Chapter III: Julius Ii.--Leo X (2)

Julius II., a fighting Pope, 582;
a patron of artists, 583, 589;
pulls down the ancient St. Peter's, _ib._, 587, 591;
secures the States of the Church, 587;
employs Raphael, 589, 590;
his portrait by Raphael, 590;
his death and career, 590-592.

Ladies. _See_ Women.

Lanciani, Professor, 242, 539, 540.

Langton, Stephen, 287.

Lateran Council, the first, Gregory's letter convoking, 235;
its decrees against simony and marriage of priests, 236-238;
lay investiture prohibited by the second Council, 239;
reception of the Emperor's letters by Gregory in, 256-259;
demands the excommunication of Henry, 259;
decides the case of the rival emperors, 281-285;
the fourth, Pope Innocent's address to, 365-369;
ordinances passed by, 370, 371;
gives judgment for de Montfort against the Provençal nobles,
371, 372.

Lay investiture, decree against, 239.

Leander, 133;
Gregory's letter to, 127, 149.

Learning, how pursued during the Renaissance, 529;
Nicolas V. as a patron of, 537.

Legacies to priests declared illegal, 12.

Leo IV., the Leonine city enclosed by, 541-543.

Leo IX., confers offices upon Hildebrand, 193;
his tour of reformation, 195-199;
at the Council of Rheims, 198;
his use of the power of excommunication, 199;
his last enterprise and his death, _ib._, 200.
_See_ Bruno, Bishop.

Leo X., 515, 516;
little troubled by the rebellion against the Papacy, 592, 595;
his attitude towards Luther, 596, 597;
obliged to fight for the Patrimony, _ib._;
amuses himself with his painters and his court, _ib._, 598;
his patronage of Raphael the chief element in his fame, 598;
his career, 599.

Leo XIII., as Papa Angelico, 212 _n._

Leonine city. _See_ Borgo.

Leopold of Mainz, 334.

Lombard League, 325.

Lorenzo, Cola's son, his baptism of blood, 461.

Louis of Bavaria, 384;
his reception in Rome, 320, 321;
his coronation, 390, 391;
declares Pope John deposed, 392;
elects a new Pope, _ib._;
recrowned by his anti-Pope, _ib._, 393;
his departure from Rome, 393.

Luther, Martin, 595;
Pope Leo's attitude towards, 596.

Lytton, Lord, his novel _Rienzi_, 420.

Maddalena, Rienzi's mother, 402.

Manno, Giovanni, 386.

Mantegna, Andrea, 582.

Marcella, early life and marriage of, 17, 18;
becomes a widow, 18;
her reputation for eccentricity, _ib._, 19;
forms her community of Christian women, 20;
her zeal for knowledge, 26;
entreated by Paula and Jerome to abandon the world, 89-91;
prefers her useful life in Rome, 92, 93;
saves Principia from the Goths, 110;
tortured by them, _ib._;
her death, 113.
_See_ Marcella, the Society of.

Marcella, the Society of, founded, 20;
character and position of the members, 21;
some associates of, 22-24;
a religious and intellectual meeting-place, 25;
daily life of the members, 26;
Thierry quoted on their occupations, _ib._;
Jerome becomes the guest of, 49, 54;
wealth and liberality of, 55, 56;
unrestricted life of, 57;
shares in the popular resentment against Jerome, 77;
last days of, 108-110.

Marcellinus, Ammianus, quoted, 5, 6, 11.

Marriage of priests, decree of the first Lateran Council against,
235, 238;
priests rebel against this measure, 237;
effects of the decree on the minds of the laity, 238, 239.

Martin V., 516, 517, 525;
begins the reconstruction and adornment of Rome, 523;
administers justice _ib._

Martino, F. di, 544.

Matilda of Tuscany, 204, 217, 233, 256, 262, 269, 270, 292, 325;
her character, etc., 263.

Maurice, Emperor, 148, 152, 160

Maximianus, 139.

Medici, Cosimo dei, 534.

Melania, her bereavement, 30;
abandons her son, _ib._, 31;
sensation caused in Rome by her disappearance, 32;
in the Egyptian deserts, 33;
provides for and protects hunted monks, 35;
her encounter with the proconsul in Palestine, _ib._;
accompanied by Rufinus, 36, 39;
founds a monastery at Jerusalem, 41;
the nature of her self-sacrifice, _ib._;
her quarrel with Paula, 81.

Mercenaries. _See_ Soldiers of Fortune.

Milman, Dean, 363.

Mincio, Bishop, how he was elected Pope, 203;
his abdication, 204.

Missionaries, Gregory's instructions to, for the making of
converts, 156;
and for pastoral work, _ib._, 157.

Monks, wandering, 36, 37, 184;
resentment of the Roman populace against, 63;
Gregory's following of, 132-138.

Monozello, Fra, and Pope Benedict, 395.

Montefiascone, the wine of, 485 _n._

Montfort, Simon de, 360, 361, 371, 372.

Monuments, ancient, restored by Paul II., 562.

Moreale, Fra, 487;
agrees to assist in Rienzi's undertaking, 489, 490;
arrives in Rome, 496;
his arrest and execution, 497-500.

Muntz, M., quoted, 562.

Music, Gregory's reformation in, 165, 166;
a commentary on his system, as adopted by the Germans and
Gauls, 166.

Nicolas II., 205, 213.

Nicolas V., 392, 516, 562, 567;
as a lover of literature, 530;
unconscious of the coming revolution, _ib._;
his origin, 531;
his learning, _ib._;
makes his reputation, 532;
as a book collector, 534;
his character, 535;
a lover of peace, _ib._;
his dealings with his literary men, 537;
churches rebuilt by, 544;
his additions to the Vatican and to St. Peter's, 545;
founds the Vatican library, 546;
his work as a builder-Pope, 549;
his death-bed counsel to his cardinals, 550, 551.

Nobles, Roman, strongholds of, in Rome, 382;
use made of, by Rienzi, 447, 448;
arrested at Rienzi's banquet, and afterwards discharged, 449;
effect of this treatment upon, 450;
rebellion of the Orsini, 451;
and of the Colonnas, 453-456;
their return to the city, 472, 473.
_See_ Aristocracy.

Normans of Southern Italy, 199, 200, 213, 225;
Rome sacked by, 299.

Nuncio, Gregory as a, 132, 138.

Oceanus, 37, 101.

Odilon of Cluny, 186.

Olaf, King of Norway, 280.

Origen, 100.

Orsini family, 424, 436, 448, 454, 467;
rebel against Rienzi, 451.

Orsini, Bartoldo, 393.

Orsini, Ranello, 430.

Orsini, Robert, 425.

Otho, Philip's rival in the Empire, 331;
supported by the Pope, 333;
becomes Emperor, 336;
his coronation in Rome, 336-338;
breaks faith with the Pope, 339, 340.
_See_ Emperors, the rival.

Paganism, its conjunction with the Christian religion in Roman
society, 8, 9;
this conjunction occurs again at the Renaissance, 530.

Palazzo Venezia, 559.

Pammachius, 55, 77, 99, 101, 114.

Papencordt quoted, 450.

Pastoral work, Gregory's instructions regarding, 156-158.

Paul II. builds the Palazzo Venezia, 559;
Platina's strictures upon, _ib._, 560;
dismisses the learned men patronised by Pius, 560, 561;
imprisons Platina, 561;
his liberality, 562;
restores ancient monuments, _ib._;
his magnificent tastes, _ib._, 563;
Platina on his private life, 563;
his humours and vanities, 564;
his death, 568.

Paula, 37, 63;
and her family, 22-25, 26;
her friendship with Jerome, 49, 69;
her character and position, 65, 66;
how she was attracted to the Marcellan Society, 66;
Jerome's letter to, on Blæsilla's death, 68, 69;
her abandonment of her home and children, 77, 78;
her journey to Jerusalem, 79, 80;
her quarrel with Melania, 81;
travels through Syria, _ib._;
builds convents and a hospice, 82, 83;
assists Jerome in the translation of the Scriptures, 83-88;
entreats Marcella to join her in Bethlehem, 90, 91.

Paulina, 23, 55, 77;
her death, 101;
the funeral feast, 102-104.

Paulinian, 101.

Paulinus, Bishop, quoted, 105.

Peacemakers, 431.

Pelagius II., 141, 147;
his letter on the defenceless state of Rome, 138.

Pen, silver, used by Rienzi, 411.

Pepino, Count, 471.

Perugino, 575, 590.

Petrarch, 390, 411, 437;
his friendship with the Colonna family, 397;
crowned Altissimo Poeta, 398, 399;
quoted, 433, 435, 450, 465, 466, 522;
his letters to Rienzi, 361, 369, 386;
his faith in Rienzi shaken, 387;
his letter describing his talk with Stefano, 467, 468;
letter on Rienzi's career and downfall, 478, 479;
describes how Rienzi's condemnation was reversed, 479, 480.

Philip Augustus of France and his wives, 340-343;
his threatened invasion of England, 345.

Philip of Swabia elected Emperor, 330;
Innocent's denunciation of, 333;
his success, 335;
his death, 336.

Phocas, Emperor, 160, 169.

Pintore, Antonazzo, 576.

Pius II., 562, 567;
his early career, 553, 554;
his character, 554;
his writings, 555;
as a builder, 556;
his enthusiasm for the crusade against the Turk, 557, 558.

Plague in Rome, and the processions of penitents, 144-146.

Platina, his biased account of Paul II., 559, 560;
protests against Paul's dismissal of the learned men, 560;
imprisoned, 561;
reinstated, 577.

Poor, the destitute, Gregory feeds and cares for, 151.

Popes, three rival, in Rome, 183;
how their conflict was ended, _ib._;
three successive, appointed by the Emperor Henry III., 189,190;
become fighting princes, 513, 514;
ideals of the greatest, 514;
art-patrons among, 515;
how treated by English writers, _ib._;
success of the builder-Popes, 516, 517;
their power and influence in the times of Pius II. and Paul
II., 564, 567.
_See_ Gregory the Great, Hildebrand, Innocent III., Election
of the Popes, _et passim_.

Populace, Roman, degraded state of, in the 4th century, 4, 5;
all nominally Christian, 57;
their resentment against the monks, 63;
compel Gregory to abandon his mission to Britain, 141, 142;
Gregory feeds the destitute poor, 151;
fight between Papal troops and, 385-389;
their reception of Louis of Bavaria, 389-391;
reception of Fra Venturino by, 394, 395;
unruliness and recklessness of, 395;
enthusiastic over the crowning of Petrarch, 399, 400;
Rienzi as an ambassador of, to Clement VI., 404-409;
give absolute power to Rienzi, 427;
begin to criticise Rienzi, 438;
their conflict with the Colonna, 454-457;
resent Rienzi's baptism of his son, 461, 462;
had no active share in Rienzi's downfall, 472;
invite him to reassume the government of the city, 489;
their reception of Rienzi, 494;
their rising against him, 502-508.
_See_ Rome.

Prætextata, 23, 24.

Priests, Roman, Jerome quoted on, 11, 12.

Principia, 100, 110.

Provence, Innocent's missionaries in, 358, 359;
appeal of the forfeited lords of, against de Montfort, 371.

Raphael, 595, 597;
employed by Julius II., 589, 590;
his portrait of Julius, 590;
Pope Leo's patronage of, 598;
Bishop Creighton on his artistic aims, _ib._;
had no didactic purposes, _ib._

Raymond, Bishop, the Pope's Vicar, 416, 424, 427, 429;
protests against Rienzi's pretensions, 442;
reconciled to Rienzi, 471.

Raymond of Toulouse, 371, 372.

"Religious adventures," 36, 37.

Renaissance, 526, 529;
conjunction of Christianity and Paganism during, 530.

Rheims, Council of, the Pope's opening address, 197;
speeches of the bishops, 198.

Riario, Pietro, 578, 579.

Riccardo Imprennante, 500.

Richard, brother of Pope Innocent, 575.

Rienzi, Cola di, his historian, 382, 384;
his parentage, 403, 404;
his love for the ancient writers, 403;
his early life, _ib._, 404;
sent on a mission to Clement VI., 404;
appointed notary to the City Council of Rome, 405;
success of the mission, 406;
letter announcing his success, _ib._;
disgrace and return to favour, 410, 411;
protests against the rapacity of the City Council, 412;
his painted allegories, 413, 415, 419;
attitude of the patricians towards, 416, 419, 423;
his address to the Roman notables, 417, 418;
his power and privileges, 418;
and the secret society, 423,424;
the conspiracy carried out, 425;
addresses the people on the Capitol, 426;
absolute power given to, by the people, 427;
drives all the nobles out of Rome, 429;
compels the nobles to swear loyalty to the Buono Stato, _ib._,
430;
his character, 431;
justice and public safety in Rome secured by, 431-434;
his braggadocio, 432;
secures the safety of travellers on the roads, _ib._, 433;
his authority confirmed by the Pope, 434;
his procession to St. Peter's, _ib._, 435;
his love of magnificence, 435;
Petrarch's letters to, 436;
success of his warlike expeditions, _ib._, 437;
beginning of his indiscretions, 437, 438;
makes himself a knight, 438;
claims to hold his authority from God and from the people, 440;
friendly messages from European monarchs to, 441;
ceremonials of his knighthood, _ib._, 442;
the Pope's Vicar protests against his pretensions, 443;
claims universal dominion in the name of the Roman people,
_ib._, 444;
sincerity of his claim, 444, 445;
crowning of, 445, 446;
Fra Guglielmo's grief for, 447;
makes use of the nobles, _ib._, 448;
gives a banquet to the nobles, 448;
arrests and discharges them, 449;
his expedition against the Orsini, 451;
his meeting with the Pope's legate, 452;
a powerful party organised against, 453;
apprehensive of danger, _ib._;
celebrates his victory over the Colonna, 457;
fails to take advantage of his success, 460;
his son's baptism of blood, 461;
his friends begin to desert him, 462;
Petrarch's letter of reproof to, 465;
Petrarch's faith in him shaken, 466;
moderates his magnificence and his arrogance, 470;
sees visions of disaster, 471;
his downfall, 471-473;
develops the character of a conspirator, 473, 474;
takes refuge among the Fraticelli, 474, 475;
his correspondence with Charles IV., 476;
handed over to the Pope, _ib._;
condemned to death, 477;
how he was saved, _ib._, 479;
his career and downfall, Petrarch's letter on, 478;
returns with the Pope's legate to Rome, 484, 485;
welcomed in the towns of the Patrimony, 488;
his enterprise assisted by Moreale and his mercenaries, 490;
obtains the countenance of the Pope's legate, _ib._, 491;
his expedition sets out, 491;
his hopes and aims, 492;
his reception by the Roman populace, 493, 494;
change in his outward man, 494;
his expedition against Stefanello, _ib._, 495;
his motives for executing Moreale, 496;
imprisons and executes Moreale, 497-500;
this act generally approved, 500;
but questioned by his councillors, _ib._;
how he raised money to pay the mercenaries, 501;
becomes irresolute, 502;
his final downfall and death, 502-509;
estimate of his career, 508, 509.

Roads made safe for travellers, 434.

Robert, King of Naples, 399.

Roland of Parma presents Henry's letters to Pope Gregory, 257.

Roman society, state of, at the end of the 4th century, 3 _et
seq._;
irresponsible wealth of the patrician class, 3, 4;
debased state of the populace, 4, 5;
luxurious habits of the nobles, 5, 6;
and of the women, 7;
conjunction of the old and new religions in, 8-10;
relations of the Church with, 10-12;
Jerome's picture of, quoted, 60, 61;
undermined by the ascetic ideals, 106-108.
_See_ Aristocracy _and_ Populace.

Rome, her two conquests of the world, 1, 2;
transitional period in her history, 2;
her position at the end of the 4th century, 3;
believed in the 4th century to be the Scarlet Woman of
Revelation, 105;
sacked by the Goths, 108, 109;
successive sieges of, 119, 120;
no patriot aroused to the defence of, 123;
defenceless state of, 138;
distress and pestilence in, 144-147, 150, 151;
preserved by Gregory from barbarian attacks, 151;
heartened by Gregory's energy, 159;
Gregory's achievements for, 169, 182;
Gregory accused of destroying ancient buildings in, 176;
state of, in the 11th century, 182, 183;
its outward aspect in the time of Gregory VII., 242, 243;
a portion of, seized by Emperor Henry IV., 293;
Henry withdraws his troops from, 295;
and again occupies the city, 296, 297;
sacked by Guiscard and the Normans, 299;
Innocent III. endeavours to strengthen his hold upon, 322, 323;
her constitution changed by Gregory, 323;
populace of, at enmity with Innocent III., 375;
buildings erected in, by Innocent, 376;
disorderly state of, in the 14th century, 381-383;
strongholds of the great nobles in, 382;
fight between Papal troops and the people of, 384-386;
reception of Louis of Bavaria in, 389;
as arbiter of the world, 390;
how Fra Venturino was received in, 394, 395;
public safety and justice unknown in, 401, 424, 425;
establishment of the Buono Stato in, 425-427;
public safety secured in, by Rienzi, 432, 434;
apprehensions aroused in foreign countries by the revival of,
435, 436;
her claim to universal dominion, 439;
assertion of the claim by Rienzi, 442-444;
expedition of the Colonna against, 453-457;
dream of a double reign of universal dominion in, 475;
celebration of the Jubilee in, 480, 481;
anarchy in, after Rienzi's fall, 483, 484;
possessed no native art, 516;
external state of, at Pope Martin's entry, 517-522;
restoration and adornment of, begun, 522, 523, 525;
restoration and adornment of buildings in, by Nicolas V., 544,
549;
art workshops in, 545, 546;
ancient monuments restored by Paul II., 562;
still disorderly, 569;
King Ferdinand's advice regarding the balconies and tortuous
streets, 570;
his suggestion adopted by Sixtus, 571.
_See_ Borgo.

Rudolf, Duke of Suabia, 233, 290;
elected king, 275;
anxious for the council of arbitration, 281;
his case stated before the Lateran Council, 282;
declared King of Germany by the Pope, 285;
Gregory sends the imperial crown to, 289;
his death, 290.
_See_ Emperors, the two rival.

Rufinus travels with Melania, 36, 37;
arrives in Rome, 100;
his controversy with Jerome, _ib._

St. Benedict. _See_ Benedict, order of.

St. Jerome. _See_ Jerome.

St. John Lateran, the church of, 521, 573;
internal revolution in, 588.

St. Mary, the monastery of, 186.

St. Paul, the monastery of, Hildebrand's reforms in, 194.

St. Peter, evidence for his presence and execution in Rome, 540.

St. Peter's, the old and the modern church, 539, 541;
additions made to, by Nicolas, 545;
pulled down by Julius II., 583, 584;
architecture of the ancient church, 584;
completion of the present church, 600.

St. Remy, consecration of the church of, 196.

St. Stefano Rotondo, church of, rebuilt, 544.

St. Teodoro, church of, rebuilt, 544.

Salerno, Gregory's arrival at, 301.

San Lorenzo, chapel of, 546.

Savelli, Francesco, 430.

Savelli, Luca de, 448.

Saviello, Jacopo di, 384, 385.

Scotland, Church of, its position before the Disruption, and that
of the Church in Gregory's time, compared, 302, 303.

Secret society, the, and Rienzi's address to, 423, 424;
the conspiracy carried out, 425-427.

Silvia, 124, 128.

Simony, 188, 224, 230;
crusade of Leo IX. against, 196-199;
Hildebrand's hatred of, 211, 232;
condemned by the first Lateran Council, 236;
Gregory VII. a martyr to his hatred of, 303, 304.

Sismondi quoted, 390.

Sistine chapel, 575;
completion of, 601.

Sixtus IV., his pedigree, 569;
his purposes and achievements, _ib._, 570;
rebuilds the narrow and tortuous streets, 570;
builds a bridge over the Tiber, 571;
reconstructs the hospital Santo Spirito, 572, 573;
his violent temper, 573;
all Rome pervaded by his work, _ib._, 574;
restores the aqueducts, 574;
painters employed by, for the Sistine chapel, 575;
his varied aims and activities, 575-577;
reinstates Platina and his fellow-scholars, 577;
enlarges the Vatican library, _ib._;
his taste in art, _ib._;
his favourites, 578-580.

Soldiers of Fortune, 487;
Rienzi procures the services of, 489;
how he raised money to pay them, 501.

States of the Church, Innocent III. regains possession of, 324,
325;
secured by Julius II., 587;
part of them lost again, 596.

Stefano, Cardinal, 215.

Tasso, 263.

Taxes imposed by Rienzi, 501.

Tedeschi, the, 325, 389.

Thebaid, the, 15.

Theodolinda, Queen, 151, 156, 159.

Thierry, quoted, 21, 26, 84, 93, 96.

Thomas of Sarzana. _See_ Nicolas V.

Toulouse, 358.

Trajan and the widow, effect of the story upon Gregory, 143.

Tuscan League, 325, 326.

Tuscany, interference of, in the election of the Popes, 203,
204, 216, 217.

Utrecht, Bishop of, 260.

Vatican, its reconstruction begun by Innocent, 376;
enlarged and adorned by the Popes, 544;
additions built to, by Nicolas, 545;
library of, founded by Nicolas, 546;
and enlarged by Sixtus, 577.

Venice, drives a bargain with the Crusaders, 353.

Venturino, Fra, his reception in Rome, 394, 395.

Vertolle, Conte di, 448.

Vespasiano the bookseller, 523, 524.

Vico, Giovanni di, 436, 437, 453.

William the Conqueror, his invasion of England sanctioned by
Hildebrand, 221, 222.

Women, friendships between religious zealots and, 49, 50;
harshly spoken of by Catholic teachers, 49;
their success in the art of government, 202;
take part in the election of a Pope, 227;
form part of a council called by Gregory VII., 233, 234.

Women, Roman, their artificial life, 7;
influence of the conflicting religions upon their actions, 9,
10;
Jerome's description of different types of, 60-62.
_See_ Marcella, the Society of.

Worms, Council of, 190, 253-255.

Zara, capture of, by the Crusaders, 353.