Commons when it rose, under the impression that the weapons were ready for use as surplus weapons on any emergency. Of these, however, it was subsequently admitted by Mr. Cardwell in an interview with Lord Elcho that 100,000 were needed to meet existing demands, and that a considerable number of the rest were in Canada.

[2] There were also many whose objection to the grant to the Princess was based on the delusion that the Queen, by living in retirement, had accumulated savings out of which she could well afford to dower her daughter.

[3] A Royal warrant fixed the legal price of commissions. But they were sold in defiance of the law at prices far above the legal ones, and these were called “over-regulation prices.”

[4] It might be said that promotion could still be kept going on in the regiment itself. Officers need not have then been transferred for promotion. But in that case rich officers might have bribed their seniors to retire. Or, the subalterns might have made up a purse by subscription to induce one of their seniors to retire and let them each get a step upwards.

[5] It may be mentioned that this course was suggested as a possible one in the debate by Lord Derby.

[6] The alternative courses of a creation of new Peers, and a dissolution, it should be noted, also involved an exercise of the Royal Prerogative--a fact forgotten by those who denounced Mr. Gladstone as a “tyrant” for coercing the Peers by the use of Prerogative.

[7] According to Addison, the House of Commons as far back as 1708 began to discuss the Ballot. After 1832 it became a popular cry with the Radicals, and in the first Session of the Reformed Parliament Mr. Grote brought in a Ballot Bill which was rejected by a majority of 211 to 106. Year after year Mr. Grote was beaten in his attempt to carry his measure. To him succeeded Mr. Henry Berkeley, who every year brought forward a resolution in favour of secret voting, and in 1851 even carried it by a majority of 37 against the opposition of Lord John Russell and the Whig Government. The odious corruption and scandalous scenes of violence which were associated with open voting at elections gradually made Lord John and Mr. Gladstone converts to Mr. Berkeley’s views. In 1868 the revelations of Lord Hartington’s Committee as to the manner of conducting elections convinced the country that the Ballot must be adopted. In 1869 another Committee on Electoral Practices reported in favour of it.

[8] Philosophical Radicals, like Mr. Mill, disliked the Ballot because they feared that one influence would always operate on the ignorant elector’s mind, even in the secrecy of the polling booth--that of the priest who had threatened him with “the pains of Hell” as a punishment for voting on the wrong side.

[9] Mr. Disraeli, it is fair to say, had endeavoured to save the time of the House by suggesting that there should be no debate on the Second Reading--the discussion of the principle of the measure to be taken on the next stage--the motion that the Speaker leave the Chair. This arrangement was agreed to by the Government, but it provoked a mutiny in the Conservative ranks, or rather in the section of the Party represented by Mr. Beresford Hope, Mr. Newdegate, and Mr. G. Bentinck, the first-named of whom jeered at Mr. Disraeli’s late Administration as a “disorganised hypocrisy.”

[10] Mr. Gladstone and the Government supported the first, but opposed the latter of these proposals, greatly to the annoyance of the Radicals, who saw in it the most effective check to bribery that could be devised.

[11] Large numbers of Liberal Peers did not even attend the debate or the division.

[12] Previous to this Act the Unions were so far without the law, that they could not even prosecute their office-bearers for stealing their funds.

[13] This was given by Sir James Hannen in the case of a man called Purchon, a member of the Glassbottlers’ Union of Yorkshire. Three members of the Union, professing to believe certain disgraceful charges against Purchon, procured his expulsion from that body. Then his employers dismissed him because they were threatened with a strike if he remained in their service. Purchon sued the three Unionists who got him expelled from his Union for conspiring to deprive him of employment. Mr. Justice Hannen ruled that there was an undue interference with the rights of labour, and £300 damages were awarded by the jury. The case of Purchon _v._ Hartley proved that though the Unions had got rid of a limited term of imprisonment for coercion, they were now punishable by unlimited damages.

[14] Mr. Goschen based his case on the fact that Local Government was a chaos of areas, rating, and authorities. He proposed (1), that each parish should have an elected chairman who, aided but not controlled by it, should be the rating authority; (2), that county rates should be levied by a financial board, half being elected by justices and half by parish chairmen; (3), that a new department of State or Local Government Board should be created to supervise local finance and administration; (4), that rates should be split between occupier and owner, and levied on all exempted property, such as Crown property, charitable property, moneys, and game; (5), that the house duty (£1,200,000 a year) should be surrendered to the local ratepayers.

[15] His estimated expenditure was £72,308,000, and his estimated revenue £69,595,000 on the existing basis of taxation, and without any new duties.

[16] There was to be a halfpenny stamp on boxes of wooden matches, and a penny stamp on boxes of wax matches or fusees. It was expected that these duties would yield £550,000 the first year. Mr. Lowe invented a motto for the stamp--_ex luce lucellum_ (“out of light a little profit”)--a classical pun, which, however, did not reconcile the people to his proposals.

[17] Mr. Lowe desirous of not putting more than 1¼d. in the £ on the income-tax, proposed to calculate it at 10s. 8d. per cent. This novel method of calculating the tax, which was not necessary when the round sum of 2d. in the £ was adopted, was unpopular because it was puzzling.

[18] Letters and Journals of W. Stanley Jevons, p. 252.

[19] The British Commissioners were Earl de Grey, whose services on the Commission were rewarded by his elevation to the Marquisate of Ripon, Sir Stafford Northcote, Mr. Montagu Bernard, and two distinguished Canadians.

[20] One arbitrator was to be chosen by the Queen and one by the President of the United States. The three others were to be nominated by the King of Italy, the President of the Swiss Republic, and the Emperor of Brazil.

[21] Lord Russell, however, took a personal rather than a Party view of the question. He could not forget that he was individually responsible for the occurrences and acrimonious despatches that had embittered Americans against England.

[22] “Not an inch of our territory, and not a stone of our fortresses.”

[23] Bismarck’s personal opinion of the terms of peace was that Germany asked too much or took too little. She should have either left France her territory, thereby depriving her of an incitement to revenge, or she should have broken and crushed her so utterly, that she must have been paralysed for a century. As it was, in spite of the heavy war-indemnity which Germany exacted, France in fifteen years recovered herself sufficiently to render her antagonism formidable, and as a standing inducement to a war of revenge, she had ever before her eyes the hope of recovering Alsace, Lorraine, and her lost fortresses.

[24] Bismarck would have let the French keep Metz for a milliard more of war-indemnity. Then with this money he would have built a fortress to mask it somewhere about Falkenberg, or towards Saarbrücken. “I do not like,” he said one day at dinner during the peace negotiations, “so many Frenchmen being in our house against their will.”--Lowe’s Life of Bismarck, Vol. I., p. 631.

[25] The terms of peace proposed by Germany to France were an indemnity of six milliards of francs (£240,000,000), the cession of all Alsace, including Strasburg and Belfort, a third of Lorraine including Metz. The German Emperor, however, reduced the fine to five milliards. Von Bismarck induced the German generals to let France keep Belfort, in consideration of the French submitting to the triumphal march of the German troops through Paris as far as the Arc de Triomphe.

[26] The _Agincourt_, an ironclad of 6,000 tons, was run aground on the Pearl Rock, off Gibraltar, on the 2nd of July. The accident occurred in broad daylight. The court-martial blamed the captain, staff commander, and one of the lieutenants, but public opinion condemned Vice-Admiral Wellesley, whose signals had, it was said, caused the disaster. Mr. Goschen and the Lords of the Admiralty decided that the Admiral was to blame for ordering an unsafe course to be steered, and compelled him to strike his flag. The _Megæra_ was a transport ship which had been sent to sea with her bottom honeycombed with rotten plates. On the 19th of June the captain had to beach her to save her crew. Yet the Admiralty officials had reported her quite seaworthy when her bottom was, as one of her officers said, “as full of holes as an old tea-kettle.”

[27] The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council had been reorganised so as to constitute a competent Court of Appellate Jurisdiction for India and the Colonies. A certain number of judges was appointed to it, but the Act laid it down that it was necessary for a man to be a judge before he got one of these appointments. In November, 1871, Mr. Gladstone was desirous of promoting Sir Robert Collier, then Attorney-General. The Lord Chancellor accordingly made Sir Robert a Puisne Judge so as to give him a technical qualification, and then immediately appointed him to the Judicial Committee. It is only right to say that personally and professionally Sir Robert Collier was well qualified for the post.

[28] These were Mr. Peter Taylor, Professor Fawcett, and Sir Charles Dilke. The vote for it was 352, but half of the House was absent from the division which Mr. Taylor challenged. Mr. Taylor declared that the people were getting tired of the Monarchy. Sir Robert Peel suggested that if more money were granted to the Royal Family, it ought to go to the Prince of Wales, who was doing most of the Queen’s ceremonial duties. He had also the bad taste to sneer at the Queen’s alleged parsimony, and insinuated that she saved for her private purse the money voted to defray her State expenses.

[29] Some of the comments of the Press on the wedding were instructive. The Times said: “To-day a ray of sunshine will gladden every habitation in this island, and force its way even where uninvited. A daughter of the people, in the truest sense of that word, is to be married to one of ourselves. The mother is ours, the daughter is ours.” _Vanity Fair_, a “Society” journal, considered that it was “an additional claim of the dynasty on our loyalty that means should have been found to enable us to keep so charming a Princess in the country.” The _Daily Telegraph_, in describing the history of the marriage, said: “The old dragon Tradition was routed by a young sorcerer called Love, who laughs at precedents as heartily as at locksmiths, and has an equal contempt for etiquette and armour _cap-à-pie_.”

[30] “When the time came for putting on the ring, the bride took off her glove, which, with the bouquet, the Queen offered to take. The Princess, however, evidently did not observe the gracious attention, and handed them to Lady Florence Lennox, who let them drop. May this be an omen that flowers may strew the ground wherever the Princess’s future life may lead her!”--(_Standard_, 22nd March, 1871.)

[31] It may be worth while to note the precedents for marriage between English Princesses and subjects:--Princess Elizabeth, daughter of James I., and widow of the King of Bohemia, was supposed to have privately married Lord Craven. Princess Mary, sister of Henry VIII., married Charles Brandon, who was sent to escort her from France, when her husband Louis XII. died. Three of the daughters of Edward IV. married the heads of the families of Howard, Courtenay, and Welles; but though Henry VI. recognised these alliances, he did not quite recognise the title of Edward IV. Of the House of Hanover, William Henry, Duke of Gloucester, in 1766 married the widow of Earl Waldegrave, who was the illegitimate daughter of Sir Robert Walpole, a match which infuriated King George III. Henry Frederick, Duke of Cumberland, in 1771 married Lady Anne Luttrell, daughter of Earl Carhampton, and widow of Mr. Charles Horton, of Catton Hall, Derbyshire. The Royal Marriage Act was passed in 1772, after which time there have been some Royal marriages with subjects in spite of the law: (1), The Duke of Sussex married first Lady Augusta Murray, daughter of the Earl of Dunmore. After she died, his Royal Highness married his second wife, Lady Cecilia Letitia Buggin, daughter of Arthur, Earl of Arran, and afterwards Duchess of Inverness. (2), George IV., while Prince of Wales, married Mrs. FitzHerbert. (3), The present Duke of Cambridge married some years ago Mrs. FitzGeorge.

[32] This gave rise to a curious incident. A clerk by mistake had given the Minister the message meant for the Lords. When Mr. Gladstone read out the words “Her Majesty relies on the attachment of the House of Peers to concur,” the House buzzed with excitement, and the Tories wrathfully whispered to each other that some new insult had been devised by Mr. Gladstone for the Hereditary Chamber. Mr. Gladstone had to explain how the mistake had been made, before tranquillity could be restored.

[33] Mr. Bruce’s management of this affair did much to bring the Government into contempt. When the promoters of the meeting defied him he withdrew his prohibition. On being questioned in the House of Commons on the subject, he explained that when he issued it he thought that the meeting was called to petition Parliament, and no meeting can legally be held within a mile of Parliament for that purpose. But, he added, having found that the meeting was merely going to discuss the grant he considered it to be a legal one, and therefore withdrew his prohibition.

[34] Hodder’s Life of Lord Shaftesbury, Vol. III., p. 303.

[35] Life of Bishop Wilberforce, Vol. III., p. 394.

[36] _Daily Telegraph_, 28th February, 1872.

[37] The boy was said to be a nephew of Feargus O’Connor, and was a clerk in an oil-shop in the Borough. He had tried to reach the Queen’s carriage on Thanksgiving Day, but the density of the crowd prevented him. O’Connor, curiously enough, was not a Fenian or a Catholic, but a Protestant youth who had turned crazy by reading “penny dreadfuls.” In April he was tried and sentenced to one year’s imprisonment and twenty strokes with the birch. The Queen, who had long been desirous of bestowing medals for long and faithful domestic service in her employment, found in the attack by O’Connor an opportunity for carrying out her idea. Her personal attendants were Highland gillies from her Aberdeenshire estates. They had been most active in protecting her when she was menaced by O’Connor, and on John Brown, who had been more prominent than the others, her Majesty conferred this gold medal and an annuity of £25. Brown had been the Prince Consort’s favourite gillie, and, though his rough Northern manners were somewhat unprepossessing, his personal courage, stolid fidelity, shrewd judgment, and blunt honesty of speech, had rendered him a great favourite in the Queen’s family.

[38] Life of Bishop Wilberforce, Vol. III., p. 393.

[39] England was admittedly not responsible for the escape of this vessel. But the Tribunal held that because a British Colony reinforced her crew at Melbourne after she carried the Confederate flag, responsibility accrued.

[40] The first Election under the Ballot was at Pontefract, when Mr. Childers was returned against Lord Pollington by a vote of 658 to 578--the registered Electors being 1,960. The Election was conducted with unusual order, and there was no bribery or intimidation, and less violence and drunkenness than usual.

[41] This Bill was, of course, much less drastic than the one which Mr. Bruce withdrew in 1871. It reduced the hours of sale, strengthened the hands of the authorities as regards supervision and the granting of new licences, but as a sop to the Liquor Trade it gave the well-conducted publican a kind of tenant-right by practically securing to him a renewal of his licence.

[42] Had an Admiral with good administrative ability been appointed Permanent Secretary to the department instead of Mr. Lushington, the collapse of Mr. Childers’ scheme, when he was invalided, might have been averted.

[43] Sir Massey Lopes desired that the cost of administering justice, and the Lunacy and Police Acts--then charged on the rates--should be thrown on the Consolidated Fund, _i.e._, transferred from the ratepayer to the tax-payer. The county members on both sides objected to the whole system of rating which fell not on personal, but real property, and which threw on rates the cost of doing work which was done not merely for the locality, but for the community at large. The Ministry maintained that it was impossible to give effect to Sir Massey Lopes’ ideas till the whole question of Local Government and Rating was taken up and settled on a sound basis.

[44] The limit of abatement was also raised from incomes of £200 to £300, and the abatement itself from £60 to £80. The duty on coffee and chicory was reduced, and shops and warehouses were exempted from house-tax.

[45] This was founded on the 19th of May, 1870, in the Bilton Hotel, Sackville Street, Dublin. The chief Conservatives present were Mr. Purdon (Lord Mayor of Dublin), Mr. Kinahan (Ex-High Sheriff of Dublin), Major Knox (proprietor of the _Irish Times_), and Captain (afterwards Colonel) King-Harman. Mr. Butt moved the chief resolution, which was unanimously carried, affirming that “The true remedy for the evils of Ireland is the establishment of an Irish Parliament with full control over our domestic affairs.”

[46] Lord Russell in this letter, says:--“It appears to me that if Ireland were to be allowed to elect a Representative Assembly for each of its four Provinces of Leinster, Ulster, Munster, and Connaught, and if Scotland in a similar manner were to be divided into Lowlands and Highlands, having for each Province a Representative Assembly, the local wants of Ireland and Scotland might be better provided for than they are at present.” There was reason to suppose that the Birmingham School of Radicals in 1886 had almost summoned up courage to adopt the Home Rule scheme which the veteran Whig statesman propounded in 1872.

[47] Burma, As it Was, As it Is, and As it Will Be. By J. George Scott (“Shway Yoe”). London: Redway, 1886-7. P. 34.

[48] The British representative at Mandalay, besides complaining of perpetual encroachments on the Arakan frontier, declared that he was not allowed to see the King of Burma unless he took off his shoes and sat before him on the floor in his stockings.

[49] See a letter written by Mr. Hayward to Mr. Gladstone, in the correspondence of Mr. Abraham Hayward, Q.C., Vol. II., p. 252.

[50] What their motive was for this act has not yet been clearly stated. It was said at the time that they thought by opposing it to induce the Protestants to let it pass. Their opposition, however, as explained by themselves, was (1), The Bill did not endow a Catholic University. The Tories had promised to do so in 1866, and therefore the Catholics might profitably wait till Mr. Disraeli returned to power. (2), The Bill, by endowing Professorships of academical subjects--not including History and Philosophy--was really one for founding a new “Godless college.” (3), Other students than those trained in affiliated colleges--scholars educated by private study, in fact--were admitted to degrees. (4), As the constitution of the new University stood, the Catholics would have to wait for many years ere they could command even a large minority in the new University constituency.

[51] They were Mr. Fawcett, Mr. Horsman, who had approved of the Bill at first, Mr. Bouverie, Mr. McCullagh Torrens, Mr. Aytoun, Mr. Akroyd, Mr. Foster, Mr. Auberon Herbert, and Mr. Whalley.

[52] These clauses do not seem to have been essential to the main object in view, which was to give the Catholics a chance of getting University degrees of high status, and a fair share of the University endowments of the nation. The new “Godless” chairs were not needed if the Catholics did not want them, for the Protestants could always get their instruction in Trinity College.

[53] Sir William Stirling Maxwell was a representative of the most popular phase of Toryism, and in a special sense reflected the mind of his party in hankering after Lord Derby as a leader. Writing to Mr. Hayward in September, 1872, he says of Lord Derby:--“I know no man whose daily talk reflects more constantly the good sense and fairness of his speeches. It is some consolation to those who still believe that Conservatism may have some backbone left to have a prospective leader with so much ballast in his character.” The Conservatives did not trust Mr. Disraeli’s Conservatism even in 1873, just because they suspected it lacked backbone and ballast.

[54] Mr. Gladstone combined this office with that of the Premiership. Sir Robert Walpole, Lord North, Mr. Pitt, Mr. Canning, and Sir Robert Peel had each held the two offices simultaneously.

[55] For example, in 1873 the Public Accounts showed a Postal expenditure of £5,000,000; but then, on the other side of the ledger, the nation was credited with £5,000,000 of receipts earned by the Post-office. The Tory financial critics could not be got to see that the only right way of comparing the real expenditure of a Government at any two selected dates is to deduct from the gross sum moneys which come in aid of outlay, and which are yet not taxes, and then compare the results.

[56] Mr. Disraeli’s Government need not be blamed too harshly for letting the Army alone. Till the fall of the Second Empire Parliament would probably not have voted the money or passed the measures necessary to put an end to the chaotic confusion and Crimean inefficiency of the military system under which orators used to declare “British troops had ever marched to victory.” But Mr. Corry, Mr. Disraeli’s First Lord of the Admiralty, had no such excuse for his neglect to build first-class ironclads. Even the Manchester Radicals would have voted him the money for that purpose had he been courageous enough to confess what was the truth, namely, that when he took office the British Navy was behind the age, and as a fighting force pitiably weak and obsolete. Another costly blunder was committed by Mr. Corry. He had not firmness enough to silence clamorous claims for commissions. Hence he over-officered the Navy, till it almost seemed at one time as if he meant to man his line-of-battle ships with his redundant admirals and his superfluous captains.

[57] This was due, however, not so much to the action of the Government as to the falling-in of terminable annuities, which reduced the charges for the National Debt.

[58] Of course the Queen cannot prevent a man from receiving a Foreign decoration, and he can wear it in Society without incurring prosecution, just as he might, if vulgar enough, wear a masonic star of the cheeseplate order of architecture on his breast. But he cannot wear it at Court, and the grievance of the British snob is that the Queen’s objection to his accepting a Foreign Order prevents Foreign Governments--except semi-barbarous ones--from bestowing it on him. Queen Elizabeth said that “she did not like her dogs to wear any collar but her own.” It is not so generally known that the Queen’s grandfather, George III., whose metaphors were usually of a more pastoral character than those of the great Tudor Princess, expressed the same feeling when he said that he “liked his sheep to wear his own mark.”

[59] Alice Grand Duchess of Hesse, Princess of Great Britain and Ireland. Biographical Sketch and Letters, p. 308.