Chapter XIV (2)

The topsails were the chief battle sails, because the largest, except
the courses, and more manageable than the courses.

All square-rigged vessels carry fore and aft sails, three cornered,
stretched between the bowsprit and jib-booms, and the fore topmast.
These sails are called jibs.

Fore and aft vessels also carry jibs; but on each upright mast they
have one great sail, the size of which makes it less easily handled
in an emergency, therefore less fit for fighting. Above the big sail
they have a small, light, three-cornered topsail, but this is merely
a fair weather sail, useless in battle.

Vessels of war were almost all square-rigged, with three masts.

SAILS, STUDDING. Light square sails, for moderate weather, extended beyond the other square sails, to increase the normal spread of canvas. Set only with a free wind, and never in battle.

SCANTLING. The size, and consequent weight and strength, of the timbers of a vessel's hull.

SCHOONER. See "Vessel."

SHAKE, to. So to place a sail that the wind blows along it, neither filling nor backing. The sail is thus neutralized without taking in.

SHARP-UP. A yard is sharp-up, when turned by the braces as far as the rigging of the mast will allow. A close-hauled course requires the yards to be sharp-up, in order that the sails may be full.

SHIP. See "Vessel."

SLIP. See "Cable."

SLOOP. See "Vessel."

SPARS. A spar is a long piece of timber, cylindrical, tapering, in masts, towards one end, and in yards towards both. Spars serve for spreading the several sails of a vessel.

The names of spars vary with their use and position. Chiefly, for
ships of war, they divide into masts, yards, and booms.

A mast is an upright, and is in three connected pieces: the lower
mast, the topmast, and the top-gallant-mast. Most ships of war had
three such masts: fore, near the bow; main, near the centre; mizzen,
near the stern.

The bowsprit is also a mast; not upright, but projecting straight
ahead from the bow, approaching horizontal, but inclining upwards.
Like the masts, it has three divisions: the lower, or bowsprit
proper, the jib-boom, and the flying-jib-boom.

Across the masts, horizontal, are the yards, four in number, lower,
topsail, topgallant, and royal. Yards are further designated by the
name of the mast to which each belongs; e.g., foreyard, main topsail
yard, mizzen topgallant yard, main royal yard.

The bowsprit formerly had one yard, called the spritsail yard. This
has disappeared. Otherwise it serves to spread the three-cornered
sails called jibs. These sails were useful for turning a vessel,
because their projection before the centre gave them great leverage.

Fore and aft vessels had no yards. See "Sails."

SPRING. See p. 65, note.

SQUARE-RIGGED. See "Sails" and "Spars."

STAND, to. Used, nautically, to express movement and direction, e.g., "to stand toward the enemy," "to stand out of harbor," "to stand down," "to stand south." The underlying idea seems to be that of sustained, decided movement.

STARBOARD. TO the right hand, or on the right side, of a vessel, looking from aft forward. Opposite to Port.

STEER, to. To control the course by the use of the helm and rudder.

STERN. The extreme rear, or after, part of a vessel.

STRATEGY. That department of the Art of War which decides the distribution and movements of armies, or of fleets, with reference to the objects of a campaign as a whole.

STRIKE, to. Applied to the flag. To haul down the flag in token of surrender.

TACK. A vessel is on the starboard tack, or port tack, according as the wind comes from the starboard or port hand. See p. 84, note.

TACK, to. When a vessel is close-hauled, with the wind on one side, to tack is to turn round towards the wind, in order to be again close-hauled, with the wind on the other side.

To wear is to attain the same object by turning away from the wind.
Wearing is surer than tacking, but loses ground to leeward.

To tack, or wear, _in succession_, the leading vessel tacks, and
those which follow tack, each, as it arrives at the same point; the
order thus remaining the same. To tack, or wear _together_, all
tack at the same moment, which reverses the order.

TACTICS. That department of the Art of War which decides the disposition and movements of an army, or of a fleet, on a particular field of battle, in presence of an enemy.

TIDAL CURRENTS.

Ebb tide, the outflow of the water due to the tides.

Flood tide, the inflow of the water due to the tides.

Lee tide, the set of the current to leeward.

Weather tide, the set of the current to windward.

TIDE. The rise and fall of the water of the oceans under the influence of the moon. Used customarily, but inaccurately, to express the currents produced by the changes of level.

High tide, or high water, the two highest levels of the day.

Low tide, or low water, the two lowest.

Neap tide: the least rise and fall during the lunar month.

Spring tide: the greatest rise and fall during the same, being soon
after full and change of moon.

TRADE, the. A term applied to a body of merchant vessels, to or from a particular destination.

TRADE WIND. A wind which blows uniformly from the same general direction throughout a fixed period. In the West Indies, from the northeast the year round. See also "Monsoon."

VEER. See "Cable."

VESSEL. A general term for all constructions intended to float upon and move through the water. Specific definitions applicable to this book:

Ship, a square-rigged vessel with three masts.

Brig, a square-rigged vessel with two masts.

Schooner, a fore and aft rigged vessel with two or more masts.

Sloop, a fore and aft rigged vessel with one mast. See pp. 9, 15, 17.

VESSELS OF WAR. Ship of the Line. A ship with three or more tiers of guns, of which two are on covered decks; that is, have a deck above them. See "Line of Battle Ship."

Frigate. A ship with one tier of guns on a covered deck.

Sloop of War. A ship, the guns of which are not covered, being on
the upper (spar) deck.

Sloops of war were sometimes brigs, but then were usually so styled.

WAKE. The track left by a vessel's passage through the water. "In the wake of": directly astern of.

WAY. Movement through the water. "To get underway": to pass from stand-still to movement.

WEAR, to. See under "Tack."

WEATHER. Relative position to windward of another object. Opposite to Lee. Weather side, lee side, of a vessel; weather fleet, lee fleet; weather gage, lee gage (see "Gage"); weather shore, lee shore.

WEATHER, to. To pass to windward of a vessel, or of any other object.

WEATHERLY. The quality of a vessel which favors her getting, or keeping, to windward.

WEIGH, to. To raise the anchor from the bottom. Used alone; e.g., "the fleet weighed."

WHEEL. So called from its form. The mechanical appliance, a wheel, with several handles for turning it, by which power is increased, and also transmitted from the steersman on deck to the tiller below, in order to steer the vessel.

WIND AND WATER, between. That part of a vessel's side which comes out of water when she inclines to a strong side wind, but otherwise is under water.

WINDWARD. Direction from which the wind blows.

YARD. See "Spars."

INDEX

Algeciras, in Gibraltar Bay, station of Franco-Spanish Fleet
supporting the Siege of Gibraltar, 121, 230, 231.

Arbuthnot, Marriott, British Admiral, commands North American
Station, 1779, 113, 148;
anger at Rodney's intrusion on his command, 150;
supports the attack on Charleston, 1780, 151;
station in Gardiner's Bay, 151, 170;
action with French squadron under des Touches, 1781, 171;
regains command of Chesapeake Bay, 174;
superseded, 1781, 176.

_Arethusa_, British frigate. Encounter with French frigate _Belle
Poule_ marks beginning of War of 1778 with France, 62, 82.

Armed Neutrality, The, of 1780, 3, 158.

Arnold, Benedict, American General. Effects following his action
on Lake Champlain in 1776, 3, 4, 7, 25;
with, Ethan Allen, seizes Ticonderoga and Crown Point, 1775, 8;
captures or destroys all hostile shipping on Lake Champlain, 9;
traverses Maine forests, and joins Montgomery before Quebec, 10;
maintains blockade of Quebec till arrival of a British squadron,
10;
retreats to Crown Point, and destitution of his troops, 11;
schemes for maintaining command of Lake Champlain, 12;
his force, and its character, 14, 15, 17;
compelled by shore batteries to abandon lower Narrows of the
Lake, 15;
selects Valcour Island as position for defence, 15;
decision to risk destruction of force rather than retire, 18, 19;
sound strategic and tactical ideas, 20;
Battle of Valcour Island, 21;
successful withdrawal after defeat, 23;
overtaken and flotilla destroyed, 25;
effect of his resistance in delaying British advance, 25;
conduct, courage, and heroism throughout, 27;
his subsequent treason, 18, 27, 152;
commands British detachment in Virginia, 153, 169, 170, 174.

Asiatic Immigration, Danger involved in, 4.

Barbados, West India Island, headquarters of British Leeward
Islands Station, 99;
advantage of Santa Lucia over, 104, 144, 207;
notably for crippled ships, 144;
devastated by hurricane, 1780, 159.

Bartington, Samuel, British Admiral, commands Leeward Islands
Station, 99;
capture of Santa Lucia by, 100-102;
successfully resists d'Estaing's effort to recapture, 103, 104;
superseded in chief command by Byron, 105;
share in Byron's action with d'Estaing, 107, 109;
goes home wounded, 112;
refuses command-in-chief of the Channel Fleet, 1780, 157;
serves in it under Howe, 227;
captures a French convoy for East Indies, 227.

Basse Terre, St. Kitts, Operations around, 1782, 196-205;
character of anchorage at, 199.

Battle, Order of, defined, 93 (note), 200 (note).

Battles, Naval, Valcour Island, October 11, 1776, 19-23.
Charleston Harbor, June 28, 1776, 33.
D'Estaing and Howe, August 10 and 11, 1778, 73-75.
Ushant, July 27, 1778, 84-91.
Barrington and d'Estaing, Santa Lucia, December 15, 1778, 102-104.
Byron and d'Estaing, Grenada, July 6, 1779, 105-112.
De Langara and Rodney, Cape St. Vincent, January 16, 1780, 123.
De Guichen and Rodney, off Martinique, April 17, 1780, 131-135.
De Guichen and Rodney, May 15, 1780, 143, 144.
De Guichen and Rodney, May 19, 1780, 144.
Cornwallis and La Motte-Picquet, off Haiti, March 20, 1780, 153.
Cornwallis and de Ternay, June 20, 1780, 155-157.
De Grasse and Hood, off Martinique, April 29, 1781, 163-167.
Arbuthnot and des Touches, off Cape Henry, March 16, 1781,
171-173.
De Grasse and Graves, off Cape Henry, September 5, 1781, 179-183.
The Doggers Bank, August 5, 1781, 189-193.
De Grasse and Hood, St. Kitts, January 25 and 26, 1782, 199-204.
De Grasse and Rodney, near Dominica, April 9 and 12, 1782,
207-221.
Howe with Franco-Spanish Fleet near Gibraltar, October 20, 1782,
231, 232.
Johnstone and Suffren, Porto Praya, Cape Verde Islands, April
16, 1781, 236-238.
Hughes and Suffren, Coromandel Coast, February 17, 1781, 240-242.
Hughes and Suffren, off Ceylon, April 12, 1782, 242-244.
Hughes and Suffren, off Nega-patam, July 6, 1782, 244-246.
Hughes and Suffren, off Trincomalee, September 3, 1782, 247-251.
Hughes and Suffren, off Cuddalore, June 20, 1783, 253.
N.B. Naval Battles end here.

_Belle Poule_, French Frigate. Encounter with British _Arethusa_
marks beginning of War of 1778 with Great Britain, 61, 82.

Blane, Sir Gilbert, Physician to British Fleet under Rodney,
quoted, 124, 219, 220, 221.

Burgoyne, Sir John, British General, 3, 6, 14, 23, 27, 28, 50-53,
55;
decisive effect of American control of Lake Champlain, in 1776,
upon his expedition, in 1777, 3, 9, 13, 14, 25;
his surrender at Saratoga, 53;
it determines France to intervene, 6, 58.

Byng, John, British Admiral, influence of his execution, in 1756,
upon the minds of naval officers, 93, 139, 146.

Byron, John, British Admiral, ordered to North American Station,
1778, 59;
delayed by heavy weather, and puts into Halifax, 62;
Howe superseded by, 80;
goes to West Indies, 105;
action with D'Estaing off Grenada, 105-111;
comments upon course of, 110-112;
returns to England, 112.

Canada, Strength of, against attack from southward, 7;
its advantage in this respect over New York, 8;
comprehension of these facts by Americans of 1775, from the old
French Wars, 8;
attempt to utilize, by British, frustrated by Arnold's
promptitude, 9;
invasion of, under Montgomery, ordered by American Congress,
1775, 9;
failure of the attempt, decided by British Navy, 10-12;
British advance from, under Carleton, 1776, 15-26;
Burgoyne's advance from, 1777, 51-53.

Cap François (now Cap Haitien), French naval station on north side
of Haiti, 147-149, 153, 154, 168, 176, 178, 206, 223, 225.

Carkett, Robert, British Naval Captain, misunderstanding of
Rodney's orders by, causes failure of British attack of
April 17, 1780, 133;
Rodney's censure of, 137-139.

Carleton, Sir Guy, Governor and Commander-in-Chief, in Canada,
1775-6, 9;
besieged and blockaded in Quebec by Americans, 10-12;
relieved by British Navy, 11;
takes the offensive, 17;
delayed decisively by Arnold's preparations on Lake Champlain,
13, 18;
battle of Valcour Island, 20-23;
successfully eluded by Arnold, 23;
honored by Government for the campaign, 26.

Carolinas, North and South, supposed British sympathies in, 31,
exaggerated, 175;
expedition against Charleston, and battle of Charleston Harbor,
1776, 31-38;
operations against, and against Georgia, renewed, 1779, 113-115,
and 1780, 151-153;
disastrous consequences to British operations, 114, 152, 174-176.

Champlain, Lake, Decisive effect of naval operations upon, 3, 4,
7, 13, 14, 25, 26;
strategic importance of, 7;
naval campaign upon, 1775-1776, chapter i;
remains in naval control of British throughout the war, 28.

Charleston, South Carolina, attack upon by British squadron, 1776,
32-37;
siege and capture of, by the British, 1780, 114, 151.

Chesapeake Bay, naval command of, by French, 1781, accomplishes
independence of United States, 4, 114, 184;
Sir William Howe moves by way of, against Philadelphia, 1777, 52;
operations in and near, 1781, 169-174, 177-185;
British control of, in 1781, prior to arrival of de Grasse, 174;
de Grasse reaches, 1781, 178.

Clinton, Sir Henry, British General, commands land force employed
in Carolinas, 1776, 31, 32;
in seizure of Narragansett Bay, 48;
left in command at New York by Howe, 1777, 52;
advance up the Hudson River, 1777, 55;
relieves Howe as Commander-in-Chief in North America, 56, 63;
evacuates Philadelphia, and retreats upon New York, 1778, 63;
narrowness of his escape, 63, 64;
evacuates Narragansett Bay, 1779, 115;
operations of, in South Carolina, and capture of Charleston, 151;
leaves Cornwallis in command in Carolina, and returns to New
York, 152;
sends detachments to Virginia, for diversion in favor of
Cornwallis, 1781, 153, 169;
serious difference of opinion between, and Cornwallis, 115, 175;
orders of, to Cornwallis, which result in position at Yorktown,
1781, 175.

Commerce, effects upon, through inadequate naval preparation,
59-61, 117, 126, 158;
table of losses of British, 61 (note).

Convoys, effect of, upon naval action, strategic or tactical, 105,
106, 109, 122, 126, 130, 148, 155-157, 158, 166, 176, 188,
189, 193, 199, 206-209, 227-229, 229-231, 235, 236-238,
240, 246.

Cornwallis, Charles, Earl, British General, accompanies expedition
against Charleston, 1776, 31;
hurried to Trenton, after Washington's victory there, 49;
professional quarrel with Sir H. Clinton, 115, 175;
at siege and capture of Charleston, 152;
left in command of southern department, 1780, 152;
defeats Gates at Camden, 1780, 152;
pushes on to North Carolina, 152;
embarrassments there, 152;
enters Virginia, and joins Arnold at Petersburg, 1781, 153, 174;
ordered by Clinton to occupy a defensive position which should
cover anchorage for a fleet, 175;
evacuates Portsmouth, and takes position at Yorktown, 175;
French cruisers bar his retreat towards the Carolinas, and
occupy York River, 179;
enclosed by French fleet and French and American armies, 184;
compelled to surrender, 185.

Cornwallis, Sir William (brother of Lord), British naval captain,
share in action between Byron and d'Estaing, 1779,
108-110, 153;
in command of a squadron, action with La Motte-Picquet, 1780, 153;
action with de Ternay's squadron, 155-157;
characteristics, and nickname of, 157;
distinguished part in Hood's action with de Grasse, 1782, 201;
share in Rodney's victory, 217;
quoted, 156, 198, 200, 203, 211.

Crown Point, military post on Lake Champlain, 8;
seized by Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen, 1775, 8;
General Montgomery embarks at, to invade Canada, 1775, 9;
Arnold retreats to, in 1776, after reverses in Canada, 12;
part in campaign of 1776, 24;
recovered by British, 25;
reoccupied by Americans after Burgoyne's surrender, 28.

Cuddalore, British post in India, on Coromandel Coast, besieged by
Hyder Ali and Suffren, 242;
taken by Hyder Ali, 244;
British attempt to retake, 252;
relieved by Suffren, 252-254.

Darby, George, British Admiral, commands Channel Fleet, 1780, 157;
relief of Gibraltar by, 1781, 186-188;
blocked in Torbay by Franco-Spanish fleet, 1781, 188-189.

Delaware, Naval Operations in the, 1777, 52-55;
in 1778, 59, 62-64.

De Barras, French Commodore, commands squadron in Newport, 1781,
174;
opinion concerning des Touches' conduct, 174;
junction with de Grasse in Chesapeake Bay, 1781, 184.

De Bouille, French General, governor of Martinique, 1780, concerts
with de Guichen an attack on British West Indies, 130;
project against Barbados, 1782, 197;
capture of St. Kitts, 197-205.

De Cordova, Spanish Admiral, commands in allied fleet under
d'Orvilliers, 1779, 118, 119;
in chief command, at Cadiz, 125;
in Channel, 1781, 188;
in 1782, 228;
at Algeciras, during Howe's relief of Gibraltar, 230-232.

D'Estaing, Comte, French Admiral, in chief command, in 1778, of
first French fleet sent to America, 59;
biographical summary of, 59 (note);
Government instructions to, 59;
slowness of movements of, 62-64;
failure to attack Howe at Sandy Hook, 66-68;
professional inefficiency of, 67, 79, 111, 112;
proceeds to Newport, R.I., 69, and enters the harbor, 70;
joins Americans in siege of the town, 70;
abandons it on Howe's appearance and puts to sea, 73;
manoeuvres against Howe, 73-75;
fleet scattered by gale, 75;
refuses to renew siege of Newport, and goes to Boston, 77, 78;
outgeneralled throughout by Howe, 78;
goes to West Indies, 1779, 100;
fails to recover Santa Lucia, 102-104;
captures Grenada, 105;
action with Byron, 106-112;
fails in attempt to retake Savannah, 115;
returns to Europe with ships of his original command, 115;
sent to Cadiz, in 1780, to bring back to Brest French contingent
of Allied Fleet, 158.

De Grasse, Comte, French Admiral, exercises the decisive effect in
obtaining American Independence, 4;
sails to take chief command in America, 1781, 162;
action with Hood off Martinique, 163-165;
Chevalier's comment on conduct of, 166;
abortive attempt against Santa Lucia, 167;
capture of Tobago by, 168;
goes to Cap François, 168, 176, and there prepares for
expedition against Cornwallis, 178;
on this occasion shows energy and foresight unusual to him, 178;
anchors in Chesapeake Bay, 178;
action with Graves, 179-184;
regains Chesapeake, 184;
returns to West Indies after Cornwallis's surrender, 185;
expedition against St. Kitts, 1782, 197-205;
outgeneralled by Hood, 201, 204, 205;
St. Kitts surrenders to, 205;
Hood escapes from, 205;
returns to Martinique, 206;
expedition against Jamaica, plan of, 206;
puts to sea, 207;
transactions from April 8 to April 12, 207-212;
defeated in great battle of April 12, 213-221, and captured with
flagship, 221;
professional character of, illustrated, 166, 178, 184, 198, 205,
207, 209, 214, 215, 216.

De Guichen, Comte de, succeeds d'Estaing in North American
command, 1780, 115, 130;
biographical summary of, 115 (note);
project of against Barbados, 130;
frustrated by Rodney, 130;
action of April 17, with Rodney, 130-135;
orders of French Government to, 141;
consequent conduct of, 141-145;
actions with Rodney, May 15, 142, and May 19, 144;
broken down by responsibility, 145;
under orders, accompanies Spanish squadron to Cap François, 147;
there refuses to coöperate with Americans, 147;
returns to Europe, 148;
commands French contingent to Allied Fleet under de Cordova,
1781, 188;
advises attack upon British Fleet in Tor Bay, 189;
loses great part of West India military convoy entrusted to his
charge, 196.

De Langara, Spanish Admiral, squadron under command of, defeated,
and himself captured by Rodney, 122, 123;
inefficiency of, 125.

D'Orves, Comte, French Admiral, commands in East Indies, 1781,
235, 236;
joined by Suffren, 239;
sails for Coromandel Coast, 240;
dies, and succeeded by Suffren, 240.

D'Orvilliers, Comte, French Admiral, commander-in-chief of Brest
Fleet, 1778, 82;
puts to sea, 82;
Government instructions to, 83;
encounter with British Fleet under Keppel, 83;
manoeuvres of, and action of July 27, 83-91;
comment upon, 92, 97;
summer cruise of, 1779, 116-120;
hampered by instructions, 119;
returns to Brest unsuccessful, 120.

De Suffren, Bailli, French Captain and Admiral, with d'Estaing in
Narragansett Bay, 1778, 69;
in the action with Byron off Grenada, 111;
his comment upon d'Estaing's conduct, 111;
biographical summary of, 111 (note);
sails for East Indies, 1781, 163, 236;
effect upon operations of, in India, by capture of a French
convoy in Bay of Biscay, 228;
attacks British squadron in Porto Praya, 236-238;
saves Cape of Good Hope, 238;
arrives Ile de France, 239;
succeeds to chief command in East Indies, 240;
five battles with British squadron, 240, 242, 244, 247, 253;
captures Trincomalee, 1782, 247;
relieves Cuddalore, 252-254;
estimate of, 254, 255.

De Ternay, French Commodore, commands squadron with convoy, from
Brest for Newport, R.I., 155;
action with British squadron under Cornwallis, 1780, 155-157;
comment, favorable and unfavorable, 156;
death of, 1781, and succeeded by des Touches, 170.

Des Touches, French Commodore, succeeds de Ternay in command at
Newport, 1781, 170;
sails to enter Chesapeake Bay, to check British operations in
Virginia, 170;
pursued by Arbuthnot, 171;
action between the two squadrons, 171-173;
gains tactical advantage, but leaves the field to the British,
174;
justified by de Barras, who arrives and supersedes him, 174.

De Vaudreuil, Marquis, French Admiral, second to de Grasse in
1782, 209;
commands-in-chief partial attack on Hood's division, 209;
quoted, 214;
succeeds to chief command upon de Grasse's surrender, 222;
condition of his command after the battle, 223;
pursued by Rodney, but reaches Cap François, 225.

Doggers Bank, Battle of the, 1781, 189-194.

Dominica, British West India Island, captured by French, 1778, 99;
battle of, 208, 209, 210, 213, 215.

Douglas, Sir Charles, British naval captain, commands squadron
which relieves Quebec, 1776, 10;
quoted, 11, 14, 17, 18, 22, 25, 26;
energetic preparations by, to regain control of Lake Champlain,
15-17;
force created by, 17;
made a baronet for his services at this time, 26;
captain of the fleet to Rodney, 1782, 222;
opinion as to Rodney's conduct cited, 222.

Farragut, at Mobile, cited in illustration, 66 (note).

Fighting Instructions, Additional, point in, bearing upon the
failure of Rodney's plan of attack, April 17, 1780, 133,
138, 139 (and note).

"Fleet in Being," 73, 174;
how regarded, apparently, by D'Orvilliers in 1779, 119.

France, intervention of France in the American quarrel determined
by Burgoyne's defeat, and leads to Spanish intervention,
3, 58, 116;
vacillating naval instructions of Government of, 83, 118, 119,
141, 154;
divergence of views between Spain and, 120, 121, 147, 158, 186,
188, 189.

France, Ile de (now Mauritius), French naval station in Indian
Ocean, 126, 234, 236, 239.

Gardiner's Bay, east end of Long Island, station of British fleet
under Arbuthnot, watching French at Newport, 151, 170.

Gates, Horatio, American General, defeated by Cornwallis at
Camden, 152.

George, Lake, a link in consecutive water communications from New
York to Canada, 7, 51.

Gibraltar, d'Estaing ordered to commence hostilities when forty
leagues west of, 59;
capture of, a leading object with Spanish Government, 120;
this desire affects the major operations of Allies throughout
the war, 121, 186;
blockade of, by land and sea, 121;
Rodney's relief of, 1780, 121-126, 157;
Darby's relief of, 1781, 186, 188;
Howe's relief of, 1782, 229-233.

Glossary, of technical terms used in this book, 257.

Grant, James, British General, share of in capture of Santa Lucia,
102-104.

Graves, Sir Thomas, British Admiral, brings reinforcement of
vessels to New York, 151;
relieves Arbuthnot in command of North American Station, 1781,
176;
difficulties of, owing to interception of communications, 177;
joined by Hood off New York, 177;
sails for the relief of Cornwallis, 178;
action of, with French fleet under de Grasse, 179-184;
conduct of, criticized by Hood, 181, 182, 184;
returns to New York, 184;
relieves Sir Peter Parker in Jamaica command, 185.

Great Britain, feeble hold of, upon Canada, 1775, 10;
shown by rewards for saving the colony, 26;
inadequate provision of force by, 1774-1776, 29, 30, 59, 62, 79,
82, 99, 112, 116, 117, 120, 127, 148, 189, 193, 226;
improper dispersion of effort by, 30, 31, 48, 52, 56, 62, 63,
72, 113-115, 151-153, 175;
distrust of Government of, among naval officers, 79, 81, 93, 95,
97, 99, 135, 146, 157, 158, 193;
alarm in, produced by Allied fleets in Channel, 1779, 117;
declares war against Holland, 1780, 158.

Grenada, British West India Island, captured by French, 105;
naval battle off, 105-112.

Haiti, French West India Island, 147, 148, 168 (see "Cap François");
squadron action off north coast of, 153-155.

Hardy, Sir Charles, British Admiral, commands Channel Fleet, 117,
119.

Holland, brought into War of American Independence by concurring
in Armed Neutrality of Baltic Powers, 1780, 3, 158, 236;
colonial possessions of, 3, 158, 160-162, 236, 240, 246;
St. Eustatius, St. Martin, and Saba, West India Islands of,
taken by Rodney, 160-162;
battle of Doggers Bank, 189-193;
fleet of, held in check by Howe, 1782, 228;
Cape of Good Hope menaced by British, saved by Suffren, 236-238;
Trincomalee, in Ceylon, taken by British, 240, recaptured by
Suffren, 247.

Hood, Sir Samuel (afterwards Lord), British Admiral, arrives in
West Indies, 1781, with reinforcements for Rodney, 160;
sent to cruise off Martinique, to intercept de Grasse, 162;
action between, and de Grasse, 163-167;
exceptional ability of, 166, 184;
French tribute to, 167;
sent by Rodney with fourteen ships-of-the-line to reinforce
North American station, 176;
under command of Admiral Graves, sails for Chesapeake, 177;
part of, in action between Graves and de Grasse, 180-183;
criticisms of, upon Graves's conduct, 181, 182, 184;
returns to West Indies, 185;
in chief command there for two months, 196-205;
brilliant operations of, at St. Kitts, 197-205;
superseded by Rodney's return, 205;
part of, in action of April 9, 1782, 208-210;
in battle of April 12, 212-221;
de Grasse's flagship strikes to, 221;
censures passed by, upon Rodney's course after the battle, 220,
222, 224, 225;
detached in pursuit, captures a small French squadron, 224;
returns to England after the peace, 226.

Hotham, William, British naval Captain, in operations against New
York, 1776, 42;
convoys reinforcement of troops to West Indies, 100;
left in West Indies in temporary command, by Rodney, 148.

Howe, Richard, Earl, British Admiral, appointed to command North
American Station, 1776, 30;
invested also with powers as peace commissioner, 39;
arrives at New York, 39;
failure of peace negotiations, 39;
operations at and about New York, 39, 42-47;
tribute of, to force under his command, 47;
accompanies army expedition to Chesapeake Bay, 52;
operations in the Delaware, 53-55, and coastwise, 56;
purpose of d'Estaing to intercept, in Delaware, 59;
serious exposure of, through inadequate force, 62, 66;
"extricates himself by rapid movements, 62-64;
preparations to defend entrance to New York, 65-68;
inferiority of force to d'Estaing, 66;
follows French Fleet to Narragansett Bay, 70, and by his
presence there induces d'Estaing to abandon siege of
Newport, and put to sea, 73;
manoeuvres of, with inferior force, 73-75;
fleet of, scattered by gale, 75;
returns to New York, 76, and again follows French Fleet to
Boston, 77;
admirable qualities of, as illustrated in this campaign, 78;
futile contemporary criticism of, 79;
relinquishes command, and returns to England, 1778, 81;
not employed again, until change of Ministry, 1782, 81, 227;
appointed to command Channel Fleet, 1782, and primary operations
there, 227-229;
successful evasion of very superior Franco-Spanish Fleet, 229;
skilful conduct of relief of Gibraltar by, 1782, 229-231;
engagement with Allied Fleet, 232;
special qualities of, again illustrated, 232;
French eulogy of, 232, and of force under his command, 233.

Howe, Sir William (brother of Earl), British General, failure of
to support Burgoyne, 1777, 28, 51, 52;
evacuates Boston, 1776, and retires to Halifax, 29, 30;
extent of regions under his command-in-chief, 30;
appointed peace commissioner, jointly with Lord Howe, 39;
goes from Halifax to New York, 39;
fruitless peace negotiations, 39;
reduction of New York by, 42-45;
subsequent operations of, to Battle of Trenton, 45-49;
constitutional sluggishness of, 45, 47;
occupies Narragansett Bay, 48;
injudicious extension of front of operations, 48;
small results after New York, 49;
rewarded with the Order of the Bath, 49;
takes the greater part of his force to Chesapeake Bay, 52;
effect of this upon Burgoyne's operations, 52, 53, 55;
occupies Philadelphia, 53;
this success worse than fruitless, 56;
relieved in command by Clinton, and returns to England, 56, 63.

Hudson River, a link in the chain of water communications from
Canada to New York, 7, 30, 45;
mentioned, 28, 41, 44, 45, 46, 49, 50, 51, 53;
alternative name, North River, 41;
Washington retreats across, into New Jersey, 45;
British advance up valley of, 1777, 55.

Hughes, Sir Edward, British Admiral, commander-in-chief in East
Indies, 1779, 235;
enterprise of, 235;
engagements with French Fleet under Suffren, 240, 242, 244, 247,
253;
loses Trincomalee, 247, and compelled thereby to leave
Coromandel coast for Bombay, 251;
reinforced by Bickerton, 251;
contrasted with Suffren, as a general officer, 254.

Hughes, Sir Richard, succeeds to West India command at peace of
1783, 226;
subsequent controversy with Nelson, 226.

Hyder, Ali, Sultan of Mysore, at war with British, 1779, 235;
French Admiral d'Orves refuses coöperation with, 235;
Suffren acts with, 240, 242;
captures Cuddalore, 1782, 244;
death of, 1782, 252;
succeeded by Tippoo Saib, 252.

_Inflexible_, British cruiser built by Sir Charles Douglas on Lake
Champlain, 1776, 16;
in herself sufficient to control the lake, 17.

Jamaica, British West India Island, 38, 110, 149, 153, 159, 176,
177, 185, 224, 226;
conquest of, intended by France and Spain, 1782, 206;
attempt leads to defeat of de Grasse by Rodney, 208, 209;
Rodney repairs to, after his victory, 225.

Japan, significance of contrast of population of, to square mile,
with that of the United States, 5.

Johnstone, George, British Commodore, commands squadron despatched
to take Cape of Good Hope from Dutch, 236;
attacked by Suffren in Porto Praya Bay, 237;
arrives at Cape too late, Suffren having strengthened it, 238;
returns to England, 238;
professional capacity of, 239;
attacks made by, upon professional conduct of Howe and Keppel,
239. (See also p. 80.)

Jones, John Paul, American naval captain, serves as a volunteer in
French Fleet, 1782, 212.

Kempenfelt, Richard, British Admiral, captures in Bay of Biscay
great part of French convoy going to West Indies, 1781,
195, 196;
commands a division in Channel Fleet under Howe, 1782, 227, 228;
lost in sinking of the _Royal George_, 229.

Keppel, Augustus, British Admiral, refuses to serve against
Americans, 81;
commander-in-chief of Channel Fleet, 1778, 61, 82;
encounter with French Brest Fleet, 83-91;
comments on the conduct of, 92, 97;
controversy with Palliser, third in command under, 95;
returns to port with fleet, 96;
court martial upon, 93;
and cited from, 87, 88, 95;
resigns command, 97;
becomes first Lord of the Admiralty, 97, 225;
quoted, 107 (note).

La Motte Picquet, French Commodore, 115;
action with a British division off Martinique, 1779, 128;
encounter with squadron under Cornwallis, 1780, 153-155;
captures great part of a British convoy returning from West
Indies, 1781, 188;
quoted, 229 (note).

Leeward Islands Station, extent of, 99;
under command of Barrington when war begins, 1778, 99;
Byron succeeds to command, 1779, 105;
held temporarily by Hyde Parker, 1779, 113;
Rodney takes command, 1780, 121, 128;
Hood in temporary charge of, 1782, 177, 185, 196-205;
Rodney relieved by Pigot, 225.

Les Saintes, small West India Islands, between Dominica and
Guadeloupe, scene of Rodney's battle with de Grasse, 209,
211, 213.

Manners, Lord Robert, British naval captain (killed in the battle
of April 12, 1782), encomiums of, upon Hood, quoted, 202,
205.

Martinique, French West India Island, 99, 104, 128, 130, 140, 141,
142, 144, 147, 149, 153, 167, 206, 207;
principal French depot in West Indies, 100;
action off, between de Grasse and Hood, 162-167.

Mathews, Thomas, British Admiral, Influence in British Navy of
court martial upon, in 1744, 93, 139.

Minorca, Mediterranean Island in British possession, Byng's action
off, 1756, 93, 94;
recovery of, a primary object with Spain, 120;
supplied by Rodney, 1780, 125, 126;
by Darby, 1781, 187;
attack upon by France and Spain, 1781, 188;
capitulates, 1782, 189.

Mobile, Farragut's attack in entering, cited in illustration, 66
(note).

Monroe Doctrine, in last analysis is the formulation, in terms, of
a purpose to prevent the propagation to the American
continents of wars arising elsewhere, 4;
recognition of same danger in unchecked Asiatic immigration, 4;
necessity of adequate force in order to maintain, 29.

Montgomery, Richard, American General, sent by the Congress to
conduct invasion of Canada, 9; killed in assault on
Quebec, 10.

Moultrie, Fort, Description of, 33.

Moultrie, William, American officer, commands Fort Moultrie when
attacked by British squadron, 32-36.

Narragansett Bay, occupation of by British, 1777, 47;
value of, 47, 56;
Rodney's opinion of, 48, 115;
description of, 69;
military and naval situation in, 1778, 72, 73;
abandonment of, by British, 1779, because of improper dispersion
of their army, 113, 114, 115;
occupied by French squadron and troops, 1780, 149, 150, 155-157;
Rodney neglects to attack, 150;
French division in, watched by British from Gardiner's Bay, 151,
170;
but starts, 1781, for Chesapeake Bay, 170;
returns to, unsuccessful, 173;
sails again from, 177, and joins main fleet in the Chesapeake,
184.

Navy, and Navies, Washington's remark that to them belonged "the
casting vote" in the War of American Independence, 4, 147;
exercised on two decisive occasions, by Arnold on Lake
Champlain, 1776, and by de Grasse at Yorktown, 1781, 4, 7,
9, 168, 176, 178, 179, 184;
decisive influence also in American War of Secession, 4;
present and future dependence upon, of Monroe Doctrine and of
question of Asiatic Immigration, 4, 5;
military explanation for this "casting vote," 5;
Pacific question essentially one of, 5;
military reasons for general dominant effect of, in War of
Independence, 6, 114;
British, saves Canada for Great Britain, 12;
specific effect, on ultimate result of the general war, exerted
by American, on Lake Champlain, 1776, 12, 13, 14, 25;
inadequacy of British, to demands upon it, 29, 30, 59, 62, 79,
82, 99, 116, 117, 120, 127, 148, 189, 193, 226;
British, in operations at New York, 1776, 40, 44, 47;
in Burgoyne's advance, 1777, 51;
misuse of British, to divide the land forces, 51, 52, 114, 115,
152;
subsidiary operations of British, 56, in the Carolinas, 151, in
Virginia, 170;
under Howe, though inadequate, saves Army under Clinton, 63, 64,
and also New York, 64-68, and subsequently Narragansett
Bay with army division at Newport, 72, 77;
tone of French, as indicated by Government instructions, and
action of officers, 83, 89, 91, 92, 166, 235;
effect of seasonal conditions upon operations of, in Europe and
in America, 98, 100, 113, 115, 147, 149, 159;
in East Indies, 251;
inefficiency of Spanish, 116, 125, 147, 189, 231, 232.

Nelson, mentioned or quoted, 38, 39, 109, 126, 132, 140, 155, 160,
202, 225, 226, 243.

New Jersey, Washington crosses from New York into, 45;
operations in, 1776, 46-49;
impracticable to British, in 1777, and consequent effect upon
Howe's course, 51, 52, 56;
retreat of British from Philadelphia through, 1778, 63, 64.

Newport, Rhode Island, taken possession of by British, 47;
importance of, 48;
siege of, by Americans and French, 70, 73, 77;
abandoned by British, 115;
occupied by French, 150, 155, 170, 173, 174, 179. See
Narragansett Bay.

New York, water communications between St. Lawrence and, 7, 8;
British occupy harbor of, 1776, 38;
operations around, 1776, 39-46;
harbor, approaches, and fortifications about, 40-42;
Washington abandons, 45, 46;
British occupy, 45;
British forces in, unable to coöperate with those in
Philadelphia, 56, 63;
Lord Howe's preparations to defend, 64-67;
d'Estaing's failure to attack, 67, 68;
Rodney goes from West Indies to, 150, 152, 159.

Order, of Battle, 93 (and note), 137-140, 191;
comparison between Keppel's, off Ushant, and Byron's, off
Grenada, 112;
Graves', off Cape Henry, 179-183, criticized by Hood, 181, 182;
Hood's at anchor off St. Kitts, 202, 203.

Palliser, Sir Hugh, British Admiral, third in command at Battle of
Ushant, 84, 87, 90, 91, 93-96;
court of inquiry upon, 95-97.

Parker, Sir Hyde, (1) British Admiral, left in temporary command
at New York by Howe, 1778, 80 (and note);
in like position in Leeward Islands by Byron, 1779-1780, 113, 128;
biographical summary of, 113;
quoted, 129, 130;
nickname of, 130;
implied censure of, by Rodney, in battle of April 17, 1780, 136;
returns to England, 136;
commands at Battle of the Dogger Bank, 189-193;
his reply to George III, 193;
ordered to East Indian command, and lost at sea, 194.

Parker, Hyde, (2) British Naval captain (afterwards Admiral Sir
Hyde), in operations about New York, 1776, 39, 44, 46;
in expedition against Savannah, 1778, 113, 114;
biographical summary of, 113 (note). (In 1801,
commander-in-chief over Nelson, at Copenhagen, 39, 80,
note).

Parker, Sir Peter, British Admiral, commands naval force in
expedition against Charleston, 1776, 31;
attack of, upon Fort Moultrie, 33-38;
gives promotion to Nelson, Collingwood, and Saumarez, 38;
at operations around New York, 38, 43, 45, and at Narragansett
Bay, 48;
commands Jamaica Station, 149, 153, 155, 159, 176, 177, 185;
superseded at Jamaica by Graves, 1781, 185.

Pellew, Edward, (afterwards Admiral Lord Exmouth), British
midshipman, at Lake Champlain, 1776, 22;
in Burgoyne's advance to Saratoga, 1777, 51.

Philadelphia, occupation of, by British, 52-55;
brief tenure of, 55;
inutility of, to British, 56;
evacuation of, by British, and hazardous retreat from, to New
York, 63, 64.

Quebec, attack upon by Americans, under Montgomery, 1775, 9, 10;
blockade of, by Arnold, 1776, 10, 11;
relieved by British navy, 10-12;
utility of, to British preparations to control Lake Champlain,
15-17, 26.

Raids, by British navy, 56, 114.

Rhode Island, 47, 48, 69, 70, 72, 77, 78, 79, 115, 150, 155. See
Narragansett Bay.

Riedesel, Baron, commander of German troops in Canada, 1776;
testimony of, to effects of delay by Arnold's flotilla on
Lake Champlain, 13, 25;
quoted, 21, 23.

Rochambeau, French general, commanding forces in America, requests
coöperation of de Grasse against Cornwallis, 168.

Rodney, Sir George (afterwards Lord), British Admiral, appointed
to command Leeward Islands Station, 1779, 115, 121;
sails to relieve Gibraltar, 122;
on the way, destroys two Spanish squadrons, 122-125;
relieves the place, and sails for West Indies, 125, 126;
actions with de Guichen, April and May, 1780, 130-135, 142-144;
censures officers of the fleet, 135-139, 145; further
proceedings in West Indies, 1780, 146-150;
takes fleet to New York, 150, and turns to West Indies, 159;
capture of Dutch islands, 1781, 160;
proceedings of, at St. Eustatius, 161, 162;
sends Hood off Martinique to intercept de Grasse, 162;
successes of de Grasse against, 167, 168;
sends Hood to New York with fleet, 176, 177, and returns to
England on leave, 177;
returns to West Indies, 1782, and rejoins Hood, 205;
pursuit of French armament against Jamaica, 207-212;
victory of, in battle of April 12, 213-220;
failure of, to improve his success, 220-225;
superseded by Pigot, and returns finally to England, 225.

Rowley, Joshua, British Admiral, brilliant conduct of, in Byron's
action, 106, 107, 109;
implicitly censured by Rodney, 136.

Sandy Hook, at entrance to New York Harbor, 52, 63, 64, 65, 66,
76, 113, 150, 177, 184, 185;
Lord Howe's preparations at, for defence of New York, 1778, 65,
66.

Santa Lucia, French West India Island, capture of, by British,
1778, 100-102;
d'Estaing's ineffectual attempt to retake, 103, 104;
military value of, 104, 207;
de Guichen seeks to retake, 142;
mentioned, 105, 106, 128, 141, 144, 148, 165, 167, 168, 206.

Saratoga, surrender of Burgoyne at, why decisive, 3, 6;
capitulation there, determined by Arnold's defence of Lake
Champlain, 3, 7, 13, 14, 25;
Burgoyne's surrender at, 28, 50-53.

Saumarez, James (afterwards Lord de), British naval officer,
midshipman at attack upon Fort Moultrie, 1776, 35, 38;
lieutenant at the battle of the Dogger Bank, 1781, 192 (note);
captain in West Indies, 1782, 196;
biographical summary of, 196 (note);
in Rodney's victory, 1782, 218, 221.

Savannah, capture of, by British, 1778, 113;
disastrous effect of operations thus initiated upon the British
position in America, 114, 115, 151-153, 175-178, 184;
failure of d'Estaing's attempt to retake, 115, 151.

Schuyler, Philip, American General, commanding Northern
Department, 1776; quoted, 12.

Seasons, effect of, upon naval operations, 98, 113, 115, 145, 149,
159, 251.

Spain, induced to enter the war, 1779, 3, 116;
cruise of fleet of, in conjunction with French, 1779, 116-121;
divergence of views between France and, 120, 121, 147, 158, 186;
two squadrons of, dispersed or destroyed by Rodney, 122-126;
inefficiency of navy of, 125, 126, 147, 158, 187-189;
fruitless cruise of fleet of, in conjunction with French, 1781,
188, 189;
projected conquest of Jamaica, 206.

St. Eustatius, Dutch West India Island, capture of, by British,
1781, 160-162;
a great trade centre in the war, prior to capture, 160.

St. Kitts, British West India Island, attacked by French, 1782, 196;
naval operations of Hood and de Grasse about, 196-205;
capitulates to French, owing to lack of British land force, 205.

St. Lawrence, River, the centre of French power in Canada, 7;
strength of, as a military line, 7, 8; as a naval line of
communications, closed by ice, 10, 11, but at other
seasons controlling, 11, 12;
relations, to the decisive naval campaign on Lake Champlain,
1776, 15-17, 25-26.

Ticonderoga, strong post at head of Lake Champlain, 8, 9, 13, 18,
20, 27, 28, 46, 50;
saved from capture in 1775, and 1776, by Arnold's naval action
on Lake Champlain, 9, 13, 25;
taken by British, 1777, but reoccupied by Americans after
Burgoyne's surrender, 28.

Tiller. See "Helm."

Tippoo Saib, Sultan of Mysore, in India, succeeds his father,
Hyder Ali, 1782, and continues his policy, 252.

Tobago, British West India Island, taken by French, 167, 168.

Trenton, battle of, 48.

Trincomalee, harbor in Ceylon, a Dutch possession in 1780,
captured by British, 1782, 240;
importance, and imperfect defences, of, 240, 242, 244, 251, 252,
255;
taken by French, 1782, 247;
naval battle off, between Hughes and Suffren, 247-251.

Ushant, battle of, 83-93.

Valcour, Island in Lake Champlain, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24;
selected by Arnold as the position in which to await British
advance, 1776, 15;
description of, 19, 20;
battle of, 20-23;
American retreat from, 23-25.

Washington, George, commander-in-chief of the American armies,
expression of, that the navies had "the casting vote" in
the War of Independence, 4, 151;
arrangements of, for defence of New York City, 1776, 41-43;
withdraws the exposed division on Brooklyn Heights, 43, 44;
successive retirements of, to Harlem River, to New Jersey, and
across Delaware River, 44-46;
wins battle of Trenton, 1776, and recovers great part of New
Jersey, 48, 49;
comment of, on Howe's sailing from New York, 1777, 52;
disputes, unsuccessfully, Howe's advance on Philadelphia, 53, 55;
skilful strategic position of, in New Jersey hills, 56;
comment of, upon effects of d'Estaing's long passage out, 1778,
63;
hot pursuit by, of Clinton in retreat from Philadelphia to New
York, 64;
disappointment of, at failure of French naval assistance, 1780,
150, 152;
comment of, on Arnold's treason, 152;
with Rochambeau, asks coöperation of de Grasse, 1781, 168;
movement of, against Cornwallis at Yorktown, 178, 184;
surrender of Cornwallis to, 185;
mentioned incidentally, 67, 72.

Washington, Fort, commanding Hudson River, 1776, 44, 46;
Washington orders evacuation of, 45;
stormed by British, and garrison taken, 46.

West Indies, dependence of, upon American continent, 60;
seasonal conditions in, affecting naval operations, 98, 115,
149, 159;
commercial importance of, 98;
naval battles in, 103, 106-112, 129, 130-135, 142-144, 153,
163-167, 198-205, 207-220.

White, Thomas, British naval author serving during War of American
Independence, quoted, 108, 183 (note), 204.

Yorktown, series of events which brought Cornwallis to, 152, 153,
169, 170, 174, 175;
naval actions affecting control of waters around, 170-173,
179-184;
Cornwallis shut up in, 176;
French navy in force before, 184;
French and American armies arrive before, 184;
surrender of Cornwallis at, 185.

Zoutman, Johan A., Dutch Admiral, commands the squadron at the
battle of the Dogger Bank, 189-193.