Chapter V

Changes of morals chiefly in the proportionate value attached to different virtues 44 Military, civic, and intellectual virtues 44 The mediæval type 45 Modifications introduced by Protestantism 47 Bossuet and Louis XIV. 48 Persecution.--Operations at childbirth.--Usury 50 Every great religion and philosophic system produces or favours a distinct moral type 51 Variations in moral judgments 51 Complexity of moral influences of modern times.--The industrial type 53 Qualified by other influences 54 Unnecessary suffering 57 Goethe's exposition of modern morals 58 Morals hitherto too much treated negatively 59 Possibility of an over-sensitive conscience 60 Increased sense of the obligations of an active life 61

CHAPTER VI

In the guidance of life action more important than pure reasoning 62 The enforcement of active duty now specially needed 62 Temptations to luxurious idleness 63 Rectification of false ideals.--The conqueror 64 The luxury of ostentation 64 Glorification of the demi-monde 66 Study of ideals 67 The human mind more capable of distinguishing right from wrong than of measuring merit and demerit 67 Fallibility of moral judgments 68 Rules for moral judgment 73

CHAPTER VII

The school of Rousseau considers man by nature wholly good 76 Other schools maintain that he is absolutely depraved 76 Exaggerations of these schools 78 The restraining conscience distinctively human.--Comparison with the animals 79 Reality of human depravity.--Illustrated by war 81 Large amount of pure malevolence.--Political crime.--The press 83 Mendacity in finance 85 The sane view of human character 86 We learn with age to value restraints, to expect moderately and value compromise 86