Chapter XIX: The Man (2)

What are you doing at Pinner? What little dogs have you caused to disappear? How many poor hens kept in a state of bondage, and tied by the leg somewhere, are awaiting for a revolutionist to untie them?... What do you read? What do you anticipate for England's politics? Do you smoke much?... I wish we could have a talk of one hour all together, with cigars and sherry, and then be back where I am wanted.... Ever your friend,

JOSEPH.

VI

LETTER TO MRS PETER TAYLOR [March 19, 1857].

Thanks, my dear Friend, for your having remembered my name's day [St Joseph's Day]. I don't know why, but every anniversary concerning myself finds me very sad: those friendly whisperings are checking the tendency.

The box has arrived. You have made out the _only_ point of contact between Shakespeare and myself, on all the rest we deeply differ. He was an extraordinary poet: I am not. He was--spite of your interpretations--calm:[50] I am not. He looked on the world from above: I look at it from within and want to make a revolution. He was--if reports are correct--merrily poaching: I have always before my eyes, like a remorse, the large convulsion with which a poor thrush, shot by me at the age of sixteen, was twisting with her beak a bit of grass. He was the Lord of Individuality: all my tendency, if developed, would have been a generalising one. He was powerful: I am powerless--and so on, to the end of the chapter.--your friend,

JOSEPH MAZZINI.

VII

TWO LETTERS TO MRS MILNER-GIBSON

(Translated from the French)

[Mrs Milner-Gibson had just lost a little boy. Mazzini was
godfather to a younger brother.]

[April 15, 1859.]

DEAR FRIEND,--What can I say? You believe, as I do, in God and immortality. It is there that you must find your comfort and strength. Love your boy as if he were alive, for in that you will have what will restore him to you in the series of existences, which follows this one. Become even better than you are by thinking of him, for this will make a bond of love and mutual influence between you and him. Think of him when you are doing good. Think of him, when impulses of selfishness or human frailty assail you. Be good and strong. Give your other children the love he gave them himself. And count on God. There is immortality to link the mother and the child, and only forgetfulness can break it. I have heard of his last words and kisses: he loved you to his last moment, love him to yours, and believe it, this will have been but the parting for a journey.

This is all I can say. From me to you such commonplace words of comfort as the world generally gives would be a kind of sin. I suffer with your grief. I, who have no home now, know what the sorrows of home are,--they leave a scar in the heart, which never goes, and that is sad, but it is well. Cherish this scar, it is a pledge of the future. Do not give yourself up to the barren, cowardly sorrow, called despair. There is no death in the world except forgetfulness. Everything that loves and has loved to death meets again. Good-bye, my friend. Think of your health for the sake of your other children. God bless you in them,--your friend,

JOSEPH.

* * * * *

[This letter was succeeded by the following.]

DEAR FRIEND,--I have received your letters, they are more and more sad. You have been ill and you are unhappy. Your visit to the Continent will do you good physically, I hope, but as to your moral health, you must cure that yourself. Rouse your soul, which is in danger of being benumbed by sorrow; you will find at the bottom of it, I don't say happiness, I don't say even hope, but duty and faith in some affections which do count. For God's sake, do not despair: you have dear children to bring up; you can still do good, and you have friends who esteem and love you and suffer with your sufferings and find strength in your own. Ah me, what the devil should I do myself, if I allowed the little strength, which God has left me, to desert me, as it often threatens to do.... Good-bye. Yours with all my heart,

JOSEPH.

VIII

LETTER TO MR PETER TAYLOR [September 11, 1860].

DEAR PETER,--

* * * * *

I have yours of the 29th of Aug. written with an improved handwriting, and the article on Lady Byron. It is according to me, unwise and unjust: unwise, because to praise Lady Byron for her life's silence and to abuse the very man about whom she has chosen to be silent, is inconsistent: unjust, because it grounds a verdict on the wrongs of one party, without taking into account those of the other. Everybody seems to forget that Lady Byron did not only leave her husband for ever, going "à la promenade," but that she did set at him before, lawyers and doctors to try if she could make him be proved _mad_! I wish--no, I don't--that your wife should set at you Dr E-- and Mr S-- for such a purpose, only to see what you would do when discovering it, and I wish I had time to write, before dying, a book on Byron and abuse all England, a few women excepted, for the way she treats one of her greatest souls and minds: I shall never write the book nor--it begins to be clear--any other.

Well, I do not go into particulars about our condition here [at Naples]. As a party we are going through that sort of method which you called one day a _suicide_, preparing and attempting things which are calling on us calumnies, abuse and persecution, but which are taken up by the other Party as soon as we are put out of the field. After having been baffled and most shamefully so, in an attempt against the Pope's dominions,[51] they are now, at a few days' distance, taking up our plan. We shall have to do the same, soon or late, concerning Rome, and then Venice. And we _shall_, if life endures. Only, I am worn out, morally and physically.

Everything is now resting on Garibaldi: will he go on, without _interruption_, in his invading career, or will he not? That is the question. If he does, we shall have unity within five months: Austria, spite of the boasted position, will not hold up, if the proper means--a coup de main in the Tyrol, an insurrection in the Venetian mountainous districts, an attack by land, and a landing near Trieste--are adopted. If he does not, we shall have slumber, then anarchy--then--a little later--unity. _That_ you may consider as settled, and so far so good. The rest is all wrong. And as for myself don't talk of either prosperity or consciousness of having done, etc. All that is chaff. The only real good thing would be to have unity atchieved [sic] quickly through Garibaldi, and one year, before dying, of Walham Green or Eastbourne, long silences, a few affectionate words to smooth the ways, plenty of sea-gulls, and sad dozing.

Ah! if you had, in England, condescended to see that the _glorious_ declaration of non-interference ought to have begun by taking away the French interference in Rome! How many troubles and sacrifices you would have saved us!--ever your truly affectionate and grateful

JOSEPH.

[In another letter to Mr Taylor, dated June 5, 1860, he
says:]

Yes, I heard of Lady Byron's death and her last gift. I wish something came out, now that she is dead, to explain the separation mystery. I shall ever regret the burning of the memoirs, which was a crime towards Byron; and I have ever indulged in the dream that a copy should be extant in somebody's hands to come out after the disappearing of the principal actors. I saw Lady Byron twice, and she looked to me a good sharp positive somewhat dry puritanical woman, sad from the past, conscious of not having been altogether right and doing good half for good-doing's sake, half for forgetfulness' sake. But I am so thoroughly Byronian, so deeply convinced that he has been wronged by everybody, that my impression cannot be trusted.

IX

LETTER TO MRS PETER TAYLOR [February 9, 1865]

DEAR CLEMENTIA,--

* * * * *

I shall send back the magazine: read the article again: take away all phrases and periphrases: _squeeze_ every period; and then send to me the first idea or view which strikes you as new to yourself. I shall retract.

The whole article amounts to this: repeating fifty times in rather harmonious words that Art is the reproduction of Beauty, etc., etc. Many thanks. Only, what is Beauty? How to discern it? Why is Nature beautiful? Are we to copy, to reproduce Nature? or to add a work of our own, finding out the idea shut in within every symbol? Is Nature anything but the symbolic representation of some truth, which we are to evolve? Or is the drapery of Nature, Nature? Miss C---- says that the Artist must choose the object which is Beautiful. Is not _every_ object more or less so? Is not the grotesque causing the beautiful to shine by contrast? Are the grave-diggers to be suppressed in Hamlet?

Without sifting the nature of Beauty, without giving some definition of it, nobody can attempt to construct a Hierarchy of Art. Miss C. has not even attempted to do so. Still you have been in raptures. Something, therefore, must be in the article. I have not been able to make it out. I beg pardon humbly. That is all I can say.

* * * * *

--ever affectionately yours,
JOSEPH.

Thursday.

X

LETTER TO MR WILLIAM MALLESON [Nov. 11, 1865].

MY DEAR FRIEND,--I feel ashamed, but I have been overwhelmed by work, not flourishing in health, although better now, and altogether unable to fulfil what I had promised. Then, and after all, I write to say that I cannot fulfil it. I said that I would write about the education of your son. I find that I cannot. I ought to know him, his tendencies, his capabilities, what he has already learned. To give general rules is nothing. He _may_ require special ones.

I have mentioned his tendencies. _That_ must be your special object. Every man is a _speciality_, is capable of some definite thing. You must try to discover that _special_ tendency, and then frame his education accordingly. After a general teaching of those branches which are good for _any_ man, direct his studies towards the development of that special tendency which you will have discovered. Education means _drawing out, educere_, what is in the boy: not creating in him what is not. You cannot create.

But one thing is, must be common to all. You must give him a proper notion of what Life is, and of what the world in which he has been put for the fulfilment of a task is.

Life is a duty, a function, a mission. For God's sake, do not teach him any Benthamite theory about happiness either individual or collective. A creed of _individual_ happiness would make him an egotist: a creed of collective happiness will reach the same result soon or late. He will perhaps dream Utopias, fight for them, whilst young; then, when he will find that he cannot realise rapidly the dream of his soul, he will turn back to himself and try to conquer _his_ own happiness: sink into egotism.

Teach him that Life has no sense unless being a task:--that happiness may, like sunshine on a traveller, come to him, and he must welcome it and bless God for it; but that to _look_ for it is destroying both the moral man and his duty and most likely the possibility of ever enjoying it:--that to improve himself, morally and intellectually, for the sake of improving his fellow-creatures, is his task:--that he must try to get at Truth and then represent it, in words and deeds, fearlessly and perennially:--that to get at Truth, two _criteria_ have been given to him, his own conscience and tradition, the conscience of mankind:--that whenever he will find the inspiration of his own conscience harmonising with that of mankind, sought for not in the history of a single period or of a single people, but of all periods and peoples, then he is sure of having Truth within his grasp:--that the basis of all Truth is the knowledge of the Law of Life, which is indefinite Progression:--that to this Law he must be a servant.

This knowledge of the Law of Progression must be your aim in all your teaching.

Elementary Astronomy, elementary Geology, ought to be taught as soon as possible. Then, universal History, then Languages.

The difficult thing is to get the proper teaching. When I speak, for instance, of Astronomy, I mean a survey of the Universe, of which the Earth is part, grounded on Herschel's theory and tending to prove how everything is the exponent of a Law of Progression, how the Law is one, how every part of the Universe accomplishes a function in the whole. Herschel, Nichol, Guillemin's recently translated "Heavens" are the guides to be chosen.

Languages are easily learned in boyhood. French, German, and Italian ought to be taught. Two years of study may put the boy in communication with three worlds.

I would not teach any _positive_ Religion; but the great fundamental Trinity, God, the immortality of the soul, the necessity of a religion as a common link of brotherhood for mankind, grounded on the acknowledgment of the Law of Progression. At a later period he will choose.

Geography of course will be taught. But everything taught in a _general_ way and not applied is easily forgot. The best way is to have a collection of good maps and to give him the habit of never reading a historical book or even a tale without following it up on the map. It is the best and most lasting way.

Avoid novels and tales. Give him a taste for historical books and scientific descriptive _illustrated_ books of natural history travels, etc.

In one word, a religious conception of life--then a full notion of the world he lives in--then the special branch of activity to which he seems inclined: that is the whole of education for your boy.

Forgive these hurried notes. Apply to me freely for any detail or special suggestion. I shall be most happy to answer. Give my love to Mrs Malleson and to Miss K. M. How are they? How is your father? Where are you all now?--Ever affectionately yours,

JOSEPH MAZZINI.

Saturday.

XI

REST.

[Written for the Pen and Pencil Club in April 1867, and
privately published in 1877, with other papers written by
its members.]

DEAREST FRIEND,--The subject of your meeting of to-morrow is so suggestive that I would gladly join you all, and write an essay on it, if I had health and time. I have neither, and, perhaps, better so. My essay, I candidly avow, would tend to prove that no essay ought to be written on the subject. It has no reality. A sort of intuitive instinct led you to couple "Ghosts and Rest" together.

There is, here down,[52] and there ought to be, no Rest. Life is an _aim_; an aim which can be _approached_, not _reached_, here down. There is, therefore, no rest. Rest is immoral.

It is not mine now to give a definition of the _aim_; whatever it is, there is one, there _must_ be one. Without it, Life has no sense. It is atheistical; and moreover an irony and a deception.

I entertain all possible respect for the members of your Club; but I venture to say that any contribution on Rest which will not exhibit at the top a definition of Life will wander sadly between wild arbitrary intellectual display and commonplaces.

Life is no sinecure, no "_recherche du bonheur_" to be secured, as the promulgators of the theory had it, by guillotine, or, as their less energetic followers have it, by railway shares, selfishness, or contemplation. Life is, as Schiller said, "a battle and a march"; a battle for Good against Evil, for Justice against arbitrary privileges, for Liberty against Oppression, for associated Love against Individualism; a march onwards to Self, through collective Perfecting to the progressive realisation of an Ideal, which is only dawning to our mind and soul. Shall the battle be finally won during life-time? Shall it on Earth? Are we believing in a millennium? Don't we feel that the spiral curve through which we ascend had its beginning elsewhere, and has its end, if any, beyond this terrestrial world of ours. Where is then a possible foundation for your essays and sketches?

Goethe's "Contemplation" has created a multitude of little sects aiming at Rest, where is no rest, falsifying art, the element of which is evolution, not reproduction, transformation, not contemplation, and enervating the soul in self-abdicating Brahmanic attempts. For God's sake let not your Club add one little sect to the fatally existing hundreds!

There is nothing to be looked for in life except the uninterrupted fulfilment of Duty, and, not Rest, but consolation and strengthening from Love. There is, not Rest, but a promise, a shadowing forth of Rest in Love. Only there must be in Love absolute _trust_; and it is very seldom that this blessing depends [? descends] on us. The child goes to sleep, a dreamless sleep, with unbounded _trust_, on the mother's bosom; but _our_ sleep is a restless one, agitated by sad dreams and alarms.

You will smile at my lugubrious turn of mind; but if I was one of _your_ Artists, I would sketch a man on the scaffold going to die for a great Idea, for the cause of Truth, with his eye looking trustfully on a loving woman, whose finger would trustfully and smilingly point out to him the unbounded. Under the sketch I would write, not Rest, but "a Promise of Rest." Addio: tell me one word about the point of view of your contributors.--Ever affectionately yours,

JOSEPH MAZZINI.

XII

LETTER TO MRS PETER TAYLOR [From Lugano, December 12, 1868.]

DEAR CLEMENTIA,--

* * * * *

I am better, although not so much as my friends here suppose. I feel, from various little symptoms, as if I could any week have the complaint back. I may, and hope to be mistaken, however. So, let us accept what instalment is granted, and not think of the future. I might give myself an additional chance, if I could keep absolutely silent and motionless during one month. But I cannot. There is--at least--a possibility of the Republic being proclaimed in Spain; and if so, we must try to follow, a preparatory very complex work is therefore unavoidable. It is useless to tell me: "if you keep quiet now, you will be able to work better henceforward." The important thing is to work now.

Your cabinet[53] is a shameful contrivance.... It is an implement good for the conquest of the Irish measure, and soon after, I think, the majority will split into two or three fractions. As to your--quite forgotten--international life, the main thing about which, according to me, you ought to care, Lord Clarendon's policy will be a French and Austrian policy. What does Peter say? Is he still enthusiastic about Gladstone?

* * * * *

Your women-emancipating movement is fairly imitated in Italy. We have a central committee of ladies in Naples, and sub-committees here and there, and one or two members of our House pleading for them. All this is very right, and I hope that next year, European events will help this movement; but meanwhile, I should wish very much that, whilst you attack men with their gross injustice, you should teach women to _deserve_ their emancipation: nothing is conquered unless _deserved_. The poor working men _have_ deserved; they have for one century fought, bled, acted for _all_ the good causes in Europe: the majority of your women still fight almost entirely for a husband to be won by their personal genuine or artificial appearance; they worship _fashion_ more than the Ideal. You ought to write one tract to men and one to them.

Try to be well: give my love to Peter and believe in the deep and lasting affection of

JOSEPH.

XIII

LETTER TO MR WILLIAM SHAEN [From Gaeta, Oct. 12, 1870].

DEAR SHAEN,--I know that a few words from me and from here will please you. You do not forget me, and you have never been forgotten: none is of those whom I loved in England. For many reasons, I cannot write to all my friends, and they know the general state of things concerning me from good, faithful, dear Caroline.[54] I am, physically, tolerably well; for the rest "fata viam invenient."

I know that you have been and are very active in the "Woman's Emancipation Movement." Every good cause has ever found you ready to help; and I had no doubt of your coming forward in one which ought to be a matter of simple duty for anyone believing that there is but one God--one Life--one Law of progress through Love, Equality and Association for it. Still, it is comforting to hear of it. The movement has begun and with some degree of power in Italy too: it would rapidly and successfully increase had we not to complete, before all other things, our national edifice.

* * * * *

Ever and most affectionately yours,

JOS. MAZZINI.

28/9/70, GAETA.

This note was written, as you see, long ago: and through some reason or other, it did not go; and I am able now to add that to-morrow I shall be free, and the day after I shall leave Gaeta. The _amnesty_, of course, I shall refuse to avail myself of! I must be free of doing whatever I think right and without even the shadow of ungratefulness to any body--even to a King. After a few days I shall therefore leave Italy again. It may be that during next month I come--for one month--to see my English friends: I wish and hope so. Meanwhile: live and prosper.--Yours ever,

JOSEPH.

12/10/70.

FOOTNOTES:

[47] This is inaccurate. See Linaker, _Vita di Enrico Mayer_, I. 124-125.

[48] From Byron's Journal.

[49] See above, p. 168.

[50] Query. The word was illegible in the original.

[51] See above, p. 186.

[52] A favourite expression of Mazzini, as the equivalent of _quaggiù_.

[53] The Gladstone Ministry of December 1868.

[54] Mrs Stansfeld.

Appendix B

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MAZZINI'S WRITINGS.

[The following is a list of the materials, which (with few exceptions) have been used in compiling this volume. It is, I believe, a complete list of writings of any importance by or concerning Mazzini, except some, which contain purely political references. For some of the minor references I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Signor Canestrelli's bibliography, published with his translation of von Schack's _Giuseppe Mazzini e l'unità italiana_ (Rome, 1892).]

WRITINGS.

The bulk of Mazzini's writings have been collected in _Scritti editi e inediti di Giuseppe Mazzini_, 18 vols. (Milan and Rome, 1861-1891). There is an excellent selection, edited by Madame Mario, as _Scritti scelti di Giuseppe Mazzini_ (Florence, 1901).

A good many of Mazzini's less important journalistic articles have not been included in the _Scritti editi e inediti_. There are several more notable omissions:--

_Una notte di Rimini_, said to be Mazzini's first strictly political writing, republished in Madame Mario's life.

_Due adunanze degli accademici pitagorici_, and _Di Vittor Hugo e dell'Angelo tiranno_, published in _Il Subalpino_, 1839, and reprinted in Donaver, _Vita di G. Mazzini_.

_Byron e Goethe_ (very important for Mazzini's literary views), published in _Scritti letterari d'un italiano vivente_ (Lugano, 1847), republished in Madame Mario's _Scritti scelti_, and badly translated in the _Life and Writings_, vol. ii.

_Sulla pittura in Italia_, published in _Scritti letterari_.

_Macchiavelli_, published in ditto.

_Victor Hugo_, published in _British and Foreign Review_, 1838, and republished in _Life and Writings_, vol. ii.

_Lamartine_, published in _British and Foreign Review_, 1839, and republished in _Life and Writings_, vol. ii.

_Letters on the state and prospects of Italy_, published in _Monthly Chronicle_, May-Sept. 1839.

_George Sand_, published in _Monthly Chronicle_, July 1839; extracts republished in _Life and Writings_, vol. vi.

_Thiers_, published in _Monthly Chronicle_, July 1839.

Review of C. Balbo's _Vita di Dante_, published in _The European_, Jan. 1840, and translated in A. von Schack, Joseph Mazzini und die italienische Einheit.

_Italian Art_, published in _Westminster Review_, April 1841. [There is no direct evidence that this was written by Mazzini, but the internal evidence is rather strong. I believe that it was translated into or from the _Révue républicaine_.]

Introduction and notes to Foscolo's edition of the _Divina Commedia_ (see above, p. 94).

_Pensieri sulla storia d'Italia_, published in _l'Educatore_ (London, 1843).

_Sull'educazione_, published in ditto, and republished in _l'Emancipazione_ (Rome), Oct. 5, 1872.

_A prayer for the planters_, published for the first time in this volume, pp. 349-352.

_Address of the People's International League_, republished in _Life and Writings_, vol. vi. (see above, note to p. 303).

Notes for an answer to the Irish Repealers, published in _Scottish Leader_, July, 1888 (see above, p. 107).

_George Sand_, published in _People's Journal_; extracts republished in _Life and Writings_, vol. vi.

_Non-intervention_, published as a tract by the "Friends of Italy," and republished in _Life and Writings_, vol. vi.

_Rest_, published privately by the Pen and Pencil Club, and republished in this volume, pp. 363-365.

_Italy and the Republic_, published in _Fortnightly Review_, March 1, 1871.

_The Franco-German War and the Commune_, published in _Contemporary Review_, April and June, 1871.

[Signor Cagnacci in his _Giuseppe Mazzini e i fratelli Ruffini_ publishes a rhapsodical _Aux jeunes italiens_ and a short poem _Addio dalle Alpi_, which he believes to be from Mazzini's pen; he gives, however, no evidence whatever in support of his theory. For Mazzini's supposed youthful poetry see Donaver, _Uomini e libri_, 77, 119, and _Vita di G. Mazzini_, 29 n., 431, and Canestrelli's bibliography, pp. 290, 291, 305, 308-9, 311.]

TRANSLATIONS.

The greater portion of the first seven volumes of the _Scritti editi e inediti_, with some additional matter, was translated into English as _Life and Writings of Joseph Mazzini_, 6 vols. (London, 1870). The _Duties of Man_ and _Democracy in Europe_ (_alias The Systems and the Democracy_, the early chapters of which were written originally in English) have been translated by Madame Venturi and were published by H. S. King in 1877 and later by Alexander and Shepherd. FROM THE POPE TO THE COUNCIL (_alias Letter to the Oecumenical Council_) and _Lamennais_ have been translated by Mme. Venturi. _Faith and the Future_ and other essays have been translated by Mr T. Okey and published by Dent. Together with _From the Council to God_, _The Duties of Man_, and _To the Italian Working-man_, they have been published by Dent in "Everyman's Library." Various extracts have been collected by the Bishop of Truro and published by Fisher Unwin. There is a volume of translations in the Camelot Classics. Several earlier translations of separate essays have been published.

There are two volumes of a German translation, published by Hoffmann u. Campe (Hamburg, 1868). _The Duties of Man_ and _Democracy in Europe_ are published in French by Charpentier (Paris, 1881).

JOURNALISM.

Mazzini's papers were--

_La Giovine Italia._ Marseilles and Switzerland. 1832-1836. [Reprinted in the _Biblioteca storica del risorgimento italiano_.]

_La Jeune Suisse._ Bienne. 1835-1836.

_L'Apostolato Popolare._ London. 1840-1843.

_L'Italia del Popolo._ Milan, 1848; Rome, 1849; Lausanne and Lugano, 1849-1851.

_Pensiero ed Azione._ London. 1858-1860.

_La Roma del Popolo._ Rome. 1870-1872.

He contributed largely to--

_L'Indicatore Genovese._ Genoa. 1828.

_L'Indicatore Livornese._ Leghorn. 1829.

_L'Italiano._ Paris. 1836. [7 articles, signed "E. J."]

_L'Educatore._ London. 1843.

_Italia e Popolo._ Genoa. 1855-1856.

_L'Unità italiana._ Genoa. 1860-1865.

LETTERS.

The following collections have been published:--

_Giuseppe Mazzini e i fratelli Ruffini_, by C. Cagnacci (Porto Maurizio, 1893). Contains his letters to Madame Ruffini (1837-1841), a few letters to A. and G. Ruffini, and extracts from his letters to Elia Benza.

_Lettres intimes de Joseph Mazzini, publiées par D. Melegari_ (Paris, 1895). Contains letters to L. A. Melegari and Madame de Mandrot (mostly 1836-1843).

_La Giovine Italia e la giovine Europa_ (Milan, 1906). Contains letters to L. A. Melegari (chiefly 1833).

_Lettere inedite di Giuseppe Mazzini, pubblicate da L. Ordoño de Rosales_ (Turin, 1898). Contains letters to Gaspare de Rosales (mostly 1834-1836).

_Duecento lettere inedite di Giuseppe Mazzini con proemio e note di D. Giuriati_ (Turin, 1887). Contains letters to G. Lamberti (mostly 1837-1844).

_Lettere di G. Mazzini ad A. Giannelli_ (Prato and Pistoia, 1888-1892) (letters of 1859-1870).

_Lettres de Joseph Mazzini à Daniel Stern_ [Vicomtesse d'Agoult] (Paris, 1873) (letters of 1864-1872).

_Corrispondenza inedita di Giuseppe Mazzini con ..._ (Milan, 1872). [This is the correspondence in 1863-1864 with Signor Diamilla-Müller, who was the intermediary between Mazzini and Victor Emmanuel. It has been republished in _Politica segreta italiana_ (Turin, 1880).]

A very imperfect collection of Mazzini's correspondence is now being published under the editorship of Signor Ernesto Nathan, as _Epistolario di Giuseppe Mazzini_ (Florence, 1902). Two volumes only have as yet appeared; their most important feature is Mazzini's correspondence with his mother.

Many letters are also published in the introductions to Mazzini's _Scritti editi e inediti_ and in Madame Mario's _Della Vito di G. Mazzini_ and _Scritti scelti_; also in Linaker, _La vita e i tempi di E. Mayer_ (Florence, 1898) [letters to E. Mayer]; _Nuova Antologia_, Dec. 1, 1884 [letters to Madame Magiotti and E. Mayer]; _Ib._, May 1 and 16, 1890 [letters to F. Le Monnier]; _Ib._, May 1, 1907; Del Cerro (_pseud._), _Un amore di G. Mazzini_ (Milan, 1895) [correspondence with Giuditta Sidoli; see above, p. 51]; _Rivista d'Italia_, April, 1902 [letters to N. Fabrizi and others]. Scattered letters may be found in Ramorino, _Précis des derniers événemens de Savoie_ (Paris, 1834); _Daily News_, 1853 [see above, p. 169]; Orsini, _Memoirs_ (Edinburgh, 1857); _Il risorgimento italiano_, Feb. 11, 1860; _L'Unità italiana_, Jan. 15 and 21 and June 3, 1861; _Roma e Venezia_, Jan. 15, 1861; Cironi, _La stampa nazionale italiana_ (Prato, 1862); _Lettere edite ed inedite di F. Orsini, G. Mazzini_, etc. (Milan, 1862); _The Shield_, Oct. 1, 1870; Uberti, _Poesie_ (Milan, 1871); Moncure Conway, _Mazzini_ (London, 1872); _La Gazzetta di Milano_, Jan. 22, 1872; _L'Emancipazione_ (Rome), Jan. 24, 1874; La Cecilia, _Memorie storico-politiche_ (Rome, 1876); De Monte, _Cronaca del comitato segreto di Napoli_ (Naples, 1877); _Quattro lettere a P. Mazzoleni_ (Imola, 1881); _Lettera a Filippo Ugoni_ (Rovigo, 1887); Donaver, _Uomini e libri_ (Genoa, 1888); Carbonelli, _Niccola Mignona_ (Naples, 1889); _Fanfulla della Domenica_, April 21 and 28 and May 12, 1889; _Rassegna nazionale_, Oct. 1, 1890; _Rivista della massoneria italiana_, 1890-1891 and 1891-2; _The Century_, Nov. 1891; _Lettere inedite di G. Mazzini a N. Andreini_ (Imola, 1897); _Rivista storica del risorgimento italiano_, 1897 and 1900; Saffi, _Ricordi e scritti_, vol. iii. (Florence, 1898); _Giornale d'Italia_, March 23 and April 10, 1902; Lumbroso, _Scaramucce_, pp. 247, 288; Del Cerro in _Rivista Moderna_, 1902; _Secolo_, Aug. 13, 1902; Donaver, _Vita di G. Mazzini_ (Florence, 1903); _Corriere della sera_, Aug. 9, 1903, and Aug. 9, 1909; Card. Capecelatro, _Vita della serva di Dio, Paola Frassinetti_; Mrs Fletcher's _Autobiography_; Froude, _Carlyle's Life in London_; Ireland, _Jane Welsh Carlyle_; Duncombe's _Life and Correspondence_; De Amicis, _Cuore_ (pages 222 of Ed. 8); Quinet, _Oeuvres completes_, xi. 32, 423; Luzio, _G. Mazzini_ (Milan, 1905); Gianelli, _Brevi ricordi Mazziniani_ (Florence, 1905); Essays of Mazzini, translated by T. Okey; Parliamentary Papers, Correspondence affecting affairs of Italy, 1846-1849, i. 223 (probably genuine).

I have also been able to see some 350 unpublished letters,--to Mr and Mrs Peter Taylor (of the greatest value for Mazzini's public and private life); Mr William Shaen (a large and important collection); Mrs Milner-Gibson; Mr W. Malleson; Mr W. E. Hickson (when editor of the _Westminster Review_); Mr Peter Stuart; and Miss Galeer.

BIOGRAPHIES.

Mazzini's autobiographical notes in the earlier volumes of the _Scritti editi e inediti_ are of course of the highest value. The completest life is Mario, _Della vita di Giuseppe Mazzini_ (Milan, 1886), containing a mass of valuable material, but partial and including much extraneous matter. There is a much better study of Mazzini's early life, prefixed to the same authoress' _Scritti scelti_. Saffi's introductions to several volumes of the _Scritti editie e inediti_ are most valuable. Donaver's _Vita di G. Mazzini_ is useful, especially for the earlier period. There is a short memoir by Madame Venturi (_née_ Miss Ashurst) prefixed to the English translation of the Duties of Man. I have seen no other biographies of any value.

NOTICES AND STUDIES.

There is a life-like portrait of Mazzini and much information about his early life in G. Ruffini, _Lorenzo Benoni_ (Edinburgh, 1853); a valuable sketch, largely based on conversations with Madame Mazzini, by Mr William Shaen in _The Public Good_, 1851; and some useful information in Donaver, _Uomini e libri_. There are studies of more or less value in Cantimori, _Saggio sull'idealismo di G. Mazzini_ (Faenza, 1904); Linaker, _La Vita italiana nel risorgimento_ (Florence, 1899); Nencioni, _Saggi critici di letteratura italiana_ (Florence, 1898); Oxilia, _Giuseppe Mazzini, uomo e letterato_ (Florence, 1902); F. Myers in _Fortnightly Review_, 1878; De Sanctis, _La letteratura italiana nel secola XIX._ (Naples, 1902); D'Ancona e Bacci, _Manuale della lettaratura italiana_, vol. v. (Florence, 1901); _Mazzini: Conferenze tenute in Genova_ (Genova, 1906). There are valuable analyses of Mazzini's economic position in Bozzino, _Il socialismo e la dottrina sociale di Mazzini_ (Genoa, 1895), and Bertacchi, _Il pensiero sociale di Giuseppe Mazzini_ (Milan, 1900). Hostile studies in Bianchi, _Vicende del Mazzinianismo_ (Savona, 1854) and Grüber, _Massoneria e Rivoluzione_ (Rome, 1901), the latter of small value.

There are notices in Mrs Carlyle's _Letters and Memorials_; Carlyle's _Reminiscences_; Froude, _Carlyle's Life in London_; _Correspondence of Carlyle and Emerson_; Mrs Fletcher's _Autobiography_; W. J. Linton, _European Republicans_ and _Memories_; T. S. Cooper, _Autobiography_; Gabriel Rossetti, _Versified Autobiography_; Clough, _Prose Remains and Amours de Voyage_; Margaret Fuller Ossoli, _Memoirs_; Fagan, _Life of Panizzi_; Gustavo Modena, _Epistolario_ (Rome, 1888); Giurati, _Memorie d'emigrazione_ (Milan, 1897); Badii, _Antologia Mazziniana_ (Pitigliano, 1898); _Pensiero ed azione nel risorgimento italiano_ (Città di Castello, 1898); Faldella, _I fratelli Ruffini_ (Turin, 1900); Lumbroso, _Scaramucce e Avvisaglie_ (Frascati, 1902); Cironi in _Il Bruscolo_, March 9, 1902; Tracts of the Society of the Friends of Italy; Saffi, _Ricordi e scritti_, vol. iii.; Felix Moscheles, _Fragments of an Autobiography_; articles by Matilde Blind in _Fortnightly_, May, 1891; articles by Karl Blind in _Fraser's_, August-September, 1882; article by Professor Masson in _Macmillan's_, 1871; article by Madame Venturi in _The Century_, November, 1891; the privately published Life of Miss Catherine Winkworth; Jowett's Letters; letter by C. E. Maurice to _The Spectator_, March 6, 1872; Barbiera, _Figure e figurine_ (Milan, 1899) and _Memorie di un editore_; Lloyd Garrison's introduction to his edition of some of Mazzini's Essays; T. S. Cooper, _A Paradise of Martyrs_; G. J. Holyoake, _Bygones_; Caroline Fox, _Memories_; Madame Adams, _Memoirs_; De Lesseps, _Ma Mission à Rome_; Rusconi, _Repubblica Romana_; Diamilla-Müller, _Roma e Venezia_; Stillman, _Union of Italy_; Zini, _Storia d'Italia_, Documenti I.

Index

Action, need of, 156, 257, 259, 318, 353, 363-365.

Aeschylus, 9, 10, 259, 324.

Alps, love of, 19, 52, 116, 329.

America, friends in, 105, 106, 170, 171;
on policy of, 171, 198, 199, 280, 309.

Amnesty, 179, 201, 209, 217, 367.

_Antologia_, writes in the, 14.

"Art for the sake of Art," 147, 314.

Ashursts, 88, 106, 124, 144, 152, 184, 372.

Asia, Europe and, 309.

Aspromonte, 201, 202.

Assassination, charges of promoting, 48, 104, 164-167, 197;
attempts to assassinate Mazzini, 142, 170.

Association, theory of, 270-272, 281, 295, 296.

Astronomy, interest in, 330, 362.

Authority, need of, 247, 248, 265.

Bakounine, Michel, relations with, 209, 219, 274, 283.

Bandiera, Attilio and Emilio, 103.

Beethoven, 322, 323.

Belgium, future of, 308.

Bentham, see _Utilitarians_.

Bertani, Agostino, 136, 185-187, 220.

Birds, love of, 15, 146, 185, 356.

Bismarck, relations with, 206, 215.

Blanc, Louis, 163, 287.

Browning, Robert and Mrs, 145, 150, 327.

Buonarrotti, Michelangelo, 41, 50.

Byron, 9, 20, 108, 140, 149, 150, 216, 316, 317, 326, 327, 352,
359, 360.

Carbonari, 2, 15-19, 22-24, 29, 35, 41.

Carlyles, friendship with, 78, 84-88, 93, 104, 141, 144, 146, 339;
criticism of Thomas Carlyle, 84, 243, 249.

Catholicism, attitude towards, 98, 111, 112, 127, 131, 132, 181,
192, 226, 227, 245, 246.

Cavour, Camillo, 25, 160-162, 165, 172, 173, 177-179, 183-187.

Charles Albert, 42, 43, 46, 47, 100, 110, 115, 119, 121, 123, 124;
letter to, 43-45, 348.

Chartists, 82, 83, 93, 283, 286.

Christianity, attitude towards, 8, 59, 127, 220, 225-233, 246,
253, 262, 263, 266, 350.

Christian Socialists, 233.

Church, need of a, 246;
relations to the State, 246, 247, 278, 279.

Clergy, attitude towards, 130, 131.

Clough, Arthur Hugh, 129, 133, 148.

Collectivists, criticism of, 219, 287-290.

Conscience (consciousness), a criterion of truth, 240-242, 362.

Constantinople, future of, 309.

Contemplation, selfishness of, 258.

Cooperative Societies, scheme of, 194, 218, 293-295.

Council of best and wisest, 247, 248, 310, 311.

Cremer, W. Randal, 219.

Crimean War, criticism of, 151, 152, 172.

Crispi, Francesco, 173, 187, 205.

Criticism, theory of literary, 312-314.

_Daily News_, 153, 169.

Dante, 8, 9, 20, 74, 93, 101, 127, 197, 299, 317, 324.

Darwinism, relation to, 236, 330.

Death, must be faced for duty, 260.

Deism, criticism of, 235.

Democracy, attitude towards, 274, 276-278;
and poetry, 316, 319, 320.

Denmark, future of, 308.

De Vigny, Alfred Victor, 9, 65.

Disraeli, Benjamin, 108, 197.

Dogma, importance of, 233, 234.

Donizetti, 322.

Drama, love of historical, 11, 320, 321.

Dudevant, Madame de (see _George Sand_).

Duncombe, Thomas, 104.

Duty, theory of, 26, 56, 57, 256-266, 290, 296, 362, 364.

Economic Principles, 254, 285, 286, 292, 330, 331.

Education, theories of, 265, 270, 272-275, 361-363.

England, love for, 83, 140;
life and politics of, 82, 83, 150-152, 197, 198, 210, 219, 280,
332;
foreign policy of, 105, 304, 305, 309, 310, 365;
studies in literature of, 9, 149, 150;
help from for Italy, 106, 152, 153, 193, 194
(see _London_).

Ethics, insufficient without religion, 224, 250;
theories of, 249-263;
sanction of, 263.

Europe, solidarity of, 302, 303, 309, 310;
future of, 307-309
(see _Young Europe_).

Family life, remarks on, 65, 66, 72, 264-266.

Fanti, Manfredo, 49, 118, 123, 187.

Federalists (see _Italian Unity_).

Fenians, 199, 200.

Fletcher, Mrs Archibald, 83.

Florence, visits to, 126, 179-182, 186, 220.

Foreign policy, ethics of, 302-306.

Foscolo, Ugo, 3, 9, 12, 64, 93-95, 101, 108, 220.

France, policy of, 1830, 22, 35;
ditto at Rome (1849), 134, 135;
ditto in 1867, 212;
the Third Republic in, 220;
Mazzini's dislike of, 60, 134, 163, 220;
as a nationality, 298, 300, 307;
character of, 307
(see _Napoleon_).

"Free Church in a Free State," 247.

Freemason, not a, 213.

French Revolution, criticism of, 59, 232, 250.

Friendly Societies, 212, 218.

"Friends of Italy," 152, 153.

Fuller-Ossoli, Margaret, 86, 88, 129, 132, 138.

Gaeta, imprisonment at, 216, 217.

Gallenga, Antonio, 166.

Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 41, 118, 124;
at Rome (1849), 134, 136, 137;
in 1859, 181, 182;
and Sicily, 173, 184-186, 355;
wants to march to Rome, 187, 188;
Mazzini's relations with (1861-1867), 200, 201, 203, 204, 212,
220;
in England, 203, 204;
policy in 1867, 211, 212.

Garrison, William Lloyd, 195, 210.

Gaskell, Mrs, 7, 145.

Geneva, life at and visits to, 19, 48, 138-140.

Genius, theory of, 241, 242, 331.

Genoa, early life at, 1-4, 13, 15;
politics at, 39, 40, 42, 46, 47, 50, 65;
visits to, 171, 173-175, 185, 210, 213, 214, 217, 220;
buried at, 221.

Geography, interest in, 299, 330, 363;
as a basis of nationality, 299.

"George Sand," 90-92.

Germany, future of, 215, 307;
character of, 306;
attitude towards alliance with, 205, 214;
dislike of German professors, 275;
German music, 322.

Gioberti, Vincenzo, 41, 61, 96, 101, 127.

God, belief in, 80, 234-236, 250.

Goethe, 9, 13, 324-326, 364.

Government, theory of, 247, 275, 278, 279.

Graham, Sir James, 104.

Greco, Pasquale, 166, 197, 198.

Greece, future of, 308, 309.

Greville Street, school in, 98, 142.

Guerilla fighting, 33.

Guerrazzi, Francesco Domenico, 9, 13, 14, 65, 114, 126.

Happiness, not an end of life, 255, 256, 364;
dislike of, 339.

Hegel, 10, 275.

Herder, Johann Gottfried von, 10, 242.

Herzen, Alexander, 204.

History, theories of, 331, 350.

Holland, future of, 308.

Hugo, Victor, 9, 315, 321.

Humanity, theory of, 231, 236, 242, 243, 261, 297.

Hungary, hopes of rising in, 158, 177, 193;
future of, 309.

Ideals, necessity of, 239, 240, 249, 250, 288.

Immortality, belief in personal, 80, 144, 237, 238, 357, 358, 364.

Individualism, 272, 327.

Insurrection, policy of, 33, 45, 48-50, 61, 102, 103, 125, 157,
158, 168, 193, 218, 349.

International, The, attack on, 219.

Intuition, 240-242, 244, 245, 277, 330, 351.

Irish Question, remarks on, 107, 199, 200.

Italy, condition of in 1830, 20-22;
politics in 1845-47, 100-103;
events of 1848-49 in, 114-125, 128;
politics in (1850-1858), 154-164;
politics in (1859-1860), 177-188;
condition of after 1860, 191, 192;
war of 1866, 205-207;
Republican movement in, 209;
Mazzini's belief in mission of, 26, 60, 126-128, 192, 248, 295,
307, 310, 311, 322.

Italian Unity, popular demand for, 20, 21, 31, 121;
Mazzini's advocacy of, 31, 32, 111, 117, 155, 180, 181, 192, 211;
how far his work, 32, 154, 336.

Jowett, Benjamin, 145, 147, 148, 273.

Kossuth, Louis, 153, 169, 170-1.

Lamartine, Alphonse, 318.

Lamennais, 59, 89, 90, 93, 250.

Landor, Walter Savage, 153, 165.

Lausanne, visits to, 52, 70, 138, 140.

Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre, 146, 171, 199.

Left, Parliamentary, 205, 209, 212.

Leghorn, 13, 40, 114, 126, 217.

Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 135.

Liberty, theory of, 269, 270, 272, 273, 278, 351.

Lincoln, President, 196, 199.

Linton, W. J., 88, 106, 153.

Literature, principles of, 11, 12, 312-321;
as a basis of nationality, 299;
Mazzini's literary work, 13, 14, 39, 64, 65, 92-94, 108, 109,
139, 149, 196, 197, 213, 312, 329, 330.

Local Government, theories of, 194, 307.

London, life in, 73-98, 140-148, 195, 196, 210;
feelings about, 73, 74, 78, 140, 141.

Lugano, 65, 125, 126, 182, 184, 202, 204, 210, 213.

Malleson, Mr and Mrs W., 144, 198, 361-363, 371.

Mameli, Goffredo, 66, 136, 137.

Mandrot, Madeleine de, 70-72.

Manin, Daniele, 163, 164, 166.

Manzoni, Alessandro, 9, 11, 12, 101.

Marseilles, life at, 36-38, 47, 48;
visit to, 138.

Marx, Karl, see _Collectivists_.

Materialism, attacks on, 59, 224, 285, 288.

Mazzini, Antonia (sister), 220.

Mazzini, Francesca (sister), 80, 81.

Mazzini, Giacomo (father), 1, 58, 76, 81, 144.

Mazzini, Giuseppe, childhood and youth, 1-7;
early literary studies and writings, 8-11;
life in 1827-30, 14, 15, 344, 345;
Joins the Carbonari, 15-18;
imprisoned and exiled, 18, 19;
founds Young Italy, 24-34, 36-41, 345;
at Marseilles, 36-38, 47, 48, 345, 346;
plans a rising in Piedmont, 42, 45-47;
letter to Charles Albert, 42-45, 348;
at Geneva, 48;
Savoy raid, 48-50, 346;
life in Switzerland, 50-56;
mental crisis, 55-57;
political schemes (1834-36), 58-61;
founds Young Switzerland, 62, 63;
and Young Europe, 63, 64;
literary work (1834-36), 64, 65;
his women friends and love, 65-72;
life in London (1837-47), 73-89, 97, 98, 103-109;
literary work (1837-47), 92-94, 109;
political work (1839-45), 95-99, 102, 103;
school for Italian boys, 97, 98, 142;
relations with the Bandieras, 103;
letters opened in English Post-Office, 103-105;
founds People's International League, 106;
attitude towards Moderates, 29, 110, 111, 113, 114, 120;
policy in 1847, 110-114;
at Milan, 116-120, 123;
preaches the People's War, 125;
at Florence, 126;
Triumvir at Rome, 126-138;
in Switzerland, 139, 140;
life in England (1850-1859), 140-148;
literary work (1849-59), 139, 149;
founds Society of Friends of Italy, 152, 153;
attempts to assassinate, 142, 170;
political work (1850-57), 154-164, 167-177, 350-356;
attitude towards Cavour, 160-162, 172, 173, 176, 183;
attitude towards Napoleon III., 140, 162, 163, 177, 179, 190,
193, 199;
Genoese plot of 1857, 174, 175;
policy in 1858-59, 176-182;
policy in 1860, 183-188, 359, 360;
policy in 1861-66, 189-194, 200-207;
disappointment in Italy, 191;
life in England (1860-66), 195-200;
Greco plot, 197, 198;
attitude towards Garibaldi, 200, 201;
intrigue with Victor Emmanuel, 202-204;
meets Garibaldi in England, 203, 204;
failing health, 195, 210;
elected deputy for Messina, 209;
organises Republican Alliance, 211-214;
writes _From the Council to God_, 213, 218;
intrigues with Bismarck, 215;
imprisoned at Gaeta, 216, 217;
policy after 1870, 218;
attacks the International, 219, 220;
illness and death, 220, 221.

---- religious theories, 222-248, see _Catholicism_,
_Christianity_, _Church_, _God_, _Immortality_, _Materialism_,
_Mysticism_, _Pantheism_, _Protestantism_, _Providence_,
_Religion_;
his own religion, 4, 8, 25, 57, 80, 148, 229, 230, 248, 334,
335, 362;
desire to be a religious reformer, 248, 334, 335;
value as a thinker, 222, 330-332, see _Conscience_, _Darwinism_,
_Dogma_, _Genius_, _Humanity_, _Philosophy_, _Progress_,
_Science_, _Tradition_, _Unity_, _Utopias_;
ethical theories, 249-266, see _Duty_, _Happiness_, _Ideals_,
_Intuition_, _Moral law_, _Personal morality_, _Pietism_,
_Rights_, _Utilitarianism_;
value as a moral teacher, 332-334;
political theories, 267-282, see _Association_, _Democracy_,
_Foreign policy_, _Government_, _Individualism_, _Liberty_,
_Patriotism_, _Republicanism_, _Sovereignty_, _Spiritual
Power_, _State_, _Universal Suffrage_, _War_;
position as a politician, 335-337;
theories of education, 265, 270, 272-275, 361-363;
social theories, 283-295, see _Collectivists_, _Cooperative
Societies_, _Economic principles_, _Nationalisation_,
_Property_, _Taxation_, _Social Reform_, _Socialism_;
theory of Nationality, 296-311;
literary theories, 11, 12, 312-328, see _Byron_, _Dante_,
_Drama_, _History_, _Poetry_, _Romanticism_;
writings, 13, 14, 39, 64, 65, 92-94, 108, 109, 139, 149, 196,
197, 213, 312, 329, 330;
theories of music, 321-323, 350.

---- personal appearance, 6, 36, 37, 143, 210;
character, 6, 7, 57, 79-81, 109, 148, 210, 337-341;
sense of mission, 58, 96, 333;
impulse to action, 156, 259, 318, 353, 363-365;
tendency to unhappiness, 55-58, 78-80, 339, 340;
poetic temperament, 329, 330;
love of system-making, 28, 29;
dislike of compromise, 110, 111, 156, 190, 333;
charity, 97, 142, 216;
tolerance, 129-131, 338;
love of nature, 19, 52, 116, 141, 210, 216, 329;
love of children, 146;
love of birds, 15, 146, 185, 356;
interest in women's questions, 65, 91, 219, 265, 278, 365, 366;
love of family life, 65, 66, 72, 264-266;
as a conversationalist, 147;
as a public speaker, 106, 153;
money affairs, 53, 76, 77, 108, 109, 141, 142, 196.

---- belief in Italy and Rome, 26, 60, 126-128, 192, 295, 307,
310, 311, 312;
advocacy of Italian Unity, see _Italian Unity_;
interest in working classes, see _Working Classes_;
views as to assassination, see _Assassination_.

Mazzini, Maria Drago (mother), 1, 53, 58, 67, 81, 108, 144, 162,
340.

Mentana, 212.

Messina, elected deputy for, 209.

Mexico, Napoleon's schemes in, 199.

Meyerbeer, 147, 322.

Mickiewicz, 10, 140.

Middle classes, appeals to, 27, 99;
deserted by, 109, 157, 170;
social reform and, 290.

Milan, 114-120, 123, 124, 168, 169, 214.

Milner-Gibson, Mrs, 106, 144, 357, 371.

Modena, Gustavo and Giulia, 40, 138.

Moderates, attitude towards, 101, 102, 110, 111, 113, 118-120, 125;
see _Piedmontese Party_.

Monarchy, attitude towards, 30, 120, 155, 180, 181, 194, 208, 211,
279, 280.

Moral Law, supremacy of, 249, 267, 285, 300.

Music, love of, 6, 133, 145-147;
theories of, 321-323, 350.

Mysticism, interest in, 197, 236.

Naples, visits to, 187, 188, 216.

Napoleon, Louis (afterwards Napoleon III.), 40, 134, 135, 140, 161,
162, 176-183, 186, 190, 197, 201, 206, 287.

Nathan, Giuseppe and Sarah, 210.

Nationalisation, projects of, 131, 194, 293.

Nationality, moral basis of, 296, 297, 302;
marks of, 298-301;
national missions, 107, 306, 307;
should be large, 198, 307.

Non-intervention, attack on, 151, 304, 305, 360.

Odger, George, 219.

Orsini, Felice, 165, 167.

Pallavicino Trivulzio, Marquis Giorgio, 188.

Palmerston, Viscount, 105, 203.

Panizzi, Antonio, 89.

Pantheism, criticism of, 235.

Papacy, see _Catholicism_.

Patriotism, 232, 265, 267, 301, 302.

People's International League, 106.

People's War, 125.

Personal morality, preaches, 264, 286, 338;
dependant on environment, 267, 268;
essential to patriotism, 301.

Philosophy, studies in, 10;
insufficient without religion, 224, 225.

Piedmont, army plot in, 42, 45-47.

Piedmontese party, 154-156, 159-161, 173.

Pietism, criticism of, 257, 258.

Pilo, Rosalino, 184.

Pisa, death at, 221.

Pisacane, Carlo (Duke di San Giovanni), 136, 139, 174.

Pius IX., 110-112, 114;
Mazzini's letter to, 111, 112.

Plombières, agreement of, 177, 179.

Poetry, theories of, 313-321, 324, 352, 353, 361;
Mazzini's, 329, 330, 369.

Poland, plans to assist, 193, 194, 202;
literature of, 10, 327;
future of, 306, 308, 309.

Post-Office scandal, 103-105;
see 197.

Progress, theory of, 236-239, 257, 362.

Property, rights of, 270, 291.

Protestantism, attitude towards, 150, 152, 227, 240, 244.

Providence, belief in, 125, 233, 235-237, 239, 257, 285, 288, 296,
299, 350.

Race as an element of nationality, 298.

Ramorino, General, 49, 50.

Rattazzi, Urbano, 201, 211, 212.

Realism in literature, 314-315, 361, 364.

Reclamation of waste lands, 292, 293.

Religion, Mazzini's, 4, 8, 25, 57, 80, 148, 229, 230, 248, 334,
335, 362;
essential to society, 222-225, 288;
in politics, 26, 60, 223, 224, 240;
projected book on, 11, 139, 140, 149.

Renan, criticism of, 220, 235.

Republicanism, advocacy of, 30, 31, 44, 60, 61, 111, 113, 117-120,
125, 126, 155, 164, 167, 180, 186, 194, 208, 209, 211, 365;
theory of, 30, 279-281.

Ricasoli, Baron Bettino, 179, 180, 182, 187, 201, 206, 211.

Rights, attack on theory of, 59, 250-256.

Romanticism, criticism of, 9, 12, 13, 320.

Rome, faith in, 126-128, 311;
in 1848, 121, 125, 126;
republic at, 128-138;
policy respecting (1860-1870), 187, 192, 193, 205, 211-213;
passes through in 1870, 217.

Rosselli, Pellegrino and Janet Nathan, 217, 221.

Rossetti, Gabriele, 89.

Rossini, criticism of, 147, 322.

Roumania, future of, 309.

Ruffini, Agostino, 7, 65, 73, 75, 76, 78.

---- Marchesa Eleonora Curlo, 8, 15, 56, 67, 68, 80-82, 370.

---- Giovanni, 7, 8, 73, 75, 76, 78.

---- Jacopo, 7, 39, 47, 56, 80, 96.

Russia, foreign policy of, 306, 308, 309.

Saffi, Count Aurelio, 139, 141.

Savona, imprisonment at, 18.

Savoy, views on, 42, 308;
projected raid into, 49, 50;
cession of, 183.

Scandinavia, future of, 308.

Schiller, 9, 320, 321, 324, 364.

Science, views on, 330.

Secret societies, 33, 34.

Seely, Charles, 203, 204.

September Convention, 204, 205.

Shaen, William and Mrs, 37, 88, 106, 144, 147, 152, 349, 366, 371,
372.

Shakespeare, 9, 317, 324, 325, 357.

Sicily, plans for revolutionising, 170, 173, 181, 183, 186.

Sidoli, Giuditta, 48, 55, 68-71, 126, 171, 191, 220, 371.

Slavery, views on, 198, 349-352.

Slavs, literature of, 10, 299, 308, 327;
future of, 149, 308, 309.

Social reform, advocacy of, 27, 28, 99, 132, 220, 232, 254,
283-285, 350;
plans of, 194, 289-295.

Socialism, criticism of, 99, 271, 287-289, 291, 295.

Sovereignty, theory of, 275, 276.

Spain, future of, 308.

Spinoza, criticism of, 235.

Spiritual power, theories of the, 246-248, 278, 279.

Spiritualism, aversion to, 197.

Stansfeld, Sir James and Mrs, 88, 106, 144, 145, 152, 195, 197,
210, 218, 366.

State, the, moral basis of, 267, 268, 275, 276;
duties of, 269-275;
ideal form of, 281, 282;
relations to the church, 246, 247, 278, 279.

Swinburne, Algernon C., 145, 217.

Switzerland, life in, 51-56, 63;
politics of, 62, 308;
see _Geneva_, _Lausanne_, _Lugano_.

Taine, Hippolyte, 217.

Taxation, principles of, 293.

Taylor, Peter and Mrs, 88, 106, 144, 152, 352-357, 359-361, 365,
371.

Theory of dagger, the, see _Assassination_.

_Times, The_, 104, 153, 164-166.

Toynbee, Joseph, 88, 98.

Tradition: a criterion of truth, 242-244, 362.

Tyrol, 206, 208, 308.

Umbria, projected attacks on, 181, 186.

Unity of life, 8, 236, 245, 350;
of belief, 245, 246, 273, 274.

Universal suffrage, 277, 278.

Utilitarianism, criticism of, 251-256, 362.

Utopias, condemns, 243, 289.

Venice, plans to free, 187, 188, 192, 193, 200.

Vico, 10, 242.

Victor Emmanuel II., attitude towards, 162, 165, 166, 180, 181,
186, 188;
intrigue with, 202-204.

Wagner, Richard, anticipates, 323.

War, views on, 33, 151, 305, 306.

Werner, 65.

Women's questions, interest in, 65, 91, 219, 265, 278, 365, 366.

Wordsworth, 9, 150, 235, 237, 315, 318.

Working classes, belief in, 27, 28, 41, 97-99, 157, 158, 213,
285, 366;
sympathy for, 268, 283, 284;
moral interests of, 285-287.

Young Europe, 46, 63, 64.

Young Italy, first mention of, 13;
principles of, 24-34, 165;
foundation of, 36-41;
subsequent history of, 54, 95-99, 109;
results of, 100.

Young Switzerland, 62, 63.

MADE AT THE
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