Chapter II: Preface

In the closing years of the eighteenth century European society began its effort to get rid of benevolent despotism, so called, and to secure its liberties under forms of constitutional government. The struggle began in France, and spread over the more important lands of continental Europe; its influence was strongly felt in England, and even in the United States. Passing through the phases of constitutional reform, of anarchy, and of military despotism, the movement seemed for a time to have failed, and to outward appearances absolutism was stronger after Waterloo than it had been half a century earlier.

But the force of the revolution was only checked, not spent; and to the awakening of general intelligence, the strengthening of national feeling, and the upbuilding of a sense of common brotherhood among men, produced by the revolutionary struggles of this epoch, Europe owes whatever liberty and free government its peoples now enjoy. At the close of this period national power was no longer in the hands of the aristocracy, nor in those of kings; it had passed into the third social stratum, variously designated as the middle class, the burghers or bourgeoisie, and the third estate, a body of men as little willing to share it with the masses as the kings had been. Nevertheless, the transition once begun could not be stopped, and the advance of manhood suffrage has ever since been proportionate to the capacity of the laboring classes to receive and use it, until now, at last, whatever may be the nominal form of government in any civilized land, its stability depends entirely upon the support of the people as a whole. That which is the basis of all government--the power of the purse--has passed into their hands.

This momentous change was of course a turbulent one--the most turbulent in the history of civilization, as it has proved to be the most comprehensive. Consequently its epoch is most interesting, being dramatic in the highest degree, having brought into prominence men and characters who rank among the great of all time, and having exhibited to succeeding generations the most important lessons in the most vivid light. By common consent the eminent man of the time was Napoleon Bonaparte, the revolution queller, the burgher sovereign, the imperial democrat, the supreme captain, the civil reformer, the victim of circumstances which his soaring ambition used but which his unrivaled prowess could not control. Gigantic in his proportions, and satanic in his fate, his was the most tragic figure on the stage of modern history. While the men of his own and the following generation were still alive, it was almost impossible that the truth should be known concerning his actions or his motives; and to fix his place in general history was even less feasible. What he wrote and said about himself was of course animated by a determination to appear in the best light; what others wrote and said has been biased by either devotion or hatred.

Until within a very recent period it seemed that no man could discuss him or his time without manifesting such strong personal feeling as to vitiate his judgment and conclusions. This was partly due to the lack of perspective, but in the main to ignorance of the facts essential to a sober treatment of the theme. In this respect the last quarter of a century has seen a gradual but radical change, for a band of dispassionate scientific scholars have during that time been occupied in the preparation of material for his life without reference to the advocacy of one theory or another concerning his character. European archives, long carefully guarded, have been thrown open; the diplomatic correspondence of the most important periods has been published; family papers have been examined, and numbers of valuable memoirs have been printed. It has therefore been possible to check one account by another, to cancel misrepresentations, to eliminate passion--in short, to establish something like correct outline and accurate detail, at least in regard to what the man actually did. Those hidden secrets of any human mind which we call motives must ever remain to other minds largely a matter of opinion, but a very fair indication of them can be found when once the actual conduct of the actor has been determined.

This investigation has mainly been the work of specialists, and its results have been published in monographs and technical journals; most of these workers, moreover, were continental scholars writing each in his own language. Its results, as a whole, have therefore not been accessible to the general reader in either America or England. It seems highly desirable that they should be made so, and this has been the effort of the writer. At the same time he claims to be an independent investigator in some of the most important portions of the field he covers. His researches have extended over many years, and it has been his privilege to use original materials which, as far as he knows, have not been used by others. At the close of the book will be found a short account of the papers of Bonaparte's boyhood and youth which the author has read, and of the portions of the French and English archives which were generously put at his disposal, together with a short though reasonably complete bibliography of the published books and papers which really have scientific value. The number of volumes concerned with Napoleon and his epoch is enormous; outside of those mentioned very few have any value except as curiosities of literature.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER Page

I. Introduction............................................ 1

II. The Bonapartes in Corsica.............................. 20

III. Napoleon's Birth and Childhood......................... 35

IV. Napoleon's School-days................................. 48

V. In Paris and Valence................................... 60

VI. Private Study and Garrison Life........................ 73

VII. Further Attempts at Authorship......................... 83

VIII. The Revolution in France.............................. 100

IX. Buonaparte and Revolution in Corsica.................. 111

X. First Lessons in Revolution........................... 123

XI. Traits of Character................................... 135

XII. The Revolution in the Rhone Valley.................... 148

XIII. Buonaparte the Corsican Jacobin....................... 160

XIV. Buonaparte the French Jacobin......................... 180

XV. A Jacobin Hegira...................................... 199

XVI. "The Supper of Beaucaire"............................. 212

XVII. Toulon................................................ 222

XVIII. A Jacobin General..................................... 236

XIX. Vicissitudes in War and Diplomacy..................... 247

XX. The End of Apprenticeship............................. 260

XXI. The Antechamber To Success............................ 272

XXII. Bonaparte the General of the Convention............... 287

XXIII. The Day of the Paris Sections......................... 302

XXIV. A Marriage of Inclination and Interest................ 313

XXV. Europe and the Directory.............................. 324

XXVI. Bonaparte on a Great Stage............................ 339

XXVII. The Conquest of Piedmont and the Milanese............. 352

XXVIII. An Insubordinate Conqueror and Diplomatist............ 363

XXIX. Bassano and Arcola.................................... 378

XXX. Bonaparte's Imperious Spirit.......................... 393

XXXI. Rivoli and the Capitulation of Mantua................. 406

XXXII. Humiliation of the Papacy and of Venice............... 419

XXXIII. The Preliminaries of Peace--Leoben.................... 430

XXXIV. The Fall of Venice.................................... 444

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Napoleon Bonaparte in 1785, aged sixteen. _Frontispiece_

Marie-Lætitia Ramolino Bonaparte "Madame Mère"--Mother of
Napoleon I..................................................... 50

Charles Bonaparte, Father of the Emperor Napoleon, 1785.......... 96

Bonaparte, General in Chief of the Army of Italy................ 176

Josephine....................................................... 226

Marie-Josephine-Rose Tascher de la Pagerie, called Josephine,
Empress of the French......................................... 276

Bonaparte....................................................... 326

Map of Northern Italy, illustrating the Campaigns of 1796 and
1797.......................................................... 354

Josephine, Empress of the French................................ 374

Map illustrating the Campaign preceding the Treaty of
Campo-Formio, 1797............................................ 414

SI QUID NOVISTI RECTIUS ISTIS,
CANDIDUS IMPERTI: SI NON, HIS UTERE MECUM

_Horace_

LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE