Chapter II: Introduction: BY PROFESSOR HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN xi

I. EARLY DAYS AND WORK IN THE DAKOTA GROUP OF THE CRETACEOUS 1

II. FIRST EXPEDITION TO THE KANSAS CHALK (1876) 32

III. EXPEDITION WITH PROFESSOR COPE TO THE BAD LANDS OF THE
UPPER CRETACEOUS (1876) 61

IV. FURTHER WORK IN THE KANSAS CHALK (1877) 99

V. DISCOVERY OF THE LOUP FORK BEDS OF KANSAS AND SUBSEQUENT
WORK THERE (1877, 1882–1884) 120

VI. EXPEDITION TO THE OREGON DESERT IN 1877 144

VII. EXPEDITION TO THE JOHN DAY RIVER IN 1878 170

VIII. FIRST EXPEDITION TO THE PERMIAN OF TEXAS IN 1882 205

IX. EXPEDITIONS IN THE PERMIAN OF TEXAS FOR PROFESSOR COPE
(1895–1897) 230

X. IN THE RED BEDS OF TEXAS FOR THE ROYAL MUSEUM OF MUNICH
(1901) 244

XI. CONCLUSION 265

INDEX 283

ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

CHARLES H. STERNBERG Frontispiece

ROCKS OF LARAMIE BEDS ON SOUTH SCHNEIDER CREEK, CONVERSE
CO., WYOMING 16

WEATHERED ROCKS AND LARAMIE BEDS NEAR SOUTH SCHNEIDER
CREEK 16

MUSHROOM-LIKE CONCRETION KNOWN AS PULPIT ROCK 17

FOSSIL LEAVES OF _Sassafras dissectum_. (After
Lesquereux.) 20

FOSSIL LEAVES. _a_, UNOPENED LEAF NODULE. _b_, NODULE
OPENED TO SHOW FOSSIL LEAF. _c, d, e, f_, VARIOUS FORMS
OF FOSSIL LEAVES 21

FACSIMILE OF LETTER FROM DR. LESQUEREUX TO THE AUTHOR 24

SKULL AND FRONT LIMB OF _Clidastes tortor_ 44

SKELETON OF _Clidastes tortor_ 45

SKELETON OF RAM-NOSED TYLOSAUR, _Tylosaurus dyspelor_ 45

RAM-NOSED TYLOSAUR, _Tylosaurus dyspelor_. Restoration by
Osborn and Knight 50

SKULL OF THE FLAT-WRISTED MOSASAUR, _Platecarpus
coryphæus_ 51

RESTORATION OF KANSAS CRETACEOUS ANIMALS. (From drawing by
S. Prentice, after Williston.) _a_, _Unitacrinus
socialis_; _b_, _Clidastes velox_; _c_, _Ornithostoma
ingens_ 56

GIANT CRETACEOUS FISH, _Portheus molossus_ (above),
COMPARED WITH A SIX-FOOT MODERN TARPON (below) 57

LOWER JAW OF _Trachodon marginatus_, SHOWING SUCCESSIVE
LAYERS OF TEETH. TOP AND SIDE VIEWS OF A TOOTH OF
_Myledaphus bipartitus_. (After Osborn and Lambe.) 76

SKULL OF A DUCK-BILLED DINOSAUR, _Diclonius_, FOUR FEET IN
LENGTH 77

PROFESSOR E. D. COPE 78

BRONTOSAURUS OR THUNDER LIZARD. Restoration by Osborn and
Knight 79

FOSSIL SHELLS, _Haploscapha grandis_. (After Cope.) 108

CHARLES STERNBERG AND SON TAKING UP A LARGE SLAB OF
FOSSILS FROM A CHALK BED IN GOVE CO., KANSAS 109

CAMP AND WAGON OF THE FOSSIL HUNTERS ON GRASSWOOD CREEK,
CONVERSE CO., WYOMING 109

SKELETON OF THE PLESIOSAUR, _Dolichorhynchus osborni_.
(After Williston.) 114

FOSSIL LIMB BONES OF THE GIANT SEA TORTOISE, _Protostega
gigas_ 115

FOSSIL SHELL OF GIANT LAND TURTLE, _Testudo orthopygia_ 122

THE SNAKE-NECKED ELASMOSAURUS, _Elasmosaurus platyurus_.
Restoration by Osborn and Knight 123

THREE-TOED HORSE, _Hypohippus_. (After Gidley.) 132

FOSSIL RHINOCEROS, _Teleoceras fossiger_. (After Osborn.) 133

SKULL AND TUSKS OF IMPERIAL MAMMOTH, _Elephas imperator_ 178

FOSSIL-BEARING CLIFFS. (After Merriam.) UPPER JOHN DAY
EXPOSURE 179

FOSSIL-BEARING CLIFFS. (After Merriam.) MIDDLE JOHN DAY
EXPOSURE 179

FOSSIL-BEARING CLIFFS. (After Merriam.) MASCALL FORMATION 202

FOSSIL-BEARING CLIFFS. (After Merriam.) CLARNO FORMATION 202

SKULL OF GREAT SABER-TOOTHED TIGER, _Pogonodon
platycopis_. (After Cope.) 203

SKELETON OF FIN-BACKED LIZARD, _Naosaurus claviger_ 234

FIN-BACKED LIZARD, _Naosaurus claviger_. Restoration by
Osborn and Knight 235

FACSIMILE OF LETTER FROM PROF. E. D. COPE TO THE AUTHOR 238

FOSSIL SKULL OF GIANT SALAMANDER, _Diplocaulus
magnicornis_. (After Broili.) 240

PROFESSOR HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN 241

FACSIMILE OF LETTER FROM DR. KARL VON ZITTEL TO THE AUTHOR 246

DR. KARL VON ZITTEL 256

SHELL OF _Toxochelys bauri?_ 257

NIOBRARA GROUP, CRETACEOUS CHALK WITH CAP ROCK OF LOUP
FORK TERTIARY, KNOWN AS CASTLE ROCK, GOVE CO., KANSAS 262

CHALK OF KANSAS, KNOWN AS THE COFFEE MILL. Hell Creek 262

BONES OF _Platecarpus coryphæus_ 263

SKELETON OF _Hesperornis regalis_, THE GIANT-TOOTHED BIRD
OF THE KANSAS CRETACEOUS 266

SLAB OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS, _Uintacrinus socialis_,
CONTAINING 160 CALYCES, COVERING FOUR BY SEVEN FEET 267

SKULL AND HORNS OF GIANT BISON FROM HOXIE, KANSAS. SPREAD
OF HORN CORES SIX FEET, ONE INCH; LENGTH ALONG CURVE,
EIGHT FEET 268

JAW OF COLUMBIAN MAMMOTH, _Elephas columbi_ 269

THREE-HORNED DINOSAUR, _Triceratops sp._ Restoration by
Osborn and Knight 270

DUCK-BILLED DINOSAUR, _Trachodon mirabilis_. Restoration
by Osborn and Knight 271