Chapter SEVEN: Influence and Survival of Latin Hymns (2)

4. Victim-priest of Jewry’s nation,
There he hangs in expiation;
Scourge and nail have had their will;
Earth and heaven his cause forsaking,
Now his noble heart is breaking,
Now the labouring breath is still.

5. Eia mater, fons amoris,
Me sentire vim doloris
Fac, ut tecum lugeam;
Fac, ut ardeat cor meum
In amando Christum Deum,
Ut sibi complaceam.

5. Mother, fount whence love flows truest,
Let me know the pain thou knewest,
Let me weep as thou hast wept;
Love divine within me burning,
That diviner love returning,
May thy Son this heart accept.

6. Sancta mater, istud agas,
Crucifixi fige plagas
Cordi meo valide;
Tui nati vulnerati,
Tam dignati pro me pati,
Poenas mecum divide.

6. Mother, if my prayer be granted,
Those five wounds of his implanted
In my breast I fain would see;
Love exceeding hangs there bleeding,
My cause pleading, my love needing—
Bid him share his cross with me.

7. Fac me vere tecum flere,
Crucifixo condolere,
Donec ego vixero;
Iuxta crucem tecum stare,
Te libenter sociare
In planctu desidero.

7. Till life fails, I would not fail him,
Still remember, still bewail him,
Born thy Son, and crucified;
By the cross my vigil keeping
I would spend those hours of weeping,
Queen of sorrows, at thy side.

8. Virgo virginum praeclara,
Mihi iam non sis amara,
Fac me tecum plangere;
Fac, ut portem Christi mortem,
Passionis fac consortem
Et plagas recolere.

8. Virgin, boast of all creation,
Heed my tears, nor consolation
In thy bitterness repel;
At thy side his livery wearing,
His cross bearing, his death sharing,
Of these wounds the beads I’ll tell.

9. Fac me plagis vulnerari,
Cruce hac inebriari,
Et cruore filii;
Inflammatus et accensus,
Per te, virgo, sim defensus
In die iudicii.

9. Wounds of Christ, in spirit bruise me,
Chalice of his blood, bemuse me,
Cross of Christ, be thou my stay!
Lest I burn in fires unending,
Sinless Maid, my cause befriending,
Shield me at the judgement day!

10. Fac me cruce custodiri,
Morte Christi praemuniri,
Confoveri gratia.
Quando corpus morietur,
Fac, ut animae donetur
Paradisi gloria.

10. Jesus, when earth’s shadows leave me,
Through thy Mother’s prayers receive me
With the palm of victory;
When my body lies forsaken
Let my ransomed soul awaken
Safe, in Paradise, with thee.

Tr. Ronald A. Knox (_Westminster Hymnal_, Burns, Oates & Washbourne,
London, 1940, no. 37. Quoted by permission of publishers.)

XVII. _Salve, festa dies_
(Sarum Processional)

1. Salve, festa dies, toto venerabilis aevo,
Qua Deus infernum vicit et astra tenet.

1. Hail thee, Festival Day! blest day that art hallowed forever;
Day wherein Christ arose, breaking the kingdom of death.

2. Ecce, renascentis testatur gratia mundi
omnia cum Domino dona redisse suo.

2. Lo, the fair beauty of earth, from the death of winter arising,
Every good gift of the year now with its Master returns.

3. Qui crucifixus erat, Deus ecce per omnia regnat,
Dantque creatori cuncta creata precem.

3. He who was nailed to the cross is God and the ruler of all things;
All things created on earth worship the maker of all.

4. Pollicitam sed redde diem, precor, alma potestas,
Tertia lux rediit; surge, sepulte Deus.

4. God of all pity and power, let thy word be assured to the doubting;
Light on the third day returns: rise, Son of God, from the tomb!

5. Non decet ut humili tumulo tua membra tegantur,
Neu pretium mundi vilia saxa premant.

5. Ill doth it seem that thy limbs should linger in lowly dishonor,
Ransom and price of the world, veiled from the vision of men.

6. Indignum est cuius clauduntur cuncta pugillo,
Ut tegat inclusum rupe vetante lapis.

6. Ill it beseemeth that thou by whose hand all things are
encompassed,
Captive and bound shouldst remain, deep in the gloom of the rock.

7. Lintea tolle, precor, sudaria linque sepulchro,
Tu satis es nobis, et sine te nihil est.

7. Rise now, O Lord, from the grave and cast off the shroud that
enwrapped thee;
Thou art sufficient for us: nothing without thee exists.

8. Funeris exsequias pateris vitae auctor et orbis,
Intras mortis iter dando salutis opem.

8. Mourning they laid thee to rest, who art author of life and
creation;
Treading the pathway of death, life thou bestowedst on man.

9. Redde tuam faciem, videant ut saecula lumen,
Redde diem, qui nos te moriente fugit.

9. Show us thy face once more, that the ages may joy in thy
brightness;
Give us the light of day, darkened on earth at thy death.

10. Eripis innumerum populum de carcere mortis,
Et sequitur liber, quo suus auctor adit.

10. Out of the prison of death thou art rescuing numberless captives;
Freely they tread in the way whither their maker has gone.

11. Tristia cesserunt infernae vincula legis,
Expavitque chaos luminis ore premi.

11. Jesus has harrowed hell; he has led captivity captive:
Darkness and chaos and death flee from the face of the light.

Tr. Maurice F. Bell, from _The English Hymnal_ by permission of the
Oxford University Press.

Notes

Chapter One
Early Middle Ages: Latin Hymns of The Fourth Century

[1.] Jerome, _Liber de viris illustribus_, 100 (_MPL_ 23, 699).

[2.] _Hilarius autem, Gallus episcopus Pictaviensis, eloquentia
conspicuus, hymnorum carmine floruit primus. De ecclesiasticis
officiis 1_, 6 (_MPL_ 83, 743).

[3.] W. N. Myers, _The Hymns of Saint Hilary of Poitiers in the Codex
Aretinus_ (Phila., Un. of Penn., 1928) 12, 29, 53, 67. For a
discussion of other hymns attributed to Hilary, see p. 14; also A.
S. Walpole, _Early Latin Hymns_ (Cambridge, 1922) 1-4. Translations
by W. N. Myers.

[4.] _Antiphonary of Bangor_, edited by F. E. Warren, _Henry Bradshaw
Society Publications_, vols. 4, 10 (London, 1893, 1895). For
discussion of authorship see vol. 10, 36.

[5.] Or perhaps Treves.

[6.] Augustine, _Confessions_ 9, 7 (_MPL_ 32, 770). Translation from
_Confessions of S. Augustine, Ancient and Modern Library of Theol.
Literature_ (London, 1886).

[7.] Translations of first lines: W. J. Copeland, C. Bigg, R. E.
Messenger, J. M. Neale.

[8.] Translations of first lines: J. M. Neale, E. Caswall.

[9.] Translations of first lines: J. M. Neale, H. M. Jones, R. E.
Messenger, S. Hurlbut.

[10.] Myers, _op. cit._ (see note 3) 18-22.

[11.] G. Reese_, Music in the Middle Ages_ (New York, 1940) 104.

[12.] Caelius Sedulius, 5th C., an early imitator of Ambrose, wrote a
well-known alphabetic hymn, _A solis ortus cardine_.

Chapter Two
Early Middle Ages: The Old Hymnal

[1.] _Regula Sancti Benedicti_, IX.

[2.] P. Batiffol, _Historie du Breviare romain_, translated by A. M. Y.
Bayley (London, 1912), chap. I.

[3.] Dom A. Wilmart, “Le Psautier de la Reine,” (_Cod. Vat. Reg. II_),
_Revue Benedictine XXVIII_ (1911) 376 ff.

[4.] Walpole, _Early Latin Hymns_, (ch. 1, note 3), xi-xiv.

[5.] Laodicea, c. 364, Canon 59. See G. D. Mansi, _Sacrorum
conciliorum—collectio_ (Florence, Venet. et Par., 1763) ii, 573;
Braga, 563, Mansi ix, 778.

[6.] H. F. Muller, “Pre-History of the Medieval Drama,” _Zeitschrift f.
romanische Philologie_ 44 (1924) 544-575.

[7.] Tours, 567, Mansi xiv, 803.

[8.] H. Heimbucher, _Die Orden und Kongregationen der katholischen
Kirche_, 3 vols. (Paderborn, 1907) vol. I, 224-236, _Ausbreitung der
Benediktinerregel_.

[9.] F. H. Dudden, _Gregory the Great_ (London, 1905), 2 vols., II,
chap. 8.

[10.] See _A. H._ (_Analecta Hymnica Medii Aevi_) 51.24-41, notes. The
hymns excepted are nos. 23-30; 34-40; J. Julian, _Dictionary of
Hymnology_. _Gregory I., St., Pope_; C. Blume, “Gregor der Grosse
als Hymnendichter,” _Stimmen aus Maria-Laach_, 1908, 269 ff.

[11.] H. LeClercq, _L’Espagne chrétienne_ (Paris, 1906) 304-5.

[12.] Migne, _PL_ 80, 642-700, Braulio’s Letters.

[13.] IV Council of Toledo, 633, Canon 2, Mansi x, 616; Canon 13, Mansi
x, 622-3. _Sicut igitur orationes, ita et hymnos in laudem Dei
compositos, nullus vestrum ulterius improbet, sed pari modo Gallia,
Hispaniaque celebret: excommunicatione plectendi, qui hymnos
rejicere fuerint ausi._

[14.] See R. E. Messenger, “The Mozarabic Hymnal,” _TAPhA_ 75 (1944)
103-126.

[15.] _The Irish Liber Hymnorum_, edited by J. H. Bernard and R.
Atkinson, _Henry Bradshaw Soc. Pub._ 13, 14 (London, 1897, 1898),
14, 23-6.

[16.] _Antiphonary of Bangor_, chap. I, note 4; for history of the
manuscript now in the Ambrosian Library at Milan, p. xii-xiii.

[17.] Translations of first lines, 1) J. M. Neale, 2), 3), 4) R. E.
Messenger.

[18.] The Celtic hymns are edited in _A. H._ 51, Part II. See also J. F.
Kenney, _Sources for the Early History of Ireland_, 2 vols. (New
York, 1929) 252-3, 258-274, _Hymns_.

[19.] Translations of first lines in Summary by J. M. Neale except 2) C.
Bigg, 7) G. R. Woodward.

[20.] C. W. Douglas, _Church Music in History and Practice_ (New York,
1937) 168.

Chapter Three
The Ninth Century Revival: Hymns

[1.] J. M. Neale and G. H. Forbes, _The Ancient Liturgies of the
Gallican Church_ (Burntisland, 1855) p. v.

[2.] P. Jaffé, _Regesta Pontificum Romanorum_ (Lipsiae, 1885-8) 2473
(1900).

[3.] _Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Legum sectio_, II, _Capitularia
Regum Francorum_, I, _Capitulare primum_, 769; _Capitulare
Haristallense_, 779; _Admonitio generalis_, 789; _Synodus
Franconofurtensis_, 794; _Epistola de litteris colendis_, 780-800;
_Epistola generalis_, 786-800; _Capitulare missorum generale_, 802;
_Capitularia missorum specialia_, 802; _Synodus et conventus
aquisgrani habita_, 802; _Capitulare de examinandis ecclesiasticis_,
802; _Capitulare missorum_, 803; _Capitulare de causis etc_., 811;
_Capitulare aquisgranense_, 801-813; _Capitulare cum episcopis
etc_., 780-790; _Capitulare mantuanum primum_, no date, p. 194;
_Pippini capitulare Italicum_, 801-810.

[4.] _MGH, Legum sectio_, II, _Capitularia Regum Francorum_, I,
_Epistola generalis_, no. 30, p. 80; P. Jaffé, _Bibliotheca Rerum
Germanicarum_, vol. IV, _Monumenta Carolina_ (Berlin, 1867) 139,
140.

[5.] Dom R. Van Doren, _Étude sur l’influence musicale de l’abbaye de
Saint-Gall_ (Louvain, 1925) ch. vi, Metz.

[6.] E. Mühlbacher, _Deutsche Geschichte unter den Karolingern_
(Stuttgart, 1896) 211; Jaffé, _Monumenta Carolina_, 358ff.

[7.] E. Bishop, _Liturgica Historica_ (Oxford, 1918) 49-55.

[8.] A. Fortescue, _The Mass_ (London, 1914) 183.

[9.] In _Monumenta Germaniae Historica—Poetarum latinorum medii aevi_,
vol. iv, edited by P. von Winterfeld (Berlin, 1923).

[10.] W. Turner, “Irish Teachers in the Carolingian Revival of
Learning,” _Cath. Un. Bulletin_, XIII (Washington, 1907) 384-5; J.
J. O’Kelly, _Ireland: Elements of her Early Story_ (Dublin, 1921)
ch. viii, _Early Irish on the Continent_.

[11.] Einhard, _Vita Caroli_, 21.

[12.] L. Gougaud, _Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity, VI-XII Century_
(Dublin, 1923) 60-3. Translated by Victor Collins.

[13.] S. Singer, _Die Dichterschule von St. Gallen_ (Leipzig, 1922)
_Introd._ (by Peter Wagner) 11.

[14.] Turner, _supra_, 570; J. M. Clark, _The Abbey of St. Gall as a
Center of Literature and Art_ (Cambridge, 1926) 31.

[15.] _Annales Laurissenses, anno 757_ (_MGH, SS_, I, 140).

[16.] _Jaffé, Regesta_, 2346 (1799); Notker Balbulus, _Epistolae_
(_MPL_, 131, 1172); _Gesta Caroli_, II, 7.

[17.] F. H. Dudden, _Gregory the Great_ (ch. 2, note 9) I, ch. _VI
Gregory at Constantinople_.

[18.] P. Wagner, “Morgen- und Abendland in der Musikgeschichte,”
_Stimmen der Zeit_, Bd. 114 (1927) 138.

[19.] Clark, _The Abbey of St. Gall etc._, 112; C. Diehl, _Manuel d’Art
Byzantin_ (Paris, 1910) 359-360, 362-3; M. Hauttmann, _Die Kunst des
frühen Mittelalters_ (Berlin, 1929) 51-62; J. Strzygowski, _Origin
of Christian Church Art_ (Oxford, 1923) 84.

[20.] _Anal. Hymn._, 51, _Introduction_, xvii-xix; extended lists of the
later Latin hymns appear in J. Julian, _Dictionary of Hymnology_
(London, 1925) 546, 547.

[21.] J. Mearns, _Early Latin Hymnaries_ (Cambridge, 1913).

[22.] Walpole, _Early Latin Hymns_, (ch. 1, note 3) xi.

[23.] Walpole, _ibid_, xii; W. H. Frere, Introduction to _Hymns Ancient
and Modern Historical Edition_ (London, 1909); Wilmart, _Le Psautier
de la Reine etc_., 362-3; F. J. E. Raby, _Christian Latin Poetry_
(Oxford, 1927) 38-41. See also R. E. Messenger, “Whence the Ninth
Century Hymnal?,” _TAPhA 69_ (1938) 446-464.

[24.] Gesta Caroli, I, 10; Einhard, _Vita Caroli_, edited by Garrod and
Mowat (Oxford, 1915), Appendix, p. xxxvii.

[25.] Heimbucher, _Die Orden und Congregationen_ etc., vol. I, 235,
237-9; _Jahrbücher der deutschen Geschichte_ (Berlin & Leipzig,
1866-1902), _Geschichte des Ostfrankischen Reichs_, vol. II, 39, 42,
46.

[26.] Alcuin, _De psalmorum usu_ (_MPL_, 101), _Officia per ferias MPL_,
101, _Epistolae_ 84, 94, 164, 227 (_MPL_, 101): Rabanus Maurus, _De
clericis institutés_, II, 49 (_MPL_, 107, 362): Amalarius of Metz,
_De officiis divinis_ (continuation) in J. Mabillon, _Vetera
Analecta_ (Paris, 1723) 99; Walafrid Strabo, _De ecclesiasticarum
rerum exordiis_ etc., ch. xxv (_MPL_, 114, 952ff.).

[27.] H. De Boor, _Die deutsche Literatur_ 770-1170 (München, 1949) 21.

[28.] P. Batiffol, _History of the Roman Breviary_ (London, 1912) 143-4.

[29.] _Anal. Hymn_. 51.

[30.] Translation of first line, J. M. Neale.

[31.] Dom P. B. Gams, _Die Kirchengeschichte von Spanien_ (Regensburg,
1862-1879) II, Pt. 2, 302, 326-9; Z. García Villada, _Historia
eclesiástica de España_ (Madrid, 1929-36) V, 85.

[32.] De Urbel, “Los himnos mozárabes,” _Revista ecles. Silos_ 58 (1927)
56-61.

[33.] E. Bishop, “Spanish Symptoms,” _Liturgica Historica_ (Oxford,
1918) 168.

[34.] L. Wiener, _Contributions toward a History of Arabico-Gothic
Culture_ (New York, 1917-21) 101; H. G. Farmer, _Historical Facts
for the Arabian Musical Influence_ (London, 1930) 23.

[35.] _Anal. Hymn_. 51, _Introduction_.

Chapter Four
The Ninth Century Revival: Sequences

[1.] Fortescue, _The Mass_ (See ch. 3, note 8) 268-9.

[2.] See _Introduction_ to _A. H._ 53, by C. Blume and H. M. Bannister.
This _Introduction_ has been used as the basis for the discussion of
sequence origins. Theories and opinions of others are noted from
time to time.

[3.] W. H. Frere, Introduction to _Hymns Ancient and Modern_ (See ch. 3,
note 23) xxviii; P. Wagner, _Introduction to Gregorian Melodies_
(London, 1907) 223, translation by Orme and Wyatt.

[4.] G. Reese, _Music in the Middle Ages_ (ch. 1, note 11) _passim_.
This book contains an excellent standard account of the musical
aspect of the sequence.

[5.] G. Schnürer, _Kirche und Kultur im Abendland_ (Paderborn, 1926) II,
88.

[6.] W. Christ, “Über die Bedeutung von Hirmos, etc.,” _Sitzungberichte
der kön. bay. Akad. der Wissenschaft zu München_, II (1870) 89f.

[7.] A. Gastoué, “Les Types byzantins de la Sequence,” _Tribune de
Saint-Gervais_, Dec. 1922, 1, 2.

[8.] Frere, _Introduction, supra_, xxiv.

[9.] L. Gautier, _Histoire de la poésie liturgique au Moyen âge_ (Paris,
1886) 1.

[10.] A. Gastoué, “Les Origines liturgiques de la séquence,” _Tribune de
Saint-Gervais_, June, 1922. See also Wetzer and Welte,
_Kirchenlexicon, Sequenzen_: an important article.

[11.] Amalarius, _De ecclesiasticis officiis_, III, 16 (_MPL_, 105,
1123).

[12.] J. Ottenwälder, “Griechisch-byzantinische Einflüsse,” _Theol.
Quartalschr_. XCVII (1915), 564-7.

[13.] Reese, _Music in the Middle Ages, supra_, 133.

[14.] S. Singer, _Die Dichterschule von St. Gallen_ (ch. 3, note 13),
_Introduction_, 14, 15.

[15.] The earliest manuscript is _Antiphonale missarum S. Gregorii_,
codex 239 of Laon; see _Paléographie musicale_, X. A. Gastoué, _Les
Origines du Chant Romain_ (Paris, 1907) 250f.

[16.] Wetzer und Welte, _supra, Sequenzen_.

[17.] Frere, _Introduction, supra_, xxviii-xxix; Notker Balbulus, _Liber
sequentiarum, Praefatio_ (_MPL_, 131, 1003).

[18.] P. Wagner, “Morgen- und Abendland in der Musikgeschichte,” (ch. 3,
note 18) 139; Schnürer, _supra_, II, 88.

[19.] Gastoué, “Les Types byzantins de la Séquence,” _supra_, 2.

[20.] W. Meyer, _Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur mittellateinischen Rythmik_
(Berlin, 1908) 37.

[21.] P. Von Winterfeld, _Stilfragen aus der lateinischen Dichtung des
Mittelalters_ in _Deutsche Dichter etc_. (München, 1922) 442.

[22.] W. Meyer, _supra_, 41: “So ist die lyrische Dichtung des
Mittelalters durchaus dem Kirchengesang neu geboren worden.”

[23.] E. Wellesz, _Eastern Elements in Western Chant. Studies in the
Early History of Ecclesiastical Music_ (Oxford, 1947) Pt. IV, ch. 1,
_Origin of sequences and tropes_, an excellent summary of the
subject as investigated to 1947.

[24.] Notker, _supra_, note 17.

[25.] P. A. Schubiger, _Die Sängerschule St. Gallens vom viii.-xii.
Jahrhundert_ (Einsiedeln, 1858); W. Wilmanns, “Welche Sequenzen hat
Notker verfasst?,” _Zeitschrift f. deutsches Altertum_, XV (1872)
267f.; J. Werner, _Notkers Sequenzen. Beiträge zur Geschichte der
Lat. Sequenzendichtung_ (Aarau, 1901) III, IV; S. Singer, _supra_;
Van Doren, (ch. 3, note 5) ch. 9; Clark, (ch. 3, note 14) 175. W.
von den Steinen, _Notker der Dichter und seine geistliche Welt_, 2
vols. (Bern. 1948). This author reviews previous literature.

[26.] Ottenwälder, _supra_, 464-5.

[27.] They are _Canopica_, _Styx_, _Phlegethon_, _sophia_, _herous_,
_Myrmidonas_, _spermologos_.

[28.] P. S. Allen, _Romanesque Lyric_ (Un. of North Carolina Press,
1928) 66, 221, 222; Schnürer, _supra_, 89; Wellesz. _supra_, 165; W.
B. Sedgwick, “Origin of Rhyme,” “_Revue Bénédictine_” XXXVI (1924),
341.

[29.] Several attractive illustrations of the _modus_ may be found in
Karl Breul’s edition of _The Cambridge Songs_ (Cambridge, 1915).

[30.] Schnürer, _supra_, 89; R. Molitor, _Die Musik in der Reichnau_,
reviewed in _Jahrbuch f. Liturgiewissenschaft_ VI (1926) 331.

[31.] See Chapter VII.

Chapter Five
Late Middle Ages: Hymns and Sequences

[1.] J. De Ghellinck, S. J., _L’Essor de la Littérature Latine au XIIe
Siècle_, 2 vols. (Brussels, 1946) II, 285.

[2.] M. Hélin, History of _Medieval Latin Literature_ (New York, 1949),
translated by J. C. Snow from _Littérature d’occident: Histoire des
Lettres latines du Moyen Age_, 79.

[3.] L. Gautier, _Oeuvres poétiques d’Adam de Saint-Victor_, 2 vols.
(Paris, 1858-9); E. Misset et P. Aubry, _Les Proses d’Adam de
Saint-Victor_ (Paris, 1900).

[4.] Translations of first lines: R. Messenger, Anon, E. Caswall.

[5.] Translations of first lines: S. A. Hurlbut, R. Messenger.

[6.] _A. H._ 48. 141-232.

[7.] Translations of first lines: 1 and 2, H. Waddell; 3 and 5, E.
Caswall; 4, R. Messenger.

[8.] Hélin, _supra_, 117.

[9.] P. Wagner, _Introduction to the Gregorian Melodies_ (ch. 4, note 3)
241.

[10.] Translations of first lines: 1 and 4, R. A. Knox; 2, H. T. Henry;
3, W. J. Irons.

[11.] Translation of first line: R. Messenger.

[12.] R. E. Messenger, “Hymns and Sequences of the Sarum Use,” _TAPhA_,
59 (1928) 99-129.

[13.] E. Bishop, _Liturgica Historica_ (Oxford, 1918) 211-37.

[14.] E. Hoskins, _Horae Beatae Mariae Virginis etc_. (London, 1901); H.
Bohatta, _Bibliographie des livres d’heures_ (Wien, 1924), 2nd
edition.

[15.] R. E. Messenger, “Hymns in the Horae Eboracenses,” _Classical
Weekly_, 38 (Jan., 1945) 90-5.

[16.] S. Singer, “Arabische und europäische Poesie im Mittelalter,”
_Zeitschrift f. deutsche Philologie_, LII (April, 1927); K. Burdach,
“Über den Ursprung des mittelalterichen Minnesangs, etc.” in
_Vorspiel_ I (Halle, 1925) 311; A. F. von Schack, _Poesie und Kunst
der Araber etc_., 2 vols. (Stuttgart, 1877) II, 101-5.

[17.] C. F. Brown, _Religious Lyrics of the 14th Century_ (Oxford,
1924). Translations of William Herebert (d. 1333) xiii.

[18.] _Ad honorem Regis summi_, translation of first line: R. E.
Messenger. See C. Daux, _Les Chansons des Pèlerins de St. Jacques_
(Montauban, 1899).

[19.] A. S. Walpole, _Early Latin Hymns_, (ch. 1, note 3) 87-92.

[20.] E. Rodgers, _Discussion of Holidays in the Later Middle Ages_ (New
York 1940) 33. Miss Rodgers sums up the evidence here, reaching an
affirmative conclusion.

[21.] L. Thorndike, “Elementary and Secondary Education in the Middle
Ages,” _Speculum_, 15 (1940) 400-8, p. 401.

[22.] W. O. Wehrle, _Macaronic Hymn Tradition etc_. (Washington, 1933).

Chapter Six
Late Middle Ages: Processional Hymns

[1.] _Matt_. 21: 4-ll; _Mark_ 11: 7-11; _Luke_ 19: 35-38; _John_ 12:
12-5.

[2.] Basil, _Ep_. 207, _Ad Neocaes, MPG_ 32. 765; Ambrose, _Ep._ 40. 16,
_Ad Theodosium, MPL_ 16. 1107; Sozomen, _Hist. Eccles._ VIII, 8; see
also Tertullian, _Ad uxorem_, II, 4, MPL 1. 1294.

[3.] _S. Silviae, quae fertur, Peregrinatio ad loca sancta, in Itinera
Hierosolymitana, Saeculi III-VIII_, ed. P. Geyer (Vindobonae, 1898)
_CSEL_ 39. 35-101.

[4.] _Ibid._ XXIV, 1-7, 8-12; XXV, 7; XXVI; XXXI; XL, 1-2.

[5.] A. Bludau, _Die Pilgerreise der Aetheria, Studien zur Gesch. u.
Kultur d. Altertums XV_, 1/2, (Paderborn, 1927) 56. Translation,
Robert Bridges.

[6.] A. Baumstark, _Die Idiomela der byzantinischen Karfreitagshoren
etc._ Reviewed in _Jahrbuch f. Liturgiewissenschaft_, 10 (1930)
339-40.

[7.] P. Batiffol, _Études de liturgie et d’archéologie chrétienne_,
(Paris, 1919) ch. VI, _La Chandeleur_, p. 200.

[8.] Ambrose, _Ep_. 11(53), _MPL_ 17. 743-4; Augustine, _De Civ. Dei_
22. 8; _Conf._ 9. 7; See also the hymn _Grates tibi, Jesu, novas_,
attributed to Ambrose, _A. H._ 50. 17.

[9.] G. H. Cobb, “Early Catholic Outdoor Processions,” _The Month_, 148
(1926) 539-542.

[10.] For Mamertus, see Greg. Turonen., _Hist. franc._ 2. 34, _MPL_ 71.
230-32. _Councils_. Council of Orleans, 511, canon 17, Mansi VIII,
355; Council of Girona, 517, _Capit._ 2 & 3, Mansi, VIII, 549; see
also 17th Council of Toledo, 694, _Capit._ 6, Mansi XII, 99-100.
_Litaniae maiores_, Greg. Magnus, _Ep._ V, 11, Litany on Feast of
St. John Baptist, _MPL_ 77, 732-3; _Litania septiformis_, Greg.
Turonen., _Hist. franc._ 10, 1, _MPL_ 71. 519-20; Joh. Diac., _Vita
Greg. Magn._, 1. 41, 42, MPL 75. 80.

[11.] L. Duchesne, _Christian Worship_, (London, 1904) 240, 515.

[12.] P. Batiffol, (note 7) 197-201; L. Eisenhofer, _Handbuch der
Katholischen Liturgik_, 2 vols. (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1923) I,
582-6.

[13.] At this point the definition of _processio_ in Canon Law is of
interest: _Nomine sacrarum processionum significantur solemnes
supplicationes quae a populi fideli, duce clero, fiunt eundo
ordinatim de loco sacro ad locum sacrum, ad excitandam fidelium
pietatem, ad commemoranda Dei beneficia eique gratias agendas, ad
divinum auxilium implorandum_. Can. 1290. ç I.

[14.] B. M. Peebles, “Fortunatus, Poet of the Holy Cross,” _Amer. Church
Monthly_ 38 (1935, July-Sept.) 152-166. His account is based upon
Greg. Turonen., _Hist. franc._, IX, 40; Baudonovia, _Vita S. Rad._,
II. 16.

[15.] R. E. Messenger, _Salve festa dies, TAPhA_, 78 (1947) 208-222.
Translation, S. A. Hurlbut; for _Salve festa dies_, traditional.

[16.] Dom M. Férotin, _Liber ordinum_, in _Monumenta ecclesiae
liturgica_, 5 (Paris, 1904) 178-87; Isidore of Seville, _De
ecclesiasticis officiis_, 1. 38.

[17.] Férotin, _supra_, 179.

[18.] A. S. Walpole, _Early Latin Hymns_, (ch. 1, note 3) 337-340.
Translation, 1st line, Walpole.

[19.] Duchesne, _supra_, 162-4.

[20.] Walpole, _supra_, 342-4.

[21.] Translations in this chapter, unless otherwise noted, are
furnished by the author.

[22.] L. Gautier, _Histoire de la Poésie liturgique etc._ (ch. 4, note
9) ch. VI, _Versus_.

[23.] Von den Steinen, _Notker der Dichter etc._ (ch. 4, note 25) I,
40-42.

[24.] Eisenhofer (see note 12) I, 522-3.

[25.] Dom A. Wilmart, _Auteurs spirituels etc._ (Paris, 1932) 26-36.

[26.] R. E. Messenger, _Sancta Maria quid est?, Cath. Choirmaster_,
June, 1950.

[27.] Eisenhofer, _supra_, I, 100-102.

[28.] Du Cange, see _versarius_.

[29.] Gulielmus Durandus, _Rationale divinorum officiorum_ (Lugdini,
1612) Bk. IV, _De accessu sacerdotis ac pontificis ad altare et de
Processione_.

[30.] _Ibid._ fol. 102.

[31.] D. Attwater, _Dictionary of Saints_ (London, 1938) 180.

[32.] G. Reese, _Music in the Middle Ages_ (ch. 1, note 11) 201.

[33.] L. Ellinwood, “The Conductus,” _Musical Quarterly_, 27 (1941) 2.
165-203.

Chapter Seven
Influence and Survival of Latin Hymns

[1.] W. B. Sedgwick, “The Origin of Rhyme,” (ch. 4, note 28) 333.

[2.] For translations see Helen J. Waddell, _Medieval Latin Lyrics_
(London, 1929); _The Wandering Scholars_ (New York, 1949), new
edition.

[3.] P. S. Allen, _Romanesque Lyric_ (ch. 4, note 28), Ch. XII,
especially p. 223.

[4.] F. J. E. Raby, _History of Secular Latin poetry in the Middle
Ages_, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1934) II, 332.

[5.] E. M. Sanford, “Were the Hymns of Prudentius actually sung?”
_Classical Philology_ 31 (1936) 71.

[6.] For the texts of liturgical plays, see K. Young, _The Drama of the
Medieval Church_, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1933).

[7.] B. M. Peebles, “O Roma nobilis,” _Amer. Benedictine Review_, I
(1950) no. 1.

[8.] R. Stroppel, _Liturgie und geistliche Dichtung_ (Frankfurt am Main,
1927) 53-5: S. Singer, “Karolingische Renaissance,”
_Germanisch-Romanisch Monatschrift_, 13 (1925) 200-1.

[9.] K. E. Wackernagel, _Das deutsche Kirchenlied etc._, 5 vols.
(Leipzig, 1864-77) vol. I.

[10.] K. Meyer, Selections from _Ancient Irish Poetry_ (London, 1911)
_Introd._ 13.

[11.] J. Pokorny, _Die älteste Lyrik der grünen Insel_ (Halle S., 1923)
13, 14.

[12.] W. Meyer, “Liturgie, Kunst und Dichtung in Mittelalter,”
_Gesammelte Abhandlungen_ (Berlin, 1905) 371.

[13.] P. von Winterfeld, “Stilfragen der lateinischen Dichtung des
Mittelalters,” _Deutsche Dichter des lateinischen Mittelalters_
(München, 1922) 440.

[14.] Washington, D. C., Catholic Un. Press, 1942, especially p. 221,
231, 248, 266.

[15.] H. Koht, “Medieval Liberty Poems,” _Amer. Hist. Review_, 48 (1943)
no. 2, 281-290.

[16.] H. Spanke, “Über das Fortleben der Sequenzenform in den
Romanischen Sprachens,” _Zeitschrift f. Rom. Philol._ 51 (1931)
309-334.

[17.] E. A. Peers. _Ramon Lull_ (London, 1929) 140.

[18.] See translation by H. C. Robbins, 1939, “Most High, Omnipotent,
Good Lord.”

[19.] For a brief account, see J. Pulver, “Laudi spirituali,” _Musical
Opinion_, March, 1938, 503-4; April, 1938, 602-3; May, 1938, 691-2.

[20.] See Bibliography for these titles.

[21.] Dom Jean Stéphan, _The Adeste fideles_, “Publications,” Buckfast
Abbey, South Devon, England, 1947. Translation, Frederick Oakeley.

[22.] M. Britt, _Hymns of the Breviary and Missal_ (New York, 1922,
1948), a standard and indispensable work.

Bibliography

I. Bibliographies

Leclercq, L., Article “Hymnes”, _Dictionnaire d’archéologie chrétienne et de liturgie_. Contains extensive bibliography upon the subject of medieval hymnology.

Farrar, C. P. and Evans, A. P., _Bibliography of English Translations from medieval sources_. New York, 1946. Hymns, 2025-2045.

Raby, F. J. E., _History of Christian-Latin poetry from the beginning to the close of the Middle Ages_. Oxford, 1927. Bibliography classified by authors and periods.

Reese, G., _Music in the Middle Ages_. New York, 1941. Contains extensive bibliography including many periodical articles.

II. Collections and Indices

_Analecta hymnica medii aevi_, edited by C. Blume and G. M. Dreves, 55 vols. Leipzig, 1886-1922. Introductions most informative.

_Analecta liturgica_, part 2, vols. I, _Thesaurus hymnologicus_; II, _Prosae_, edited by E. Misset and W. H. J. Weale. Insulis et Brugis, 1888-1902.

Blume, C. and Dreves, G. M., _Hymnologische Beiträge_ (Quellen und Forschungen zur Geschichte der lateinischen Hymnendichtungen, 2 vols.). Leipzig, 1897-1901.

Chevalier, C. U. J., _Repertorium hymnologicum_, catalogue des chants, hymnes, proses, sequences, tropes, 6 vols. Louvain, Bruxelles, 1892-1920. Published as supplements to the _Analecta Bollandiana_.

Daniel, H. A., _Thesaurus hymnologicus_, 5 vols. Lipsiae, 1855-1856, 2nd edition.

Gaselee, S., _The Oxford Book of medieval Latin verse_. Oxford, 1928.

Germing, M., _Latin hymns_. Chicago, 1920. Text book.

del Grande, C., _Liturgiae preces hymni Christianorum e papyris collecti_. Neapel, 1934.

Grenfell, B. and Hunt, A., _Oxyrhynchus papyri, Part XV_. London, 1922.

Harris, R. and Mingana, A., _The odes and psalms of Solomon, I. Text, II. Translation_. Manchester, 1916-1920.

Hurlbut, S. A., _Hortus conclusus, Medieval Latin hymns with English renderings_, 10 parts. Washington, D. C., 1930-1936.

Kehrein, J., _Lateinische Sequenzen des Mittelalters_. Mainz, 1873. The most extensive collection of sequences made up to that date.

Mc Dougall, A. G., _Pange lingua: breviary hymns of old uses with an English rendering_. London, 1916.

Mearns, J., _Canticles of the Christian Church eastern and western in early and medieval times. Cambridge_, 1914.

Merrill, W. A., _Latin hymns_. New York, 1917. Text book.

Mone, F. J., _Lateinische Hymnen des Mittelalters_, 3 vols. Freiburg im Breisgau, 1853-1855.

Morel, G., _Lateinische Hymnen des Mittelalters_, grösstentheils aus Handschriften schweizerischen Kloster, als Nachtrag zu den Hymnensammlungen von Mone, Daniel & Andern. Einsiedeln, 1866.

Neale, J. M., _Hymni ecclesiae e breviariis quibusdam et missalibus Gallicanis, Germanis, Hispanis, Lusitanis desumpti_. Oxford, 1851.

——, _Sequentiae ex missalibus Germanis, Anglicis, Gallicis, aliisque medii aevi, collectae_. London, 1852.

Newman, J. H., _Hymni ecclesiae_, London, 1838, 1865.

Phillimore, J. S., _The hundred best Latin hymns_. London, 1926. Attractive anthology.

_Poetae latini aevi Carolini in Monumenta Germaniae Historica.... Poetarum latinorum medii aevi_, vol. iv, edited by P. von Winterfeld. Berlin, 1923.

Roth, F. W. E., _Lateinische Hymnen des Mittelalters_. Augsburg, 1887. Intended as a supplement to larger collections.

Wackernagel, K. E., _Das deutschen Kirchenlied_, 5 vols. Leipzig, 1864-1877. Vol. I contains Latin hymns.

Walpole, A. S., _Early Latin hymns_. Cambridge, 1922.

Weale, W. H. J., _Analecta liturgica_, Part II, vols. I, II, _Thesaurus hymnologicus—Prosae_. Insulis et Brugis, 1888-1902.

III. History and Authors of Latin Hymns

Allen, P. S., _Mediaeval Latin lyrics_. Chicago, 1931.

Baldwin, C. S., _Medieval rhetoric and poetic_. New York, 1928.

Bardenhewer, O., _Geschichte der altkirchlichen Literatur_, 5 vols. Freiburg in Breisgau, 1912-1932.

Beck, C., _Mittellateinische Dichtung_. Berlin, 1927.

Benson, L. F., _Hymnody of the Christian church_. New York, 1927.

Biraghi, L., _Inni sinceri e carmi di Sant’Ambrogio_. Milano, 1862.

Blume, C., Articles “Hymn”, “Hymnody and Hymnology.” _Cath. Enc_.

Coulter, C. C., “Latin hymns of the Middle Ages”, _Studies in Philology_, 21 (1924) 571-585.

DeGhellinck, J., S. J., _Littérature Latine au Moyen Age_, 2 vols. Paris, 1939.

——, _Littérature Latine au XIIe Siècle_, 2 vols. Brussels, 1946.

De Labriolle, P., _Histoire de la Littérature latine chrétienne_. Paris, 1924. Translation by H. Wilson, _History and Literature of Christianity from Tertullian to Boethius_. New York, 1925.

Donahue, D. J., “The sacred songs of the Middle Ages”, _Cath. Hist. Rev._, N. S. vol. 3 (1923) 217-235.

Dreves, G. M., _Ein Jahrtausend lateinischer Hymnendichtung_, Eine Blütenlese aus den Anal. hymn. mit literarhistorischen Erläuterungen, 2 vols. Leipzig, 1909.

Duckett, E. S., _Gateway to the Middle Ages_. New York, 1938.

——, _Latin writers of the 5th century_. New York, 1930.

Dudden, F. H., _Gregory the Great. His place in history and thought_, 2 vols. New York, 1905.

——, _The life and times of St. Ambrose_, 2 vols. Oxford, 1935.

Duffield, S. W., _The Latin hymn-writers and their hymns_. New York, 1889.

Ebert, A., _Allgemeine Geschichte der Literatur des Mittelalters im Abendlande_, 3 vols. Leipzig, 1880-1889. 2nd edition of vol. I.

Gastoué, A., “Proses et séquences”, _Tribune d. S. Gervais_ (1922), 69-72; “Les origines liturgiques latines de la séquence”, 153-158; “Les types byzantins de la séquence”, (1923) 1-6.

Gautier, L., _Oeuvres poétiques d’Adam de Saint-Victor_. Paris, 1881.

Gillman, F. J., _Evolution of the English hymn_. New York, 1927.

Heider, A. B., _The Blessed Virgin in early Christian Latin poetry_. Washington, D. C., 1918.

Hélin, M., _History of medieval Latin literature_. New York, 1949. Translated by J. C. Snow from _Littérature d’occident: Histoire des lettres Latines du Moyen Age_.

Hughes, H. V., Dom Anselm, _Latin Hymnody_. London, 1922.

Julian, J., _Dictionary of hymnology_. London, 1925.

Kayser, J., _Beiträge zur Geschichte und Erklärung der ältesten Kirchenhymnen_, 2 vols. Paderborn, 1881, 1886.

Koebner, R., _Venantius Fortunatus_. Leipzig, 1915.

Kroll, J., _Die christliche Hymnodik bis zu Klemens von Alexandreia_. Königsburg: Prog. d. Ak. von Braunsberg, 1921-2. s. 47-98.

——, “Die Hymnendichtung des frühen Christentums”, _Die Antike_, 2 (1926) 258-281.

Kuhnmuench, O., S. J., _Early Christian Latin poets from the 4th-6th century_. Chicago, 1929.

Lynch, C. H., _St. Braulio, Bishop of Saragossa_. Washington, D. C., 1938.

Mac Gilton, A. K., _Study of Latin hymns_. Boston, 1918.

Manitius, M., _Geschichte der christlich-lateinischen Poesie bis zur Mitte des 8. Jahrhunderts_. Stuttgart, 1891.

——, _Geschichte der lateinischen Literatur des Mittelalters_, 3 vols. München, 1911-1931.

Maryosip, M., _The oldest Christian hymn-book_. Temple, Texas, 1948.

Meyer, W., _Der Gelegenheitsdichter Venantius Fortunatus_. Berlin, 1901.

Misset, E. et Aubry, P., _Les Proses d’Adam de Saint-Victor_, texte et musique. Paris, 1900.

Myers, W. N., _The hymns of Saint Hilary of Poitiers in the codex Aretinus_. Phila., 1928.

Peebles, B. M., “Fortunatus, poet of the Holy Cross”, _Amer. Church Monthly_, 38 (1935) 152-166.

——, _The Poet Prudentius_. Boston College Candlemas Lectures on Christian Literature: no. 2. New York, 1951.

Phillips, C. S., _Hymnody past and present_. London, 1937.

Rand, E. K., _Founders of the Middle Ages_. Cambridge, 1928.

Sage, C. M., _Paul Albar of Cordova: Studies on his life and writings_. Washington, D. C., 1943.

Tardi, D., _Fortunat. Étude sur un dernier représentant de la poésie latine le Gaule merovingienne_. Paris, 1927.

Trench, R. C., _Sacred Latin poetry_. London, 1874.

Weyman, C., _Beiträge zur Geschichte der christlich-lateinischen Poesie_. München, 1926.

Wilmart, A. Dom, _Auteurs spirituels et textes dévots du moyen âge Latin. Études d’histoire litteraire_. Paris, 1932.

——, “Le Psautier de la reine, N. XI, sa provenance et sa date”, _Revue Bénédictine_, July-Oct. 1911, 341 ff.

Wrangham, D. S., _Liturgical poetry of Adam of St. Victor_. London, 1881.

IV. Hymns and Liturgy

_Antiphonarium Hartkeri, saec._ XI, St. Gall MS, 390-391, p. 15-16. _Paléographie Musicale_, Deuxième Série, Tome 1.

_Antiphonary of Bangor_, An early Irish manuscript in the Ambrosian Library at Milan, edited by F. E. Warren. Henry Bradshaw Society Pub. vols. 4, 10. London, 1893, 1895.

Batiffol, P., _Études de liturgie et d’archéologie chrétienne_, Ch. VI, _La Chandeleur_, 193-215. Paris, 1919.

——, _History of the Roman Breviary_. Translated from the 3rd French edition by A. M. Baylay. London, 1912.

Bishop, E., _Liturgica historica_, Oxford, 1918.

——, “Spanish Symptoms”, _Theological Studies_, 8 (1907) 278-294.

——, _The Mozarabic and Ambrosian Rites_. London, 1924.

Blume, C., Der cursus S. _Benedicti Nursini und die liturgischen Hymnen des 6.-9. Jahrhunderts_. Leipzig, 1908.

——, _Unsere liturgischen Lieder_. Regensburg, 1932.

Bohatta, H., _Bibliographie des livres d’heures_ etc. Wien, 1924, 2nd ed.

_Breviarium Gothicum_, edited by A. Lorenzana. Madrid, 1775. See Migne, _P. L._, 86.

Britt, M., _Hymns of the Breviary and Missal_. New York, 1922, 1948.

Buchanan, E. S., _An early Latin song-book_. New York, 1930. 13th C. Ms.

Burgess, H., _Select metrical hymns and homilies of Ephrem Syrus_. London, 1855.

Chambers, J. D., _Divine worship in England_ in the 13th and 14th, contrasted with and adapted to that in the 19th C. London, 1877.

Chatfield, A. W., _Songs and hymns of the earliest Greek Christian poets_. London, 1876.

Dowden, J., _Church year and kalendar_. Cambridge, 1910.

Duchesne, L., _Origines du culte chrétien_. Translation _Christian worship: origin and evolution_ from the 3rd French edition by M. L. McClure. London, 1904.

Durandus, Gulielmus, _Rationale divinorum officiorum_ (1286). Lugduni, 1612.

Fisher, A. H., _Cathedral church of Hereford_. London, 1898.

Fortescue, A., _Concerning Hymns_. See Introduction to A. G. McDougall, _Pange lingua_, above.

——, _The Mass: a study of the Roman liturgy_. London, 1914.

Gautier, L., _Histoire de la Poésie liturgique au Moyen Age. Les Tropes._ Paris, 1886.

_Hereford Breviary_, edited by W. H. Frere and L. E. G. Brown. Henry Bradshaw Society Pub. vols. 26, 40. London, 1904, 1911.

_Horae Beatae Mariae Virginis or Sarum and York Primers_, edited by E. Hoskins. London, 1901.

_Horae Eboracenses, Prymer or Hours of the B. V. M._, edited by C. Wordsworth. Surtees Society Pub. vol. 132. London, 1919.

_Hymnale secundum usum ... ecclesiae Sarisburiensis_, edited by A. C. Wilson and Dr. Stubbs. Littlemore, 1850.

_Hymnarium Sarisburiense_. London, 1851. Incomplete.

_The Hymner_, Translations of the hymns from the Sarum Breviary together with sundry sequences and processions. London, 1905.

_Hymns, Ancient and Modern_, historical edition. London, 1909. Introduction by W. H. Frere on history of hymns, treats Latin hymns from liturgical point of view.

_Irish Liber Hymnorum_, edited by J. H. Bernard and R. Atkinson. Henry Bradshaw Society Pub. vols. 13, 14. London, 1897, 1898.

_Jahrbuch für Liturgiewissenschaft_, edited by O. Casel, O. S. B. Münster i. W., 1921-1934. Vol. xiv (1934) was published in 1938. Invaluable bibliography for every field of medieval hymnology. Many reviews of articles otherwise unobtainable.

Jones, W. H., _Diocesan histories: Salisbury_. London, 1880.

_Latin hymns of the Anglo-Saxon church_, edited by J. Stevenson. Surtees Society Pub. vol. 23. Durham, 1851.

McClure, M. L. and Feltoe, E. L., _The Pilgrimage of Etheria_. Translations of Christian literature, Series III, Liturgical texts. London, 1919.

_Manuale et processionale ad usum insignis ecclesiae Eboracensis_, edited by W. G. Henderson. Surtees Society Pub. vol. 63. Durham, 1875.

Maskell, W., _Ancient liturgy of the church of England_. Oxford, 1882. 3rd edition.

——, _Monumenta ritualia ecclesiae Anglicanae_, 3 vols. Oxford, 1882. 2nd edition.

Mearns, J., _Early Latin hymnaries_, an index of hymns in hymnaries before 1100, with an appendix from later sources. Cambridge, 1913.

_Missale ad usum insignis ecclesiae Eboracensis_, edited by W. G. Henderson. Surtees Society Pub. vols. 59, 60. Durham, 1874.

_Missale ad usum percelebris ecclesiae Herfordensis_, edited by W. G. Henderson. Leeds, 1874.

_Missale mixtum_, edited by A. Lesley, S. J. Rome, 1755. See Migne, P. L. 86.

_Mozarabic Psalter_, edited by J. P. Gilson. Henry Bradshaw Society Pub. vol. 30. London, 1905.

Neale, J. M. and Forbes, G. H., _The ancient liturgies of the Gallican church_. Burntisland, 1855.

_Ordinale and customary of the Benedictine nuns of Barking abbey_, edited by J. B. L. Tolhurst. Henry Bradshaw Society Pub. 2 vols. London, 1927, 1928.

Ornsby, G., _York: diocesan histories_. London, no date.

Phillott, H. W., _Hereford: diocesan histories_. London, no date.

_Processional of the nuns of Chester_, edited by J. W. Legg. Henry Bradshaw Society Pub. vol. 18. London, 1899.

_Processionale ad usum ... Sarum_, edited by W. G. Henderson. Leeds, 1882.

_Prymer_, edited by H. Littlehales. Early English Text Society, original series 105, 109. London, 1895, 1897.

Rock, D., _Church of our fathers as seen in St. Osmund’s rite for the cathedral of Salisbury_, 4 vols. Edited by G. W. Hart and W. H. Frere. London, 1903-1904.

_Sarum Missal_, edited by J. W. Legg. Oxford, 1916.

_Sarum missal_, done into English by A. H. Pearson. London, 1884. 2nd edition.

_Sarum missal_, translated by F. E. Warren. London, 1911. (Library of liturgiology and ecclesiology for English readers, vols. 8 and 9.)

_S. Silviae, quae fertur, Peregrinatio ad loca sancta, CSEL 39._ 35-101. Vindobonae, 1898.

Stroppel, R., _Liturgie und geistliche Dichtung 1050-1300_. Frankfurt am Main, 1927.

Swete, H. B., _Church services and service books before the Reformation_. London, 1896.

Thalhofer, V. and Eisenhofer, L., _Handbuch der katholischen Liturgik_, 2 vols. Freiburg im Breisgau, 1912.

_Tropary of Ethelred_, published in _Missale ... Eboracensis_, above.

_Winchester troper_, edited by W. H. Frere. Henry Bradshaw Society Pub. London, 1894.

Wordsworth, C., _Ceremonies and processions of the cathedral church of Salisbury_. Cambridge, 1901.

——, _Notes on mediaeval services in England_. London, 1898.

——, and H. Littlehales, _The old service books of the English church_. London, 1904.

_York breviary_, edited by J. H. Srawley. Surtees Society Pub. vols. 71, 75. Durham, 1880, 1883.

V. Hymns and Medieval Culture, especially Art, Drama, Literature and
Music

_Acta Sanctorum_ quotquot orbe coluntur ... collegit Joannes Bollandus etc., 1643 et seq.

Addison, J. T., _Medieval Missionary_. A study of the conversion of northern Europe A. D. 500-1300. New York, 1936. This book supersedes earlier works.

Allen, P. S., _Romanesque lyric_. Chapel Hill, 1928.

Altamira, R., _History of Spanish Civilization_, translated by P. Volkov. London, 1930.

_Ante-Nicene fathers_, vol. VIII. American Reprint. Buffalo, 1886. For Apocryphal books of the N. T.

_Antiphonale monasticum_ pro diurnis horis ordinis Sancti Benedicti a solesmensibus monachis restitutum. Parisiis, Tornaci, Romae. 1935. For Gregorian music.

_Apocryphal New Testament_, edited by M. R. James. Oxford, 1924.

Blume, C., “Hymnologie und Kulturgeschichte des Mittelalters”, in _Festschrift f. Georg von Hertling_. Kempten, 1913. Pp. 117-130.

Brehier, L., _L’art chrétien_. Paris, 1928. 2nd edition.

Brown, C., _English lyrics of the 13th century_. London, 1932.

——, _Religious lyrics of the 14th century_. Oxford, 1924.

——, _Religious lyrics of the 15th century_. Oxford, 1939.

——, _Register of Middle English religious and didactic verse_, Pt. II. Oxford, 1920.

Burdach, K., _Vorspiel_, Bd. I. Über den Ursprung des mittelalterlichen Minnesangs, Liebesromans und Frauendienstes. Halle S., 1925.

Chambers, E. K., _Mediaeval Stage_, 2 vols. Oxford, 1903.

Clark, J. M., _The abbey of St. Gall as a center of literature and art_. Cambridge, 1926.

Cohen, G., _Histoire de la mise en scène dans le théatre religieux français du moyen âge_. Paris, 1926. Fine bibliography.

Creizenach, W., _Geschichte des neueren Dramas_, vol. I. Halle, 1911.

Cutts, E. L., _Parish priests and their people in the Middle Ages_. London, 1914.

Delehaye, H., _Les legendes hagiographiques_. Bruxelles, 1905.

Diehl, C., _Manuel d’art Byzantin_. Paris, 1910.

Dill, S., _Roman Society in Gaul in the merovingian age_. London, 1926.

Douglas, W. C., _Church music in history and practice_. New York, 1937.

Drake, M. and W., _Saints and their emblems_. London, 1916.

Duchartre, P. L., _Mittelalterliche Plastik in Frankreich_. München, 1925.

Evans, J., _Monastic life at Cluny, 910-1157_. London, 1931.

Farmer, H. G., _Historical facts for the Arabian musical influence_. London, 1930.

——, _History of Arabian music to the XIIIth C._ London, 1929.

Fellerer, K. G., _Beiträge zur Musikgeschichte Freisings_ etc. Freising, 1926.

Gams, Dom P. B., _Die Kirchengeschichte von Spanien_, 5 vols. Regensburg, 1862-1879.

Garcia Villada, _Historia eclesiástica de España_, 3 vols. in 5. Madrid, 1929-1936.

Gasquet, F. A., _Parish life in mediaeval England_. London, 1907.

Gautier, L., _La poésie religieuse dans les cloîtres des IXe-XIe siècles_. Paris, 1887.

Gougaud, L., _Les chrétientés Celtiques_. Paris, 1911.

Gourmont, R. de, _Le Latin mystique_; les poetes de l’antiphonaire et la symbolique au moyen âge. Paris, 1913.

Hauttmann, M., _Die Kunst des frühen Mittelalters_. Berlin, 1929.

Higginson, J. V., _Revival of Gregorian chant_. Papers of the Hymn Society of America, XV. New York, 1949.

Jacopo de Voragine, _Golden legend_. Lives of the saints as Englished by William Caxton, 7 vols. _Temple Classics_, edited by F. S. Ellis. London, 1900.

Jeanroy, A., _Le théatre religieux en France du XIe au XIIIe siècles_. Paris, 1924.

——, _Les origines de la poésie lyrique en France au moyen âge_. Paris, 1925.

Kretzman, P. E., _The liturgical element in the earliest forms of the medieval drama_. Un. of Minnesota Studies in Language and Literature, no. 4, 1916.

Künstle, K., _Ikonographie der Heiligen_. Freiburg im Breisgau, 1926.

Lang, P. H., _Music in western civilization_. New York, 1941.

Lévi-Provençal, E., _La civilization arabe en Espagne, vue general_. Le Caire, 1938.

Luchaire, A. (D.J.A.) _Social France at the time of Philip Augustus_, translated from the 2nd French edition by E. B. Krehbiel. New York, 1912.

Mâle, E., _L’art religieux du XIIe siècle en France_. Paris, 1922.

——, _L’art religieux du XIIIe siècle en France_. Paris, 1923.

——, _L’art religieux de la fin du moyen âge en France_. Paris, 1922.

——, _L’art allemand et l’art français du moyen âge_. Paris, 1922.

Meyer, K., _Selections from ancient Irish poetry_. London, 1911.

Meyer, W., _Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur mittellateinischen Rythmik_, 2 vols. in 1. Berlin, 1905.

Müller, H. F., “Pre-history of the mediaeval drama”, _Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie_, Bd. 44 (1924) 544-575.

Nelson, P., _Ancient stained glass in England_. London, 1913.

Owst, G. R., _Preaching in medieval England_. Cambridge, 1926.

Prior, E. A. and Gardner, A., _An account of medieval figure-sculpture in England_. Cambridge, 1912.

Pokorny, J., _Die älteste Lyrik der grünen Insel_. Halle S., 1923.

Quasten, J., _Musik und Gesang in den Kulten der heidnischen Antike und christlichen Frühzeit_. Münster im W., 1930.

Raby, F. J. E., _A history of secular Latin poetry in the M. A._, 2 vols. Oxford, 1934.

Riaño, J. F., _Critical and bibliographical notes on early Spanish music_. London, 1887.

Schroeder, Sister M. J., _Mary-Verse in Meistergesang_. Washington, D. C., 1942.

Sedgwick, W. B., “Origin of rhyme”, _Revue Bénédictine_, 36 (1924) 330-346.

Singer, S., _Die Dichterschule von St. Gallen_. Leipzig, 1922.

Spanke, H., _Deutsche und französische Dichtung des Mittelalters_. Stuttgart, 1943.

——, “Zur Geschichte der spanischen Musik des Mittelalters”, _Hist. Vierteljahrschrift_, 28 (1934), 737-66.

Steinen, W. von den, _Notker der Dichter und seine geistliche Welt_, 2 vols., Bern, 1948. Reviews and supersedes earlier literature on Notker. Vol. II contains complete works of Notker.

Strzygowski, J., _Origin of Christian church art_, translated by Dalton and Braunholtz. Oxford, 1923.

Taylor, H. O., _The medieval mind_, 2 vols. New York, 1914.

Trend, J. B., _The music of Spanish history to 1600_. London, 1926.

Turner, W., “Irish teachers in the Carolingian revival of learning”, _Cath. Un. Bulletin_, XIII, Washington, D. C., 1907, pp. 382, 562.

Van Doren, Dom R., _Étude sur l’influence musicale de l’abbaye de Saint-Gall_. Louvain, 1925.

Wagner, P., _Einführung in die Gregorianischen Melodien_, London, 1907.

——, “Morgen- und Abendland in der Musikgeschichte”, _Stimmen der Zeit_, Bd. 114 (1927) 131-145.

——, “Der mozarabische Kirchengesang und seiner Überlieferung”, in Finke, H., _Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Kulturgeschichte Spaniens_, Reihe I, Bd. I, p. 102-141. Münster, 1928.

Ward, J. B., _Gregorian Chant II_. Belgium, 1949.

Wehrle, W. O., _The macaronic hymn tradition in medieval English literature_. Washington, D. C., 1933.

Wells, J. E., _Manual of the writings in middle English 1050-1400_. New Haven, 1916.

Von Winterfeld, P., “Die Dichterschule St. Gallens und der Reichenau unter der Karolingern und Ottonen”, “Stilfragen der lateinischen Dichtung des Mittelalters”, _Deutsche Dichter_, p. 402-422, 423-444. München, 1922.

Woerdeman, Dom J., “The source of the Easter play”, _Orate Fratres_, 20 (1946), Apr. 25, p. 262-272.

Young, K., _The drama of the medieval church_, 2 vols. Oxford, 1933.

Ruth Ellis Messenger
Publications

_Ethical Teachings in the Latin Hymns of Medieval England_, Columbia Un. Studies in History, Economics and Public Law (New York, 1930) 210 p.

_Articles_

_Papers of the Hymn Society of America_, Editor, Carl F. Price, New
York.
No. III, “The Praise of the Virgin in Early Latin Hymns,” 1932,
reprinted 1944, 10 p.
No. IX, “Christian Hymns of the First Three Centuries,” 1942,
reprinted 1949, 25 p.
No. XIV, “Latin Hymns of the Middle Ages,” 1948, 14 p.

_Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological
Association_
“Hymns and Sequences of the Sarum Use,” vol. 59 (1928) 99-129.
Abstract: “Origin of the Sequence,” vol. 64 (1933) lxv-lxvi.
“The Descent Theme in Medieval Latin Hymns,” vol. 67 (1936) 126-57.
“Whence the Ninth Century Hymnal?,” vol. 69 (1938) 446-64.
“Recent Studies in Medieval Latin Hymns,” vol. 71 (1940) 248-261.
“The Mozarabic Hymnal,” vol. 75 (1944) 103-126.
“Salve Festa Dies,” vol. 78 (1947) 208-222.
“Medieval Processional Hymns before 1100,” vol. 80 (1949) 375-392.
“Processional Hymns of the Later Middle Ages,” vol. 81 (1950)
185-199.

_Miscellaneous articles_
_Catholic Choirmaster_
“Notker Balbulus,” Sept. 1946, 101-5, 139.
“Sancta Maria quid est?,” June, 1950, 59-61, 81.
“Rabanus Maurus,” Summer, 1951, 55-57.
_Classical Outlook_
“Medieval Easter Hymns,” April, 1944, 65-6.
“Adam of St. Victor,” Feb., 1947, 49-51.
“Greek Hymns of the Nativity,” Dec., 1948, 25-6.
“The Eighth Day,” May, 1950, 88-9.
_Classical Weekly_
“The Legend of St. Agnes in Early Latin Hymns,” Nov. 29, 1943, 75.
“The Legend of St. Eulalia in Mozarabic Hymns,” Oct. 9, 1944,
12-3.
“Hymns in the Horae Eboracenses,” Jan. 15, 1945, 90-5.
_Folia_
“Sources of the Sequence Scalam ad Caelos,” May, 1947, 55-63.
“Classical Influence in the Hymns of St. Ambrose,” vol. 4, nos.
1-3 (1949) 1-5.
“Aurelius Prudentius Clemens,” vol. 6, no. 2 (1952) 78-99.
_The Hymn_
“John Mason Neale, Translator,” Oct., 1951, 5-10.
_Speculum_
“Hymnista,” Jan., 1947, 83-4.
_Traditio_
“Mozarabic Hymns in Relation to Contemporary Culture in Spain,”
vol. 4 (1946) 149-77.

Index

Index of Latin Hymns

A
_Ad cenam agni providi_, 17, 34
_Ad honorem regis summi_, 56
_Ad perennis vitae fontem_, 49, 103
_Adae carnis gloriosae_, 1, 6
_Adeste fideles_, 80
_Aeterna caeli gloria_, 34
_Aeterna Christi munera_, 8, 17, 34, 86
_Aeternae lucis conditor_, 17
_Aeterne rerum conditor_, 3, 17, 33
_Ales diei nuntius_, 34
_Alleluia piis edite laudibus_, 14, 88
_Alma redemptoris mater_, 79
_Altus prosator_, 14
_Angelus ad virginem_, 79
_Annua, sancte Dei, celebramus festa diei_, 67
_Ante saecula qui manens_, 1
_Apostolorum passio_, 61
_Audi, iudex mortuorum_, 66
_Aurora iam spargit polum_, 34
_Aurora lucis rutilat, 17_, 34
_Ave maris stella_, 16, 91
_Ave vivens hostia_, 50

C
_Caeli Deus sanctissime_, 33
_Cantemus cuncti melodum nunc Alleluia_, 45, 98
_Certum tenentes ordinem_, 17
_Chorus novae Ierusalem_, 49
_Christe caeli Domine_, 17
_Christe precamur adnue_, 17
_Christe qui lux es et dies_, 17, 34
_Christo nato, rege magno_, 67
_Claro paschali gaudio_, 16
_Conditor alme siderum_, 16
_Congregavit nos in unum Christi amor_, 69
_Consors paterni luminis_, 33
_Corde natus ex parentis_, 4
_Crux benedicta nitet_, 5, 65

D
_Dei fide qua vivimus_, 17
_Deus aeterni luminis_, 17
_Deus creator omnium_, 3, 17, 33
_Deus immensa trinitas_, 31, 94
_Deus qui caeli lumen es_, 17
_Deus qui certis legibus_, 17
_Deus qui claro lumine_, 17
_Dicamus laudes Domino_, 17
_Diei luce reddita_, 17
_Dies irae_, 50, 60

F
_Fefellit saevam verbum factum te, caro_, 1
_Fulgentis auctor aetheris_, 17

G
_Gloria, laus et honor_, 29, 65

H
_Heri mundus exultavit_, 47, 101
_Hic est dies verus Dei_, 17
_Hymnum dicat turba fratrum_, 2, 14, 76

I
_Iam lucis orto sidere_, 33
_Iam sexta sensim volvitur_, 17
_Iam surgit hora tertia_, 3, 17
_Illuminans altissimus_, 17
_Immense caeli conditor_, 33
_Imperator magne, vivas_, 69
_Intende qui regis_, 17

J
_Jesu corona virginum_, 34
_Jesu dulcis memoria_, 49

L
_Laetetur omne saeculum_, 72
_Lauda Sion Salvatorem_, 50, 60, 105
_Laudes omnipotens, ferimus tibi dona colentes_, 68
_Lucis creator optime_, 16, 33
_Lux ecce surgit aurea_, 34

M
_Magna et mirabilia_, 17
_Magnae Deus potentiae_, 33
_Magnum salutis gaudium_, 65
_Martyr Dei qui unicum_, 34
_Mediae noctis tempus est_, 14, 17
_Meridie orandum est_, 17
_Morte Christi celebrata_, 52

N
_Nocte surgentes vigilemus omnes_, 12, 87
_Nox atra rerum contegit_, 33
_Nox et tenebrae et nubila_, 34
_Nunc sancte nobis spiritus_, 33

O
_O lux beata trinitas_, 33
_O quanta qualia_, 49
_O Roma nobilis_, 76
_O sola magnarum urbium_, 4

P
_Pange lingua, gloriosi corporis mysterium_, 50, 71
_Pange lingua, gloriosi proelium certaminis_, 5, 50, 64, 65
_Perfectum trinum numerum_, 17
_Plasmator hominis Deus_, 33
_Postmatutinis laudibus_, 17
_Primo dierum omnium_, 33

Q
_Quem terra pontus aethera_, 16

R
_Recordare sanctae crucis_, 50
_Rector potens verax Deus_, 33
_Rerum creator optime_, 33
_Rerum Deus tenax vigor_, 33
_Rex aeterne Domine_, 17
_Rex gloriose martyrum_, 34

S
_Salve festa dies.... Qua deus infernum vicit_, 73, 110
_Sacrata libri dogmata_, 68
_Salve festa dies.... Qua Christi mater visitat_, 71
_Salve festa dies.... Qua fuit assumpta Maria_, 72
_Salve, lacteolo decoratum sanguine festum_, 67
_Salve redemptoris mater_, 47
_Sancta Maria, quid est?_, 69
_Sancti spiritus assit nobis gratia_, 42, 95
_Sancti venite Christi corpus sumite_, 14, 15, 89
_Sanctorum meritis inclita gaudia_, 34
_Sator princepsque temporum_, 17
_Sic ter quaternis trahitur_, 17
_Solus ad victimam procedis, Domine_, 49
_Somno refectis artubus_, 33
_Splendor paternae gloriae_, 3, 7, 17, 33, 84
_Stabat mater dolorosa_, 51, 53, 60, 108
_Suffragare trinitatis unitas_, 14
_Summae Deus clementiae_, 33
_Summe confessor sacer_, 34
_Summus et omnipotens genitor_, 68
_Surrexit quia Christus a sepulchro_, 67

T
_Te lucis ante terminum_, 34
_Telluris ingens conditor_, 33
_Tempora florigero rutilant_, 5, 6, 65
_Tempus noctis surgentibus_, 17
_Ter hora trina volvitur_, 17
_Tu trinitatis unitas_, 33

U
_Urbs beata Jerusalem_, 16
_Urbs Sion aurea_, 49
_Ut queant laxis resonare fibris_, 26, 92

V
_Veni, creator spiritus_, 29, 93
_Veni redemptor gentium_, 3
_Veni sancte spiritus_, 48, 60
_Verbum supernum prodiens_, 16
_Versus ad descensum fontis_, 68
_Vexilla regis prodeunt_, 5, 50, 64, 85
_Victimae paschali laudes_, 47, 75
_Virginis proles opifexque_, 34

General Index

A
Abelard, 49
Adam of St. Victor, 46-7, 51, 55, 70
Advent, 4, 16, 32, 44, 50
Aetheria, 61-2
Alcuin, 21, 26, 37
Alfonso X of Castile, 78
Amalarius of Metz, 26, 37, 38, 39
Ambrose, B. of Milan, 2, 8, 56, 63
Ambrosian chant, 7
Arabian influences, 31, 54
Ascension, 44, 63, 70
Augustine, St., 3
Aurelian, B. of Arles, 9

B
Bangor Antiphonary, 14, 76
Benedict, St., 9, 11-2
Benedictine Order, 9, 11, 20, 27
Benedictine Rule, 11, 20, 25
Bernard of Cluny (Morlaix), 49
Bonaventura, 50
Book of Hours, 53
Braulio, B. of Saragossa, 13
Breviary, Roman, 80, 81
“By the Cross her vigil keeping,” 51, 108
Byzantine influences, 22, 23, 36, 40, 42

C
Caesarius, B. of Arles, 9
_Cambridge Songs_, 75
Canonical Hours, 9
_Cantico di fratre sole_, 78
_Cántigas de Santa María_, 78
_Carmina Burana_, 58, 75
Carol, 79
_Cathemerinon_, 3
Celtic Hymns, 14-5
Celtic influences, 21-2, 27, 44
Charlemagne, 19, 20, 22, 23, 36, 37
Charles the Bald, 19, 20, 21, 25
Columba, St., of Iona, 14
_Conductus_, 73
Corpus Christi, 50, 51, 71
Council of Braga (563), 10
Council of Laodicea (364), 10
Council of Orleans (511), 63
Council of Toledo, IV, (633), 13
Council of Tours (567), 11
Council of Girona (517), 63
“Creator-Spirit, all Divine,” 29, 93

D
Damasus, Pope St., 2
“Draw nigh and take the body of the Lord,” 15, 89
Durandus, B. of Mende, 70

E
Easter, 16, 32, 44, 47, 52, 65, 67, 70
Epiphany, 4, 32
Eugenius II, Primate of Toledo, 13
Eulogius, Archb. of Cordova, 30

F
“Father we praise Thee,” 12, 87
Fortunatus, Venantius, 4, 11, 27, 64
Francis, St. of Assisi, 78
Fulbert, B. of Chartres, 49
Fulda, 11, 25, 29, 30

G
_Gaudeamus igitur_, 75
Greek influences, 23, 27, 38, 42
Gregorian chant, 12, 81
Gregory the Gt., Pope St., 12, 14, 23, 27, 36, 63

H
“Hail, Sea-Star we name Thee,” 16, 91
“Hail thee, festival day,” 73, 110
Hartmann of St. Gall, 67
Hilary B. of Poitiers, 1, 74
_Horae_, 53, 58
Hymn cycles, 9-10
_Hymnarium or hymnary_, 24, 44

I
Ildefonsus, Primate of Toledo, 13
“In flowing measures,” 26, 92
Isidore of Seville, 1, 13, 30, 65

J
James, St., of Campostella, 56
_Jumièges Antiphonary_, 41
Jerome, St., 1

L
_Later Hymnal_, 19, 23, 24-5, 28, 30, 33
_Laude al crucifisso_, 78
Laudi spirituali, 78
Lent, 32
Louis the Pious, 19, 20, 21, 25, 30

M
Macaronic verse, 58
Mary the Virgin, St., feasts of, 32, 44, 47, 64, 67, 69, 70, 71,
72
Metrical forms of Latin hymns, 5, 6, 26, 27, 65, 74, 76
Metz, 20, 37, 41
_Modus_, 43, 75
Monte Cassino, 16, 20
Mozarabic Hymns, 12-4, 30-1, 54, 59
Music, 6-7, 12, 20, 22, 27-8, 35, 39, 43, 73, 81-2

N
Nativity, 8, 32, 44, 67
Neumes, 27, 38-9
_Ninth Century Hymnal_, see _Later Hymnal_
Notker Balbulus, 22, 39, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 77

O
“O glorious immensity,” 31, 94
“O Splendor of God’s glory,” 3, 84
_Old Hymnal_, 10, 12, 17, 30
Osmund, B. of Salisbury, 52
Otfried the Frank, 76

P
Palm Sunday, 65, 70
Passion, 32, 44, 62
Paulus Diaconus, 21, 26
Peckham, John, Archb. of Canterbury, 50
Pentecost, 32, 44, 48
_Peristephanon_, 3, 75
Peter Damian, 49
_Phos hilaron_, 62
Pilgrimage hymns, 56
Pippin, 11, 19, 20, 22
“Praise, O Sion, praise thy Saviour,” 50, 105
_Processional_ (Book), 53, 70
Processions (Litany), 63, 68
Processions (Station), 63
_Primer_, 53
_Prosa_ or _prose_, 35, 37, 41
Prudentius (Aurelius Prudentius Clemens), 3, 8, 27, 74, 75
_Psalmi idiotici_, 10

R
Rabanus Maurus, 26, 29, 67
Radbert of Corbie, 26, 67, 68
Reichenau, 24, 25, 30, 69
Roman chant, 7, 20
Roman Rite, 12, 20, 52

S
St. Gall (monastery), 11, 22, 24, 25, 41, 42, 59, 66-70 (passim),
72, 73
St. Martial, 24, 37, 41, 77
Saints, feasts of, 8, 32, 44, 47, 56, 61, 67, 72, 75
Salisbury, 52, 53, 70
Sarum, see Salisbury
Savonarola, 78
Sedulius, 13, 27, 29
Sergius, Pope (687-701), 63-4
Sequence, origin of, 35-40
“Sing alleluia forth,” 14, 88
Solesmes, 28