Chapter VIII: Book VII: 145 (2)

"Bensi vero sarà che lui a fondo mi conoscha più di quello che io
possa conoscer lui, mentre mi sentiva giornarieramente in compagnia
di miei fratelli, in una stanza a lui vicina; che questa era il
luogo ove dormiva e studiava li miei sopradetti fratelli, e comme
mi era lecitto di stare con loro? comme può egli dire che io
ciarlassi con lui degli affari di mia famiglia, che sfogava il mio
cuore contro il riguore di mia madre e benevolenza del padre, che
io non aveva motivo alcuno di lagnarmi di essa, ma fù da me sempre
ammatta?

"E comme può egli dire di avermi sgridatta avendogli portato un
cativo caffè? Che io non so se alcuna persona posia dire di aver
avutto ardire di sgridarmi: anzi di avermi per solla sua bontà
tutti stimata.

[Sidenote: Zanze's manuscript.]

"Mi formo mille maraviglie che un uomo di spirito e di tallenti
abbia ardire di vantarsi di simile cose ingiuste contro una giovine
onesta, onde farle perdere quella stima que tutti proffessa per
essa, non che l'amore di un rispetoso consorte, la sua pace e
tranquilità in mezzo il bracio di sua famiglia e figlia.

"Io mi trovo oltremodo sdegnatta contro questo auttore, per avermi
esposta in questo modo in un publico libro, di più di tanta
prendersi spaso del nominare ogni momento il mio nome.

"Ha pure avutto riguardo nel mettere il nome di Tremerello in
cambio di quello di Mandricardo; che tale era il nome del servo che
cosi bene le portava ambaciatte. E questo io potrei farle certo,
perchè sapeva quanto infedelle lui era ad interessato: che pur per
mangiare e bevere avrebe sacrificatto qualunque persona; lui era
un perfido contro tutti coloro che per sua disgrazia capitavano
poverie e non poteva mangiarlo quanto voleva; trattava questi
infelici pegio di bestie. Ma quando io vedeva, lo sgridava e lo
diceva a mio padre, non potendo il mio cuore vedere simili tratti
verso il suo simile. Lui ero buono sollamente con chi le donava
una buona mancia a bene le dava a mangiare: il ciclo le perdoni!
Ma avrà da render conto delle suo cattive opere verso suoi simili,
e per l'odio cho a me professava e per le coressioni che io le
faceva. Per tale cativo sogetto Silvio a avutto riguardo, e per
me che non meritava di essere esposta, non ha avutto il minimo
riguarde.

"Ma io ben saprò ricorere, ove mi verane fatta una vera giustizia,
mentre non intendo ne voglio esser, ne per bene ne malle, nominatta
in publico.

"Io sono felice in braccio a un marito che tanto mi amo, e eh'
è veramente e virtuosamente coriposto, ben cognoscendo il mio
sentimento, non che vedendo il mio operare: e dovrò a cagione di un
uomo che si è presso un punto sopra di me, onde dar forza alli suoi
mal fondati scritti, essendo questi posti in falso!

"Silvio perdonerà il mio furore; ma doveva lui bene aspetarselo
quando al chiaro is era dal suo operatto.

"Questa è la ricompensa di quanto ha fatto la mia famiglia,
avendolo trattato con quella umanità, che merita ogni creatura
cadutta in talli disgrazie, e non trattata come era li ordini!

"Io intanto faccio qualunque giuramento, che tutto quello che fù
detto a mio riguardo, dà falso. Forse Silvio sarà statto malie
informato di me; ma non può egli dire con verità talli cose non
essendo vere, ma sollo per avere un più forte motivo onde fondare
il suo romanzo.

"Vorei dire di più; ma le occupazioni di mia famiglia non mi
permette di perdere di più tempo. Sollo ringraziarò intanto il
Signor Silvio col suo operare e di avermi senza colpa veruna posto
in seno una continua inquietudine e forse una perpetua infelicità."

TRANSLATION

"The Venetian girl is astonished that some one should have had
the courage to write against her two scenes of a novel built up
and filled with impious falsehoods. She complains bitterly of the
author, who might have made use of another person to give scope
to his talent and not made a plaything of an honest young woman
of education and religion, known to all and universally loved and
esteemed.

"How can Silvio say that, at my age of 13 years (which was my
age at the time when he says that he knew me), how can he say
that I used to go daily to see him in his abode, when I swear
that I went there only a very few times and always accompanied
by my father, mother, or brother? How can he say that I confided
a love to him, when I was always at my classes, and when I had
hardly begun to know anything, and could know nothing of love or
the world, being devoted only to the duties of religion, to those
of a dutiful daughter, and occupied with my studies, which were
my only pleasures? I swear that I never spoke to him of love,
nor of anything else whatsoever. Only, if sometimes I saw him, I
looked upon him with eyes of pity, because my heart was full of
compassion for my fellow-creatures, and I hated the place in which
my father by ill-chance found himself: he had always occupied
another position; but, after being a brave soldier and well serving
the Republic and, afterwards, his Sovereign, he was given this
employment against his will and that of his family.

"It is most false (_falsissimo_) to say that I ever took the hand
of the aforesaid Silvio, either as a father's or a brother's;
first, because, although very young and without experience, I
had had enough education to know my duties. How can he say that
I kissed him, I who would not have done that even to a brother:
so great were the scruples imprinted in my heart by the education
which I had received in the convents, where my father had always
kept me?

[Sidenote: The manuscript translated.]

"Truly he must have known me more thoroughly than I could know him!
I remained daily in the company of my brothers in a room next to
his own, which was the place where my aforesaid brothers slept and
studied: now, since I was free to remain with them, how can he say
that I talked to him of the affairs of my family, that I relieved
my heart about my mother's severity and my father's kindness, when
I had no motive whatever to complain of the former, but always
loved her?

"And how can he say that he shouted at me for bringing him bad
coffee? I know of no one who can say that he dared to shout at me,
all having shown their esteem for me by their kindness alone.

"It is a thousand wonders to me that a man of spirit and talent
should have dared unjustly to boast of such things against an
honest girl, which might make her lose the esteem which all profess
for her, not to say the love of a respectable husband and her peace
and tranquillity in the arms of her family and her daughter.

"I am immeasurably indignant with this author for exposing me in
this way in a public book and for taking so great a liberty as to
mention my name every moment.

"And yet he took care to put the name of Tremerello in place of
that of Mandricardo, which is the name of him who so well carried
his messages. And this one I could have made known to him for
certain, because I knew how unfaithful he was to him and how much
interested: for the sake of eating and drinking, he would have
sacrificed any-body; he was perfidious towards all those who,
to their misfortune, came to him poor and were unable to make
him eat as much as he liked: he treated those unfortunates worse
than beasts. But, when I saw him, I reproached him and told my
father, my heart not being able to endure such treatment of my
fellow-creatures. He was good only to those who gave him _una
buona mancia_[230] and gave him plenty to eat: Heaven forgive
him! But he will have to account for his evil actions towards his
fellow-creatures and for the hatred which he bore me because of the
remonstrances which I made him. For so wicked a man Silvio showed
a regard, and for me, who did not deserve to be exposed, he did
not show the slightest regard.

"But I shall surely know where to go to find real justice, for I
will not, nor do I intend to be mentioned in public.

"I am happy in the arms of a husband who loves me so well and who
is truly and virtuously repaid, well-knowing not only my conduct
but my sentiments: and then, because of a man who thinks fit to
exploit me in the interest of his ill-founded writings, which are
full of falsehoods...!

"Silvio will forgive my anger: but he must surely have expected it
when I came clearly to realize his conduct towards me.

"This is the reward for all that my family has done, having treated
him with the humanity which every creature deserves that has fallen
into such misfortune, and not having treated him according to
orders.

"I however take oath that all that has been said in respect of me
is false. Perhaps Silvio was misinformed about me; but he cannot
say such things, which are untrue, in order to tell the truth, but
only to have a stronger motive on which to base his novel.

"I should like to say more; but the occupations of my family do
not permit me to waste more time. Only I thank Signor Silvio for
his work and for having punished me, who am innocent of guilt, by
filling my breast with constant disquiet and perhaps with perpetual
unhappiness."

This literal translation is far from rendering the feminine animation, the foreign grace, the spirited simplicity of the text; the dialect which Zanze employs exhales a raciness of the soil which it is impossible to transfuse into another language. The _apologia_, with its incorrect, nebulous, unfinished phrases, like the vague extremities of a group by Albani[231]; the manuscript, with its defective or Venetian spelling, is like a Greek woman's monument, but of those women of the time when the Bishops of Thessaly[232] sang the loves of Theagenes and Chariclea. I prefer the two pages of the little gaoler's daughter to all the dialogues of the great Isotta[233], although she pleaded for Eve against Adam as Zanze pleads for herself against Pellico. My fair Provençal country-women of other days still more recall the daughter of Venice by the idiom of those intermediary generations, among which the language of the vanquished is not yet entirely dead and the language of the victor not yet entirely formed.

[Sidenote: Zanze _v._ Pellico.]

Which is in the right: Pellico or Zanze? What is the matter in dispute? A simple confidence, a doubtful kiss, which, in effect, was perhaps not meant for him who received it. The angry bride refuses to recognise herself in the delicious growing child pictured by the captive; but she contests the fact with so much charm that she proves it while denying it. The portrait of Zanze in the plaintiffs memorial is so like that we find it again in the defendant's rejoinder: the same sentiment of religion and humanity, the same reserve, the same note of mystery, the same soft and tender unconstraint.

Zanze is full of power when she avers, with passionate candour, that she would not have dared to kiss her own brother, much less M. Pellico. Zanze's filial piety is extremely touching, when it transforms Brollo into an old soldier of the Republic, reduced to the gaoler's state _per sola combinazione._

Zanze is quite admirable when she makes this observation: Pellico concealed the name of an unprincipled man and was not afraid to reveal that of an innocent creature who showed compassion for the sufferings of the prisoners.

Zanze is not enticed by the idea of being immortal in an immortal work; that idea does not even occur to her mind: she is struck only by a man's indiscretion; that man, if we are to believe the person offended, sacrifices a woman's reputation to the sports of his talent without giving a care to the harm that he may cause, thinking only of writing a novel to benefit his reputation. A visible dread governs Zanze: will not a prisoner's revelations rouse a husband's jealousy?

The outburst that ends the _apologia_ is pathetic and eloquent:

"I thank Signor Silvio for his work and for having punished me, who
am innocent of guilt, by filling my breast with constant disquiet
and perhaps with perpetual unhappiness: _una continua inquietudine
e forse una perpetua infelicità._"

On these last lines, written with a tired hand, the trace of a few tears is visible. I, no party to the trial, wish to lose nothing. I therefore hold that the Zanze of _Mie Prigioni_ is the Zanze according to the Muses and that the Zanze of the _apologia_ is the Zanze according to history. I wipe out the little defect of figure which I thought that I had seen in the daughter of the old soldier of the Republic; I was mistaken: the Angelica of Silvio's prison is shaped like the stem of a rush, like the trunk of a palm-tree. I declare to her that no person in my Memoirs pleases me so much as she, not excepting my sylph. Between Pellico and Zanze herself, with the aid of the manuscript of which I am the depositary, it will be a great wonder if the _Veneziana_ does not go down to posterity! Yes, Zanze, you will take your place among the shades of women that spring up around the poet, when he dreams to the sound of his lyre. Those delicate shades, orphans of an expired harmony and a vanished dream, remain alive between earth and Heaven and inhabit at one time their two-fold country:

"Fair Paradise would not have its complete charms, if thou wert not there," said a troubadour to his mistress absent through death.

PADUA, 20 _September_ 1833.

History has again come to strangle romance. I had hardly finished reading Zanze's defense at the Stella d'Oro, when M. de Saint-Priest entered my room, saying:

"Here's something new."

A letter from Her Royal Highness informed us that the Governor of the Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom had presented himself at the Catajo and announced to the Princess his inability to allow her to continue her journey. Madame desired my immediate departure.

At that moment, an aide-de-camp of the Governor's knocked at my door and asked me if it was convenient for me to receive his general. I replied by at once repairing to the apartments of His Excellency, who had alighted, like myself, at the Stella d'Oro.

[Sidenote: The Austrian Governor.]

The Governor was an excellent man:

"Imagine, monsieur le vicomte," he said, "that my orders against Madame la Duchesse de Berry were dated 28 August. Her Royal Highness had sent word to me that she had passports of a later date and a letter from my Emperor[234]. And see, on the 17th of this month of September, I receive an express in the middle of the night: a dispatch, dated the 15th, from Vienna, charges me to carry out my first orders of the 28th of August and not to allow Madame la Duchesse de Berry to advance beyond Udine or Trieste. See, my dear and illustrious viscount, what a misfortune for me! To arrest a Princess whom I admire and respect, if she refuses to comply with my Sovereign's wishes! For the Princess did not give me a good reception: she told me that she would do what she pleased. My dear viscount, if you could only prevail on Her Royal Highness to remain in Venice, or at Trieste, pending new instructions from my Court! I will endorse your passport for Prague; you can go there at once, without meeting with the slightest obstacle, and arrange all this; for certainly my Court has done nothing but yield to demands. I beg of you to do me this service."

I was touched by the noble officer's candour. On comparing the date of the 15th of September with that of my departure from Paris, on the 3rd of the same month, I was struck with an idea: my interview with Madame and the coincidence of Henry V.'s majority might have alarmed Philip's Government. A dispatch from M. le Duc de Broglie, handed in a note from M. le Comte de Sainte-Aulaire[235], had perhaps decided the Vienna chancery to renew the prohibition of the 28th of August. I may be making a false conjecture and the fact which I suspect may not have taken place; but two "men of quality," both peers of France of Louis XVIII.'s creation, both violators of their oaths, were, after all, quite worthy of being the instruments of so generous a policy against a woman, the mother of their lawful King. Need we be astonished if France to-day is more and more confirmed in the high opinion that she has of the people of the Court of former times?

I was careful not to betray the depth of my thoughts. This persecution had altered my frame of mind on the subject of the journey to Prague; I was as desirous now of taking it alone in the interests of my Sovereign as I had been opposed to doing so with her when the roads were open to her. I dissimulated my real feelings and, wishing to keep the Governor to his good intentions of giving me a passport, I increased his loyal anxiety; I replied:

"Monsieur le gouverneur, you are suggesting a difficult thing to me. You know Madame la Duchesse de Berry; she is not a woman to be led as one pleases: if she has made up her mind, nothing will make her change it. Who knows? Perhaps it suits her to be arrested by the Emperor of Austria, her uncle[236], even as she was put in gaol by Louis-Philippe, her uncle! The legitimate kings and the illegitimate kings will be acting alike; Louis-Philippe will have dethroned the son of Henry IV., Francis II. will prevent the meeting of mother and son; M. le Prince de Metternich will relieve M. le Général Bugeaud at his post: that will be perfect!"

The Governor was beside himself:

"Ah, viscount, how right you are! That propaganda, why, it's everywhere! That youth no longer pays any attention to us! Not even so much in the Venetian States as in Lombardy and Piedmont!"

"And the Papal States!" I exclaimed. "And Naples! And Sicily! And the banks of the Rhine! And the whole world!"

"Ah, ah, ah!" cried the Governor. "We can't remain like this, always sword in hand, with an army under arms, without fighting. France and England an example to our peoples! A Young Italy now, after the _Carbonari!_ Young Italy! Who ever heard of such a thing?"

"Monsieur," I said, "I will make every effort to persuade Madame to give you a few days; you must be so good as to grant me a passport: that concession alone can prevent Her Royal Highness from following her first resolve."

[Sidenote: The Deputy of Padua.]

"I will take it upon myself," said the reassured Governor, "to allow Madame to pass through Venice on her way to Trieste; if she loiters a little along the roads, she will reach the latter town at just the same time as the orders which you are going to fetch, and we shall be saved. The Deputy of Padua will give you your _visa_ for Prague, in exchange for which you will leave a letter declaring Her Royal Highness' resolve not to go beyond Trieste. What a time! What a time! I congratulate myself upon being an old man, my dear and illustrious viscount, so that I cannot see what is going to happen."

While insisting on the passport, I inwardly reproached myself for perhaps somewhat abusing the Governor's perfect straightforwardness; for he might be held more guilty for allowing me to go to Bohemia than he would have been had he yielded to the Duchesse de Berry. My sole dread was lest some sly-boots of the Italian Police should put obstacles in the way of the _visa._ When the Deputy of Padua came to me, I found that he had a secretarial mien, a clerkly bearing, a prefect's air, like a man brought up in the French civil service. This bureaucratic capacity made me tremble. As soon as he had assured me that he had been a commissary in the Army of the Allies in the Department of the Bouches-du-Rhône, my hope revived: I attacked my enemy by taking straight aim at his self-respect I declared that the discipline of the troops stationed in Provence had been remarked upon. I knew nothing about it, but the Deputy, replying with an overflow of admiration, hastened to finish my business: I had no sooner obtained my _visa_ than I ceased to care.

PADUA, 20 _September_ 1833.

The Duchesse de Berry returned from the Catajo at nine o'clock in the evening: she appeared very much excited; as for me, the more peaceful I had been before, the more eager I now was for the fray: we were being attacked, we must needs defend ourselves. I proposed to H.R.H., half in jest, to take her in disguise to Prague and, between the "two of us," carry off Henry V. It was a question only of knowing where we should deposit our plunder. Italy would not do, because of the weakness of her Princes; the great absolute monarchies must be discarded for a thousand reasons. There remained Holland and England: I preferred the former because she had not only a constitutional government, but a clever King.

We postponed these extreme measures; we decided on the most reasonable, which laid the burden of the affair on my shoulders. I was to set out alone with a letter from Madame: I was to ask for the declaration of majority; on receiving the reply of the great kinsmen, I was to send a messenger to H.R.H., who would await my dispatch at Trieste. Madame added to her letter for the old King a note for Henry: I was to give it to the young Prince only according to circumstances. The superscription of the note was by itself a protest against the mental reservations of Prague. Here are the letter and the note:

"FERRARA, 19 _September_ 1833.

"MY DEAR FATHER,

"At a moment so decisive as the present for Henry's future, allow
me to address you with all confidence. I have not relied upon my
own judgment in so important a matter; I wished, on the contrary,
in this grave circumstance, to consult the men who had shown me the
most attachment and devotion. M. de Chateaubriand was naturally at
the head of these.

"He has confirmed what I had already heard, namely, that all the
Royalists in France look upon a deed setting forth Henry's rights
and majority as indispensable for the 29th of September. If loyal
M. ---- is with you at present, I draw for his evidence, which I
know to agree with what I am stating.

"M. de Chateaubriand will lay before the King his ideas on the
subject of this deed. He says rightly, so it seems to me, that
it should simply declare Henry's majority and not put forward a
manifesto: I think that you will approve of this view. In short,
my dear Father, I leave it to him to draw your attention and bring
about a decision on this essential point. I am much more occupied
with it, I assure you, than with what concerns myself, and my
Henry's interest, which is that of France, goes before my own. I
have proved to him, I think, that I was able to expose myself to
dangers for his sake and that I drew back before no sacrifice; he
will find me always the same.

"M. de Montbel handed me your letter on his arrival; I read it with
lively gratitude: to see you again, to set eyes once more on my
children will always be my fondest prayer. M. de Montbel will have
written to you that I had done all that you asked; I hope that you
have been satisfied with my eagerness to please you and to prove to
you my respect and my love. I now have only one longing, to be in
Prague for the 29th of September, and, although my health is very
much impaired, I hope to arrive. In any case, M. de Chateaubriand
will go before me. I beg the King to receive him with kindness and
to hear all that he will say to him from me.

"Believe, my dear Father, in all the sentiments, etc.

"_P.S._ PADUA, 20 _September. _ My letter was written, when I was
shown the order not to continue my journey: my surprise equals
my sorrow. I cannot believe that an order of this kind can have
emanated from the heart of the King; only my enemies can have
dictated it. What will France say? And how Philip will triumph! I
can but hasten the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's departure and charge
him to tell the King that which it would be too painful for me to
write to him at this moment."

(_Addressed_) "TO HIS MAJESTY HENRY V., MY DEAREST SON, PRAGUE

"PADUA, 20 _September_ 1833.

"I was about to arrive in Prague and embrace you, my dear Henry,
when an unexpected obstacle stopped me on the road.

"I am sending M. de Chateaubriand in my place to discuss your
business and mine. Have confidence, dear, in what he will tell you
from me and be sure to believe in my fond affection.

"I embrace you and your sister and I am

"Your affectionate mother and friend,

"CAROLINE."

[Sidenote: The Comte of Montbel.]

M. de Montbel fell from Rome upon Padua in the midst of our pother. The little Court of Padua was cool with him; it blamed M. de Blacas for the orders from Vienna M. de Montbel, a very moderate man, had no other resource than to seek refuge with me, although he feared me; when I saw that colleague of M. de Polignac's, I explained to myself how he had written the History of the Duc de Reichstadt and admired the Archdukes, all, without his perceiving it, at sixty leagues from Prague, the Duc de Bordeaux's place of exile; if he, M. de Montbel[237], was suited to throw the Monarchy of St. Louis and the monarchies of this base world out of window, it was a little accident of which he had not thought. I behaved graciously to the Comte de Montbel; I talked to him of the Coliseum. He was returning to Vienna to place himself at the disposal of the Prince de Metternich and to serve as an intermediary for the correspondence of M. de Blacas.

At eleven o'clock, I wrote the Governor the letter agreed upon; I respected Madame's dignity, made no engagements on her behalf and reserved her power of action:

"PADUA, 20 _September_ 1833.

"MONSIEUR LE GOUVERNEUR,

"H.R.H. Madame la Duchesse de Berry is quite _willing, for the
moment_, to comply with the orders that have been sent you. Her
intention is to go to Venice and thence to Trieste; there she will
act on the information which I shall have the honour to address to
her and will take a final resolve.

"Pray accept my sincerest thanks and the assurance of the high
regard with which I am,

"Monsieur le gouverneur,

"Your most humble and most obedient servant,

"CHATEAUBRIAND."

The Deputy, when he read this letter, was very much pleased with it. Once Madame had left Venetian Lombardy, he and the Governor ceased to be responsible; the Duchesse de Berry's doings at Trieste concerned only the authorities of Istria or Friuli; each vied with the other to rid himself of misfortune, as, in a certain game, every player hastens to pass a little piece of paper on to his neighbour.

At ten o'clock, I took leave of the Princess. She placed her fate and that of her son in my hands. She made me King of France after her fashion. In a Belgian village, I once received four votes to raise me to the throne occupied by Philip's son-in-law[238]. I said to Madame:

"I submit to Your Royal Highness' wishes, but I fear that I shall deceive your hopes. I shall do no good in Prague."

She pushed me towards the door:

"Go, go, you can do everything."

I stepped into my carriage at eleven o'clock: it was a rainy night. It seemed to me as though I were going back to Venice, for I followed the Mestre Road: I felt more inclined to see Zanze again than Charles X.

[145] This book was written at Ferrara, between 16 and 18 September 1833, and at Padua, on the 20th of September.--T.

[146] Marco Polo (1254-1324) joined his father, Niccolo Polo, and his uncle, Maffeo Polo, at Acre, in 1269. They set out for China in 1271 and, after a protracted stay, left for home, in 1292, and reached Venice in 1295.--T.

[147] _Vide_ Zanze's manuscript, _infra._--T.

[148] Abbé Nicolas Lenglet-Dufresnoy (1674-1755), a man of very great learning but no critical taste. He was several times sent to the Bastille, under Louis XV., for the boldness of his writings, and died, at last, of an accident, having fallen into the fire before which he was reading. His chief works are _De l'usage des romans, avec une bibliothèque des romans_ (1734), his _Histoire justifiée contre les romans_ (1735), un _Histoire de la philosophie hermétique_ (1742) and a _Traité sur des apparitions_ (1751). His _Histoire de Jeanne d'Arc_ was published in 1753, two years before his death.--T.

[149] A character in Bojardo's _Orlando Innamorato_ and Ariosto's _Orlando Furioso_, and daughter of Galaphron King of Cathay (Catajo, not Marco Polo's Cathay, as the Abbé Lenglet seems to have thought).--T.

[150] Francis IV. Duke of Modena (1799-1847) was the grandson of the Empress Maria Theresa and nephew of Marie-Antoinette. The Congress of Vienna, in 1815, reinstated him in his Duchy, of which his grandfather, Hercules III., had been dispossessed by the French in 1797. He married Mary Beatrice, daughter of King Victor Emanuel I. of Sardinia and Heiress in Line of the Stuarts, who is known to Legitimists as Mary III. Queen of England (_Cf._ Vol. IV., p. 251, n. 1). Francis IV. was almost the only European potentate who refused to recognise the sovereignty of Louis-Philippe. On the 14th of November 1846, his daughter, Maria Theresa, married the Comte de Chambord (King Henry V. of France).--T.

[151] Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527), author of the _Principe_ and other works of state-craft.--T.

[152] _Cf._ BYRON: _Childe Harold's Pilgrimage_, Canto IV., Stanzas XXX-XXXIV.--T.

[153] Titus Livius (59 B.C.--17 A.C.), the historian, was born at Padua,--T.

[154] Publius Virgilius Maro (70 B.C.--19 B.C.) was born at Urbino.--T.

[155] Caius Valerius Catullus (_circa_ 87 B.C.--_circa_ 54 B.C.) was born at Verona.--T.

[156] Ludovico Ariosto (1474-1533) was born at Reggio di Modena.--T.

[157] Giovanni Battista Guarini (1 537-1612), the noted diplomatist and poet, author of the _Pastor fido_, was born at Ferrara.--T.

[158] Tito Vespasiano Strozzi (1422-1501) and his son, Ercole Strozzi (1471-1508), the Latin poets, were both born at Ferrara.--T.

[159] Ercole Bentivoglio (_circa_ 1512-1573), the poet and diplomatist, was born at Bologna; Guido Cardinal Bentivoglio (1579-1644), Nuncio to Flanders (1607) and France (1617) and author of _Della Guerra di Flandra_ (1633-1639), Letters (1631) and Memoirs (1648), was born at Ferrara, as was Cornelio Cardinal Bentivoglio, Archbishop of Carthage (1668-1732), Nuncio to France and the author of some sonnets and a translation of Statius' _Thebais._--T.

[160] Pietro Cardinal Bembo (1470-1547), born in Venice, created a cardinal in 1539 and Keeper of the Library of St. Mark. He was the author of poems, letters, a History of Venice in Latin, and the _Asolani_, a series of dialogues on the nature of love.--T.

[161] Daniello Bartoli (1608-1685), born at Ferrara, Rector of the College of Jesuits in Rome, and author of an important _Istoria della Compagnia di Gesù_ (1653-1675) and various physical treatises.--T.

[162] Matteo Maria Bojardo, Conte di Scandiano (_circa_ 1434-1494), born at Reggio di Modena, author of _Orlando Innamorato_ (1495), of which Ariosto's _Orlando Furioso_ is the continuation.--T.

[163] Ippolyto Pindemonte (1753-1828), the poet, and Giovanni Pindemonte (1751-1812), his brother, the dramatist, were both born at Verona.--T.

[164] Alfonso Marchese di Varano (1705-1788), the poet, was born at Ferrara.--T.

[165] Vincenzo Monti (1754-1828), born at Fusignano, near Ravenna, author of the _Bassevilliana_(1793), directed against the French Revolution, and a number of other poems, tragedies and translations. Monti was Historiographer to the Court of Italy under Napoleon and a member of the Italian Institute.--T.

[166] Torquato Tasso (1544-1595) was a native of Sorrento, but his father, Bernardo Tasso, was a North Italian, having been born in Venice in 1493.--T.

[167] Melchiore Cesarotti (1730-1808), born at Padua, a poet and miscellaneous writer. His translation of Ossian (1763) is his finest work, but he is also known for his _Saggio sulla Filosofia delle Lingue_ (1785) and a number of prose and metrical translations besides that mentioned.--T.

[168] Giovanni Francesco Barbieri (1591-1666), known as Guercino, or the Squintling, from an accident which distorted his right eye in babyhood: a well-known painter of the Eclectic-Bologna School.--T.

[169] Ferrara Cathedral was consecrated in 1136; the interior was spoilt in the seventeenth century.--T.

[170] Ferrara was handed back to the Papal States in 1814, but the Austrians retained the right to keep a garrison there.--T.

[171] Bernardo Tasso (1493-1569), Torquato Tasso's father, author of the _Amadigi di Francia_ (Amadis of Gaul, 1560) and a quantity of other poems, died at Ostiglia on the 14th of September 1569.--T.

[172] _Rinaldo_ was published in 1562, while Tasso was a youth of eighteen studying law at Padua.--T.

[173] Produced at Ferrara in 1573.--T.

[174] Ippolito of Este, Cardinal of Ferrara, Archbishop of Milan, Lyons and Narbonne (1509-1572), uncle of Alphonsus II. and a favourite of the Court of France of that time.--T.

[175] 24 August 1572.--T.

[176] Anna Swanwick's GOETHE: _Torquato Tasso_, Act I. Sc. i.--T.

[177] _Ibid._, Act II. Sc. i.--T.

[178] _Ibid._, Act III. Sc. iii.--T.

[179] Anna Swanwick's GOETHE: _Torquato Tasso_, Act V. Sc. iv.--T.

[180] Alphonsus II. married three times: first, Lucrezia de' Medici; secondly, Barbara of Austria, daughter of the Emperor Ferdinand I.; thirdly, Margherita di Gonzaga, daughter of William Duke of Mantua.--T.

[181] George Washington, in command of the English and native troops, defeated the French in the Battle of Great Meadows on the 28th of May 1754. He was subsequently besieged at Fort Necessity in Pennsylvania and, on the 4th of July 1754, surrendered to the French, who allowed him and all his troops to march back to Virginia.--T.

[182] My _Études Historiques.--Author's Note._

[183] Sixtus V.--T.

[184] In July 1586, after a confinement of more than seven years.--T.

[185] Guillaume de Salluste Du Bartas (1544-1590), author of, among other poems, the _Semaine, ou La Création en sept journées_, which was published in 1579 and passed through thirty editions in a few years. Writing of Du Bartas, Professor Saintsbury, in his _Short History of French Literature and French Lyrics_, says:

"All that was wanting to make Du Bartas a poet of the first
rank was some faculty of self-criticism; of natural verve and
imagination as well as of erudition he had no lack, but in critical
faculty he seems to have been totally deficient. His beauties, rare
in kind and not small in amount, are alloyed with vast quantities
of dull absurdity."

Du Bartas' fellow-countrymen entertain a similar view, and Bouillet, in his _Dictionnaire universel d'histoire et de géographie_, expresses himself in almost the same words when he writes that "_ce poète avait de la verve et de l'imagination, mais manquait de goût._"--T.

[186] Marco Sciarra (_fl._ 1592), a celebrated bandit chief, long devastated the Papal States. Neither Sixtus V. nor Clement VIII. was able to subdue him and his band; but he was so hotly pursued by the latter Pope that he left the country and entered the service of the Venetians, who employed him against the Uskoks, the piratical refugees from the north-western provinces of Turkey. The Venetian Government eventually caused Sciarra to be assassinated, upon the repeated demands of Clement VIII. for his extradition.--T.

[187] Samuel Rogers introduces this incident into his description of the "wild life, fearful and full of change," of the "mountain-robber:"

Time was, the trade was nobler, if not honest;
When they that robb'd were men of better faith
Than kings or pontiffs; where such reverence
The poet drew among the woods and wilds,
A voice was heard, that never bade to spare,
Crying aloud, "Hence to the distant hills!
Tasso approaches; he, whose song beguiles
The day of half its hours; whose sorcery
Dazzles the sense, turning our forest glades
To lists that blaze with gorgeous armoury,
Our mountain-caves to regal palaces:
Hence, nor descend till he and his are gone.
Let him fear nothing!"

(ROGERS, _Italy: Banditti_, 5-17).--T.

[188] Ippolito Aldobrandini, Pope Clement VIII. (1536-1605), elected Pope in 1592.--T.

[189] LUKE, XXIII., 46.--T.

[190] Now the Quai Voltaire.--T.

[191] Giovanni Battista Manso, Marchese Della Villa (1561-1645). Milton was ambitious of his acquaintance, as the friend of Tasso, and was introduced to him in Naples in 1638. To him Milton addressed his Latin epistle, _Ad Mansum_; Tasso had addressed his dialogue on Friendship to him and complimented him in the twentieth canto of the _Gerusalemme Conquistata_, as the introduction to _Ad Mansum_ shows:

"Joannes Baptista Mansus, Marchio Villensi, vir ingenii laude, turn
literarum studio necnon et bellica virtute, apud Italos clarus in
primus est; ad quern Torquati Tassi Dialogus extat di Amicitia
scriptus; erat enim Tassi amicissimus; ab quo etiam inter Campanile
principes celebratur, in ilio poemate cui titulus 'Gerusalemme
Conquistata,' lib. 20.

Fra cavalier magnanimi, è cortesi
Risplende il Manso.

"Is auctorem Neapoli commorantem summa benevolentia prosecutus est,
multaque ei detulit humanitalis officia: ad hunc itaque hospes
ille, antequam ab ea urbe discederet, ut ne ingratum se ostenderet
hoc carmen misit."--T.

[192] In Venice, in 1806.--_Author's Note._

[193] Titian.--_Author's Note._

[194] In 1803.--_Author's Note._

[195] I was right in saying the orange-tree: it is an orange-tree
that stands in the convent-yard of Sant' Onofrio.--_Author's Note_
(Paris, 1840).

[196] This is one of several cases in which the author coins a
word: his expression, _nécrolithe_, is not known in the French
dictionaries.--T.

[197] Obizzo I. first Marquis of Este (_fl._ 1180); Obizzo II.
Marquis of Este and Lord of Ferrara and Verona (_d._ 1293) added
Modena and Reggio to his dominions.--T.

[198] Nicholas III. Marquis of Este (_d._ 1471) was the father of.

[199] Hercules I. first Duke of Ferrara (_d._ 1505), the father of
Alphonsus I.--T.

[200] FONTANES (_Cf._ Vol III., p. 10):

"Tasso, wandering from town to town,
One day, by his evils overcome,
Sat down by the sumptuous laurel-trees
Which spread out for ever to the breeze
Their green branches over Virgil's tomb," etc.--T.

[201] The Marquise de Podenas, _née_ de Nadaillac, was
lady-in-waiting to the Duchesse de Berry.--T.

[202] Renée of France, Duchess of Ferrara (1510-1575), second
daughter of Louis XII., married, in 1528, Hercules II. Duke of
Ferrara, protected letters, science, art and Lutheranism, sheltered
Calvin, and had Clemont Marot as her secretary. She returned to
France in 1560, after the Duke's death, and settled at Montargis,
ostentatiously proclaiming her Protestantism.--T.

[203] Emmanuel Louis Marie Guignard, Vicomte de Saint-Priest,
Duque de Almazan (1789-1881), was taken to St. Petersburg by his
family during the Emigration and, in 1805, entered the Russian
Army, where he served until the fall of Napoleon. He was made a
colonel in 1814 and was taken prisoner; Napoleon's orders to have
him shot were intercepted by the Cossacks. Saint-Priest escaped,
served the cause of the Kings Government with ardour, endeavoured
to raise the populations of the South during the Hundred Days,
took ship eventually at Marseilles, was captured by a Tunisian
corsair and, after a few weeks' captivity, succeeded in reaching
Spain and returning to France at the Second Restoration. He
was then appointed a brigadier-general, a lord-in-waiting to
the Duc d'Angoulême and an inspector of infantry. In 1823, he
took part in the Spanish Expedition and earned his promotion to
lieutenant-general. He became Ambassador to Berlin in 1825 and to
Madrid in 1827. In August 1830, he sent in his resignation, and
Ferdinand VII. created him a grandee of Spain and Duque de Almazan.
Saint-Priest became one of the Duchesse de Berry's advisers, was
one of the principal organizers of the royalist attempt of 1822 and
sailed with the Princess in the _Carlo-Alberto._ He was arrested at
the moment of landing and indicted at the assizes at Montbrison.
Together with his co-accused, he was acquitted, on the 15th of
March 1833, and at once joined the Duchesse de Berry in Italy.
Under the Second Empire, Saint-Priest was one of the most zealous
and intelligent servants of the Comte de Chambord, who, in 1867,
wrote him a letter on the political situation that made a great
noise at the time.--B.

[204] _Cf._ Vol. V., p. 101, n. 2.--T.

[205] Major H. D. Delloye had been dismissed the service in 1830
and had turned publisher. He very rightly published only royalist
works. In 1836, when Chateaubriand was in the greatest difficulties
for money, he was able to arrange a combination of a satisfactory
character for the interests and intentions of the illustrious
writer. The company formed by M. Delloye guaranteed M. and Madame
de Chateaubriand a respectable annuity, supplied them with the sums
required for their immediate necessities, and postponed to a remote
date the publication of the _Mémoires d'Outre-tombe_, the _Congrès
de Vérone_ and other works to which the author might be disposed to
devote his leisure.

On the 30th of June 1836, Chateaubriand addressed the following
letter to his honourable publisher:

"To Monsieur H. D. Delloye, retired lieutenant-colonel, Knight of
the Royal Order of St. Louis and of the Legion of Honour.

"PARIS, 30 _June_ 1836.

"And so, monsieur, our business is fairly started: so soon as I
had finished the _Milton_, I resumed work on the Memoirs and I
have begun to have that portion copied which I am to deliver to
you in the early months of the coming year. I congratulate myself,
monsieur, on having met a gallant and loyal officer of the Royal
Guard who has brought to a conclusion a piece of business which,
but for him, might never have been finished. It is, therefore, to
you, monsieur, that I shall owe the repose of my life and, what is
more important to me, that of Madame de Chateaubriand. With God's
help, the rest will go of itself and I hope that neither you nor,
when the time comes, the Shareholders, will have reason to regret
becoming the owners of my Memoirs.

"Believe, monsieur, I beg, in my sincere devotion and accept the
assurance of my most distinguished consideration.

"CHATEAUBRIAND."--B.

[206] Mademoiselle Mathilde Lebeschu, a former woman of the
Bed-chamber to Madame la Duchesse de Berry, had accompanied the
Princess into exile and sailed with her, in the _Carlo-Alberto_, on
the 21st of April 1832. She was tried, together with the Vicomte de
Saint-Priest and M. Sala, and, with them, acquitted, at Montbrison,
on the 15th of March 1833.--B.

[207] Thomas Robert Bugeaud de La Piconnerie, Maréchal Duc d'Isly
(1784-1849) fought throughout the campaigns of the Empire, winning
his promotion from private to colonel on the battle-field. He
retired at the Restoration. He was recalled to active employment
in 1830, suppressed the Paris insurrections in 1832 and 1834 and,
in 1832, as Commandant of Blaye, was charged with the safe keeping
of the Duchesse de Berry. His behaviour on this occasion provoked
a challenge to a duel, in which he killed his adversary, a deputy
named Dulong, on the 27th of January 1834. In 1836, he was sent
to Algeria and defeated Abd-el-Kader, but made terms with him and
was severely criticized in consequence; he became Governor-general
in 1840 and, on the 14th of August 1844, defeated the troops of
Morocco at Isly, by which title he was forthwith created a duke,
having received his marshal's baton in the previous year. In 1847,
he resigned, but was placed in command of the troops in Paris
in 1848 and exerted himself, but without success, to suppress
the Revolution of February. The Prince-President Louis Napoleon
made him Commander-in-Chief of the Army of the Alps, but he died
of cholera, on the 10th of June 1849, soon after taking up his
appointment.--T.

[208] _Cf._ Vol. V., p. III., n. 2.--T.

[209] "_Il est de bon_ goût, _ce M. d'Argout._"--T.

[210] _Cf._ Appendix I.: _The Morganatic Marriage of the Duchesse
de Berry._--T.

[211] Achmet III. Sultan of Turkey (1673-1736) succeeded on the
deposition of his brother Mustapha II. in 1703. He was deposed by
the janissaries in 1730 and assassinated, by poison, in 1736.--T.

[212] Ivan VI. Emperor of All the Russias(1740-1764) succeeded
his aunt, the Empress Anne, as an infant of three months, but was
deposed in the course of the following year by Elizabeth, the
laughter of Peter the Great and Catherine I. He was murdered in
prison at the age of twenty-three, under the reign of Catherine
II.--T.

[213] Frederic Augustus I. Elector of Saxony, later Augustus II.
King of Poland (1670-1733), surnamed the Strong, elected King
of Poland in 1697, deposed in 1704, and reinstated in 1709; and
Stanislaus I. Leczinski (1677-1766), elected King of Poland in
1704, crowned in 1705, obliged to leave Poland in 1709: he was
again a candidate in 1733, on the death of Augustus II., and
formally abdicated in 1735.--T.

[214] Theodore King of Corsica (_circa_ 1686-1756) was a German
adventurer, Theodor Baron von Neuhof. He aided the Corsicans
against the Republic of Genoa in 1735 to 1736; was proclaimed and
crowned King of Corsica in 1736; and was driven out by the Genoese
in 1738. An attempt made to recapture his power in 1743 failed.
Theodore withdrew to London, where his person was seized by his
creditors, and he was kept in prison for debt for seven years.--T.

[215] VOLTAIRE: _Candide, ou L'Optimisme_, Part I., Chap. XXVI.:
_Candid and Martin sup with six Strangers; and who they were._--T.

[216] Chateaubriand wrote the next day to Madame Récamier:

"_Thursday_ 19 _September_ 1833.

"All is changed. _They_ absolutely want me to go to the end of the
journey, where _they_ dare not arrive without me. All my resistance
was unavailing; I had to resign myself. So I am leaving. This will
prolong my absence another month. I am going to send Hyacinthe to
Paris; he will bring you a long letter and details. Nothing in my
life ever cost me a greater pang than this last sacrifice, unless
it be that attached to my resignation of Rome.--B.
]

[217] Pietro Liberi (1605-1687), born and died at Padua, a
religious and historical painter of the Venetian School.--T.

[218] Jacopo Palma the Younger (_circa_ 1544-1628), a painter
of the Venetian School, distinguished for the freshness of his
colouring.--T.

[219] Giacomo Tatti (1479-1570), known as Sansovino, a noted
Florentine sculptor and architect, held by some to be second, as
a sculptor, to Michael Angelo alone. Sansovino is the architect
of the Mint, the Library of St. Mark and the Palazzo Cornaro in
Venice.--T.

[220] Francesco Sansovino (1521-1586), son of the above, is better
known as a man of letters and grammarian than as an artist.--T.

[221] "For there's no day so fair but its night follows after."--T.

[222] Charles Patin (1633-1693) was a physician, like his father,
but was distinguished especially for his antiquarian knowledge.
He was sentenced to the galleys for distributing some copies of
a lewd libel which he had been charged to suppress and fled from
France. Eventually he settled in the Venetian States and, in 1677,
was appointed Professor of Medicine at Padua. Charles Patin left
several important numismatical works.--T.

[223] Gui Patin (1601-1672), the famous doctor and wit, earned
an extraordinary reputation by his caustic sallies and eccentric
habits. He was the author of a treatise on the _Conservation de la
santé_(1632) and of Letters published nearly fifty years after his
death. A collection of his _bons mots_ was published, under the
title of Patiniana, in 1703.--T.

[224] Epictetus (_fl._ 1st Century), of Hierapolis, the Stoic
philosopher, was born a slave. When his master, Epaphroditus, who
subsequently freed him, broke his leg for him, he was content to
observe:

"I told you you would break it"

Epictetus was driven from Rome, with the other philosophers, by
the Emperor Domitian; he returned later and won the esteem of the
Emperors Hadrian and Marcus Aurelius.--T.

[225] John III. King of Portugal (1502-1557) succeeded his father,
Emanuel I., in 1521. He established the Inquisition in 1526.--T.

[226] Angelo Malipieri, Podesta of Padua. Two years after the above
was written, Victor Hugo produced his tragedy of _Angelo_, of which
Malipieri is the hero, at the Théâtre-Français (28 April 1835).--B.

[227] St. Anthony of Padua (1195-1231), monk of the Order of
St. Francis and a native of Lisbon. He was wrecked on the coast
of Italy when on his way to Africa to convert the infidels. St.
Anthony is said one day to have preached to a school of fishes and
to have been heard with attention.--T.

[228] Antonio Beccadelli Panormita (1394-1471), of Palermo, a
distinguished man of letters of his day.--T.

[229] Livy, who was born and died at Padua, divided his History of
Rome into 425 books, of which only 35 have been preserved. These
books were contained in "Decades," or groups of ten books each. The
late Benjamin Jowett used to long for the recovery of the missing
books of Livy more than for that of any other lost specimens of
literature.--T.

[230] Good drink-money or "tips."--T.

[231] Francesco Albani (1578-1660), surnamed the "Painter of the
Graces" and the "Anacreon of Painting," the great painter of the
Bologna School.--T.

[232] Heliodonis Bishop of Tricca, in Thessaly (_fl._ 4th Century),
was the author of the earliest Greek romance, the _Æthiopica,_
which relates the loves and adventures of Theagines and
Chariclea.--T.

[233] Isotta Nogarola (_d._ 1466), a great and learned lady of
Verona, famous for her beauty, her knowledge and her poetic talent.
She was the author of the _Dialogus quo utrum Adam vel Eva magis
peccaverit, quæstio satis nota, sed non adeo explicata, continetur_
(Florence: 1563).--T.

[234] Francis I. Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, Bohemia, the
Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom, etc. (1768-1835).--T.

[235] The Comte de Sainte-Aulaire (_cf._ Vol. V., p. 161, n. 2)
had been appointed Ambassador to Vienna earlier in that same year
1833.--T.

[236] The Duchesse de Berry's mother was Clementina Queen of the
Two Sicilies, daughter of Leopold II. Emperor of Germany, and
sister of Francis I. Emperor of Austria.--T.

[237] _Cf._ Vol., V., p. 81, n. 5. The Comte de Montbel's _Notice
sur le Duc de Reichstadt_ had appeared in that year 1833. The Duke
had died at Schonbrünn, three miles from Vienna, the residence of
the Austrian Archdukes, on the 22nd of July; the distance is about
180 miles from Vienna to Prague, where Charles X. and his little
Court took up their residence.--T.

[238] Leopold I. King of the Belgians (1790-1865) was the youngest
son of Francis Duke of Saxe Saalfeld-Coburg when he was elected
to the Belgian Throne in 1831. He was married first, in 1816,
to Charlotte Princess Royal of England, who died in 1817. In
1832, Leopold married Louise Princesse d'Orléans, daughter of
Louis-Philippe.--T.