Chapter VII: Sponges and Animalcules

The Sponges are regarded as a group standing on the borderland between the Polyps and the lowly organisms which follow. The familiar BATH- and TOILET-SPONGES of commerce represent but an insignificant fraction in comparison with the many hundred species which find no place in the world's market. Toilet-sponges owe their intrinsic value to the relative fineness and elasticity of their component fibrous skeletons. In these particular species the skeleton is composed of a substance akin to horn. In other sponges the skeleton may consist of horny fibres mixed with flinty spicules, or it may be of flint only, or of spicules of carbonate of lime. Finally, there are sponges which possess no internally supporting skeleton, fibrous or spicular, and whose substance is consequently little more than gelatinous. All these numerous forms, however, agree with one another in the identity of their most essential vital elements. In the living sponge the skeleton, fibrous or otherwise, is embedded within a gelatinous matrix by whose component cells it is excreted. Externally the sponge-body is perforated over the greater portion of its extent by minute holes or pores, while one or more holes of relatively large size occupy the summit of the sponge, or are scattered here and there among the numerous smaller pores. The smaller pores represent incurrent apertures, and lead to chambers within the sponge's substance lined by cells. Each of these is provided with a long whip-like appendage, with a transparent wineglass-shaped cup or collar, which is a beautifully constructed food-trap. The lashings of the whips of the collar-cells cause currents of water bearing nutrient particles to flow in at all the smaller pores. Arriving at the chambers, these particles are caught by the outstretched collar-traps and absorbed into the cell's substance. The water, together with rejected and waste materials given off by the sponge-body, is carried forward, and passes out at the larger orifices or vents.

FRILLED SPONGE.

A species not infrequently dredged up by the pearl-shell fishers in Sharks Bay, Western Australia.]

RETICULATED SPONGE.

The skeleton of this sponge is composed of fine horny fibres resembling those of ordinary commercial sponges.]

Among the more remarkable sponges may be mentioned the NEPTUNE'S-CUP SPONGE, like a huge chalice 3 or 4 feet high, indigenous to the South Seas; the wonderful cornucopia-shaped LACE-SPONGE, consisting of a lace-like reticulation of flinty fibres; and its near ally the GLASS-ROPE SPONGE, forming a cup- or bird's-nest-shaped body, supported on a long cylindrical stalk of flinty fibres that may be over a foot in height. One of the compound or social sea-anemones is in the habit of forming bark-like encrustations on this glassy stem, and it was for a long time doubtful whether the sea-anemone or the sponge produced the supporting-stalk.

PORTUGUESE BIRD'S-NEST SPONGE.

Dredged from a depth of 600 fathoms off the coast of Portugal. In life the body, or "cup," of this sponge was deep orange colour, from which the grey beard-like mass of anchoring fibres depended.]

[_St. Leonards._

CHALINA SPONGE.

A British species, composed partly of horny and partly of flinty elements.]

The ANIMALCULES, which represent the simplest and lowest forms of living animals, consist chiefly of organisms which are the equivalents of one of the single cells, or, as they might be termed, the "life-bricks," out of which all the higher animals, and also plants, are built up. They are of minute dimensions, and require the aid of the microscope for their proper investigation. Among the most highly organised members of this sub-kingdom mention must be made of the CILIATED ANIMALCULES, or INFUSORIA, so called because they were first discovered inhabiting decaying vegetable and animal infusions. The so-called SLIPPER-ANIMALCULE is one of the commonest forms which makes its appearance amidst such environments. The length of this single-celled animal scarcely averages the one-hundredth part of an inch, but within this restricted space an amazing degree of structural and functional differentiation is included. Its outer surface is, in the first place, densely clothed with hairs, which represent its organs of locomotion. This outer cell-wall has a subjacent somewhat softer layer, in which are developed as crowded a series (as compared with the hairs) of minute rod-like bodies, which, under various stimuli, can be shot out like darts through the skin, and are adjudged to be offensive and defensive weapons, partaking much of the same nature as the thread- or stinging-cells of sea-anemones. Among other noteworthy structures, the slipper-animalcule has a distinct throat-opening, two rhythmically contracting cavities fulfilling a respiratory function and a complex reproductive nodule, or nucleus. Compared with a host of its kindred, this animalcule is a giant, the longest diameter of many of the smaller varieties measuring no more than the 1/5000th part of inch, or even less.

The elegant little BELL-ANIMALCULE, with its crystal wineglass-shaped body, crown of vibrating hairs, and long spirally contractile foot-stalk, is a familiar object to the possessor of a microscope. Most commonly these single-celled organisms, like the single-celled elements of organic tissues, multiply by repeated sub-division, the number that can be reproduced in a short space of time by this simple process being almost incredible. As many as a million, it has been calculated, of some species may be thus derived from an original single individual within twenty hours. In this connection these lowly organisms can among living animals most logically lay claim to immortality. The individual, in point of fact, never dies. Finding itself growing old and obese at the ripe age of, say, sixty minutes, it has simply to split itself up into two offsets, which swim away and repeat the process. Occasionally, for the rejuvenescence of the race, two individuals coalesce completely with one another, and multiplication by splitting takes place.

Some near relations of the little bell-animalcule, while sub-dividing so far as their bodies are concerned, remain united by their foot-stalks, and thus in time build up beautiful tree-like structures, laden as it were with crystal bells or fruit. In some of these the common branching foot-stalk is erect and rigid, while in others it is flexible, and contains, as in the ordinary species, a central elastic ligament. Under these circumstances the whole tree-like structure, with its crystal bells, collapses and expands again under the slightest stimulus, and constitutes one of the most beautiful objects that can be viewed through the microscope.

[_Milford-on-Sea._

CUP-SPONGES, PHOTOGRAPHED AS GROWING IN A CORAL-POOL.

The Neptune's cup Sponge, allied to this species, is sometimes 2 or 3 feet in height and diameter.]

In lower forms of the infusorial animalcules one or more long, lash-like organs take the place of locomotive hairs. In this category are included the COLLAR-BEARING ANIMALCULES. Some of these build up tree-like growths by repeated sub-divisions and imperfect separation, after the manner of the bell-animalcules, while others excrete tubular dwelling-cases, inhabited by the resultants of the splitting process. Such forms can with difficulty be distinguished from skeletonless sponges.

The animalcule NOCTILUCA, which by its countless myriads is the chief constituent of ocean phosphorescence, is a member of the Lash-bearing group. This noteworthy form invites a somewhat more extended notice. It is to the presence of the Noctiluca in countless myriads upon the upper stratum of the water on calm summer nights that is especially due the diffused form of phosphorescence which is more essentially characteristic of temperate latitudes. Under the most favourable of these conditions, the waves falling upon the strand leave as they retreat a glittering carpet of scintillating points; the oars of the passing boat seem as it were to dip into molten silver; while on the high seas the revolving screw or paddle of the steam-vessel leaves in its wake a broad, luminous track as far as the eye can reach. A glassful of water taken from the sea at such times immediately reveals the origin of these wonderful phenomena. Here and there will be seen floating minute bladder-like transparent spheres, resembling as nearly as possible small granules of boiled sago. Investigated more closely with the microscope, each individual speck will be found to exhibit a pouch-like contour, having a central furrow, from which the lash projects, and upon which the minute mouth-aperture opens. Irritated by agitation in any shape or form, the Noctilucas at once respond by, as it were, angry flashes of silvery-greenish light, and it is to the coruscations in their aggregate condition of many millions of these minute organisms that the several phenomena above recounted are produced.

[_Milford-on-Sea._

SHELLS OF FORAMS HIGHLY MAGNIFIED.

The chalk cliffs of Dover and many other strata are mainly composed of similar microscopically minute shells.]

One other characteristic manifestation of ocean phosphorescence dependent upon the presence in countless numbers of these minute animalcules may be recorded. To those accustomed to a seafaring life the spectacle is a common one, on nights when the luminosity is most in evidence, of fishes following or darting away from the sides of the vessel apparently aglow themselves with phosphoric light, and leaving behind them, in accordance with their size, a more or less conspicuous luminous path in the murky waters. It is commonly supposed that such form of luminosity is emitted by the fishes themselves; but on closer investigation it will be found that this also is due to the presence of the animalcules under notice in countless numbers, which are disturbed into a sudden display of their phosphoric properties by the passage of the fishes through their midst. This light is reflected, as from a mirror, by the fishes' glittering scales, while the Noctilucas continue scintillating for several seconds in the path or wake through which the fishes have passed.

[_Milford-on-Sea._

NOCTILUCAS.

These are the animalcules which chiefly produce marine phosphorescence.]

There are other animalcules nearly allied to Noctilucas which sometimes occur in such vast abundance in both salt and fresh water as to visibly affect its character. In addition to a very long lash they have a girdle of vibratile hairs. The fresh-water representatives of this group are sometimes brilliant green, at others bright scarlet. That instance among the Biblical Egyptian plagues in which the water of the Nile was as it were "turned to blood, and all the fish died," has been attributed to a phenomenal development of these animalcules, which, on dying, polluted and putrefied the water. Instances of fishes being destroyed in vast quantities through a like agency throughout even extensive sea-areas have been occasionally recorded. While these pages are going to press an account has appeared in an American journal of red water caused by these flagellate animalcules, which occurred last July for an extent of at least 200 miles along the coast of California, producing with their decomposition a most sickening odour, and the death of shoals of fishes, octopods, sea-cucumbers, and other organisms.

[_Milford-on-Sea._

POLYCYSTS.

Flinty-shelled organisms of microscopic dimensions. The living animals consist of tiny specks of transparent jelly, from which radiate innumerable false feet of hair-like fineness.]

Next to the Flagellates come the ROOT-FOOTED ANIMALCULES, which possess no mouth and no hairs or lashes, but progress by pushing out lobes of their jelly-like substance in any desired direction, into which the rest of the body flows. Food is picked up at any point with which an acceptable morsel may be brought in contact. The little gelatinous animal known as an AMOEBA is one of these. Related forms of this jelly animalcule secrete shells of varying form and structure. Some of these, known as FORAMS, are of carbonate of lime, and wonderfully like nautiluses and other of the higher molluscan shells in aspect. Though so minute, scarcely visible to the unassisted eye, they occur in the sea in such numbers as to form by their aggregations the more considerable ingredients of vast areas of the earth's strata, both past and present. The chalk cliffs of Albion and the white tenacious ooze of the broad Atlantic are thus to a large extent composed of the shells of minute organisms, which formerly flourished near the surface of the ocean, but sank on their death to its abysmal depths.

The simplest of the forams fabricate shells with a single chamber, which are often elegantly vase- or flask-shaped. More usually, however, the shell represents the product of repeated buddings or outgrowths, and may attain considerable dimensions. Flattened circular forms of this type much resemble time-worn coins, and are hence called NUMMULITES. Their fossil-shells enter mainly into the composition of rocks which extend through North Africa and Asia to the Himalaya, and supplied the stone of which the Pyramids are built.

Allied to the Forams, but distinguished by the radiating, needle-like contour of their false feet and the flinty texture of their shells, are an equally numerous assemblage of organisms known as RADIOLARIANS. Like the Forams, they are inhabitants of the sea, and their discarded shells enter extensively into the constitution of strata. A little globular fresh-water form, devoid of a shell, and with slender bristle-like feet radiating in every direction, is known as the SUN-ANIMALCULE, and forms a connecting-link between the last two groups.

From Man to Egg-laying Mammals, Molluscs to Animalcules, the vast scheme of the Animal Creation has now been successively portrayed. With such simple gelatinous life-specks as the Amoeba and its allies THE LIVING ANIMALS OF THE WORLD make their exit: unorganised organisms, groping blindly in the darkness--"Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything."

END OF VOL. II.

INDEX.

A
_MAMMALS_
Aard-vark, Cape, 342
" Ethiopian, 342
Aard-wolf, 82
Addax, 256
Agutis, 161-2
Alpaca, 308-9
Anoas, 219
Ant-eaters, Banded, 376-7
" Great, 338
" Tamandua, 339
" Two-toed, 339-40
Antelopes, Broad-horned, 255
" Harnessed, 255-8
" Indian four-horned, 242-4
" Roan, 250-2
" Sable, 251
" Saiga, 245-6
Apes, i (Introd.), 1
" Barbary, 14-5
" Man-like, i, iv, v, _cont._ (Introd.), 1
Argali, Siberian, 222
" Tibetan, 222-3
Armadillos, 339
" Kapplers', 341
" Peba, 341
Asses, Wild, African, 195-6
" " Baluchi, 196
" Domesticated, 206
Aurochs, or Wild Ox, 208
Aye-aye, 32

_BIRDS_
Albatross, 433-4
Argus-pheasant, 408
Auk Tribe, 417
Avocet, 423

_REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS_
Adder, 588
" Death-, 594-6
" Puff-, 595-6
Alligator, Chinese, 551
" Mississippi, 551
Anaconda, 591
Asp, Egyptian, 594
Axolotl, 608

_FISHES_
Amphiprion, 633
Anchovy, 659
Anthias, 613
Arapaimas, 654

_JOINTED ANIMALS: INSECTS, ETC._
Ant-lion, 698, 700
Ants, 705
" Solitary, 706
" White, 696-8
Aphides, 729

_SHELL-FISH, ETC._
Anemones, Sea-, Dahlia, 760
" " Giant, 763
" " Strawberry, 760
Animalcules, Amoeba, 768
" Bell-, 766
" Ciliated, 765
" Collar-bearing, 766
" Root-footed, 768
" Slipper-, 765
" Sun-, 768
Argus, Shetland, 749

B
_Battell, Andrew_, 1, 4

_MAMMALS_
Babirusa, 313-5
Baboons, 15, 27
" Abyssinian, 19
" Anubis, 17
" Arabian, 1, 17
" Chacma, 15, 20-1
" Drill, 18, 22
" Gelada, 13-7
" Mandrill, 18-9, 22
" Stories of, 16-7-9
Badgers, 129
" European, 130
Bandicoots, Australian, 368
" Banded or Striped-backed, 370
" Indian, 160
" Long-nosed, 368-70
" Pig-footed, 368
" Rabbit-, 368-71
Banting, 212
Barb, 201
Bats, v (Introd.), 165-6
" Australian Fruit-, 165-6
" Indian Fruit-, 167
" Insect-eating, 167
" Leaf-nosed, 167
" Naked, 168
" Pipistrelle, 167
" Sucker-footed, 168
" Tube-nosed Fruit-, 166-7
" Vampire, 168
" Welwitsch's, 168
" White, 168
Bears, American Black, 117-8
" " Brown, 117
" Common Brown, 113-5-6-7
" European Brown, 115
" Grizzly, 116
" Himalayan Black, 96_a_, 120
" Indian Sloth-, 119
" " " Anecdotes, 119
" Malayan Sun-, 122
" Peculiarities of, 114-5
" Polar, 120-1-2
" " Anecdotes, 124
" " Habits of, 123
" Russian Brown, 116
" Syrian, 116-8
" " Stories, 117
" Varieties of, 114
Beavers, 152-3-4
" American, 152-4
" at work, 155
" Habits of, 154
Beisa, 252-3-4
" Tufted, 253
Bison, 213
" American, 213-7
" " Bull, 215
" European, 213-6
Blackbuck, 246
Blesbok, 240
Bluebuck, 250
Boar, Senaar, 313
" Wild, 311
" " Indian, 312
Bontebok, 240
Bosch-vark, 314
Brockets, Pygmy, 298
" Red, 298
Buffaloes, 214
" African, 216-8
" Cape, 216-8
" Congo, 219
" Domestic Indian, 218
" Indian, 217
Bushbucks, 254
" Cape, 255
" Cumming's, 255
" Decula, 255

BIRDS
Barbets, 510-1
Bee-eaters, 506-7
Bell-bird, 541-3
Bird of Paradise, 515-6
" " " King, 517
" " " " of Saxony's, 517
" " " Red, 518
Bishop-bird, 522
Bittern, Common, 447-8
Blackbirds, 536
Blackcock, 399
Bob-white, 399, 410
Bower-birds, 517
" Golden, 518
" Spotted, 517
Broad-bills, 544
Bullfinch, 524-5
Buntings, 525
" Reed-, 526
" Snow-, 525
Bustard-quail, Indian, 411
Bustards, Denham's, 422
" Great, 422-4-6
" Indian, 423
Butcher-birds, 533
Buzzard, Rough-legged, 470

_REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS_
Boa-constrictor, 587-8-90
Bush-master, 597-8

_FISHES_
Barracudas, 630
Bass, Black, 612
" Sea-, 611
" Stone-, 613
Bichir, 663-4
Blennies, 630
Bonito, 624
Bow-fin, 662
Bream, Sea-, Red, 615
Brill, 645
Bull-heads, 627
" Armed, 628
Bummaloe, 654-5
Butter-fish, 630

_JOINTED ANIMALS: INSECTS, ETC._
Barnacles, 670
" Acorn-, 671
" Goose-, 671
Bees, 705
" Bumble-, 706-7-8
" Carpenter-, 706-8
" Hive-, 706-7-8
" Solitary, 706-8
Beetles, 681
" Blister-, 685
" Bombardier-, 682
" British Musk-, 686-8
" Burying-, 682-3
" Cardinal, 688
" Cellar-, 688
" Colorado, 687
" Devil's Coach-horse, 682
" Diamond-, 686
" Dor, 684
" Drury's Goliath, 683
" Ground-, 682
" Harlequin, 686-7
" Hercules, 683-4
" Jumping-, 686
" Leaf-horned, 683
" Oil-, 685
" Reed-, 687
" Rhipiphorus, 688
" Rose-, 684
" Skipjack, 684
" Stalk-eyed, 688
" Tiger-, 681
" Tortoise-, 687
" Wasp-, 687
" Water-, Black, 682
" " Brown, 682
Bugs, Lace-wing, 725-6
" Masked, 726
" Red, 726
" Shield-, 725
" True, 725
" Water-, 726-7
" " Boatmen, 726
" " Scorpions, 726
Butterflies, 709-11
" Angle-winged, 714
" Australian, 715
" Blue, 712-3
" " Morpho, 712
" Brush-footed, 712
" Copper, 714-5
" Croesus, 715-6
" Danaids, 712
" Diana Fritillary, 710
" Fritillaries, 712-4
" Hair-streaks, 715
" Leaf-, 709
" Long-winged, 710-2
" Monarch, 712
" Orange-tip, 715-7
" Queen of Spain, 710
" Red Admiral, 714
" Satyrs, 713
" Skippers, 716-7
" Swallow-tailed, 715-7
" Tawny Admiral, 711-4
" White, 716
" " Cabbage-, 715

C
_Cunningham, Dr._, vi (Introd.)

_MAMMALS_
Cachalot, or Sperm-whale, 333
Camels, Arabian, 302-4
" Bactrian, 304-5-6
" Disposition of, 304
" Half-breed, 303
" Tribe, 302
" True, 303
" White, 302
" Wild, 306
Camel-plough, 301
Capybara, 146-63
Caribou, Barren-ground, 274
" Newfoundland, 274
" Woodland, 272
Carnivora, Comparison of, 79
Cats, Australian Spotted, 375
" Black-footed, 56
" Chaus, 57
" Golden, 55-6
" Jungle-, 57
" " Habits of, 58
" Kaffir, 56-7
" Rusty-spotted, 56
" Serval, 56-8-9, 60
" " 33
" " Comparative Intelligence with Apes, etc., 80
" " New World, 50
" Wild, 56, 62
" " Common, 60-1
" " " Range of, 61
" " " Stories of, 60
Cats, Domestic, 68-9
Abyssinian, 73
Black, 70
Blue, 70-1-2
Chinchilla, 63
Farm, 68
Long-haired, 73
Manx, 72-3
Orange, 71
Peculiarities of, 68
Persian, 72-3
Siamese, 72-3
Stories of, 70-1
Tabby, 70-1-2
Tortoiseshell, 68, 70
White, 68, 70
Cattle, Angus, 210
" Cow, Jersey, 209
" Devon, 210
" Domesticated, 209
" English Park-, 207
" " " Bull, 208
" " " Calf of, 208
" Hereford 210
" Highland, 192a
" Humped, 210
" " Bull, Indian, 212
" Long-horn, 210
" Spanish, 209
" Sussex, 210
" Welsh, 210
Cavies, 162-3
Cheeta, 49, 65-6-7
" Hunting with, 67
" Range of, 66
" Taming of, 66
Chevrotains, 302-9
Chimpanzee, viii (Introd.), 1
" Disposition of, 2, 3
" Home of, 2
" "Jenny," 2
" Physical Description of, 2
" "Sally," 2, 3
" Soko, 1, 3
" Young, 3
Chinchilla, 161-2
Civets, 75
" African, 75-6
" Bennett's, 76
" Binturong, 76-9
" Genet, 75-7
" Hemigales, 76
" Indian, 74
" Linsangs, 76
" Palm-, 78
" Rasse, 75
" Sumatran, 76
Coatis, 126
Cobego, 168-9-70
Coypu, 158-61
Crocodiles, vii (Introd.)
" Prehistoric, v (Introd.)
Cuscus, Phalangers, Black, 365
" " Geogr. dist., 366
" " Grey, 365
" " Spotted, 364-6

_BIRDS_
Capercallie, 398
Cassowary, 384_a_
" Sclater's, 393
Chaffinch, 523-4
Chatterers, 531
" Thick-billed, 542
Chough, 515
" Cornish, 517
Cockatoos, Australian, 448_a_, 489-90
" Black, 490
" Leadbeater's, 491
Cock-of-the-rock, 541-4
Condor, 464
Coots, 413
Cormorants, 451-2
Corn-crake, 412
Cow-birds, 520
Cranes, Crowned, 416_a_, 427-8
" Common, 425-6-7
" Manchurian, 426
" Stanley, 424
" Wattled, 426
" White, 427
" Whooping-, 427
Crow, American, 513
" Carrion-, 515
Cuckoo, Bronze, 497
" Common, 492
" Emerald, 497
" Golden, 497
" Great Spotted, 496
" Ground-, 497
" Lark-heeled, 497
" Pheasant-, 495
" Young, 494-6-7-8
Curassow, Crested, 411
" Razor-billed, 411
Curlew, 420

_REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS_
Caiman, Great, 551
Chamæleons, 581-2-3
Cobra, 593-4
" Giant, 594
Craits, Indian, 594
Crocodile, American, 550
" Broad-snouted, 546
" Long-snouted, 550
" Nile, 550

_FISHES_
Carp, 650
" Common, 651
" King-, 651
" Leather-, 651
" Mirror-, 651
Char, 657
Chiasmodus, 641
Chimæra, Bottle-nosed, 610
" Sea-cat, 610
Chromids, 635
Cod, 641-2
" Family, 641
" Scarlet Rock-, 608_a_
Coffer-fishes, 638-40
Comber, 613
Coral-fish, 633
" Gold-finned, 634

_JOINTED ANIMALS: INSECTS, ETC._
Caterpillars, 709-10-1
Centipedes, 679
" Electric, 679
Cicadas, 728-30
Coch-y-bonddhu, 684
Cockchafer, 683-5
Cockroach, 689-90
Crab, Blue, 673
" Edible, 672
" Fighting, 674
" Fresh-water, 672
" Hermit-, 672
" King-, 674
" Shore-, 674
" Spider-, 673
Crayfish, 672
Cricket, Field-, 692
" House-, 691-2
" Mole-, 691-2

_SHELL-FISH, ETC._
Chitons, or Multivalve Molluscs, 744
Clams, Giant, 743
Corals, Bleached, 761
" Brain-, 761
" Flexible, 762
" Mushroom-, 758-61
" of Commerce, 762
" Stag's-horn, 760-1
" Star-, 761-2
" Stony, 762
Cowries, Money-, 742
" Panther-, 742
" Tiger-, 742
Cuttle-fish, 738

D
Discoveries, iv, v (Introd.)
_Dubois, Monsieur_, v (Introd.)

_MAMMALS_
Deer, Bavian, 290
" Black-tailed, 297
" Bokhara, 284
" Calamianes, 290
" Chinese Water-, 290-2
" Fallow, 285-8_a_
" " Mesopotamian, 286
" Hog-, 288-90
" Indian Spotted, 282-3-90-9
" Japanese, 284-99
" Manchurian Roe, 295
" Marsh-, 297-9
" Pampas-, 297
" Père David's, 294-5
" Red, 275-99
" " Caspian, or Maral, 280
" " Hunting, 276-8
" Siberian Roe, 291-2-3
" Spotted Oriental, 284-90
" Swamp-, 289-91
" Thorold's, 281
" Tribe, Acclimatisation of, 299, 300
" " Domestication of, 300
" True's, 296
" Tufted, 292
" " Michie's, 292
" " Tibetan, 292
" Virginian, 295-6-7
Dibatag, 249
Dik-diks, 242
Dingoes, 94-5-6
Dog, Azara's, 96
" Cape Hunting-, 94-6
" Dingoes, 94-5-6
" Family, 84
" Indian, 94
" " Red, 96
" Pariah, 112
" Raccoon-, 96
" Wild, 94
Dogs, Domestic, 101
African Sand-, 112
Bull-dogs, 105-7
Chows, 110
Cockers, 104
Collies, 106
Dachshunds, 104-5
Dalmatians, 106
Great Danes, 104-5
Griffons Brusselois, 112
Hounds, Basset-, 104
" Blood-, 101-4
" Grey-, 102
" " Italian, 112
" Otter-, 101
" Stag-, Puppies, 101
Mastiffs, 105-8
Newfoundlands, 105-6
Non-sporting, 105
Old English Sheep-dogs, 106-8
Pointers, 101-9
Pomeranians, 109-10
Pugs, 110-1
Retrievers, 102-3
Saint Bernards, 104-5
Schipperkes, 110
Setters, 102-4
Spaniels, 102
" Black, 104
" Clumber, 104
" Japanese, 110-1
" Pekin, 111
" Sussex, 104
" Toy, 111-2
Terriers, Bedlington, 108
" Black-and-tan, 108
" Bull-, 108
" Dandie Dinmont, 110
" Fox-, 108-11
" Irish, 108
" Maltese, 109-11
" Scottish, 108-9
" Skye, 109-10
" White English, 108
" Yorkshire Toy, 111
Dolphins, v (Introd.), 333
" Bottled-nosed, 335
" Elliott's, 334
" Heavyside's, 335
" Risso's, 334
" Short-beaked River-, 331
Donkey, 205
Donkeys, Egyptian, 206
Dormice, 156
Dromedary, 303-4
Dugong, 327
Duikers, 242
" Red-flanked, 241

_BIRDS_
Darter, 452
Dipper, 538
Divers, 428-30
Doves, Scaly, 416
Ducks, Aylesbury, 457
" Eider-, 458
" Paradise-, 459
" Wild, 457
Dunlin, 421

_FISHES_
Dab, 645
Dentex, 613
Dories, John, 622-3-4
" Long-finned, 623
Drum, 618

JOINTED ANIMALS: INSECTS ETC.
Drummers, 690

E
_Ewart, Professor_, 194

_MAMMALS_
Echidna, or Porcupine Ant-eater, 380-1-2-3
Elands, 260-1-2
" Derbian, 262
Elephants, 172
" African, 178-9
" Asiatic, Range, 176
" Comparison of African and Asiatic, 172-4-6
" Disposition of, 177
" Domestication of, 178
" East African, vi (Introd.)
" Indian, 172-3-4-6-7
" Intelligence of, 179
" Strength of, 178
" Timber-, 175
" Tusks, 175
Elk, American, or Moose, 274
" Irish, 286
" Scandinavian, 273
Ermine, 133

_BIRDS_
Eagles, African Sea-, 475
" Chilian Sea-, 475
" Crested, 475
" Golden, 471
" Harpy-, 472
" Imperial, 475
" Martial Hawk-, 476
" White-tailed, 472
" Wedge-tailed, 473
Egret, 445-6
" Indian Cattle-, 447
Emeu, 394-5

_FISHES_
Eels, 646
" Common Fresh-water, 646
" Conger-, 647-8
" Deep-sea, 646-8
" Electric, 646-50
" Painted, 646-8-9
" Sand-, 643
" Serpent-, 646-8
" Sharp-nosed, 647

JOINTED ANIMALS: INSECTS, ETC.
Earwigs, Common, 689

F
_MAMMALS_
Finners, or Rorquals, 333
Fossa, 74
Foxes, 97
" Arctic, 100
" Common, 98-9
" Cubs, 97
" Fennec-, 100
" Leicestershire, 98
" Mountain-, 98
" Skins, 98
Flying-fox, v (Introd.)

_BIRDS_
Falcons, Jer-, 474-7
" Peregrine, 474-7
Finches, Indigo, 512_a_
Fin-feet, 413
Flamingo, 439-40
Flower-peckers, 533
Fly-catchers, 538-9
" Tyrant, 544
Fowls, Domestic--
Andalusians, 407
Black Spanish, 407
Cochins, 404-7
Dark Bramas, 405
Dorking, 407
Japanese Bantams, 408
Leghorns, 407
" Brown, 404
Minorcas, 407
Pencilled Hamburgs, 408
Plymouth Rock, 407
Polish, 408
Sebright Bantams, 408
Silver-spangled Hamburgs, 405
" Wyandotte, 406
Frigate-birds, 453-6

_REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS_
Frogs, Blue Tree-, 603
" Bull-, 598, 600
" " American, 598
" Common, Röntgen ray photograph of, 600
" Edible, 599, 600
" European Green Tree-, 602
" Flying-, 601
" Golden Tree-, 603
" Guppy's, 600
" Matlamitlo, 600
" Pouched Tree-, 604
" Queensland Tree-, 603-4
" Short-headed, 601
" Tiger-like, 599
Flying-dragons, 565-6

_FISHES_
Father-lasher, 627
Flat-heads, 627
" Bar-tailed, 628
" Rock, 628
Fish, Angler-, 626
" Archer-, 614
" Boar-, 613
" Butter-, 612
" Cat-, 648-9-50
" Cave-, 643
" " British, 667
" " Ocellated, 667
" Emperor-, 614
" Flat-, 644
" Frog-, 625
" Gold-, 651
" Lung-, 609-60
" Monk-, 668
" Mud-, 610
" Nurse, 667
" Picked Dog, 667
" Pilot-, 622
" Reed-, 664
" Rough Hound, 667
" Scabbard-, 620
" Scorpion-, 616
" Sheath-, 650
" Silver Dog-, 667
" Smooth Hound, 667
" Stone-, 616-9
" Sucking-, 624-5
" Sun-, 613
" Sword-, 618-20
" Tassel-, 618-9
" Telescope-, 651
" Thick-rayed, 616
" Torpedo-, 669
" Weaver-, 618
" Zebra-, 613
Fishes, File-, 638
" Flying-, 632-3
Flounders, 645

_JOINTED ANIMALS: INSECTS, ETC._
Feather-star, 748
" Rosy, 748
Fleas, Dog-, 736
" Sand-, 736
" Turnip-, 687
Flies, Alder-, 701
" Bee-, 736
" Bee-killer, 734-6
" Bird-, 735
" Blue-bottle or Blow fly, 733-5
" Bot-, 734
" Caddis-, 701-2
" Candle-, 728
" Daddy-long-legs, 730-3
" Dragon-, 695
" Fire-, 685
" Forest-, 735
" Gad-, 733
" Gall-, 702-3-30
" Green-bottle, 735
" House-, 733-4
" Hover-, 734
" Ichneumon-, 704
" Lace wing, or Golden-eye, 700-1-33
" Lantern-, 728
" Mantis-, 699
" May-, 695-6
" Noon-day, 734
" Rain-, Blood-sucking, 733
" Robber-, 734
" " Hornet, 731-4
" Ruby-tailed, 704-5
" Sand-, or Piúm, 732
" Saw-, 702-3
" Scorpion-, 699, 700
" Snake- or Camel-, 699
" Tsetse-, 735
" Uses of, 736
Frog-hoppers, 728-9

_SHELL-FISH, ETC._
Forams, Shells of, 767

G
_Garner, Professor_, 20
_Gibson, Walter M._, vi (Introd.)

_MAMMALS_
Gaur, 210
" Hunt, 211
Gayal, 212
" Cow, 211
Gazelles, Arabian, 246
" Dama, 247
" Dorcas, 248
" Edmi, 248
" Goitred, 247
" Grant's, 248
" Heuglin's, 247
" Isabella, 247
" Loder's, 248
" Marica, 248
" Mhorr, 247
" Mongolian, 247
" Muscat, 248
" Pelzeln's, 247
" Persian, 247
" Peters's, 248
" Prejevalski's, 247
" Red-fronted, 247-8
" " necked, 247
" Soemmerring's, 247
" Speke's, 247-8
" Thomson's, 248
" Tibetan, 247
Gemsbuck, 252
Gerenuk, 249-55
Gibbons, 8
" Disposition of, 8
" Habits of, 9
" Hulock, 9
" Siamang, 8
" Silvery, 9
" White-handed, 9
Giraffe, 264-6-7
" Description of, 265
" East African, iv (Introd.)
" Hunting, 260
" Northern, 256a, 264
" Southern, 263-4-5
Goats, Angora, 231-2
" British, 232
" Italian, 237
" Nubian, 236
" Persian Wild, 233
" Rocky Mountain, 238
" Schwartzals, 234
" Toggenburg, 233
Glutton, 134
Gnu, 240-1
" Brindled, 242
" White-bearded, 242
" " tailed, 241
Gophers, 160
" Pocket-, 156
Goral, Female, 258
Gorilla, ii (Introd.), 4, 5, 8a
" First accounts of, 4
" Habits of, 5
" Range of, 4
" Physical description of, 4
" Pongo, 1, 4
Grampus, 330
Guanaco, 307
Guemals, 297

_BIRDS_
Gallinule, Mantell's, 413
Gannets, 452-4-5
Gardener-bird, 517
Geese, Australian Pygmy, 461
" Cape, 460
" Chinese, 461
" Domestic, 461
" Grey, 461
" Half-webbed, 461
" Spur-winged, 461
Gold-crest, 530
Goldfinch, 524
Grackles, 520
Grebes, Dabchick, 430
" Great Crested, 428-30
Greenfinch, 524-5
Grey-hen, 399
Grouse, Red, 397
" Ruffed, 402
" Sage-, 400
" Sand-, Pallas's, 416
Guans, 411
Guillemot, 417
Guinea-fowl, Black, 410
" Crested, 408
" Vulture-like, 410
Gull, Black-backed, 420
" " headed, 449
" Herring-, 419
" Skua-, 421
" Tribe, 418-9

_REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS_
Gavial, 550
Gecko, Burmese, 564
" Madeiran, 565

_FISHES_
Garpikes, 632
Gilt-head, 616
Globe-fish, 636-7-40
Gobies, 628
" Pellucid, 629
" Spotted, or Pole-wing, 629
Grayling, 657
Groper, 616-7
Gunnel, 630
Gurnard, Armed, 608_a_
" Butterfly-, 627
" Flying-, 628
" Red, 627

_JOINTED ANIMALS: INSECTS ETC._
Glow-worm, 685
Gnats, 730-1
" Piping-, 732
Grasshopper, Cape, 692
" Great Green, 692
" Long-horned, 692
" Short-horned, 694
" Wart-eating, 694
Gru-gru, 686

H
_MAMMALS_
Hamsters, 156-7
Hares, 103
" Habits of, 164
" Wood-, 163
Hartebeests, 239
Hedgehogs, 169-70
Hippopotamus, 318-9-24-5-6
" Anecdotes, 322
" Common, 318
" Fossil remains, 326
" Habits of, 320-1
" Hunting, 323-4-5
" Pygmy or Liberian, 326
Hog, Pygmy, 312
" River-, Red, 314
Horses, 197
Arab Mare, 199
" Mares and Foals, 200
" Yearling Colts, 198
Cart-, 205
Champion Shire Stallion, 203
Cleveland Bay, 205
English Race-, 202
"Florizel II.," 202
Hackney and Foal, 201
Hunter, 205
"Ladas," 202
Levant and Persian, 202
Percheron, 201
Shire Mare and Foal, 204
Trotting-, 203
Humpback, 333
Hutia, 159-61
Hyænas, vi (Introd.), 79, 80
" Brown, 81
" Spotted, 81
" Stories of, 81-2
" Striped, 81
" Use of, 80
Hyrax, 181

_BIRDS_
Hang-nests, 520
Hawfinch, 522
Hawk, Carrion-, 473
" Curassow-, 473
" Fishing-, 468
" Gos-, 472
" Sparrow-, 472-4-6
Herons, Buff-backed, 445-6
" Common Night-, 444-5
" Goliath, 444
" Great Blue, 443
" Green, 445-7
" Young, 442
Hoatzin, 412
Honey-buzzard, 467
Honey-eaters, 532
Honey-guides, 509-10-1
Hoopoe, 480_a_, 505-6
Hornbills, 502
" Concave-casqued, 505
" Crested, 504
" Ground-, 505
" Habits of, 504
" Helmet-, 503
Huia, 515
Humming-bird, 486

_REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS_
Heloderm, 571
" Mexican, 571-6

_FISHES_
Halibut, 644-5
Herring, 658-9-60
" Ox-eyed, 659
Horse-mackerel, 621
" Fringed, 621-2

_JOINTED ANIMALS: INSECTS, ETC._
Hornet, 706

I
_MAMMALS_
Ibex, Alpine, 234-5
" Arabian, 234
" Asiatic, 234
" Abyssinian, 234
Impala, or Palla, 244-6
Insect-eating Mammals, 165
Insectivora, 169
Inyala, 256

_BIRDS_
Ibis, Glossy, 442
" Sacred, 441
" Scarlet, 442

_REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS_
Iguana, Banded, 570-5
" Tuberculated, 570-4

_JOINTED ANIMALS: INSECTS, ETC._
Insects, 681
" Nerve-winged, 695
" Noxious, in Britain, 680
" Scale-, 729
" Sheath-winged, 681
" Snow-, 700
" Two-winged, 730

J
_MAMMALS_
Jackal, 92
" Black-backed, 92
" Hunting, 92-3
" Indian, 92
" North African, 92
" Striped, 92
" Turkish, 93
Jaguar, 50
Jerboa, 157-60

_BIRDS_
Jacamars, 510
Jacana, 424
Jackass, Laughing-, 448_a_, 503
Jackdaws, 514-5
Jay, 515
Jungle-fowl, 406
" Game Breed, 407

_FISHES_
Jelly-fish, 762
" Comb-bearing, 763
" Portuguese Man-of-war, 763

K
_MAMMALS_
Kangaroo, Albino Red, 346
" Brown Tree-, 352-3
" Great Grey, 343-5
" " Leaping, 352a
" Rat-, 354
" " Gaimard's, 354
" Silver-grey, 344
Kiang, 196-7
Kinkajou, 126-7
Klipspringer, 242-4
Koala, or Australian Native Bear, 355-6-7
Kudu, 224_a_
" Greater, 258
" Lesser, 258-9
" Male, 259

_BIRDS_
Kaka, 489
Kea, 487-8
Kestrel, 474
Kingfisher, 500
" Common, 500-2
" Laughing-, 499, 500-1-2
" Racket-tailed, 502
" Wood-, 502
Kites, 467
" Egyptian, 468
Kittiwake, 420
Kiwi, Mantell's, 396
" Owen's, 396

L
_MAMMALS_
Langur, Himalayan, 11-2
Lemmings, 158
Lemurs, 27-8
" Black-and-white, 30
" Chirogales, 30
" Coquerel's, 29, 30
" Crowned, 29
" Dwarf, 28
" Galagos, 30
" " Garnett's, 30
" " Maholi, 30
" Indris, 28
" Makis, 28
" Pottos, 31
" Ring-tailed, Catta, 27-8-9
" Ruffed, 29
" Sifakas, 28-9
" "Slender" and "Slow" Loris, 28,31
" Tarsiers, 31-2
" True, 29
" Woolly, 29
Leopards, 46-7
" African, iv (Introd.)
" Clouded, 54
" Hunting-, 49
" Puma Hybrid, 46
" Range of, 47
" Snow-, 48
" Stories of, 47-8
" Variations of, 47
Lion Adventures, 40
" and Tigress, Cross between, 38
" Man-eating, 41
Lioness, 34-7, 40
" Algerian, 35
" and Cub, 36
Lions, vi (Introd.), 39
" African, 32-3-4
" Comparison of Wild and Tame, 38
" Cubs, 36
" Mane of, 37
" Performing, 36
" Range of, 34
" Selous on, 34
Llamas, 306-8-9
Lynxes, 62-3
" Canadian, 64
" Caracal, 62-3
" Common, 63
" European, 64
" Red, 64
" Siberian, 64

_BIRDS_
Land-rail, 412
Lark, Meadow-, 521
Linnet, 524-5-6
Lories, 488-9
Lyre-birds, 540-2

_REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS_
Lizards, Bearded, 568-70
" Blue-tongued, 580
" Diamond-, 574
" Frilled, 566-7
" Girdle-tailed, 571-5
" Greaved, 574
" Green and Ocellated, 544_a_, 576-7-8
" Lace-, 572
" Sand-, 576
" Sea-, 570
" Spine-tailed, 580
" Spiny, 569
" Stump-tailed, 579
" Tree-, 568
" Viviparous, 574
" Wall-, 574
" Water-, 569

_FISHES_
Leather-jacket, Lace-finned, 639
Long-fin, 616
Lump-suckers, 628-9

_JOINTED ANIMALS: INSECTS, ETC._
Ladybirds, Seven Spot, 687
" Twenty-two Spot, 687
" Two Spot, 687
Lice, Fish-, 671
" True, 729
" Whale-, 671
" Wood-, 671
Lobsters, 672
Locusts, Cyprian, 694
" Egyptian, 693
" Red-legged, 694
" Rocky Mountain, 694

_SHELL-FISH, ETC._
Leeches, Medicinal, 756
Lingula, 746
Liver-flukes, 756

M
_MAMMALS_
Man, ii (Introd.)
Manatee, American, 328
Marine Carnivora, 136
Marmots, 150-2
" Alpine, 151-2
" Bobac, 152
Martens, 131
" Pine-, 132
Markhor, 235
Meerkats, 78, 80
Mice, Jumping-, 160
" Typical, 159
Microcephalous Idiot, vi (Introd.)
Mink, 132
"Missing Link," iv (Introd.)
Moles, 170-1
" Golden, 171
" North American, 171
Mongoose, Cusimanses, 78
" Family, 77
" Ichneumon, 78
" Indian, 77-9
" " _v._ Cobra, 77
" Kaffir, 78
Monkeys, Bonnet, 14-7
" Capuchin, 20-2-3
" Dog-shaped, 9
" Entellus, 10
" Grivet, 14-7
" Guenon, 12
" " Diana, 12-5
" Guereza, 12-4
" Humboldt's Woolly, or Lagothrix, 26
" Macaques, 14-7
" Magot, or Barbary Ape, 14
" Mangabey, 14-6-7
" Marmosets, 24-6
" " Lion, 24
" " Pinché, 24
" New World, 22
" " " Howler, 22-3
" " " Spider, 22-3
" " " Waita, 23
" Oukari, 24
" Patas, 24
" Pig-tailed, 19, 27
" Proboscis, 10
" Rhesus, 14-6-8
" Sacred, 10-1
" Saki, 24
" Snub-nosed, 12-8
" Speech of, 20
" Squirrel, 24-5
" Stories of, 11-2
" Tcheli, 14
" Temperament of, 26
" Wanderoo, 24
" White-bearded Wanderoo, 12
Moufflon, 222
Mouse Tribe, 156
Mule-deer, 296-8
Mules, 206
Muntjac, Chinese, 291
" Hairy-fronted, 291
" Indian, 290-1
" Tenasserim, 291
" Tibetan, 291
Musk-deer, Himalayan, 300
" Kansu, 298
Musk-ox, 220
Musk-rat, 154

_BIRDS_
Macaw, 448_a_, 492
" Hyacinthine, 489
" Long-tailed, 489
Magpie, 515-6
" Australian, 533
Manakins, 542
" Bailador or Dancer, 542-3
Martins, 539-40
" Sand-, 539-41
Mavis, 535
Megapode, Nicobar, 411
" Wallace's, 410-1
Monals, 403-6
More-porks, 482-3
Motmots, 507
" Racket-tailed, 507-8

_REPTILE AND AMPHIBIANS_
Monitors, 572
" Nile, 572
" White, 576
Mountain-devil, 568-71

_FISHES_
Mackerel, Common, 624
Meagres, 618
Miller's-thumb, 627
Mullets, Grey, 630-1
" Red, 614-31
" Striped, 614-15
Musket-lunge, 652

_JOINTED ANIMALS: INSECTS, ETC._
Meal-worm, 688
Millipedes, 679
" Giant, 680
" Slimy, 680
Mites, 674-8
Mosquitoes, 730-2
Moths, 709-10-6-20
" Cecropia, 718-9
" Clothes-, 721
" Cypress-, 719-20-1
" Death's-head, 722
" Emperor-, 717
" Great Peacock-, 723
" Hawk-, 717-8-22
" Imperial, 719
" Looper-, 720
" Luna, 718
" Plume-, 721-4
" Polyphemus, 719-23
" Red-underwing, 720
" Swallow-tailed, 724
" Tiger-, 719

_SHELL-FISH, ETC._
Madrepores, 761
Moss-animals, 753-4
Mussels, Pearl-, 743
" Pond-, 744
" River-, 744

N
_MAMMALS_
Narwhal, 329-33-4
Nilgai, or Blue Bull, 254-6

_BIRDS_
Namaqua, 416
Night-hawk, 482
Nightingale, 537
Night-jar, Common, 481
" Eared, 482
" Pennant-winged, 481
Nuthatches, 528
" English, 528-9

_REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS_
Natterjack, 605
Newt, Common or Smooth, 605-6
" Crested, 605-6
" Marbled, 606

_SHELL-FISH, ETC._
Nautilus, Shell of Paper-, or Argonaut, 740
" Shell of Pearly, 739
Nereids, or Sea-worms, 755-6
Noctilucas, 766-7
Nummulites, 768

O
_MAMMALS_
Ocelot, 52-3
" Central America, (Frontis., Vol. I.), 53
Octodont Family, 158-61
Okapi, iv (Introd.), 267-9
" Head of, 270
Onager, 196
Oorial, or Sha, 224
Opossums, 359
" Australian Grey, 363
" Black or Sooty, 359
" Common Grey, 362-3-4
" Meriam's, 378
" Murine, 378-80
" Philander, 379
" Ring-tailed, 364-5
" Virginian, 377-81
" Woolly, 378-80
" Young (natural size), 379
Orang-utans, vii, viii (Introd.), 6-7-8
" First mention of, 5
" Habits of, 6
" Physical Description of, 5
Oribis, 242
Orloff, 203
Oryx, Beatrix, 250
" White, 252-4
Otters, 127
" Common, 127-8
" North American, 127
" Sea-, 128

_BIRDS_
Oil-bird, 482
Orioles, 520
Ortolan, 525
Osprey, 468-9
Ostrich, 389-92
Ouzel, Water-, 538
Oven-birds, 543
" Casarita, 544
Owl, Barn-, 480
" " Virginian, 478
" Burrowing-, 479
" Eagle-, 478-9
" Long-eared, 479
" Pygmy, 480
" Screech-, 480
" Snowy, 479
" Spectacled, 477
" Tawny, 478-9
Ox-pecker, 520
Oyster-catcher, 421

_REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS_
Olm, 608

_SHELL-FISH, ETC._
Octopods, 738
Octopus, 737-8-9
Oyster-bank, Queensland, 744
Oysters, Pearl-, 743
" Rock-, 743

P
_MAMMALS_
Pacas, 162
Pacer, 203
Pandas, 126
Pangolins, or Scaly Ant-eaters, 341
Panthers, 48
Peccary, Collared, 316-7
" White-lipped, 317
Pekin Deer, i (Introd.)
Peludo, 340
Phalangers, 359
" Crescent-toothed, 362
" Cuscuses, 364
" Flying-, Larger, 359-61
" " Lesser, 360
" " Pygmy, 361-2
" Striped, 362
Pichiciago, or Fairy Armadillo, 340
Pigs, Bush-, 314
" Diving-, 312-3
" Domestic, 310
" Japanese Masked, 313
" Javan Wild, 313
" Tribe, 310
Pikas, 163
Platypus, Duck-billed, 381-2-3-4
Polecat, 132-3
Pony and Foal, Shetland, 203
" Polo-, 205
" Shetland, 205
" Welsh, 204
Porcupine, 159-61
Porpoise, 333-4
Pouched Moles, 371-2
" " Under surface of, 372
" Mice, 375
" " Jerboa, 375
Prairie-dogs, 150-1
Primates, Comparison of, 32
Prongbucks, 257
Pudus, Chilian, 298
" Ecuador, 298
Puma, 50-1
" Stories, 52

_BIRDS_
Parrakeets, Grass-, 490
" Long-tailed Ground-, 490
Parrots, Amazon, 490
" Blue Mountain-, 493
" Grey African, 490
" Hanging-, 490
" Hawk-billed, 490
" Owl-, 491
Partridge, Common, 398, 403
" French, 402
Peacocks, 407-8-9
Pelicans, Australian, 451
" Crested, 450
" Egyptian, 449
Penguins, Black-footed, 430-1
" Blue, 432
" Emperor-, 431
" Gentle, 432
" Humboldt's, 432
" Jackass-, 432
" King-, 432
" Rock-hopper, 429
Petrel, Diving-, 435
" Fulmar, 435
" Giant, 434
" Storm-, 435
Phalaropes, 423
Pheasants, Amherst's, 401
" English, 401-4
" Golden, 400-1-6
" Impeyan, 406
" Peacock-, 401
" Reeves's, 401-4
" Silver, 401
" Water-, 424
Pigeons, Crowned, 415
" Domestic:
" Carrier, 416
" English Pouter, 416
" Indian Frill-back, 416
" Jacobin, 416
" Short-faced Tumbler, 416
" Eugène's, 414
" Fruit-, 414-5
" Green, 414
" Grey-naped Ground-, 416
" Nicobar, 415
" Painted, 414
" White Nutmeg-, 414
" Wonga-wonga, 415
Plant-cutters, 543
Plantain-eaters, 496
Plover, Grey, 421,
" Tribe, 421
Pochard, 457
Prairie-hen, 399
Ptarmigan, 398
Puff-birds, 510
Puffin, 417

_REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS_
Pythons, 576_a_, 588-9
" Indian, 589
" Reticulated, 589

_FISHES_
Paddle, Cock and Hen, 628-9
Parrot-fish, 634-5
" Black-spotted, 635
" Satin, 634
Perch, Dusky, 613
" Pike-, 613
" Sea-, 613
" White, 611
Pike, Bony, 662
" Common, 652
Pikerel, 653
Pilchards, 659
" Australian, 661
Pipe-fish, 632-6-7
Plaice, 645
Pope, 613
Powan, 657

_JOINTED ANIMALS: INSECTS, ETC._
Parasites, Bat-, 735
" Bee-, 735
Plant-eaters, 687
Prawns, 671

_SHELL-FISH, ETC._
Pearls and Pearl-shells, 745
Pholas, 744
Polycysts, 768
Polyps, Fresh-water, 762

Q
_MAMMALS_
Quagga, 195

_BIRDS_
Quail, 403-4
Quezal, 508

_FISHES_
Quinnat, 656

R
_MAMMALS_
Rabbits, 164
Raccoon, American, 125, 128a
" Family, 125
" Habits of, 126
Ratels, 130-1
Rats, Bamboo-, 160
" Gambian Pouched, 155
" Mole-, 160
" Musk-, 154-8-9
" South American, 157
" Typical, 159
" Water-, 158
Reedbuck, Common, 245
" Mountain, 244
Reindeer, Scandinavian, 271, 300
Rhinoceros, 182
" African, 184
" " Black, 185-7
" " Black, Disposition of, 188
" " White, 184
" " Habits of, 186
" " Range of, 185
" Indian, 182-3-4
" Javan, 182
" Sumatran, 182-4-8
Rodents, 146
" Murine, 160
Rooi Rhebuck, 246
Ruminants, Hollow-horned, 207
Rusa, Moluccan, 289
" Timor, 289

_BIRDS_
Ravens, 514
Razor-bill, 417
Reed-warbler, 534
Rhea, 385-6-7-8
Rice-birds, 520
Rifle-bird, Australian, 518
Robin, 537
Rollers, 498, 500
Rook, 515
Ruff, 422, 448_a_

_FISHES_
Ray, Eagle-, 668
" Horned Ox-, or Devil-fish, 668
" Whip-tailed Sting-, 668

_SHELL-FISH, ETC._
Radiolarians, 768

S
_MAMMALS_
Sable, 131
Sambar, 286-99
" Basilan, 288
" Formosan, 288
" Javan, 288
" Luzon, 288
" Malayan, 288
Sea-lions, 137-8-41
" Californian, 135
" Patagonian, 138-9
" Steller's, 136-8
Seals, Bladder-nosed, 142
" Common, 141-4
" Elephant-, 142-5
" " Habits and range of, 144
" Fur-, 137-8
" Grey, 142-3-4
" Hair-, 138
" Harp-, 141-4
" Ringed, 142
" True, 140
Selva, 379
Sheep, Barbary, 221-35
" Bighorn, 223-4
" Black-faced, 228
" Border Leicester, 229
" Burhal Wild, 224-6
" Cheviot, 230
" Cotswold, 229
" Cross-bred, 229
" Domestic, 226
" English breeds of, 229-30
" Fat-tailed, 225-7
" Four-horned, 226
" Leicester Ewe, 228
" " Long-wool, 230
" Littledale's, 223
" Marco Polo's, 223
" Merino Rams, 227-8-9
" Punjab, 225
" South Down, 226-9
" Wallachian, 228
Shorthorn, 209
Shou, 281
Shrews, 169-71
Sika, Formosan, 285-7
" Manchurian, 284
" Pekin, 285
Sitatungas, 257
Skeletons, ii (Introd.)
Skunks, 129
Sloths, iv (Introd.)
" Northern Two-toed, 336
" Three-toed, 337
Springbuck, 248
" Male, 250
Springhaas, 157-60
Squirrels, 146
" Dorsal, 148
" Flying-, 146-7-50, 359
" " Pel's, 150
" " Polatouche, 149
" " South African, 150
" " Tanguan, 149
" Fox-, 149
" Grey, 148
" " Habits of, 149
" Ground, 149-50
" " Chipmunks, 148-50
" " Siberian, 150
" Red, 147-8
" Sugar-, 359-60
Stag, Barbary, 280
" Kashmir, 280
" Sikhim, 281
" Yarkand, 281
Stoat, 133-4
Suricates, 78
Susliks, 151
Swine, 310-3

_BIRDS_
Satin-bird, 517
Screamer, Crested, 456-7
Sea-swallows, iii (Introd.)
Secretary-bird, 466-7
Seriema, 427-8
Sheldrake, 458-60
Shrike Family, 533
" Great Grey, 534
" Red-backed, 533-4
Skimmers, 419
Skylark, 526-7-8
Snipe, 423
" Painted, 423
Sparrows, Baya, 522
" House-, 523
Spoonbill, 441-2
Starling, 518-9-20
" Glossy, 520
" " African, 520
" " Green, 520
" " Long-tailed, 520
" Rose-coloured, 519
Stilts, 424
Stone-chat, 537-8
Stork, Adjutant-, 436-8
" African Saddle-billed, 439
" Black, 436
" Jabiru, 436-8-9
" Whale-headed, 436-9
" White, 435-6-7
Sun-birds, 532
Swallows, 539-40
Swans, Black, 463
" Black-necked, 461-3
" Coscoroba, 462
" Mute, 462
Swifts, Common, 484
" Edible, 485
" Salvin's, 484

_REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS_
Salamanders, Furrowed, 608
" Giant, 608
" Siren, 608
" Spotted, 607
" " Yellow Phase of, 608
Skink, Common, 578-9
Snakes, Æsculapian, 589
" Australian Black, 594-6
" Blind-, 588
" Carpet-, 589
" Common Ringed, 588-92
" Dark Green, 585-6
" Diamond-back Rattle-, 595
" Earth-, 591
" Egg-eating, 593
" Fer-de-lance, 597-8
" Garter-, 590-93
" Glass-, 563
" Hooded, 594
" Indian Rat-, 593
" " Whip-, 594
" Leopard-, 591
" Mocassin-, 593-7
" Natal Rock-, 590
" Pine-, 592
" Rattle-, 596-7
" Sea-, 593-6
" Smooth, 588-93
" Spitting, 594
" Tesselated, 591-93
" Tiger-, 596
" Tree-, 593
" Viperine, 593
" Water-, 592
Snappers, 556
" Temminck's, 557-60

_FISHES_
Salmon, 640_a_
" Atlantic, 655
" Beaked, 654
" Dawson River, 654-60
Sardine, Phosphorescent, 654
Scopelids, 654
Sea-bats, 623
Sea-horses, 636-8-40
Sea-scorpion, Ragged, 618-27
"Sergeant Baker," 653
Shad, 658
" Allis, 659
" Twaite, 660
Shark, Basking-, 666
" Blue, 666
" Fox-, 666
" Hammer-head, 666
" Porbeagle-, 666
" Port Jackson, 667
Skate, Painted, 669
" Shovel-nosed, 669
Slime-heads, 617
Smelts, 657-8
" Queensland, 654-5
" Sand-, 630
Snapper, 616
" Brown, 615
" King-, 616
Snoek, 620-22
Sole, 645
Spotted Box-fish, 639
Sprat, 658
Steelhead, 656
Sterlet, 663-4
Sticklebacks, 630-2
Sturgeon, 663
" Giant, 663
Sun-fishes, viii (Introd.), 640

_JOINTED ANIMALS: INSECTS, ETC._
Scorpions, 674-5
" Egyptian, 675
" False, 675-6
" Whip-, 676
Shrimp, 672
" Brine-, 671
Silkworms, 721-2-4
" Mulberry-, 717-24
Soothsayers, 691
Spiders, 676-7-8
" Bird-catching, 676
" Garden-, 677
" House-, 676
" Jointed, 675
" Tarantula, 678
" Trap-door, 676
Stick-insects, 691

_SHELL-FISH, ETC._
Scallops, 744
Sea-cucumbers, 748-50-1-2
" Black, 753
" Prickly, 752
Sea-lemon, 763
Sea-mouse, 755-6
Sea-urchin, 746
" Long-spined, 747
" Thick-spined, 748
Shells, Clam-, 741
" Harp-, 742
" Helmet-, 742
" Lamp-, 744
" Melon-, 742
" Pelican's-foot, 742
" Scorpion-, 743
" Top-, 741
" Trumpet-, 742
Slugs, Sea-, Naked-gilled, 742
" Shell-less, 740
Snails, Fresh-water, 740
" Garden-, 740
" Land- or Agate-, 740
" Sea-, Tongue of, 742
Sponges, Bird's-nest, 765
" Chalina, 765
" Frilled, 764
" Glass-rope, 764
" Lace-, 764
" Neptune's-cup, 764-6
" Reticulated, 764
" Toilet-, 764
Squids, 739
Star-fish, 749
" Brittle, 750-1
" Common, 749
" Sun, 749
Stone-lilies, 748

T
_MAMMALS_
Tahr, Himalayan, 238
" Nilgiri, 236
Tamarau, 219
Tapirs, 179
" American, 180-1
" Hunting of, 180
" Malayan, 180
Tarpans, 197
Tasmanian Devil, 373-4
" Wolf or Tiger, 372-3
Tenrecs, 169
Thamin, 291
Tigers, vi (Introd.), 33-8, 40-1-2-5
" Cubs, 42-4
" Hill-, 44
" Range of, 42
" Royal Bengal, 43
" Skins, 46
" Stories of, 44
Tigress, 41
" and Lion, Cross between, 38
Tur, East Caucasian, 233
" Spanish, 233
" West Caucasian, 233

_BIRDS_
Tanagers, 522
" Crimson-headed, 522
" Scarlet, 522
" White-capped, 522
Terns, iii (Introd.), 418
" White, 417
Thrushes, 536
" Ant-, or Pittas, 543
" Ground-, 543
" Song-, 535
" Tribe, 537
Tinamous, Great, 386
" Rufous, 385
Titmice, 529
" Bearded, 530
" Coal-, 532
" Great, 531
" Marsh-, 530
" Todies, 507
Toucans, 508-9
" Curl-crested, 509
Tragopans, 402-4-6
Tree-creepers, 528
Trogons, 508-9
Tropic-bird, 456
Trumpeters, White-backed, 427
Turkey-buzzard, 465
Turkeys, 409
" American, 410
" Honduras, 410
" Mexican, 410
Tyrant-bird, 544

_REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS_
Terrapins, 556
" American Mud-, 556-62
" Diamond-backed, 556
" Painted, 556
Toads, Common, 603-4
" Horned, 572-3
" " Ornamented, 601-2
" Water-, 605
Tortoises, Asiatic, 552
" Box-, 554
" European, 552
" Giant or Elephant-, vii (Introd.), 552-7
" Grecian, 554
" Hinged, 554
" Land-, 552
" Margined, 554
" Matamata, 558
" Pond-, 554
" Side-necked, 558
Tuatera, 584
Turtles, Green, 560
" Hawksbill, 560
" Leathery, 560
" Marine, 559
" Newly hatched, 561
" Snapping-, 559

_FISHES_
Tarpon, 658
Teuthis, 617
Thornback, 668
Tortoise-fishes, 632
Trigger-fish, 637-8
Trout, Brook-, 657
" Bull-, 656
" Rainbow-, 657
" Salmon-, 656-7
Tube-mouths, 636
Tumpeters, 616
Tunnies, 624
Turbot, 645

_JOINTED ANIMALS: INSECTS, ETC._
Termites, 696-7-8-9
Ticks, 678
" Sheep-, 735
Timberman, 687

U
_BIRDS_
Umbrella-bird, 541

_SHELL-FISH, ETC._
Urchins, Cake-, 750
" Heart-, 750
" Leather-, 750

V
_Virchow, Dr._, vi (Introd.)

_MAMMALS_
Vicuña, 306
Viscacha, 160-2
Voles, 157-8

_BIRDS_
Vultures, Angolan, 472
" Bearded, 470
" Black, 465-70
" Californian, 466
" Egyptian, 471-3
" Griffon-, 471
" King-, 465
" Pondicherry, 472
" Rüppells', 471

_REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS_
Vipers, English, 594
" Horned, 596
" Pit-, 597
" Water-, 597

_FISHES_
Vendace, 657
Venus's Girdle, 763

W
_MAMMALS_
Wallaby, Albino Red-bellied, 348
" Bennett's, 345
" Black-striped, 345
" Parry's, 350
" Rock-, 349
" Tasmanian, 347
Walrus, 139-40-1
Wapiti, Altai, 230
" American, 277-8-9-81-2
" Asiatic, 276
" Manchurian, 281
Wart-hog, 314-5-6
Waterbucks, 245
" Common, 245
" Sing-sing, 243
Weasel, Himalayan, 133
" Tribe, 131-3
Whales, Southern, 333
" Sowerby's, 332
" Sperm-, 333
" Toothed, 333
" Whalebone-, 333
Wildebeests, Blue, 242
Wolf, Anecdotes, 84-5-6
" Carpathian, 89
" Central Europe, 64_a_
" Coursing, 87
" Cubs, 84-5-8
" European, 88
" Grey, 83
" Hounds, 81
" " Borzoi, 87
" Hunting, 91
" Indian, 84-5-90
" Maned, 93
" Music, 90
" Northern, 85
" Prairie-, 86-8-9
" Range of, 84
" Russian, 88-91
" Siberian, 91
" Tame, 90
" White, 86
Wolverine, 134
Wombat, Common, 367-9
" Hairy-nosed, 368
" Tasmanian, 367

_BIRDS_
Wagtails, 527
Warblers, 536
" Black-cap, 536
" Garden-, 536
" Reed-, 536
Water-hens, 413
Water-rail, 412-3
Wax-bills, 512_a_
Wax-wings, 534
Weaver-bird, Sociable, 522
Weka-rail, 413
Widow-bird, 521
Woodcock, 421-3
Wood-hewers, 543
Woodpeckers, 511-2
" Black, 512
" Green, 511
" Sap-suckers, 512
" Spotted, 512
Wrens, 538-9
Wryneck, 512

_REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS_
Worms, Blind-, 563
" Common Earth-, 754
" Indiarubber-, 756
" Lob-, 755
" Tape-, 756
" Thread-, 756
" Tube-, 755

_FISHES_
Walking-fish, 629
Weaver, Common, 625
" Larger, 625
Wels, 650
Whitebait, 661
Whiting, 641
" Pollack-, 642
Wolf-fish, 630
Wrasses, 634-5
" Ballan, 634
" Spotted, 634
" Striped, 634

_JOINTED ANIMALS: INSECTS, ETC._
Wasps, Burrowing-, 705
" Pine-boring, 704
" Tree-, 703
" Wood-, 703
Weevils, 685
" Corn-, 686
" Nut-, 686
" Osier-, 686
" Palm-, 686
" Rice-, 686
" Sugar-, 686

_SHELL-FISH, ETC._
Whelks, Common, 742
" Giant, 742
Winkle, 742
Worm, Ship-, 744

Y
_MAMMALS_
Yak, 212
" Domesticated, 214
Yapok, 377

Z
_MAMMALS_
Zebras, Burchell's, 191
" " Habits of, 193-4
" Chapman's, 160a
" Grevy's, 190
" " Habits of, 192
" Mountain-, 189
" on Table Mountain, 195
" Somali, viii (Introd.) Zubr, 213

NOTE.

The Publishers are glad to take this opportunity of offering their sincere thanks to the many naturalists who have helped them to make this book as comprehensive as possible. In addition to the names of those mentioned in the Introduction, valuable photographs and other help have been received during the progress of this work from Sir Joseph Fayrer, Bart., F.R.S., The Lady Decies, Lady Alexander, Sir Harry Johnston, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., D.Sc., Miss E. J. Beck, and the following gentlemen: Messrs. E. C. Atkinson, Harold W. Atkinson, M. E. F. Baird, B. H. Bentley, J. H. Bonhote, A. H. P. Cruickshank, E. Connold, James B. Corr, J. Edwards, C. B. Hausburg, C. N. Martin, H. Noble, Percy Leigh Pemberton, Norman B. Smith, H. G. F. Spurrell, Paul Thomas, and J. Turner-Turner.

Thanks are also due to Mr. Percy Ashenden, of Cape Town; Mr. Billington, of Queensland; Professor Bumpus, of New York; Mr. Robert D. Carson, of Philadelphia; Mr. William Cross, of Liverpool; Mr. Glenday, of Cape Town; Mr. W. T. Hornaday, of New York; Mr. L. H. Joutel and Mr. N. Lazarnick, both of New York; Mr. H. V. Leckmann, of New York; Mr. C. N. Mavroyeni, of Smyrna; Dr. Robert T. Morris, of New York; Mr. Frans Mouwen, of Breda; Mr. William Rau, of Philadelphia; Mr. S. Sinclair, of Sydney; Mr. D. Le Souef, of Melbourne; to the Dublin Zoological Society, to the Hearst Syndicate of New York, and to the New York Zoological Society; also to Mr. W. P. Dando, Mr. T. Fall, and other professional photographers, whose names are acknowledged under their respective photographs.

ERRATA.

Page 469. The photograph on this page, inadvertently attributed to an
Australian Osprey, is of an Australian White-bellied Sea-eagle.

" 490. Mr. Saville-Kent writes: "The Black Cockatoo is notable for
assembling in large flocks, from twenty to as many as fifty or sixty
being commonly seen."

" 512. The photograph on this page, inadvertently attributed to the
Lesser Spotted Woodpeckers, is of the Greater Spotted Woodpeckers.

" 594. The Hon. Walter Rothschild, Ph.D., F.Z.S., writes: "You state
that the African Cobra spits out its poison. The South African snake
which spits out poison is the Ringhals Snake, and this is the only snake
of which this is recorded with certainty."

" 605, 606. For "Smooth Newt" read "Warted or Crested Newt, with crest
undeveloped."

" 627. For "Reel-gurnard" read "Red Gurnard."

" 660. For "Queensland Lung-fish" read "Barbelled Arapaima."

" 767, line 20. For "pouch-like" read "peach-like."

_Printed by Hazell, Watson & Viney, Ld., London and Aylesbury._