Chapter XLIII: Appendix (3)

_Red deer stag_: according to Dryden's Twici, p. 24 (source not given), the season began at the Nativity of St. John the Baptist (June 24), and _ended_ Holyrood Day (September 14). Our text of the "Master of Game" nowhere expressly states when the stag-hunting begins or terminates, but as he speaks of how to judge a hart from its fumes in the month of April and May (p. 30), and further says that harts run best from the "entry of May into St. John's tide" (p. 35), we might infer that they were hunted from May on. He also says that the season for hind-hunting begins when the season of the hart ends and lasteth till Lent. But as this part of the book was a mere translation from G. de F. it is no certain guide to the hunting seasons in England. The Stag-hunting season in France, the _cervaison_, as it was called, began at the _Sainte Croix de Mai_ (May 3rd) and lasted to _la Sainte Croix de Septembre_ (Holyrood Day, Sept. 14), the old French saying being: "_Mi Mai, mi teste, mi Juin, mi graisse; à la Magdeleine venaison pleine_" (July 22) (Menagier de Paris, ii.). And although the stag was probably chiefly hunted in England between Midsummer and the middle of September, when they are in the best condition, and it was considered the best time to kill them, they were probably hunted from May on in the early days in England as they were in France. Had this not been customary we imagine the Duke of York would have inserted one of his little interpolations in the text he was translating, and stated that although the season began in May _beyond the sea_, it only began later in England.

In Twety and Gyfford we read that the "tyme of grece, begynnyth alle way atte the fest of the Nativyte of Saynt Johan baptist." Later on, according to Dryden, the season of the stag began two weeks after Midsummer (July 8).

_Red deer hind_, Holyrood Day (Sept. 14) to Candlemas (Feb. 2) (Twici, p. 24; Man., p. 181). According to others the hind and the doe season ends on Twelfth-day or Epiphany (Jan. 6).

_Fallow deer buck._ According to the Forest Laws the season began at the Nativity of St. John (June 24) and ended on Holyrood Day (Sept. 14). Dryden adds a second date, _i.e._ two weeks after Midsummer, to the former, but does not quote the source.

_Fallow doe_ was hunted from Holyrood Day (Sept. 14) to Candlemas (Feb. 2).

_Roe deer buck_ was hunted from Easter to Michaelmas (Sept. 29).

_Roe doe_, Michaelmas to Candlemas.

_Hare._ According to the Forest Laws (Man., 176) the season commenced Michaelmas (Sept. 29) and ended at Midsummer (June 24); Dryden in his notes in Twici states that it commenced at Michaelmas and ended at Candlemas (Feb. 2), while the "Boke of St. Albans" gives the same date as the first-named in Manwood. According to the "Master of Game" the hare seems to have enjoyed no close season, as G. de F.'s assertion that the hunting of the hare "lasteth all the year" is also translated without comment (p. 14): _Et le peut chassier toute l'année, en quelque temps que ce soit quar touzjours sa sayson dure_ (G de F., p. 204).

In Twety and Gyfford we also find that "The hare is alway in season to be chasyd."

In the sixteenth century in France the hare-hunting season was from the middle of September till the middle of April (Du Fouilloux, p. 51; De Noir., ii. p. 476). In England the same season seems to have been observed (Blome, p. 91).

_Wild boar._ According to the Forest Laws (Manwood and Twici), the boar was hunted from Christmas Day to Candlemas (Feb. 2), but we have evidence that boar-hunting usually began earlier. The boar was in his prime condition when acorns, beechmast, and chestnuts were plentiful, and was considered in season from Michaelmas to St. Martin's Day (Roy Modus, xxxi.), and by some even from Holyrood Day (Bornam, p. 100; Part, de Blois, 525).

The huntsmen of King John of England were sent to hunt in the forest of Cnappe in order to take two or three boars a day in November. King John's letter giving instructions on this point to one Rowland Bloet is dated 8th November 1215 (Jesse, ii. 32).

_Wolf._ According to the Forest Laws, in the book already quoted, the season during which the wolf was hunted began at Christmas and ended at the Annunciation (March 25), but considering the destruction wrought by this beast it is far more likely that it was hunted throughout the year.

_Fox._ According to the Forest Laws the season opened on Christmas Day and ended on March 25, but nevertheless the fox was hunted early in the autumn, for we have it on Twety and Gyfford's authority that "the sesoun of the fox begynneth at the natyvite of owre Lady, and durryth til the Annunciacion" (Sept. 8 to March 25).

The "Boke of St. Albans" gives the season of the fox and wolf from the Nativity to the Annunciation of Our Lady and that of the boar from the Nativity to the Purification of Our Lady. Manwood and other accepted authorities quote the above as alluding to the Nativity of Christ, whereas the Nativity of Our Lady, Sept. 8, was intended, thereby creating some confusion.

According to the Wardrobe Accounts of Edward I. the foxhunting season began on 1st September (Ward. Acc. Ed. I. 1299-1300).

No doubt one of the reasons why the fox was not hunted earlier in the year was on account of the fur, which was of course of less use or value if obtained in summer.

_Otter._ The Forest Laws give the season as from Shrove Tide (Feb. 22) to Midsummer (June 24), but we find that in King John's reign the otter was hunted in July (Close Rolls 14 John I.).

_Martin_, _badger_, _and rabbit_ were hunted at all seasons of the year.

SNARES. No work dealing with the chase of wild animals in mediæval times would be complete were it to omit all reference to snares, traps, gins, pitfalls, and other devices to take game other than by hunting. The "Master of Game" mentions the subject but briefly, saying, "Truly I trow no good hunter would slay them so for no good," but "Gaston Ph[oe]bus" contains seventeen short chapters in which the author as well as the miniaturist describe the various contrivances then in use, although the same disdain of these unsportsmanlike methods is expressed by G. de F. that marks the Duke of York's pages. In the first edition of the present work will be found descriptions of the principal snares used in the Middle Ages.

SPANIEL. It is difficult to say at what date these dogs were first introduced into our country; we only know that by the second half of the sixteenth century spaniels were a common dog in England. In Dr. Caius's time the breed was "in full being." He mentions land spaniels, setters, and water spaniels, besides the small spaniels which were kept as pet and lap dogs. That the breed was not then a recent importation we may infer from the fact that, when speaking of the water spaniel and giving the derivation of the name, Dr. Caius says: "Not that England wanted suche kinde of dogges (for they are naturally bred and ingendered in this country). But because they beare the general and common name of these dogs synce the time when they were first brought over out of Spaine."

The chapter in the "Master of Game" on this dog, being translated from G. de F., unfortunately throws no light on the history of the spaniel in England, although we imagine that, had there been no such hounds in our island at the time, the Duke would have made some such remark as he has in other parts of his book of their being a "manner of" hound as "men have beyond the sea, but not as we have here in England."

In his time the spaniel had enjoyed popularity in France for some two centuries, and there was such continual communication between France and England in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries that it would have been indeed strange if this most useful dog for the then favourite and universal sport of hawking had not been brought to England long before his time. We may conclude that the "gentle hounds for the hawk" of which he speaks in his Prologue were not spaniels.

SPAY. The usual meaning of this word (castrating females) given in all dictionaries is clearly inapplicable on this occasion (p. 174), where it undoubtedly means killing a stag with a sword, probably derived from the Italian _spada_. When the velvet was once off the antlers the stag at bay was usually despatched with the bow, for it was then dangerous to approach him close enough to do so with the sword. When achieved by bold hunters, as it occasionally was, it was accounted a feat of skill and courage.

STABLES. O. F. _establie_, a garrison, a station. Huntsmen and kennelmen with hounds in leash, whose duty it was to take up a post or stand assigned to them during the chase, were called stables. We have _Stabilitiones venationis_ that are mentioned in Domesday (i. fol. 56b and fol. 252). In Ellis's introduction to Domesday he says: "_Stabilitio_ meant stalling the deer. To drive the Deer and other Game from all quarters to the centre of a gradually contracted circle where they were compelled to stand, was _stabilitio_." Malmesbury, Scriptores, post Bedam, edit. 1596, p. 44, speaking of the mildness of Edward the Confessor's temper, says, "_Dum quadam vice venatum isset, et agrestis quidam Stabulata illa, quibus in casses cervi urgentur, confudisset, ille sua nobili percitus ira, per Deum, inquit, et matrem ejus tantundem tibi nocebo, si potero_" (Ellis, i. 112).

We see, however, at a later date from Twici and the "Master of Game" that the watchers or stables they allude to were stationary--and did not drive the game as described in above.

These stations of huntsmen and hounds were placed at intervals round the quarter of the forest to be driven or hunted in with hounds to move the game, so that the hounds could be slipped at any game escaping; sometimes they were to make a noise, and thus blench or head the game back. In French such a chase was called a _Chasse à tître_ (Lav. xxviii.), the word _tître_ meaning net or tape, but in this case used figuratively. Our "Master of Game" evidently placed these stations to keep the game within the boundaries so as to force it to pass the stand of the King. Twici describes these stations of huntsmen, using the word _establie_. "The bounds are those which are set up of archers, and of greyhounds (_lefrers et de establie_) and watchers, and on that account I have blown one moot and recheated on the hounds. You hunter, do you wish to follow the chase? Yes, if that beast should be one that is hunted up (_enquillee_), or chased I will follow it. If so it should happen that the hounds should be gone out of bounds then I wish to blow a moot and stroke after my hounds to have them back" (Twici, p. 6).

It was the duty of certain tenants to attend the King's hunts and act as part of the stable. In Hereford one person went from each house to the stand or station in the wood at the time of the survey (Gen. Introduction Domesday, Ellis, i. 195). From Shrewsbury the principal burgesses who had horses attended the King when he went hunting, and the sheriff sent thirty-six men on foot to the deer-stand while the King remained there.

_Stable-stand_ was the place where these _stables_ were posted or "set," and the word was also used to denote the place where archers were posted to shoot at driven game. Such stands were raised platforms in some drive or on some boundary of the forest, sometimes erected between the branches of a tree, so that the sportsman could be well hidden. A good woodcut of what was probably intended to represent a "stand" is in the first edition of Turbervile's "Arte of Venerie," representing Queen Elizabeth receiving her huntsman's report.

There is no mention made of raised stands in our text, but with or without such erections the position taken up by the shooters to await the game was called his _standing_ or _tryste_, and a bower of branches was made, to shelter the occupant from sun and rain, as well as to hide him from the game. Such arbours were called _Berceau_ or _Berceil_ in Old French, from the word _berser_, to shoot with a bow and arrow; they were also called _ramiers_ and _folies_, from rames or branches, and folia, leaves, with which they were made or disguised (Noir., iii. p. 354).

Manwood tells us that _Stable-stand_ was one of four "manners in which if a man were found, in the forest, he could be arrested as a poacher or trespasser," and says: "Stable-stand is where one is found at his standing ready to shoot at any Deer, or standing close by a tree with Greyhounds in his leash ready to let slip" (Man., p. 193).

STANKES, or layes; tanks or pools, large meers. Gaston says: _Estancs et autres mares ou marrhés_ (G. de F., p. 21). Stank house was a moated house. A ditch or moat filled with water was called a tank.

TACHE, or tecche, Mid. Eng. for a habit, especially a bad habit, vice, freak, caprice, behaviour, from the O. F. _tache_, a spot, a stain, or blemish; also a disgrace, a blot on a man's good name. In the older use it was applied both to good as well as bad qualities, as in our text.

TAW, to makes hides into leather; tawer, the maker of white leather. In the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, in the days of the strict guilds, a sharp line was drawn between tawers and tanners, and a tawer was not allowed to tan nor a tanner to taw (Wylie, vol. iii. p. 195). No tawers were allowed to live in the Forest according to the ancient forest laws.

"If any white Tawer live in a Forest, he shall be removed and pay a Fine, for they are the common dressers of skins of stolen deer" (Itin. Lanc. fol. 7, quoted by Manwood, p. 161).

TEAZER, or _teaser_. "A kind of mongrel greyhound whose business is to drive away the deer before the Greyhounds are slipt," is the definition given by Blome (p. 96). These dogs were used to hunt up the game also when the deer was to be shot with the bow. The sportsmen would be standing at their trysts or stable-stand in some alley or glade of the wood, and the hounds be put into the covert or park "_to tease them forth_."

TRACE, slot, or footprint of deer. In O. F. and Ang.-N. literature the word trace seems to have been used indifferently for the track of the stag, wild boar, or any game (Borman, notes 147, 236, 237). G. de F. expressly says that the footprint of the deer should not be called _trace_ but _voyes_ or _piés_ (view or foot), yet the "Master of Game" in his rendering says: "Of the hart ye shall say 'trace,'" so evidently that was the proper sporting term in England at the time. When slot entirely superseded the word trace amongst sportsmen it is difficult to determine. Turbervile uses slot, and in the beginning of the seventeenth century it seems the general term for the footprint of deer (Man., p. 180; Stuart Glossary, vol. ii.; Blome, p. 76). Slot, it may be contended, is as old a word as trace, but in Mid. Eng. it was employed as a general term for a foot-track or marking of any animal. The trace or slot was one of the signs of a stag, that is the mark by which an experienced huntsman could recognise the age, size, and sex of the deer.

The old stag leaves a blunter print with a wider heel than a hind, but it is difficult to distinguish the slot of a hind from that of a young stag. Although the latter has invariably a bigger heel and makes deeper marks with his dewclaws, yet his toes are narrow and pointed, their edges are sharp, and the distance between his steps is somewhat unequal, all of which may lead his slotting to be mistaken for the tracks of a hind. "He has found what he wanted," says Dr. Collyns, when speaking of the harbourer, "the rounded track, the blunted toe point, the widespread mark, the fresh slot, in short, of a stag" ("Chase of the Red Deer").

The huntsman of old used to consider that any slot into which four fingers could be placed with ease belonged to a warrantable stag (some declared a stag of ten). That would mean that the slot would be about three inches wide, if not more. I believe two and a half inches is considered a fair measurement for mark of the heel by Devonshire stag-hunters, who alone in England concern themselves with the differences in the slot, as they only chase the wild deer. No such woodcraft is necessary for the chase of the carted deer, and as long as the master and huntsman can distinguish the footprint of a deer from that of any other animal, that is all that is required of them in this matter. The stepping or gait of a stag is also a sign that was taken into consideration. The old stag walks more equally, and generally places the point of his hind feet in the heel of his fore feet. The gait of a hind is more uncertain; it is said she misprints, that is sometimes the hind foot will be placed beside the fore foot, sometimes inside or in front of it. She is not even so regular in her gait as a young stag, unless she is with fawn, when she will place her hind feet constantly outside her fore feet. A hind walks with wide-spreading claws, so does a young stag with his fore feet, but those of his hind feet will be closed. The larger the print of the fore feet are in comparison to the hind feet the older the stag.

The underneath edge of the claws round the hollow of the sole was called the _esponde_ (sponde, edge or border). In older stags they were blunter and more worn, and in hinds and younger deer sharper, unless indeed the stag inhabited a damp and mossy country, where the _esponde_ would not be so much worn down as if he lived on a rocky or stony ground. (G. de F., 155, 129-145; Lav., p. 246; Stuart, p. 58; Fortescue, p. 133). And thus did the woodmen of old study the book of nature, which told them all they wished to know, and found for them better illustrations than any art could give.

TRYST, in the language of sport, was the place or stand where the hunter took up his position to await the game he wished to shoot. The game might be driven to him by hounds, or he might so place himself as to shoot as the game went to and from their lair to their pasturing (_see_ Appendix: Stables and Stable-stand). In French it was called shooting _à l'affut_, from _ad fustem_, near the wood, because the shooter leant his back to, or hid behind a tree, so that the game should not see him.

In our MS. we are told that Alaunts are good for hunting the wild boar whether it be with greyhounds, at the "tryst," or with running hounds at bay within the covert. The tryst here would be the place where a man would be stationed to slip the dogs at the wild boar as soon as he broke covert, or after the huntsman had wounded the boar with a shot from his long or cross-bow (p. 118).

VELTRES, _velteres_, _veltrai_. A dog used for the chase, a hound. Probably derived from the Gaelic words _ver_, large or long, and _traith_, a step or course, _vertragus_ being the name by which according to Arian, the Gauls designated a swift hound (Blanc, 52).

WANLACE. Winding in the chase (Halliwell). In the sentence in which this word is used in the chapter on the Mastiff (p. 122) we are told that some of these dogs "fallen to be berslettis and also to bring well and fast a wanlace about." Which probably means that some of these dogs become shooting dogs, and could hunt up the game to the shooter well and fast by ranging or circling. _Wanlasour_ is an obsolete name for one who drives game (Strat.).

In Brit. Mus. MS. Lansdowne 285 there is an interesting reference to setting the forest "with archers or with Greyhounds or with Wanlassours."

WILD BOAR. These animals were denizens of the British forests from the most remote ages, and probably were still numerous there at the time our MS. was penned. For although the Duke of York has only translated one of the eleven chapters relating to the natural history, chase, or capture by traps of the wild boar, and does not give us any original remarks upon the hunting of them, as he has of the stag and the hare, still it was most likely because he considered these two the royal sport _par excellence_, and not because there were none to hunt in England in his day. If the latter had been the case, he would in all probability have omitted even the chapter he does give us, as he has done with those written by Gaston de Foix on the deer, the reindeer, and the ibex and chamois (p. 160).

In some doggerel verses which are prefixed to "Le venery de Twety and Gyfford" (in Vesp. B. XII.), the wild boar is classed as a beast of venery. In the a "Boke of St. Albans" the wild boar is also mentioned as a beast of venery.

When Fitzstephen wrote his description of London in 1174, he says wild boars as well as other animals frequented the forests surrounding London, and it would certainly be a long time after this before these animals could have been extirpated from the wild forests in more remote parts of the country.

_Sounder_ is the technical term for a herd of wild swine. "How many herdes be there of bestes of venery? Sire of hertis, or bisses, of bukkes and of doos. A soundre of wylde swyne. A bevy of Roos" (Twety and Gyfford). In the French Twici we have also _Soundre dez porcs_.

_Farrow_ (Sub.) was a term for a young pig, in Mid. Eng. _farh_, _far_, Old Eng. _fearh_ (Strat.). Farrow (verb) was the term used when sows gave birth to young.

G. de F. says that wild boars can wind acorns as far as a bear can (p. 58), and turning to his chapter on bears, we find that he says that bears will wind a feeding of acorns six leagues off!

_Routing_ or rooting. A wild boar is said to root when he is feeding on ferns or roots (Turb., pp. 153, 154).

_Argus_, as our MS. calls the dew-claws of the boar, were in the later language of venery called the _gards_ (Blome, p. 102). Twety and Gyfford named the dew-claws of the stag _os_ and of the boar _ergos_. "How many bestis bere _os_, and how many _ergos?_ The hert berith _os_ above, the boor and the buk berith _ergos_."

_Grease_, as the fat of the boar or sow was called, was supposed to bear medicinal qualities. "And fayre put the grece whan it is take away, In the bledder of the boore my chylde I yow pray, For it is a medecine: for mony maner pyne" ("Boke of St. Albans").

WILD CAT (_Felis Catus_), which at one time was extremely common in England, was included among the beasts of the chase. It is frequently mentioned in royal grants giving liberty to enclose forest-land and licence to hunt therein.

It was probably more for its skin than for diversion that the wild cat was hunted, as its fur was much used for trimming dresses at one time.

The wild cat is believed to be now extinct, not only in England and Wales, but in a great part of the South of Scotland. A writer in the new edition of the _Encyclopædia Britannica_ (art. "Cat") expresses the opinion that the wild cat still exists in Wales and in the North of England, but gives no proof of its recent occurrence there.

Harvie-Brown in his "Vertebrate Fauna of Argyll" (1892) defines the limit of the range of the wild cat by a line drawn from Oban to Inverness; northward and westward of this line, he states, the animal still existed. But there is no doubt that of late years the cessation of vermin trapping in many parts of Scotland, which has caused a marked increase in the golden eagle, has had the same effect upon the wild cat.

The natural history chapter of the wild cat is taken by the Duke of York from G. de F.; did we not know this, some confusion might have arisen through the fact being mentioned that there are several kinds of wild cat, whereas only one was known to the British Isles. G. de F. says there were wild cats as large as leopards which went by the name of _loups-serviers_ or _cat wolves_, both of which names he declares to be misnomers. He evidently refers to the _Felis Lynx_ or _Lynx vulgaris_, which he properly classes as a "manner of wild cat," although some of the ancient writers have classed them as wolves (Pliny, Lib. viii. cap. 34).

WOLF. For a long time it was a popular delusion that wolves had been entirely exterminated in England and Wales in the reign of the Saxon King Edgar (956-957), but Mr. J. E. Harting has by his researches proved beyond doubt that they existed some centuries later, and did not entirely disappear until the reign of Henry VII. (1485-1509).

WORMING A DOG. This was supposed to be a preventive to the power of a mad dog's bite. It was a superstition promulgated in very early times, and seems to have been believed in until comparatively recent times. We find it repeated in one book of venery after another, French, English, and German: in England by our author, Turbervile, Markham, and others.

Pliny suggests this operation, and he quotes Columna as to the efficacy of cutting off a dog's tail when he is very young (Pliny, chap. xli.).

G. de F. and the Duke of York are careful to say that they only give the remedy for what it is worth, the latter saying: "Thereof make I no affirmation," and further on: "Notwithstanding that men call it a worm it is but a great vein that hounds have underneath their tongue" (p. 87).

LIST OF SOME BOOKS CONSULTED AND ABBREVIATIONS USED IN TEXT

Albertus Magnus. _De Animalibus._ Ed. 1788.

---- _The Secrets of._ London, 1617.

_Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales._ 1841.

_---- of Cambria._ E. Williams. 1823.

_Anc. Ten._, for _Ancient Tenures of Land_. By Thomas Blount. London,
1874.

Andreæ, E. C. A. _Die Geschichte der Jagd._ Frankfurt, 1894.

_Archæologia._ Pub. by Soc. of Antiq. Beginning 1770.

Arcussia, Ch. d'. _La Conference des Fauconniers_ (_Cab. de Venerie_,
vii.). 1880.

Arkwright, for _The Pointer and his Predecessor_. By William A.
London, 1902. 4to. See Bibliog. in 1st edit.

_Arrow Release, The._ By Ed. S. Morse. 1885.

Aymon, for _Le Roman des quatres fils Aymon_. Edit. P. Tarbé. 1861.

_Bad. Lib. Hunt._, for "Badminton Library." Volume on Hunting by the
Duke of Beaufort and Mowbray Morris. Ed. 7. London, 1901. Errors in,
see Bibliog. in 1st edit.

---- vol. on _The Poetry of Sport_. London, 1896. Errors in, see
Bibliog. in 1st edit.

Bangert, for _Die Tiere des Altfranz. Epos_. Von Fried. Bangert.
Marburg, 1885.

Barrière-Flavy, C. _Censier du pays de Foix._ Toulouse, 1898.

Barthold, F. W. _Georg von Frundsberg._ 1833.

Bastard, A. de. _Libraire du duc de Berry._ Paris, 1834.

Baudrillart, for _Traite des Eaux et Forêts, Chasse et Pêches._ Par M.
B. Paris, 1834.

Beckford, for _Thoughts upon Hare and Fox Hunting._ By Peter B.
London, 1796.

Beltz, G. F. _Memorials of the Garter._ 1841.

Berg, L. F. Freiherr. _Gesch. der deutschen Wälder._ Dresden, 1871.

Bertheleti, T., _General Collections of Statutes, 1225-1546_. London,
1543-51.

_Bib. Accip._, for _Bibliotheca Accipitraria_. By James Edm. Harting.
London, 1891.

Blancandin, ed. _H. V. Michelant._ 1867.

Blane, for _Cynegetica, or Observations on Hare Hunting_. By W. B.
London, 1788.

Blaze, Elezear. _Catalogue d'une Collection._ Paris, 1852.

---- _Le Livre du Roy Modus._ Paris, 1839.

Blome, for _The Gentleman's Recreation_. By Richard Blome. London,
1686.

Blount, T. _A Law Dictionary and Glossary._ 1717.

_Bodl. MS. 546_, for the MS. of the "Master of Game" in the Bodleian
Library at Oxford. See "Existing MSS. of the 'Master of Game'"; see
Bibliog. in 1st edit.

Borman, for _Die Jagd in den Altfranz. Artus und Abenteuer Romanen_.
_Von_ Ernst Borman. Marburg, 1887.

_Boldon Book_, for _Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and
Ireland_ (vol. iii.). By Sir Th. Duffus-Hardy. London, 1875.

_B. of St. Albans_, for _The Boke of St. Albans_. Edit. by William
Blades. London, 1881. See Bibliog. in 1st edit.

"_B. of C._" for _Boke of Curtasye_. 14th cent. poem. Pub. by I. O.
Halliwell. Percy Soc. vol. iv.

Bonney, for _Historic Notices on Fotheringhay_. By Rev. H. K. B.
Oundle, 1821.

Borel, P., _Dictionnaire des termes du vieux François_. 2 vols. 1882.

Bouton, Victor. _L'Auteur du Roy Modus._ Paris, 1888.

Brachet, Ang. _An Etymological Dictionary of the French Language_
(Clarendon Press). 1866.

Brehm, for B.'s _Tierleben_. 3. ed. Von Dr. Pechuel-Loesche. Leipzig
and Wien, 1891.

Brèzé, Jacque de. _La Chasse du grand Sénéschal de Normandye._ Paris,
between 1489 and 1494.

Brière, L. de la. _Livre de Prières par Gaston Phébus_ (1835). Paris,
1893.

Broebel, P. _Die Fährte des Hirsches._ Halle, 1854.

Browne, for _Pseudoxia Epidemica_. By Sir Ths. B. 1650.

_Brut._, for _Le Roman de Brut_. By Wace. Ed. by Le Roux de Lincy.
Rouen, 1836-38.

Budé. _Traitte de la Venerie._ Par B. Ed. H. Chevreul (Paris). 1861.

Burrows, Montagu, Prof. _The Family of Brocas._ 1886.

Caius, for _Englishe Dogges_. By Johannes Caius. Reprint of ed. of
1576. 1880.

Camden, W. _Britannia._ 1586.

_Canterbury Tales_, Chaucer's. Ed. Furnivall. 1868.

Castellamonte, A. di. _La Venaria reale._ Torino, 1674.

_Catalogue of the Duke of Marlborough's Library at White Knight._
London, 1819.

---- London, 1881-83.

---- Oxford, 1772.

"Cecil," for _Records of the Chase_. By "Cecil," edit. London, 1877.
See Bibliog. in 1st edit.

Chaffourt, Jacques de. _Instructions._ Paris, 1609. (2nd ed.)

Champgrand, for _Traité de Venerie et Chasse_. Par Goury de C. Paris,
1769.

Champollion-Figeac, Aimi. _Louis et Charles, ducs d'Orleans._ Paris,
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GLOSSARY

OF OBSOLETE ENGLISH TERMS AND WORDS OCCURRING IN THE ANCIENT TEXTS OF "THE MASTER OF GAME" AND IN APPENDIX.

ABAI, ABAY, being at bay, 29, 118

ACHARNETH, ACHARNE, to set on, to eat flesh, 59, 60, 62

ACHAUF, heat, 38, 98

ACQUILLER, ENQUILLER, to rouse animals of the chase with hounds, App.

AFERAUNT, the haunch, 38

AFFETED, fashioned, trained, 27, 141

AFORCE, _par force_, by force, App.

AIGUILLOUNCE, thorny

AKELID, cooled, 186

AKIRE, AKKERNE, acorns, 144

ALAUNTIS, ALAUNTZ, ALOND, allans or allauntes, a large hound, 3, 116-8

ALVELUE, covered with fleece, fat or woolly substance, App.

ANALED, for _avaled_, hanging down, 114

ANCEPS, HAUSSEPIED, a snare which caught the game by the foot and
lifted it into the air, 61

ANCHES, rosemary

APEL, French hunting-note, App.

APERYNG, stoned, the roughness of antlers, 143

APPARAILLE, dressed venison

ARBITTEN, bitten, devoured

ARBLAST, cross-bow, 27

ARECHE, reach, 60

ARERE, _arrière_, behind, back there, 182, App.

AREYN, spider, 137

AREYN, rain, 157

ARRACHER, to tear out; a term used for skinning certain animals, App.

ASAUTE, SAUTE, in heat, 64, 66

ASCRIETHE, ASCRIE, to rate, shout at, to scold, 63, 74, 170

ASSAIEN, try or test, 88

ASSAYE, ESSAY, to try; taking assay, to see by a cut the thickness of
the fat, App.

ASSISE, note on hunting-horn blown at death of stag which has been
hunted by stag-hounds, App.

ASTERTE, escape

ASTIFLED, inflammation in the stifle-joint, 103

ASTRIED, rated, shouted at, 170

ATHREST, thrust or push, 106

ATTE FULLE, when the stag's antlers show a certain number of tines,
App.

ATTIRE, the stag's antlers, App.

AUALED, AVAILED, hanging down, 106, 114

AUERILLE, _Avrille_, April, 30

AUNTELERE, AUNTILLER, AUNCULER, antler, 130, 140

AUNTRED, ventured, 28

AVAUNT, AUAUNT, a hunting cry, "Forward," 182

AVAUNTELLAY, relay of hounds

AVAYL, avail, profit, 13, 31

AVENAUD, approachable

AVENERY, oats

AVISED, aware of, warned, informed, advised, cautious

AVOY, a hunting cry, probably from "Away," App.

BACE, for Luce, a pike

BAFFERS, barkers, 120

BAKE, back

BALISTA, BALESTA, cross-bow, haronsblast, 27

BALOWE, bellow, roaring of a stag

BANDRIKE, BALDRIC, belt to which horn was fastened, 128, 140

BARATEUR, quarreller

BARBOURIS, barbers

BAREYN, barren, 35

BASCO, Basque, Biscay, 106

BATYD, bruised, sore, 98

BATYNG, bating

BAUDES, baubles, trifles, 83

BEAM, the main part of the stag's antlers, 142

BEENDYNG, bending

BEERNERS, BERNERS, attendant on hounds, 148, 165

BEESTALE, BESTAILE, beasts, cattle, 36, 61

BEESTIS, beasts, App.

BELLEN, BELOWYN, BELERVE, BELOWEN, bellow or roar, 160

BELUEZ, velvet, 26

BEME, beam; also trumpet

BENES, beans, 26

BERCEL, a mark to shoot at, App.

BERCELET, BERSLETTIS, BARCELETTE, a shooting-dog used by archers, 122

BERIES, burrows, earth of fox and badger, 67, 68

BERYED, buried

BERYING, bearing, breaking, 136

BESTIS OF THE CHACE, beasts of the chase, usually fallow deer,
roe-deer, fox, martin, 3

BESTIS OF VENERIE, beasts of venery, usually the hart, hare, boar, and
wolf, 3

BEVY, a number of roe-deer together, App.

BEVYGREASE, the fat of the roe-deer, App.

BEWELLIS, BAWAYLLES, BAWELLIS, bowels

BILLETINGS, the excrements of the fox, App.

BISSES, BISES, BISCHES, red-deer hinds

BISSHUNTERS, fur-hunters, 74

BITTE, bitten, taken, 17, 186

BLENCHES, marks, tricks, deceits, 159

BOCHERIE, butchery, 116

BOKEYING, the rut of the roe-deer, 41

BOLN, BOLK, BOLNE, bellow or bark, 39, 162

BOOCHERS HOUNDIS, butchers' dogs, 118

BOOLE, bull, 118

BOONES, bones, stag's foot

BOONYS, bones, 131

BOORDCLOTH, table-cloth, 164

BOORDES, boards

BOORIS, boars, 143

BOOST, boast

BOTCHES, BOOCHES, sores, 63

BOTIRFLIES, butterflies, 66

BOUNTE, bounty, goodness, 79

BOUYES, boughs, App.

BOWIS, BOWES, boughs, 137, 153

BRACH, BRACHE, a scenting-hound; later on it meant bitches

BRACHETUS, a hound for hunting, 22

BRACONIER, the man who held the hounds

BRAYNE, BREYN, brain, 176

BREDE, breadth

BREDE, broad, 138

BREKE, brook, break; also applied to dress a deer

BREMED, burnt, 112

BRENT, burnt, 79

BRERES, briars, 93

BRIGILLA, mildew, 96

BRIMMING, BREMYNG, be in heat, said of boar; the word _breme_,
_bryme_, or _brim_, valiant-spirited, 47

BROACHER, a red-deer stag of second year, App.

BROCARD, a roebuck of the third year and upwards, App.

BROCK, badger, App.

BROKES, BROOCHES, BROACHES, the first head of a red-deer stag, and of
roebuck, 45

BROKET, brocket, young stag, 29

BROKET'S SISTER, hind in the second year, App.

BROND, proud, 46

BUCHE, BYCHES, bitch

BUGLE, buffalo; also horn for sounding hunting signals, App.

BUKKES, BUKES, BUCKES, bucks

BUKMAST, beechmast, App.

BULLOKE, young stag in second year, 29

BURNYSSHEN, burnish, to rub the antlers when the velvet is off, 134

BURR, the lowest part of the stag's antlers

CABOCHE, to cut off the hart's head near the antlers, 176

CALF, CALFE, the young stag in his first year

CAMAMYLE, camomile, 95

CAMPESTRIS, beast of the field or chase--_i.e._ buck, doe, fox,
martin, and roe-deer

CANDLEMAS, February 2

CARAYNES, CARREYNS, KARIN, carrion, carcase, 62, 77

CARDIAC, CARDRYACLE, a disease of the heart, 34

CARRES, marshes, 45

CASE TO, stripping or skinning the hare, App.

CATAPUCIA, spurge (_Euphorbia resinifera_), 101

CATT, CATTE, CATTYS, cat, App.

CAUTELOUS, CAUTELS, cautious, crafty, 45

CETE, a number of badgers

CHACEABLE, chaseable, a hert chaseable, which is now called a
warrantable stag, one fit to be hunted

CHACECHIENS, grooms in attendance on hounds, 148, 177

CHALAUNGE, challenge

CHASE, forest; also used to designate a method of hunting, and also a
hunting-party

CHASSE, a French hunting-note

CHASTISED, trained, 189

CHATER, CHACER (RECHATER, RECHEAT), a horn signal; also to chastise
hounds

CHAUFED, ACHAUFED, heated, in heat, 49, 98

CHAULE, CHAULIS, CHAVEL, jaw, 170

CHAUNGE, change, 31, 108, 111

CHEERE, CHERE, cherish, welcome, 85

CHEVERAUS, roe-deer

CHIBOLLIS, chives, 90

CHILDERMAS, Innocents' Day (December 28)

CHIS, dainty, 83

CHIVAUCHER, CHEVAUCHER, to ride

CHYMER, riding-cloak

CHYMNEYIS, chimney, 98, 126

CLEES, clawes, the "toes" of a deer's foot, 77, 80, 131

CLEEVES, _sur_ or dew cleeves at the back of a deer's fetlock

CLEPED, CLEPYD, called, 59, 140

CLERE SPERES, clear spires, woods, App.

CLICQUETING, vixen fox when in heat, App.

CLISTRE, enema, 100

CODDES, testicles of the hart

COITING STONE, a quoit

COLERS, COLIERS PLACES, collier or charcoal pits, 26

CONCILIDA MAIOR, comfrey (_Symphytum officinale_), 98

CONCILIDA MINOR, prunella, selfheal (_Prunella vulgaris_), 98

CONINGER, CONIGREE, rabbit warren, App.

CONTRE, counter, back, heel

CONTRE, country, 36

CONTROUGLE, CONTREONGLE, hunt counter, hunt heel, 150

CONYNGE, rabbit, 18

COOLWORT, cabbage, 100

COPEIS, COPIS, coppice, 155

CORNER, CORNEER, horn blower

COTES, quoits, 178