Chapter VIII

MASSACHUSETTS AND OTHER COLONIES DURING THE SECOND WAR BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND FRANCE, FROM THE PEACE OF AIX-LA-CHAPELLE, 1748, TO THE PEACE OF PARIS, 1763. 242-279

Places taken during the war between France and England mutually restored at the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle; Louisburg and Cape Breton restored to France, in return for Madras restored to England 242

Boundaries in America between France and England to be defined by a joint Commission, which could not agree 242

Encroachments of the French on the British Colonies from 1748 to 1756; complaints of the Colonial Governors to England; orders to them to defend their territories; conflicts between the Colonies, French and Indians 243

England's best if not only means of protecting the Colonies, to prevent the French from transporting soldiers and war material to Canada; naval preparations 244

Evasive answers and disclaimers of the French Government, with naval and military preparations 245

Braddock's unfortunate expedition; capture of French vessels, soldiers, &c., (in a note) 247

The King's speech to Parliament on French encroachments; convention of Colonies at Albany, and its representatives, a year before war was declared 247

Mr. Bancroft's imputation against the British Government, and reply to it (in a note) 247

Mr. Bancroft represents this war as merely _European_; refuted by himself; his noble representations of the Protestant character of the war on the part of Great Britain and other Powers 248

Contests chiefly between the Colonists, the French, and the Indians, from 1648 to 1654; English soldiers under General Braddock sent to America in 1655; campaigns actual and devised that year; Massachusetts active; Sir William Johnson's victory over the French General, Dieskau 250

War formally declared by England and France in 1756; French successes in 1755, 1756, and 1757 252

Parliament votes £115,000 sterling to compensate the Colonies for expenses incurred by them 252

Arrival of the Earl of Loudon from England with troops, as Commander-in-Chief 252

Capture of Forts Oswego and William Henry by the French General, Montcalm 253

Dispute between the Earl of Loudon and the Massachusetts Court, in regard to the Mutiny Act, and quartering the troops upon the citizens 255

Alarming situation of affairs at the close of the year 1757 255

Divided counsels and isolated resources and action of the Colonies 257

General Abercrombie arrives with more troops, and forty German officers to drill and command regiments to be raised in America (which gave offence to the Colonists) 257

The Governor of Virginia recommends Washington, but his services are not recognized 257

Generals Abercrombie and Loudon at Albany hesitate and delay, while the French generals are active and successful 258

The Earl of Loudon's arbitrary conduct in quartering his officers and troops in Albany and New York (in a note) 258

Loudon never fought a battle in America; and in the only battle fought by Abercrombie, he was disgracefully defeated by Montcalm, though commanding the largest army which had ever been assembled in America. Among the slain in this battle was the brave General, Lord Howe, the favourite of the army and citizens 259

The Massachusetts Court appropriate £250 sterling to erect a monument in Westminster Abbey in honour of Lord Howe 260

Abercrombie--the last of the incompetent English Generals--recalled, and succeeded by Lord Amherst as Commander-in-Chief, assisted by General Wolfe, when, under the Premiership of the elder Pitt, the whole policy and fortunes of the war undergo a complete change 260

Colonel Bradstreet's brilliant achievement in taking and destroying Fort Frontenac 261

Lord Amherst plans three expeditions, all of which were successful 261

Louisburg besieged and taken; heroism of General Wolfe; great rejoicings 262

Admiral Boscawen returns to England; Lord Amherst's energetic movements 262

Niagara taken; Fort du Quesne taken, and called Pittsburg; Ticonderoga and Crown Point taken; Quebec taken 263

Attempt of the French to recover Quebec 266

Parliamentary compensation to Massachusetts (in a note) 267

Montreal besieged and taken, and all Canada surrendered to the King of Great Britain, through Lord Amherst 267

General Amherst's address to the army (in a note) 268

The war not closed; conquests in the West Indies; troubles with the Indians; reduction of the Cherokees 269

Treaty of Paris; general rejoicings 269

Massachusetts benefited by the war 270

Moneys provided by England for the war abstracted from England and expended in the Colonies 270

Grateful acknowledgments and avowed loyalty to England by Massachusetts; the language and feelings of the other Colonies the same 271

CHAPTER IX.

RELATION OF ENGLAND AND THE COLONIES WITH EACH OTHER AND WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 273-279

I. The position of England in respect to the other European Powers after the Peace of Paris, 1763 273

II. The position of the American Colonies, in regard to England and other nations, after the Peace of Paris in 1763 274

III. Effects of the change of policy by the English Government in regard to the Colonies 277

IV. First acts of the British Government which caused dissatisfaction and alienation in the Colonies 279

CHAPTER X.

THE STAMP ACT; ITS EFFECTS IN AMERICA; VIRGINIA LEADS THE OPPOSITION TO IT; RIOTS AND DESTRUCTION OF PROPERTY IN BOSTON; PETITIONS AGAINST THE STAMP ACT IN ENGLAND; REPEAL OF THE STAMP ACT; REJOICINGS AT ITS REPEAL IN ENGLAND AND AMERICA; THE DECLARATORY ACT. 283-293

APPENDIX "A" TO CHAPTER X.

Containing extracts of the celebrated speeches of Mr. Charles Townsend and Colonel Barré on passing the Stamp Act 294

Remarks on the speeches of the Right Honourable Mr. Townsend and Colonel Barré; Puritan treatment of the Indians 296

APPENDIX "B" TO CHAPTER X.

Containing the speeches of Lords Chatham and Camden on the Stamp Act and its repeal 302

Dr. Franklin's evidence at the Bar of the House of Commons 308

CHAPTER XI.

AUTHORITY OF PARLIAMENT OVER THE BRITISH COLONIES. 317-322

CHAPTER XII.

SUMMARY OF EVENTS FROM THE REPEAL OF THE STAMP ACT, MARCH, 1766, TO THE END OF THE YEAR. 323-328

CHAPTER XIII.

1767.--A NEW PARLIAMENT; FIRST ACT AGAINST THE PROVINCE OF NEW YORK; BILLETING SOLDIERS ON THE COLONIES. 329-336

Raising a revenue by Act of Parliament in the Colonies 330

Three Bills brought in, and passed by Parliament, to raise a revenue in the Colonies 331

Vice-Admiralty Courts and the Navy employed as custom-house officers 334

The effect of these Acts and measures in the Colonies 335