Chapter M

a mayor, president, lord, governor, czar, etc. See association,
governor, official titles.

the Mayor, King, President, Czar, Governor, etc.

morocco goods. See merchandise.

the Manager. See official titles.

a manager. See official titles.

Merchandise. Arctic, Tropics, Levant, Orient, and all geographical
names used as proper nouns go up; but nouns used to specify
merchandise go down, as: arctic ivory, india ink, russia leather,
morocco, turkey red, port wine, chinese blue. When words derived
from proper nouns have thus lost the direct connection or literal
sense of the name there is no need of capitals. Consult De Vinne’s
_Correct Composition_, page 119.

N

Names. White House, Gillis Opera House, Handel Hall, etc.

New Year’s.

the North, meaning an undefined geographical section.

a north wind.

Northeast, Northwest, etc., follow same rule. Do not compound such
words.

Nicknames: Creole, negro, mulatto, gipsy, quadroon, greaser, coolie,
peon, and like nicknames do not begin with a capital. See De Vinne.

Nation, when in lieu of the United States or of any other particular
government. See state, etc.

a nation of workers, however.

nature ordinarily, except when in lieu of God. See Deity.

negro. See nicknames.

Nature when used for God. See Deity.

O

oriental silk. See merchandise.

the Orient.

the Occident.

Official titles: Mayor, judge, justice, king, governor, and the like
follow one rule, as do the terms treasurer, secretary of state, etc.
If they precede the name of one person (not of two or more) they
take the capital initial. If they follow a name or are preceded by
=the indefinite article a=, they need no capital. The name of the
office is never written with a capital in this sense: He ran for the
office of justice of the peace, president, governor, mayor, etc.
See association.

P

a president. See official titles.

the President, Czar, King, Governor, Mayor, etc. See official titles
and association.

prussian blue. See merchandise.

purgatory.

paradise, except the Paradise of John Milton.

Parliament. Same as Congress. See association.

platonic follows herculean and Baconian. If meaning direct reference
to Plato or his system, capitalize; if meaning merely philosophical,
write =platonic=. See herculean.

Political parties: Antis, Nationalist, Populist, Radical, Tory,
Democrat, Prohibitionist. Adjectives of the same, same rule.

Personification: Anything may be personified, and all personified
words should be capitalized, as: The spirit of Fire; the voice of
Crime; the call of Duty; the ghost of Want.

Pronouns standing for Deity go thus: his wisdom; him we fear; thou
God; thy Word; thee we adore. This is Biblical use. Capitalizing was
an error of hymn-books of the long ago.

Q

Queen. See king, president, governor, official titles, etc.

R

russia leather. See merchandise.

Religious denominations: Catholics, Protestants, Jews,
Mohammedans--but pagan and heathen, for these terms are too
indefinite to take the capital.

Republican. See political parties.

rhetoric. See sciences.

S

Saviour is the approved spelling when referring to Jesus Christ.

a senate.

the Senate of Illinois.

the Society for the Prevention of Vice, and like names.

a society for prevention of vice.

the Southern Railroad.

a southern railroad.

a state of the United States.

the State, meaning California; but the state of California. See
states.

the South, an undefined geographical location.

the Southeast. Same as South.

a south wind.

States: The state of New York, the empire of Germany; but New York
State, the German Empire, because the official names. The Southern
States, the Northern States, but the states and territories of the
United States.

Sciences: All references to algebra, botany, geometry, chemistry, and
like names of science are written without the capital initial.

Streets: First Street, Sixty-first Avenue, etc.

Second Corps.

Seasons: The seasons are not capitalized, unless in personification.

spring is here.

summer has departed.

the Scriptures. See Bible and Gospels.

T

=the= preceding the name of a newspaper or magazine is not
capitalized: =the= Herald, =the= Century, but in books it goes in
capital initial; as, “The Life of Emerson.”

the Tropics.

tropical plants, tropical weather, etc.

turkey red. See merchandise.

Titles: It is as proper to say Scavenger Smith or Barber Brown as to
say Judge Jones and President Roosevelt. All such titles as
director, manager, weigher, inspector, and like names follow the
general rule. See association and official titles.

a township. See county, association, etc.

transatlantic, transpacific, transmissouri.

U

universe.

=the= Union, meaning the United States; the Nation, Republic, Federal
Government, etc.

the Union, meaning one organization in particular, or when used in
lieu of the full name. See definite titles.

W

Whitsunday.

Whitsuntide.

the West, meaning an undefined geographical section.

a west wind.

a ward meeting.

the Sixth Ward politicians.

the wards of the city.

winter. See seasons.

Y

Your Grace.

Your Honor.

Your Majesty.

Your Reverence.

Your Royal Highness.

Yule-tide. See Christmas.

Z

zoology. See sciences.

the zodiac.

the zenith.

Zeus, the Greek god.

=34. Illustrations of the Code.= The following sentences illustrate the rules herein expounded. See section 49:

Saloon-keepers of the Reservation are in session at the Log Cabin Saloon in this City, and Government officials of Federal and State power will be asked to do nothing until the Supreme Court passes on the decisions of other courts. If no satisfaction is obtained, the State will be asked to refund sums expended in the two Kansas Citys--Kansas City, Mo., and Kansas City, Kan. Notice that _the two Kansas cities_ would convey the idea of two cities in Kansas, and _the two Kansas Cities_ would not be an improvement.

A NIGHT OF HORRORS.

It was Labor Day, but there was a celebration equal to that of the Fourth of July. No pagan holiday ever surpassed some of the heathenish performances there enacted. According to the New York Herald Ex-president Cleveland was there, accompanied by Colonel Hay, secretary of state. The President of the United States was there, and various ex-presidents’ memories were honored. There were senators, assemblymen, judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, and judges from other supreme courts in the throng--but not one from the Supreme Court of the state of Georgia, or from New York State. David Bennett Hill wore an arctic coat from the Arctic. During the evening a German sang, and a gipsy danced a jig. The Orient, the Arctic, the Tropics, and the Levant contributed to the decorations. The dances were on a brussels carpet direct from Brussels, according to the word of two doctors of divinity who sat near six masters of art. The titled gentlemen laughed until they shook down a bowl of paris green, and a shelf containing chinaware. The Government (or Nation or Union, meaning the United States) was honored by Alexis, grand duke and envoy extraordinary, who presented every senator and every judge a morocco badge--two badges to the Chief Justice of the highest court. A governor took umbrage, but the Governor of California took native claret; and as he sipped it an old greaser with a nose of turkey-red color, who looked like a ward politician from the Fourth Ward of San Francisco, disgraced the South. Later a breeze sprang from the east side of the Bay of Fundy and cooled off the representative of the empire of Germany greatly to the relief of the German Empire itself. Every man present hunted for his bowie-knife, except a Methodist member of the Salvation Army, who quoted the Gospels, speaking often of God and his Word, the Holy Writ. The Middle Ages would have been disgraced if such italic head-lines as our papers contained had ever disturbed their quiet life. It was a wonderful demonstration, even for a night of the nineteenth century. Let us hope that foot-, side-, and end-notes in small volumes of history may tell the story to coming generations.--_Maritime World Code_, January, 1899.

=35. Chemical Terms.= In many chemical terms the final =e= is dropped, as: Oxid, chlorid, quinin, chlorin, fibrin.

CITATIONS IN GENERAL.

=36. Books.= See paragraphs 22, 27, 52. Here is a standard form: Macaulay’s 2 History, iv, 14. This means the second volume of the work, the fourth chapter, the fourteenth page. The iv should be set in lower-case.

Law Books. In citing law books abbreviate as follows: Briggs vs. Ewart, 51 Ala., 576; 78 Fed. Rep., 398, etc.

=37. Paragraphs.= Paragraphs, pages, verses, and sections of books are marked in arabic, but cantos of poetry should be set in lower-case roman.

=38. Pages.= Pages 145, 168, 172, and never p 145 or pp 145, 168, 172. Spell out all such references.

=39. Publications.= In citing such publications as periodicals and newspapers it is not necessary to use a capital for _the_ in _the New York Herald_. In _The Life of Christ_ or the title of any other book capitalize _The_. See paragraph 52.

=40. Scriptural Citations.= Unless many citations are made it is best to spell out the names of books of Scripture, but when the references are numerous they should be as follows:

Old Testament.

Gen. xi, 17
Ex.
Lev.
Num.
Deut.
Joshua
Judges
Ruth
1 Sam.
2 Sam.
1 Kings
2 Kings
1 Chron.
2 Chron.
Ezra
Neh.
Esther
Job
Ps.
Prov.
Eccles.
Cant. or Song of Sol.
Isa.
Jer.
Lam.
Ezek.
Dan.
Hos.
Joel
Amos
Obad.
Jonah
Mic.
Nahum.
Hab.
Zeph.
Hag.
Zech.
Mal.

New Testament.

Matt.
Mark
Luke
John
Acts
Rom.
1 Cor.
2 Cor.
Gal.
Eph.
Phil.
Col.
1 Thess.
2 Thess.
1 Tim.
2 Tim.
Titus
Philem.
Heb.
Jas.
1 Pet.
2 Pet.
1 John
2 John
3 John
Jude
Rev.

The Apocrypha.

1 Esdras
2 Esdras
Tobit
Judith
Rest of Esth.
Wisd. of Sol.
Ecclus.
Baruch
Song of Three Childr.
Susanna
Bel and Dragon
Pr. of Manasses
1 Macc.
2 Macc.

=Scriptural Citations.= Scriptural citations of chapter and verse should be thus: Chapter in lower-case roman numerals, and verse in figures, as: Acts vii, 16.

=41. Compounds.= See also paragraphs 10 and 27. As stated in the introduction, the _Standard Dictionary_ seems to be the only one that gives the compounding of words. By its system both solidified and hyphenated words of the compound type are shown. Teall’s book on this subject is really a codification of the compounds appearing in the _Standard Dictionary_. Since Teall’s list was made there have been some changes in the system preferred by good writers. Every change has been in the direction of solidifying. Teall gives bookkeeper as one word, but make proof-reader two. He makes postmaster one word, post-office a compound. The Chicago Proofreaders’ Association is more consistent in such cases, printing all words of this type in the solidified form.

The following list is believed to be more consistent than the Standard-Teall handling of the same words, and is therefore preferred:

=42. Some Examples.= (a) Words denoting an occupation or calling, as baggagemaster, bagmaker, watchmaker, proofreader, bricklayer.

(b) Words denoting a connecting use, as barnyard, crosshead, carwheel, footboard, gaspipe.

(c) Words denoting a state of being, as motherhood, fatherhood, widowhood.

(d) Words that are pronounced as one word and usually printed as such, as claptrap, crackerjack, daredevil, haphazard.

=43. Approved Consolidations.= Words like steamboat, railroad, fishline, firearms, pineapple, catfish, bluebird, blackboard, quartermaster are best as here printed. It is proper to consolidate all words denoting a species, kind or class of birds, animals or plants, as kingfisher, meadowlark, bulldog, bloodhound, wildcat, goldenseal.

(a) Anybody, anything, anywhere, evermore, everybody, everything, everywhere, forevermore, somewhere, nobody, something, nowhere, nothing, afterpiece, crossexamine, crossquestion, countermarch, antislavery, antedate, schoolboy, schoolmate, schoolmistress, but school teacher, school children and school teaching.

(b) Other approved solidifications are words denoting tools, materials, and implements, as: Strawboard, halftone, guidebook, screwdriver, rosewater, typewriter, handbook.

=44. Compounds and Solids.= The following list of compound words should be used with hyphens or in the solidified form, as indicated:

afterthought
after-years
agateware
aide-de-camp
air-brake
air-castle
air-cushion
air-faucet
air-filter
air-dried
alarm-clock
alcohol-engine
ale-bench
ale-brewer
ale-drinker
ale-drinking
alepot
alevat
alleyway
apple-moth
apple-seed
apple-peel
alehouse
almshouse
anglebar
angleworm
antechamber

baggagemaster
bakeshop
ballroom
barn-yard
bartender
baseball
bath-house
bathroom
bearskin
bedchamber
billboard
billposter
birdhouse
birdseye
blackboard
blackmail
blacktail
blockhouse
bloodroot
bluebird
bluefish
bluestone
bluewing
bobtail
boilermaker
bondholder
bookbindery
bookkeeper-ing
bookmaker
bookmaking
bookman
bookmark
bookroom
bookstore
brakebeam
brakeshoe
brassfounder
brickyard
brownstone
bulldog
bullseye

cakewalk
candlelight
cardboard
carwheel
casehardened
cashbook
catbird
catchline
catchword
catfish
churchyard
clambake
claptrap
clingstone
clockmaker
clockwork
clubhouse
clubroom
coalhod
coalmine
coalyard
coonskin
copperplate
cornerstone
cornfield
cornmeal
cornstalk
cottontail
cottonwood
countershaft
countersunk
countinghouse
countingroom
courthouse
courtyard
cowbell
cowboy
crackerjack
crosshatch
crosshead
crosspiece
cutthroat

daredevil
darkroom
daybook
deathbed
deerhound
dewdrop
dockyard
doorkeeper
doormat
downpour
drawbar
dreamland
drugstore
drumfish
dugout
dustproof
dyewood

earmark
eggcase
electroplate
eyebolt
eyepiece

facewise
facsimile
fairyland
farmhouse
farmyard
feedlot
fencerow
fieldbook
filmholder
firearm
firefly
fireplace
fireproof
fishplate
fishoil
flagship
flagstaff
flintlock
flourmill
flywheel
foodstuffs
football
footboard
footbridge
foothills
footnote
footplate
footrace
footsore
footstool
fourfold, etc.
fourscore (80)
foxhound
foxskin
Freemason
freestone

gagewheel
gamebag
gamedealer
gamekeeper
gaspipe
gatepost
glassblower
glassworks
goldenrod
goldenseal
goldmine
grandam
granddaughter
greenhouse
greenstone
gristmill
guidebook
gunmaker

hailstorm
hairbreadth
halftone
handbook
handcar
handrail
haphazard
harbormaster
hardtack
headband
headboard
hilltop
homemade
horsecar
horseshoe
hothouse

indoor
inkmaker
inkmaking
ironclad
ironfounder
ironware

jackscrew
jacksnipe
jellyfish
jobroom
junkshop

keelboat
kennelman
keyboard
knifebar

ladylike
lambskin
landholder
landowner
lawbreaker
lawmaker
lawsuit
lifelong
lifetime
lighthouse
lockout
loophole

manhole
mantelpiece
meadowlark
milestone
milldam
millpond
millstone
mockingbird
moldboard
mopboard
mouthpiece
mudhen
multicolor
multiphase

nailhole
newsdealer
notebook
nowadays

oatmeal
Oddfellowship
officeholder
officeseeker
oilcloth
onlooker
outbuilding
outdoor (a.)
outhouse
oxgall

packhorse
packmule
payroll
pinkroot
plateholder
platemaker
pocketbook
pokeroot
poolroom
portemonnaie
postoffice
postmaster
pressroom
proofreader-ing
proofroom
prorate

racecourse
racehorse
racetrack
rainfall
rainstorm
rattletrap
redbird
ricebird
redhead
redwing
reedbird
roadbed
rollermaker
ropewalk
rosewater
roundhouse
rowboat
runway

sagebrush
sagehen
sailboat
saloonkeeper
salthouse
sandbar
sandhill
sandstone
sawmill
scalebeam
scattergun
schoolbook
schoolboy
schooldame
schoolfellow
schoolgirl
schoolhouse
schoolmaster
schoolmate
schoolmistress
schoolroom
scorecard
scrapbook
screwdriver
seagirt
sealskin
seashore
sedgefield
sheepdog
sheepskin
sheetwise
shipbuilding
shipchandler
shotgun
showcase
sidenote
signboard
skylark
slavepen
slidemaker
slugcasting
smokestack
snowdrift
snowflake
snowstorm
spaceband
spacebar
sprigtail
staghound
standpoint
statehouse
staybolt
stockholder
stockhouse
stockyard
stonecutter
stonedresser
storehouse
storeroom
storekeeper
strawboard
subhead
sunburned
switchboard

tablecloth
tablespoonful
tailpiece
tapeworm
taxpayer
teaspoon
telltale
textbook
thoroughbred
threefold
thumbscrew
thunderstorm
tidewater
tieplate
tinware
tiptoe
to-day
to-morrow
trademark
transshipment
triphase
turnout
turnover
twofold, etc.
twoscore (40, etc.)
typefounder
typefoundry
typemaking

voltmeter

walkover
warehouse
washstand
wastepipe
watchcase
watercourse
watermark
watershed
waterworks
waterproof
wayfaring
weakfish
weekday
wellwisher
whitefish
windrow
windstorm
wirehaired
wolfskin
woodyard
workaday
workbag
workday
workingman

yellowlegs

=45. Interrupted Compounds.= Benjamin Drew says, in _Pens and Types_: When two words connected by a conjunction are severally compound parts of a following word, the hyphen is omitted, as:

We use cast and wrought iron pillars.

I have pruned my peach and apple trees.

Some authors follow the German style, inserting the hyphens, thus:

We use cast- and wrought-iron pillars.

I have pruned my peach- and apple-trees.

The style in the last example is known as the =interrupted compound=. It is gaining ground rapidly in the best printing-houses, and is recommended by De Vinne, who uses it in his books. Here are some examples: Foot-, top-, and side-notes; quarter-, eighth-, and half-kegs; base- and foot-ball, foot- or side-note. This is good usage. See the _Century_ magazine for examples, or see any books published by the Century Company. There seems to be no other way to signify that both words in such examples are compounds.

=46. No Fixed Rules.= There are no hard and fast rules regarding compounds. It is, in fact, almost impossible to hold to a uniform, consistent style. Here are some of De Vinne’s compoundings:

(a) Subject-matter, lower-case, making-up, memorandum-book, proof-reader, fault-finding, type-setting, style-card, letter-writing, printing-house, quote-marks, quotation-marks, piece-compositors, five-to-em body, book-making, book-work, pre-historic, pre-raphaelite, ill-bred, well-formed, good-looking, composing-room, dining-table, canal-boat, ferry-house, dwelling-house [See list on page 74 of De Vinne’s _Composition_], over-wide, spelled-out, title-page, table-work, old-style, bold-faced, hymn-book, to-morrow, to-day, head-lines, type-writing, catch-lines, hair-space, thin-space, type-founders, side-heading, type-setting, foot-note, letter-writer, side-notes, six-point, cut-in note, center-note, shoulder-note, three-em indention, wide-leaded, double-leaded, every-day world. Note that they do not agree with the Chicago Proofreaders’ Association list.

(b) The following are approved forms: Fine-tooth saw, six-bit machine, six-foot pole, two-year-old horse, but six-months-old baby. Bluewing, whitefish, bricklayer, gaspipe, footboard, motherhood, widowhood.

=47. Specials.= The following list is for use in trade-journals: Hopvine, hopyard, hop-picker, labor-union, labor-saving, liquordealer, liquorseller, liquor-saloon, liquor-store, liquor-bottle, wine-merchant, wineroom, winedealer, wine-taster, wine-press, wine-party, wine-vault, wine-vinegar, wineglass, wineglassful, wine-stone, vine-disease, trade-union, trade-mark, trade-journal, trade-name, trade-wind, street-car, street-railroad, street-sweeper, street-sprinkler, street-walker, pastepot, paperknife, papercutter, saloonmen, saloonkeeper, barkeeper, barkeep, wood-alcohol.

(a) Many words that might be solidified, under the rules of logic, are set with hyphens because they present an unsightly appearance as one word. These things are largely matters of fancy.

(b) There are some such expressions as, =Italian and Chinese American citizens=, which are very puzzling. The question arises whether hyphens should be used in such expressions, and how. Such sentences are sometimes erroneously written with one hyphen, as, =Italian and Chinese-American citizens=. The sentence is proper enough as first written, but a somewhat more discriminating use would be, =Italian- and Chinese-American citizens=. In expressions like these the interrupted compounds are properly written with hyphens. See paragraph 45.

=48. Dashes.= Avoid dashes in side-headings, as in this _Style-code_. They are not needed at the end of a quotation, between it and the credit. See paragraph 22.

Also see De Vinne’s _Correct Composition_, page 273.

=49. De Vinne Rules Violated.= Though the Century Company, the _Century Magazine_, and editors high in authority follow the simple rules laid down by De Vinne, there are many violations of these rules in the _Century_ itself, as well as in its publications. Sometimes names of newspapers are quoted, and sometimes they are set in italic. The system of capitals is not closely followed. In a letter to the editor of this work, Mr. De Vinne thus explained the failure of the publications of the Century Company to show uniformity: “The Century Company has many editors, and each editor has notions of his own that printers are directed to follow. Though most of these editors abide by the rules expounded by me in my works on typography, a study of some of our books shows that the neglect to capitalize Bay, City, Island, etc., when the word refers distinctly to a proper name, is a common error--so common that the proofreaders find it a waste of time to suggest to editors and authors the need of a capital. Yet I hold stoutly to the correctness of the capital. Even careful editors are often overruled by authors. The Century printing-house can not be held responsible, with justice, for some of the eccentricities of our printing. It should be borne in mind that a printer’s business is to do what he is told.”

=50. Division of Words.= De Vinne says the system most approved now authorizes the division of a word, when consistent with pronunciation, on the vowel at the end of the syllable. The system is defective in its inability to make provision for the syllables that end with consonants. Divisions of all kinds should be prevented as often as possible. The Chicago Proofreaders’ Association offers the following rules concerning divisions. The reprint ‘follows copy’ as published by the Association:

The proper division of words is an important matter. An improper division is as much an error as a misplaced letter, and is oftentimes more misleading.

Follow the American rule of dividing words at the end of the line according to pronunciation rather than the British rule of dividing on the vowel or to show derivation. The dictionary in use in any particular office should be followed, unless otherwise directed.

Where a vowel constitutes a syllable in the middle of a word, place this vowel in the first line, as promi-nent is preferable to prom-inent, quali-ties to qual-ities, particu-lar to partic-ular, dili-gence to dil-igence, sepa-rate to sep-arate, etc. Exceptions: In words ending in -able or -ible, the single vowel should be carried into the second line.

There are frequent instances where a particular division of a word will aid the reader in its pronunciation at first sight, obviating a faltering or repetition, as pro-gress, verb, and prog-ress, noun; distrib-ute, verb, and distri-bution, noun; pre-fer, verb, and pref-erable, adjective.

Never divide a word pronounced as one syllable, as “changed,” “drowned,” “dipped,” etc.

Avoid all two-letter divisions except in very narrow measures or where very large types are used.

Avoid having three or more successive divisions at the ends of lines.

Divide En-gland and En-glish as pronounced and as they are here printed.

The addition of s to form the plural of a word--as horses, fences, etc.--does not justify a division on the last portion so formed, as, circumstan-ces, etc. Avoid all such divisions.

51. EDITORIAL OBSERVATIONS.

(1) =Employee= is a good English word. Avoid employe whenever possible to do so.

(2) =Headquarters= is usually plural, sometimes singular.

(3) =Last held= meeting. =Held= is useless. Newcomer and Teall oppose such expressions.

(4) =Etc.= It is a common error to write =etc., etc.= Once is enough.

(5) =Et al.= The use of =et als= is an error. It is always =et al.=

(6) =Follows, as follows.= As follows is always the form, because it is impersonal. =As follow= is not needed where the nominative is plural. This is on the authority of the _Oxford Dictionary_, also of Doctor Fernald of the _Standard_.

(7) =Plurals.= These are preferred plurals: Cannon, craft for vessels, heathen, fowl, cherubs, indexes, seraphs, beaus. In scientific writings it may be =seraphim=, =formulae= instead of =formulas=, =beaux=, etc.

(8) =Spoonfuls= and handfuls rather than spoonsfull and handsfull.

(9) =The following named persons.= Omit =named=. Newcomer and Teall say named is useless.

(10) =Some preferences.= Use controller, not comptroller; draft, not draught; drouth, not drought; program, not programme; dulness, not dullness; fulness, not fullness; skilful, not skillful; wilful, not willful; bazar, not bazaar; employee, not employe.

(11) =On yesterday, on Sunday.= On is usually superfluous, except in some sentences, where euphony or emphasis may make the =on= seem an element of strength.

(12) =Welsh rarebit.= Welsh =rabbit= is the correct expression. The use of rarebit in this connection is from ignorance long current. See Walsh’s _Handbook of Literary Curiosities, Greenough & Kittredge’s Words and Their Ways in English Speech_, and the late editions of standard dictionaries.

(13) =Self-confessed.= Omit =self= in such expressions as =self-confessed= murderer, etc. =Confessed= conveys the idea without any assistance from =self=.

(14) =er= words. Spell =theater=, =center=, and like words er, never ending re.

=52. Books=, papers, plays, operas, and periodicals should be cited in italic, as: Bowie’s _Tenting On Coral Strands_, the _Sun_, _Lucia_, _Mascot_, the _Century_. De Vinne notices an irregularity in the style of setting credits. However, bibliographers prefer italic; but printers (on account of the saving of labor), select quote-marks. If the name of the play and that of the character are the same, as _Ingomar_, the name of the play must be quoted, the character italicized. See De Vinne’s _Correct Composition_, page 224. See also paragraphs 22, 39.

=53. Ships and Vessels.= There is not any need to either quote or italicize the names of vessels, unless there would be doubt as to what the name means. In such cases italics are preferred, though quoting the name will do.

=54. Newspapers and Magazines.= Names of newspapers and magazines should be set in italic. Some papers and magazines quote magazines and italicize newspapers. Italics are better in both cases. De Vinne runs both in roman. The name of one’s own paper is run in small capitals. Linotype machines have upset these rules somewhat, but unwisely so in careful work.

=55. Farther.= Use farther for distance. Further is used in the sense of besides, moreover, being equivalent to additional. “I have gone further in astronomy, you have traveled farther in miles.”

=56. Foreign Words and Phrases.= All foreign words and phrases that have not been Englished by long use should be italicized. Vice versa, en route, pro tem, and like words should go in roman. Aid-de-camp, addenda, ad valorem, alias, alibi, alma mater, anno Domini, ante bellum, a propos, billet doux, bona fide, bravos, cafe, cantos, carte blanche, viva voce, rendezvous, ultimatum, post-mortem, per cent., per capita, per annum, facsimile, and about fifty like words go under the same rule.

=57. Unfamiliar Words.= Unfamiliar words are run in italic the first time, but in roman thereafter, as: _Aloha_, _renigging_, _mulching_. But see paragraph 68.

=58. Plays.= _Julius Caesar_ should be set in italic when it refers to the character in Shakespeare’s play, but the name Julius Caesar for the man. The play itself should be “Julius Caesar,” or _Julius Caesar_. See paragraph 52.

=59. Salutations.= Under the old way salutations such as _Dear Sir_: were put in italics with the colon as indicated. Dear Sir: as here written is just as proper. Take your choice and you will not err. The dash is not needed. It is well to let =Dear Sir:= occupy a line by itself, properly indented.

De Vinne says he never writes such salutations as Dear Sir in italic though he admits that italic with a colon and no dash is the commonly accepted form. He advises roman lower-case.

=60. Salutations and Indentions.= Salutations should be set in ordinary roman, with hanging indention, thus:

The Writers’ and Proofreaders’ Society for the Prevention of
Burial in the Potter’s Field, 216 Goodfellows street. Office
of the Secretary, 37 New Testament House, New Orleans,
January 1, 1908.

To the Superintendent of the Home for the Unfortunate Dead.

_Dear Sir_:

In reply to your request for a list of our members, etc.
The signature should be set in small capital letters. See De
Vinne’s _Correct Composition_, page 168.

=61. Punctuation.= The Chicago Proofreaders’ Association has these rules:

Omit periods after per cent, and after roman numerals when used strictly as figures, but not when used in names, as Napoleon III.

Use em dash in conversations such as this:

Mr. Smith--Is your task completed?

Mr. Brown--Nearly.

=62. Punctuation with Parentheses.= The comma should usually go after the last parenthesis; it is seldom needed before the first one. De Vinne says: “When any complete sentence is enclosed by parentheses, the period should be before the last parenthesis, but when these parentheses enclose a few words at the end of a sentence, the period should be after the last parenthesis.”

=63. Medieval= and such words are spelled the simplest way. See the _Standard Dictionary_. Subpena, diarrhea, Etna Company.

=64. O, Oh, Oh!= These expressions are punctuated thus: O for a South Sea home! O that I had insured in the Etna! Oh, how my tooth aches! Oh! my crimes are deep and dark.

=65. Plural of Proper Names.= It is a common newspaper error to run sentences like this, from the social columns of the San Francisco _Examiner_ of July 15, 1906: “The Thomas H. Williams have been visiting the City.” The attempt to make the singular do the duty of the plural in such a case is ridiculous. Williamses is the plural of Williams. Printers and writers should learn how to write the plural of proper names.

=66. Quote-marks.= It is sometimes a puzzle where to place quote-marks. There is no better rule than that stated by De Vinne, who says that the closing marks of quotation always should be placed after the comma or the period in all places where these marks are needed; but the fact is the proper place of the closing marks of quotation should be determined by the quoted words only; they must inclose those words, and no more; they may be before or after the points, according to the construction of the sentence. When the quotation makes a complete sentence, put the quotation-marks after the period at the end of that sentence; when the quotation is at the end of but a portion of this sentence which terminates with a colon, semicolon, or any other point, then put the marks before the point. The mark of punctuation intended to define the construction of the completed sentence should not be made a portion of the fragmentary quoted matter.

A fine example of this is seen in the following: He asked, “Who said my mother lied?” and didn’t Jones reply, “Nobody dared to say that”?

=67. Smaller Type.= Quote-marks are not needed when extracts or quotations are set in smaller type than the body of the book or paper. Some reputable publications do not quote the extracts, even when they are set in the regular type of the publication and run in separate paragraphs. The indenting of the matter one em at the beginning and one em at the end of a line suffices. Such matter should be set solid when the main text is leaded.

=68. Quote-marks, single.= When especial attention is called to a word the single quote-marks are used in lieu of the old way of double quotes or italic. Thus: He said he thought the word ‘grafting’ applied to politics, not to horticulture. See De Vinne’s _Correct Composition_, page 213, where authors are advised to make one such emphasis of a word suffice, because repetition irritates the reader.

=69. Reverend and the reverend.= Never say Reverend John Brown. It must always be the Reverend John Brown, for reverend is not a title to be used like captain or doctor. Honorable should be used in the same way, if at all.

=70. Saviour and savior.= Preserve the historic way of spelling the Saviour when Jesus Christ is meant. Other saviors are without the _u_.

=71. Specials.= Print birdsnest, birdseye, bullseye, heartsease (a plant or flower), calvesfoot and neatsfoot as single words, without apostrophe or hyphen, except when signifying the actual nest of a bird, the eye of a bird or of a bull, etc.

=72. Spellings.= The Chicago _Proofreaders’ Stylebook_ has given the following list of generally misspelled words. The spellings here given are in accordance with the _Century_, the _Standard_, and _Webster_.

absinthin
acoustic
ax
amidin
antemetic
arabin
adz

backward
baptize
barytone
benzoin
Bering (Sea)
blond (adj.)
bluing
bouquet
Budapest
bur

caldron
calk, -er, -ing
calligraphy
camellia
cantharadin
carbureted
Chile (S. A.)
colter
consensus
cozy

darky
defense
denouement
dilettante
downward
dram (weight)
dumfounded

Eskimo

forward

gelatin
glycerin
gully

hacienda
Hindu
Hindustan

Mohammedan
mold, -er, -ing
molt, -ed, -ing
moneys
mustache

nickel

oculist
offense

paraffin
pedagogy
polt

quartet
quintet

rarefy
ruble
Rumania

straitlaced
sestet or
sextet
smolder, -ing
sobriquet
stanch
supersede

tranquility
typify

upward (not wards)
upward

veranda
vermilion
vitreous

whir
whisky

=73. United States are or United States Is.= If the expression is used as a collective term, designating one great nation, the singular is correct, but there are many sentences in which the plural verb must be used. It is proper to follow copy or query the expression, if there is doubt as to its correctness.

=74. Verbs, singular or plural.= There should be no hesitation in using the singular form of a verb when the subject has a singular meaning. Sometimes the logical subject is singular, the grammatical plural, as in, =Ten dollars was paid.= By ellipsis, =the sum of= is understood.

(a) =Addition.= Shall we say “two and two is four?” Professor William Dwight Whitney decided for the _Century Dictionary_ (of which he was one of the editors), that =two and two is four=, because the full meaning is =the sum of= two and two, or something “=similarly unifying= in the sense of two and two.”

(b) The singular verb should be used when the subject is plural in form, though it represents a number of things to be taken together as forming a unit. Here is an example: Thirty-four years =affects= one’s remembrance of some circumstances. _De Quincey._

(c) The singular verb is to be used with =book titles= and =similar names and singulars= that are plural in form but logically a unit. See Baskervill and Sewell’s _English Grammar_, pages 312, 313. An example from Goldsmith is: “The Three Pigeons expects me down every moment.” So, we should say the Odd Fellows meets to-night, meaning, by ellipsis, the lodge of Odd Fellows.

(d) Companies, associations, etc., are usually singular in meaning, as: The Southern Pacific Company =is= in trouble, the Bar Association =is= incorporated. However, collective nouns are to be followed by a plural verb when the individuals are thought of separately, as: A multitude =go= mad about it. _Emerson._ All our household =are= at rest. _Coleridge._

(e) The following is from Teall: Three dollars =was= paid, ten dollars =was= the price. When the meaning is simply a sum of money as one sum, and not so many actual separate dollars, the verb should be singular. Though the verb should be singular, this is so under the rules of logic, rather than those of grammar. In literal strictness it would not be ungrammatical to say ten dollars =were= paid.

(f) Collective nouns are always singular in form, but many of them, if not most, may be used even in that form with a plural verb, but such use depends upon the nature of the thought to be expressed. Considered as really singular are a =crowd=, an =army=, a =multitude=. It should be remembered that these words also have regular plural forms, though often used with the plural verb in the collective form.

(g) All words like ethics, mathematics, physics, and politics are plural in form, but they are usually treated as singular in meaning. The dictionary definitions of such words all begin, “the science which treats,” etc. James Russell Lowell wrote politics _are_, and this has been held sufficient justification for this use. _Teall._

(h) Either =bricks= or =brick= is proper as a plural. =Brick= probably has the better standing. The _Century Dictionary_ says =brick= is the proper singular collective.

=75. Whereabouts.= Whereabouts =is=, which is never =are=, is often written with the plural verb, but it should not be considered a plural. The error doubtless occurs from some fancied resemblance to =headquarters=, which may be either singular or plural.

=76. Women.= Women’s names should never be preceded by their husbands’ titles, as: Mrs. Governor Pardee, Mrs. General John Jones, Mrs. Doctor Charles Ketchum.

=77. Variations.= In many of the job offices of the country, also in newspaper offices where composition is done by the linotype, there will be many variations from the style expounded in this little manual. For example, it will not be practical to follow the italic citations of books, magazines, newspapers, etc., in offices where the equipment does not contain italic magazines. In such cases the use of roman is recommended, without quote-marks, which are unnecessary and unsightly. If the equipment does not carry small capitals, newspapers should run their own names in roman, making no distinction between their own and other publications.

When there is no italic, it may be well to quote the names of books and plays, also the names of vessels and characters in novels, plays, etc. This should not be the custom with vessels and characters, except when it is necessary to indicate that a vessel or a character, rather than a person, is meant.

Offices not able to carry out the code as set forth in detail in these pages, should make notes of deviations, abiding by such portions of the code as their equipments make possible. By a few interlineations, notations, etc., or by an office card of deviations this work will be made useful even where it is not followed to the letter.

=78. Wave-lines, etc.= The custom is almost too well known to record that one line under a word or words means that the underscored matter is to be set in italics, that two lines mean small capitals, and that three signify capitals. Similarly, a wave-line under a word or words means that the portions of the manuscript thus underscored are to be set in lower-case bold-faced type. Two wave-lines under matter mean that it is to be set in bold-faced capitals. A single line down the left side of matter means that it is to be set in type smaller than the body of the article, and two lines indicate that the matter is to be set in type of still smaller face.

=79. Writers’ Absurdities.= Book-offices have their own intricacies of style, with the additional bother of having to suit the varying whims of authors and publishers. “Many men of many minds” write for the papers, but their various whims need not be humored as those of book-writers need be. Authors of books frequently insist upon having things their own way, and too often the printers have to make that way for them, in opposition to what the authors write. This is certainly something for which the authors should be made to pay. If an author is determined to have certain matters of style conform to a certain set of whims, or even of good, logical opinions, he should write accordingly, or pay extra for the necessary changes. _Teall._

=80. Work of Stenographers.= If stenographers would master the principles of the system explained herein they would increase their efficiency. As conducted nowadays there is great lack of system in the work turned out by stenographers and others who use typewriting machines.

Though many of the principles and rules herein set forth are with reference to the work of printing-houses, the fact remains that the principles that make for good printing make also for good composition in general. The De Vinne system should be mastered by typewriters, and used by them on all work that is left to their own judgment.

=81. Words Spelled Anew.= There has been considerable recent (September, 1906) discussion of the reformed spelling as recommended by the Simplified Spelling Board, of New York City. The list has been recommended by eminent scholars of both Europe and America, and many of the words have been in general use for many years. In adopting the list recently, President Roosevelt said: “It is not an attack on the language of Shakespeare and Milton, because it is in some instances a going back to the forms they used, and in others merely the extension of changes which, as regards other words, have taken place since their time. It is not an attempt to do anything far-reaching or sudden or violent, or, indeed, anything very great at all. It is merely an attempt to cast what slight weight can properly be cast on the side of the popular forces which are endeavoring to make our spelling a little less foolish and fantastic.”

82. THREE HUNDRED WORDS.

The complete list is as follows:

=Use= =Instead of=

abridgment abridgement
accouter accoutre
accurst accursed
acknowledgment acknowledgement
addrest addressed
adz adze
affixt affixed
altho although
anapest anapaest
anemia anaemia
anesthesia anaesthesia
anesthetic anaesthetic
antipyrin antipyrine
antitoxin antitoxine
apothem apothegm
apprize apprise
arbor arbour
archeology archaeology
ardor ardour
armor armour
artizan artisan
assize assise
ax axe

bans banns
bark barque
behavior behaviour
blest blessed
blusht blushed
brazen brasen
brazier brasier
bun bunn
bur burr

caliber calibre
caliper calliper
candor candour
carest caressed
catalog catalogue
catechize catechise
center centre
chapt chapped
check cheque
checker chequer
chimera chimaera
civilize civilise
clamor clamour
clangor clangour
clapt clapped
claspt clasped
clipt clipped
clue clew
coeval coaeval
color colour
colter coulter
commixt commixed
comprest compressed
comprize comprise
confest confessed
controller comptroller
coquet coquette
criticize criticise
cropt cropped
crost crossed
crusht crushed
cue queue
curst cursed
cutlas cutlass
cyclopedia cyclopaedia

dactyl dactyle
dasht dashed
decalog decalogue
defense defence
demagog demagogue
demeanor demeanour
deposit deposite
deprest depressed
develop develope
dieresis diaeresis
dike dyke
dipt dipped
discust discussed
dispatch despatch
distil distill
distrest distressed
dolor dolour
domicil domicile
draft draught
dram drachm
drest dressed
dript dripped
droopt drooped
dropt dropped
dulness dullness

ecumenical oecumenical
edile aedile
egis aegis
enamor enamour
encyclopedia encyclopaedia
endeavor endeavour
envelop envelope
Eolian Aeolian
eon aeon
epaulet epaulette
eponym eponyme
era aera
esophagus oesophagus
esthetic aesthetic
esthetics aesthetics
estivate aestivate
ether aether
etiology aetiology
exorcize exorcise
exprest expressed

fagot faggot
fantasm phantasm
fantasy phantasy
fantom phantom
favor favour
favorite favourite
fervor fervour
fiber fibre
fixt fixed
flavor flavour
fulfil fulfill
fulness fullness

gage gauge
gazel gazelle
gelatin gelatine
gloze glose
glycerin glycerine
good-by good-bye
gram gramme
gript gripped

harbor harbour
harken hearken
heapt heaped
hematin haematin
hiccup hiccough
hock hough
homeopathy homoeopathy
homonym homonyme
honor honour
humor humour
husht hushed
hypotenuse hypothenuse

idolize idolise
imprest impressed
instil instill

jail gaol
judgment judgement

kist kissed

labor labour
lacrimal lachrymal
lapt lapped
lasht lashed
leapt leaped
legalize legalise
license licence
licorice liquorice
liter litre
lodgment lodgement
lookt looked
lopt lopped
luster lustre

mama mamma
maneuver manoeuver
materialize materialise
meager meagre
medieval mediaeval
meter metre
mist missed
miter mitre
mixt mixed
mold mould
molder moulder
molding moulding
moldy mouldy
molt moult
mullen mullein

naturalize naturalise
neighbor neigh
nipt nipped

ocher ochre
odor odour
offense offence
omelet omelette
opprest oppressed
orthopedic orthopaedic

paleography palaeography
paleontology palaeontology
paleozoic palaeozoic
parlor parlour
partizan partisan
past passed
patronize patronise
pedagog pedagogue
pedobaptist paedobaptist
phenix phoenix
phenomenon phaenomenon
pigmy pygmy
plow plough
polyp polype
possest possessed
practise (v. and n.) practice
prefixt prefixed
prenomen praenomen
prest pressed
pretense pretence
preterit preterite
pretermit praetermit
primeval primaeval
profest professed
program programme
prolog prologue
propt propped
pur purr

quartet quartette
questor quaestor
quintet quintette

rancor rancour
rapt rapped
raze rase
recognize recognise
reconnoiter reconnoitre
rigor rigour
rime rhyme
ript ripped
rumor rumour

saber sabre
savior saviour
scepter sceptre
septet septette
sepulcher sepulchre
sextet sextette
silvan sylvan
simitar cimeter
sipt sipped
skilful skillful
skipt skipped
slipt slipped
smolder smoulder
snapt snapped
somber sombre
specter spectre
splendor splendour
stedfast steadfast
stept stepped
stopt stopped
strest stressed
stript stripped
subpena subpoena
succor succour
suffixt suffixed
sulfate sulphate
sulfur sulphur
sumac sumach
supprest suppressed
surprize surprise
synonym synonyme

tabor tabour
tapt tapped
teazel teasel
tenor tenour
theater theatre
tho though
thoro thorough
thorofare thoroughfare
thoroly thoroughly
thru through
thruout throughout
tipt tipped
topt topped
tost tossed
transgrest transgressed
trapt trapped
tript tripped
tumor tumour

valor valour
vapor vapour
vext vexed
vigor vigour
vizor visor

wagon waggon
washt washed
whipt whipped
whisky whiskey
wilful willful
winkt winked
wisht wished
wo woe
woful woeful
woolen woollen
wrapt wrapped

83. FORMS OF ADDRESS.

The following correct forms of address are believed to conform to the recognized custom, as indorsed by official, social, and scholarly sources of authority. Most of the examples are from Westlake’s “How to Write Letters,” but some are from Harper’s Cyclopedia:

=Army Officers.= See Military, Colonel, etc.

=Associate Justice= of the Supreme Court of the United States, or of the supreme court of any state. To Honorable John Brown, justice. Sir:

=Assistant Secretaries= of Federal departments, heads of bureaus, etc. To John Brown, Esq., secretary of state. Sir:

=Bishop.= Except in the case of Methodists address a bishop as the Right Reverend John Brown. Salutation--Right Reverend Sir: or Right Reverend and Dear Sir:

=Board of Education, Board of Trade, etc.= To the President and Members of the ----. Sirs: or Honorable Sirs: or May it Please Your Honorable Body. Other organizations of similar character are addressed after this style.

=Cabinet Members.= To the Honorable E. M. Stanton, secretary of war. Another form is Honorable E. M. Stanton. The salutation is simply Sir:

=Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.= To the Honorable Joseph McKenna, chief justice of the Supreme Court, or To the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Sir: or Mr. Chief Justice:

=College Presidents.= Either Dear Sir: or Reverend and Dear Sir: as the case may be.

=Company, President of.= John Jones, president of the North German Cracker Company. Sir: or Dear Sir:

=Court or Judge.= Honorable Thomas F. Graham, judge of the Superior Court. Sir: Dear Sir: or Your Honor:

=Colonel.= Colonel John Brown, commanding the First Cavalry. Or Colonel John Brown, U. S. A. Colonel:

=Doctors.= Women doctors may be addressed as Doctor Mary Walker, or as Mary Walker, M. D. See physicians.

=Dentists.= Doctor John Brown. Sir: or Dear Sir:

=Excellency.= Excellency, Your Excellency, His Excellency, etc., were formerly applied to the President, but now such use is wrong. Foreign ministers and governors are addressed as Excellency.

=General.= General John Brown, commanding the armies of the U. S. General: or Sir: The former is preferred.

=Governor of a State.= To His Excellency Governor George C. Pardee, Governor of the State of California, or His Excellency Governor George C. Pardee. Sir: or Your Excellency:

=Foreign Ministers.= To His Excellency Edward Everett, Envoy Extraordinary at the Court of St. James. Your Excellency: or Sir:

=Heads of State Departments, Members of State Senates, etc.= Honorable John Brown, Attorney General, etc. Sir:

=House of Representatives.= To the Honorable the Speaker of the House of Representatives. Sir: or Mr. Speaker:

=Honorable.= This title is applicable to judges, mayors, senators, representatives in Congress, the heads of government departments and others of similar rank below that of governor or President. It is improper to thus designate the chiefs of bureaus, and other subordinates. In official communications the official designation only should be employed.

=Judges in General.= Honorable John Brown. Sir: Dear Sir:

=Justice of the Peace.= John Brown, Esq. Dear Sir:

=Mayor.= Honorable John Brown, Mayor of ----. Sir: or Your Honor:

=Navy Officers.= Admiral Bowman McCalla, Commanding U. S. N. Sir: Commodores and others are addressed similarly, changing title to suit the office.

=Mr. and Esq.= These terms are somewhat interchangeable in America, but an ignorant man should not be addressed as Esq. It is proper to confine the title to persons of refinement.

=My Dear Sir.= This implies closer friendship than Dear Sir.

=Miss.= Miss Clara Barton. Dear Madam: or Dear Miss: or Miss Barton:

=Mrs.= May be used, contrary to views expressed elsewhere in this volume, before such titles as Mrs. General Sheridan, Mrs. Admiral Porter. This custom has the sanction of good usage at the National Capital, though critics condemn it.

=Mrs.= Do not address a married woman as Mrs. Jane Smith. Address her as Mrs. Erastus Smith if Erastus is her husband’s name.

=Mr.= Mr. is sometimes used before such titles as President, Chief Justice, Attorney General, etc.

=Military and Naval.= Those who rank under captain in the Army, and commodore in the Navy, are addressed as Mr., Sir, or Dr., with U. S. N. or U. S. A. after their names.

=Physicians and Surgeons.= Doctor John Brown. Dear Sir: See Doctor for women.

=President of a Board of Education, Directors, Commissions, etc.= To John Brown, Esq., President of ----. Sir:

=President of the Senate.= To Honorable John Brown, President of the Senate of the U. S. Sir: or Honorable Sir:

=President of the U. S.= To the President, Washington, D. C., or To the President, Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C. Salutation is Sir: or Mr. President: Omit all further ceremony.

=Professor.= This title is conferred by election or by courtesy to men of just scholarship. The title should not be applied to barbers, horse trainers, dancing teachers and like persons.

=Rector, Minister, Priest, Rabbi, or Reader.= The Reverend. Salutation--Sir: Reverend Sir: Reverend and Dear Sir:

=Reverend.= Always write =the= before the title Reverend. Never use Rev. immediately before the surname.

ROMAN CATHOLIC CLERGY.

=The Pope.= To Our Most Holy Father, Pope Pius IX:, or To His Holiness Pope Pius IX. Most Holy Father:, or Your Holiness: Catholics write at the end of the letter: Prostrate at the feet of Your Holiness, and begging the Apostolic Benediction, I protest myself now and at all times to be of Your Holiness the most obedient son, JOHN BROWN.

Those who are not Catholics should trust to good sense to conclude respectfully.

=Cardinals.= To His Eminence Cardinal Brown, Bishop of ----: or To His Eminence the Most Reverend Cardinal Brown. Most Eminent Sir: or Most Eminent and Most Reverend Sir: Conclude thus: Of Your Eminence the most obedient and most humble servant; or, I have the honor to remain, Most Eminent Sir, with profound respect your obedient and humble servant.

=Archbishop.= Most Reverend Archbishop Riordan, or Most Reverend John Brown, Archbishop of ----. Most Reverend and Respected Sir:, or Most Reverend and Dear Sir: Conclude thus: Most Reverend Sir, or Most Reverend Archbishop, or Most Reverend and Dear Sir, Your obedient servant. Most Reverend and Dear Sir: should be used by a clergyman or a friend only.

=Bishop.= Right Reverend John Brown, Bishop of ----. Right Reverend Sir: Conclude: I have the honor to remain, Right Reverend Sir, Your obedient servant.

=Women Superiors.= Mother Angelica, Superior of ----. (Sisters of Charity.)

=Priests.= See Rector, etc.

=Legal Titles.= Members of the bar should always be addressed with Esq. following their names.

=State Legislatures.= Same as the houses of Congress, except the name and the phrase, in Congress assembled.

=Senate of the United States.= To the Honorable the Senate of the United States in Congress assembled. Honorable Sirs: or May It Please Your Honorable Body: or The Honorable Senate:

=Vice President.= To the Honorable Henry Wilson, Vice President of the U. S., or (unofficial) Honorable Henry Wilson. Sir:

INDEX.

Unless otherwise designated the citations are to paragraphs.

Abbreviations in general, 13 to 26

Abbreviations of names of states, 29

Address, forms of, 83

Ages of persons, 19

A. M., and like references, 18

Anno Domini, 13

Apostrophes to be omitted, when, 15

Apostrophe in possessives, 16

Apostrophe wrong for plurals, 14

Arabic numerals, 17

Authors are supreme, 12

Authority, sources of, 1

Books, how cited, 22, 36, 52 and (12) under 27

Brick or bricks as plural, (h) 74

Cantos, how cited, 37

Capital letters, when needed, 33, 34

Chemical terms, 35

Co. and Company, 21

Company, singular verb, (d) 74

Collective nouns, 74

Compounds in detail, 10, 27, 41, 42, 43 to 47

Commas essential, (18) under 27

Copymaking is an art, 6

Credits, how printed, 52

Dashes, when omitted, 48

Dates, 23, 24

Dep’t and similar abbreviations, (2) under 27

De Vinne’s System, 1

De Vinne violated, 49

Dictionary of capital letters in detail, being alphabetically
arranged, 33

Dictionary should govern, 10

Division of words, 50

Edited MSS. save money, 3

Editorial observations, 51

Employee preferred to employe, (1) under 51

Er words rather than re, Page 54

Et al., Page 52

Etc., Page 52

Ethics and similar words, (g) under 74

Farther and further, 55

Figures, how used in dates, 24

Follows and as follow, Page 52

Following named, Page 53

Foreign words and phrases, 56

Headquarters is or are, Page 52

Hours, how written, 25

Interrupted compounds, 45

Last held meeting, Page 52

Law books, how cited, 36

Magazines, how named, 54

Medieval, etc., 63

Month, how written, 26

Money, ten dollars was paid, 74

MS. and MSS., (4) under 27

Names not abbreviated, 28

Names, plural of, 65

Newspapers and magazines, 54

Night of Horrors, 34

Numbers, spell out, 24

O, Oh, Oh!, 64

On yesterday or yesterday, Page 53

Operas and plays, 52 and 58

Pages, how cited, 38

Paper, size for printers, 8

Paragraphs, how cited, 37

Parentheses and punctuation, 62

Parentheses for states, (10) under 27

Pet names, how used, (11) under 27

Plays and operas, how cited, 52

Plurals, Page 53

Plurals of names, 65

Preferred words, Page 53

Printers blamed, 5

Printers to edit reprint, 11

PS., (17) under 27

Publications, how cited, 39

Punctuation, some forms of, 61, 62

Quarto, (12) under 27

Quote-marks in general, 66 and 68

Quote-marks, use of single, 68

Reverend, the, 69

Salutations, how written, 59, 60

Saviour and savior, 70

Scriptural citations, 40

Self-confessed, Page 54

Ships and vessels, 53

Simplified spelling, 82

Singulars and plurals, 74

Single quote-marks, 68

Singulars again, (c) under 74

Smaller type, 67

Specials, 71

Spellings preferred, 72

Spoonfuls, Page 53

States, names of abbreviated, 29

Stenographers need the code, 80

Streets, how printed, (13) under 27

Style-codes to be mastered, 9

Style-codes needed, 2

Sums-two and two is four, (a) under 74

Time references, (14) under 27

Titles, how written, (7) and (15) under 27

To wit, (8) under 27

Towns and cities, (6) under 27

Unfamiliar words, 57

United States is or are, 73

Verbs, singular or plural, 74

Wave-lines, 78

Welsh rabbit, Page 53

Whereabouts is, 75

Women and husband’s titles, 76

Words, division of, 50

Words in legal papers, (16) under 27

Years, 23

* * * * *

_... THE ...
Mysell-Rollins
Bank Note Company_

MANUFACTURERS OF

NEW YORK No. 1
_Reporter’s Note Book_

the approved reporter’s note book, used by
official stenographers and reporters
that know

BANK STOCK
_Reporter’s Note Book_

made from our celebrated Bank Stock
Paper--Saves and relieves the sight
Fine for pen or pencil

_22 Clay Street
San Francisco California_

* * * * *

Transcriber's Note:

Bold text is surrounded by =equals signs=, and small caps have been changed to ALL CAPS.

Punctuation has been standardised. Variations in hyphenation and obsolete or variant spelling have all been preserved.

The following changes have been made:

Page 20: twelvemo => 12mo: (12mo may be used)

Page 45: standstone => sandstone

Index: Abbreviations of names of states, 28 => 29

Index: States, names of abbreviated, 28 => 29

Index: Ethics and similar words, (9) under 74 => (g) under 74

Index: Headquarters is or are, 52 => Page 52

Index: Last held meeting, 52 => Page 52

End of Project Gutenberg's The Magazine Style-Code, by Leigh H. Irvine