Chapter II: Part 2

_Plate 19 U._ Right Angle. Home. Two examples. Uniform, light pinkish tan color. Quite similar to “T” except bowl diameter is slightly larger and does not have the extreme taper, but rounds towards the base. Two slightly varying sizes. Probably made of the same clay by the same person who made “T”. No evidence of mold marks, but some evidence of smoothing.

_Plate 19 V._ Acute Angle. Factory. One example. Dull red. Round bowl and base. Two bands of rounded beading encircle mid-portion of bowl, base expands towards stem end. “117” in raised figures appears on the left side of the base near stem end.

_Plate 19 W._ Right Angle (A Surface find). One example. Dull red. Except for its angle, this pipe is quite similar to “V” with its two bands of rounded beading encircling the bowl.

_Plate 20 X._ Slightly Acute Angle. Factory. One example. Salmon pink color. Ten-sided bowl and base. A rounded band of beading is near the top of bowl, the base end is simply cut off flat.

_Plate 20 Y._ Acute Angle. Both Home and Factory. Two examples. The bowl is decorated by narrow upright grooves and ridges which extend from the base up to and lightly across a rounded band which encircles the bowl near its top. The hexagonal base flares somewhat toward the stem end. This the Company called “Wigwam Shaker”.

_Plate 20 Z._ Acute Angle. Factory. Four examples. Color ranges from pale red to light orange, though two are very dark, probably from having lain long in the stream bed. The round bowl is encircled by a band of rounded beading near the top. Below this, on each side of the bowl, appears “CATLINS”. The base is hexagonal and its planes merge into the lower portions of the round bowl. The top plane of the base seems to be divided into two narrower planes which give the base a seven-sided appearance; this however is probably due to lack of trimming of the mold mark. The base terminates in a large rounded stem end. This was probably a specialty pipe, and apparently all the pipes of this form had these characteristics.

_Plate 20 AA._ Acute Angle. Factory. Four examples. Color ranges from pale red to light orange to medium red. The 14 upright panels which constitute the bowl, with its two encircling rounded bands near the top, give the effect of a wooden bucket whose staves are held by hoops. The raised number “103” appears on the flat bottom. In one example a metal ferrule, apparently of brass, is still in place around the stem end of base. Other examples of this pipe no longer retain the ferrule; however, the discolored pattern of the ferrule was present to show that each had originally had one in place. All pipes of this form seem identical and evidently came from the same mold.

_Plate 21 AB._ Right Angle. Factory. One example. Dark Red. Round undecorated bowl and base. Stem end of base has an inside taper to hold a small reed stem.

_Plate 21 AC._ Slight Obtuse Angle. Home. One example. Glossy, dark red. Similar to “AB” except the angle of bowl and “ORIGINAL” is impressed on the right side of the longer base.

_Plate 21 AD._ Obtuse Angle. Factory. One example. The plain bowl and base have a uniform high glossy red finish. “POWHATAN” is impressed on the right side of base. The stem end of base has been broken off, and it is possible that this base terminated in a clay stem which was an integral part of the pipe. In that event it would have followed the pattern of some of the old white clay imports. There are no spurs or projections of any nature at the bottom of the bowl.

_Plate 21 AE._ Probably Obtuse Angle. Factory. One example. Glossy medium red. This is a form similar to some early white clay imports. While the only example available to us was badly broken, it seems to have its own integral clay stem, and it definitely has one spur below the bowl.

_Roll of Fired Clay._ A portion of a roll of fired clay was found in the fill on the Factory site. It evidently had been prepared for molding, and some clay had been broken from each end. It could have been a test firing of the clay, or the piece may have unintentionally gotten into the kiln.

_Plate 22 AF._ Right Angle. Factory. Two examples. Colors are light orange and red. A flat band encircles the top of the bowl, and below this is a more narrow rounded band, whose lower edge is here and there lightly cut in line with the grooves below. The vertical grooves of decoration on the bowl continue, or merge with a lesser number of horizontal grooves and ridges which run to the stem end of the base. These grooves, in part at least, extend over the large rounded swell at stem end of base. These two pipes illustrate the minor differences that may exist in different molds used in making the same basic pipe form.

This and the following three pipe forms seem to represent a transition from the earlier, rather heavy, sturdy and relatively thick side-walled clay pipes, to a pipe lighter in weight, which is more representative of the form in use by what might be considered the last generation of regular clay pipe smokers.

_Plate 22 AG._ Acute Angle. Factory. One example. Color is gray. This piece was among the eight pipe sherds, still sufficiently intact to give an indication of the original pipe form from which they had come, that were picked up by us on the driveway of the Pamplin Smoking Pipe and Manufacturing Company in July 1969. Some were heavily glazed and of a different character from the pipes dealt with up to this point, and seem to have come from pipes resulting from the change in style mentioned under “AF”.

This pipe fragment has some characteristics similar to “AF”. The bowl decoration towards the top is unknown, but vertical lines of decoration occupy the bowl, and only those on the front of the bowl continue along the base; those on the sides terminate upon joining the front lines. The stem end of the base is also somewhat different, being decorated by a rounded and finally a flat band. This sherd carries a moderately heavy glaze and it is the first pipe form presented which actually shows evidence of a salt glaze.

_Plate 22 AH._ Right Angle. Factory. One example. Color pale yellow to light brown. Round bowl and base, double rounded band of beading around top of bowl and stem end of base. Bowl decorated with raised dots in cross-hatched pattern. Spiral decoration on base. Prominent mold marks, thin sidewalls. Heavily glazed.

_Plate 22 AI._ Right Angle. Factory. Two examples. Color ranges from deep red through light orange to yellow. This lighter pipe with thin sidewalls has two narrow rounded bands encircling the top of bowl, which is otherwise plain. A large rounded band is at stem end of base. These pipes are well glazed.

_Plate 23 AJ._ Right Angle. Factory. One example. Dark Red. This is a version of the Company’s novelty “Tomahawk Pipe”, decorated to order for special occasions. The pipe illustrated was made specifically for sale at the Chicago World’s Fair and has “Century of Progress, Chicago” in raised letters on the left side. “1833—(likeness of an Indian)—1933” is on the right side of bowl.

_Plate 23 AK._ Right Angle. Factory. One example. Color light tan. This was the Company’s standard novelty pipe, recommended for all occasions, and it was shaped like a tomahawk. A likeness of Washington appears on the right side of the bowl, with the name “Washington” in raised letters above. On the left side is the likeness of an Indian wearing a Plains headdress, and above it in raised letters is the name “Powhatan”. A wide flat band encircles the stem end of base.

The Pamplin Company’s literature stated, _Tomahawk Pipe-Novelty, molded from hand engraved brass die, of finest clay, hard-burned and glazed. An attractive item for carnivals, conventions, fairs, etc. Packed 200 to a box with 5″ reed stems. Price $13.50 per box._ This pipe was a regular sales item for festive occasions (Plate 11).

_Plate 23 AL._ Right Angle. (A surface find). One example. Deep red. Most Pamplin pipes of home manufacture were made by women; however, Miss Wilsie Thornton and Dr. C. G. O’Brien said that a Mr. Rodgers, about 1938, made pipe molds and pipes of unusual form as a hobby. Miss Thornton mentioned two forms that he made—an Indian Head, and a Woman’s Leg, the calf being the bowl and the foot being the base, with the toes at the stem end of base. This pipe is credited locally as being of his manufacture.

_Plate 23 AM._ Right Angle. Home. Two examples. Deep glossy red. The decoration on the lower portion of the round and expanding bowl reminds one somewhat of a peach seed; this decoration is separated from the upper part of the plain upper bowl by a rounded band. The base is undecorated, and terminates in a smooth enlarged stem end. The second pipe of this form was a surface find.

If the Factory had Nos. 103 and 117 how many more numbers may they have had?

Impressed identifications, usually put on the base of the pipe with a stamp after the pipe came from the mold, appear on pipes from both the Homes and from the Factory. It is of interest that apparently identifications in raised lettering came only from the Factory.

CONCLUSIONS

In the beginning of this effort we had assumed that the pipes made by the Factory would be quite different, in both form and decoration, from those made in the homes. We have found that this assumption is not valid.

There is a great deal of overlapping, probably due to the Factory, after its arrival in Pamplin, taking over and producing a number of the shapes and designs that had long been in use in the Home Industry. It is also possible that the Home Industry appropriated some of the Factory pipe forms.

In addition, all local evidence agrees that the Thornton Store did not purchase pipes from the Factory; they were getting plenty themselves, taken in trade for their merchandise, and which they would have to dispose of on the wholesale market in competition with the Factory.

There is local evidence that the Factory did, at times, buy locally made pipes in order to fill large orders, as well as when their machinery was not in operation. It is quite unlikely however, after buying and paying for them, that these pipes would be found in the landfill on the Factory grounds, the fill from which the “factory” pipes considered in this study came.

Of the total of 39 pipe forms located by us, 10 were from Home Industry, 19 from the Factory, (eight appeared in both), and two were either surface finds or the knowledge of their exact place of manufacture lost, as they had long been in the hands of their local Pamplin area owners.

The Akron Company had made pipes before they established the pipe plant at Pamplin, and the names of some of their pipes in the Pamplin literature would infer that at least one form, the “Akron Hamburg”, had been carried from Akron to Pamplin, which then is described as “from Virginia clay, attractive red color”.

On the other hand, Mrs. Betty Price has been quoted as saying that the pipe form known as “Hamburg” was one of the first made by the women of the area.

For a time in later years, at least by 1941, the Pamplin Factory made a pipe similar in form and decoration to their “Akron Hamburg”, but of fire clay, and called it “Akron Shaker”.

Since there is so much overlapping of form and decoration between the pipes made in the homes and those made by the Company, one wonders if there might not have been even more overlapping had the sample available to us at this late date been greater than the 4,451 pipes examined.

It is our conclusion that when the Akron Company came to Pamplin they started to produce pipes of a number of forms that had long been made by the Home Industry of the Pamplin area. They may also have brought one or more Akron pipe forms and decorations with them, to be manufactured at Pamplin. In turn the Pamplin Home Industry possibly adopted some forms now being produced by the Company. (Some of these forms may also have been in production in other areas, but probably of different clay).

The foremost factor distinguishing Pamplin area pipes, from either manufacturing source, was the “Virginia clay, of attractive red color”.

So far as we have been able to determine, no particular friction ever developed between the Factory and the industry being carried on at the homes; each had its own wholesale outlets.

To the best of our knowledge, the Home Industry started about 1740 and definitely closed in 1953.

The Pamplin Smoking Pipe and Manufacturing Company was established about 1878, and it definitely closed in 1951.

In our work we have handled literally hundreds of the pipes, Plate 13 A, called “Powhatan Original” in the Company’s literature and advertising. These had been excavated both from the factory grounds and from the basement of the old Thornton Store, and we found nothing about these two lots of pipes that would seem to distinguish the two manufacturing sources. Of the total, only one single pipe failed to carry the word “Original” impressed in the base.

This “Original” was an early Home Industry form, and there is strong evidence that when the Company came to Pamplin they adopted this form, and added “Powhatan” in their advertising, just as they must have adopted some other local pipe forms. “Original” was also impressed, but probably at a still later date, on the base of three other pipe forms; they were forms “B”, “M”, and “AC”.

We also believe that the Company made the best estimate as to the starting date of the home pipemaking industry, (they would have had about a hundred year advantage in arriving at such a date, as compared to the problem under present circumstances), and applied that date to Pamplin Smoking Pipe and Manufacturing Company as having been “established 1739”. In other words, they pictured themselves as being a continuation of the industry that was already there.

If the date of 1878, or one near that time, for the establishment of the Pamplin Smoking Pipe and Manufacturing Co. is correct, then this is later than the terminal date of some of the western forts and trading posts at which Pamplin pipes have been reported. It would therefore seem evident that the Pamplin pipes found in some western locations were the result of Home Industry, made before the pipe plant ever got to Pamplin. This is authenticated by the fact that they were being carried by the _Bertrand_.

It would seem desirable, instead of considering these pipes as Pamplin Company products, to simply think of them as Pamplin Area Pipes.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BLAIR, C. DEAN
1965 _The Potters and Potteries of Summit County, 1828-1915_ The
Summit County Historical Society, Akron, Ohio.
BRADSHAW, HERBERT C.
1955 _History of Prince Edward County, Virginia_ Dietz Press,
Inc. Richmond.
COTTER, JOHN L.
1958 _Archaeological Excavations at Jamestown, Virginia_
Archaeological Research Series No. 4, National Park Service,
Washington.
COTTER, JOHN L. AND J. PAUL HUDSON
1957 _New Discoveries at Jamestown_ National Park Service,
Washington.
CRESTHULL, PAUL
1969 “Styles of Detachable Stem Pipes” _Maryland Archaeology_
V:2.
EWERS, JOHN C.
1969 Personal Communication January 27, 1969.
1972 Personal Communication January 19, 1972.
FEATHERSTONE, NATHANIEL R.
1948 _The History of Appomattox County, Virginia._ Appomattox
American Legion Post 104, Appomattox.
FONTANA, BERNARD L., AND J. CAMERON GREENLEAF
1962 _Johnny Ward’s Ranch_ The Kiva, 28:1-2, Tucson.
HEITE, EDWARD F.
1969 “Pipe Industry History Reflected in Tools” _Quarterly
Bulletin_, Archaeological Society of Virginia 24:2, 118-119.
1971 “Pipes from the Pamplin Factory in Appomattox County
Virginia” _Quarterly Bulletin_, Archaeological Society of
Virginia 25:3, 195-196.
MARTIN, JOSEPH
1835 _Gazetteer of Virginia_ published by Joseph Martin,
Charlottesville.
MILLER, CARL F.
1960 “Excavation And Investigations of Fort Lookout Trading Post
II in the Fort Randall Reservoir, South Dakota” _River Basin
Surveys Papers No. 17_, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin
No. 176, Nos. 15-20 pp. 49-82.
OMWAKE, H. GEIGER
1967 “Supplemental Report on Additional White Clay Pipe Evidence
Recovered from the Buck Site Near Chestertown, Maryland”
_Bulletin Archaeological Society of Delaware_ Nos. 5 and 6,
New Series, Fall 1967: 23-30.
PRUCHA, FRANCIS PAUL
1964 _Guide to the Military Posts of the U.S._ State Historical
Society of Wisconsin. 1964.
SACKET, RICHARD
1943 “Historical Clay Pipes of the Minnesota Area”. _Minnesota
Archaeologist_ 9:3, 69-82. Minneapolis.
SMITH, G. HUBERT
1960a. “Fort Pierre II, an Historic Trading Post in the Oahe Dam
Area, South Dakota”. _River Basin Surveys Papers No. 18_
Bureau American Ethnology, Bulletin 176, Nos. 15-20: 83-158.
1960b. “Investigations at Fort Stevenson” _River Basin Surveys
Papers No. 19_, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 176,
Nos. 15-20: 159-238.
THOMPSON, ERWIN T.
1965 Communication to John W. Walker, Jan. 8, 1965.
THOMPSON, WILLIAM A., JR.
1969 “Pamplin Pipes” _The Chesopiean_ 7:1.
WALKER, JOHN W.
1962 Field Notes, on Pamplin Pipes, while engaged in
Archaeological Research Appomattox Courthouse.
WILSON, REX L.
1961 “Clay Pipes from Fort Laramie” _Annals of Wyoming_, 33:2,
120-134 Cheyenne.
1966 “Tobacco Pipes from Fort Union, New Mexico” _El Palacio_,
73: 1, 32-40. Santa Fe.
1971 _Clay Tobacco Pipes from Fort Laramie, National Historic
Site and Related Locations._ Division of Archaeology and
Anthropology, National Park Service, Washington.
WOODLING, R. H.
1969 Communication to Charles H. Meadows, Appomattox National
Historic Park, May 15, 1969
WOOLWORTH, ALLAN R. AND W. RAYMOND WOOD
1960 “Archaeology at Kipp’s Post” _River Basin Surveys Papers No.
20_, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 176: 239-321.
Washington.

Newspapers

1935 _Farmville Herald_, Farmville, Va. Mar. 29, 1935 “Pamplin
Pipe Factory”
1946 _Times-Dispatch_, Richmond, Va. April 21, 1946 “Indian Pipes
are Still Produced from Clay Found in Virginia”.
1965 _Times-Dispatch_, Richmond, Va. March 31, 1965 “Pamplin Pipes
in Smithsonian”.
? _Times-Dispatch_, Richmond, Va. March 30 ? “Historic Pipes
Shipped West From Virginia”.
1962 _Times-Virginian_, Appomattox, Va. “Ramblings About Clay
Pipes” Oct. 18, ’62

PIPEMAKER’S TOOLS FROM APPOMATTOX COUNTY, VIRGINIA
COMPOSITE DRAWING DERIVED FROM SPECIMENS OWNED BY DR. C. G. O’BRIEN
VIRGINIA HISTORIC LANDMARKS COMMISSION ARCHÆOLOGY OFFICE
1 MOLD CLOSED
TOP VIEW
2 MOLD CLOSED
EDGE VIEW
3 MOLD OPEN, TO SHOW WORKINGS
4 KNIFE
5 STEM TOOL
6 BOWL TOOL

This is the largest plant in the world devoted exclusively to the manufacture of Indian stone clay pipes. Our plant has a capacity of 25,000 pipes per day; our kiln has a capacity of 200,000 pipes at a single burning.

From careful search of the records, this factory started more than 200 years ago. The present plant has been in operation for 44 years. Skilled American labor is used in a modern, day-lit plant with special attention to cleanliness, sanitation and ideal conditions.

The buying trend is toward Indian clay and stone pipes. Tourists and visitors to your locality are buying them as gifts, souvenirs and for personal use. Every true American wants a genuine Indian pipe—and can buy one, for little more than the cost of a can of smoking tobacco.

Order your assortment today. Display them well and they will sell quickly. Pamplin Indian Pipes give you a profit unheard of in the tobacco trade.

PAMPLIN SMOKING PIPE AND MANUFACTURING CO., Inc.
Established 1739
Manufacturers of All Styles of
Stone and Powhatan Clay Pipes and Reed Stems
PAMPLIN, VIRGINIA, U. S. A.

Printed in U. S. A.

Hand-Made “Powhatan”

_Powhatan_
INDIAN CLAY PIPES

MILD
_mellow_
SWEET
PURE
_50¢_ WITH _Two_ STEMS

_Be A Modern Indian Chief!
Smoke the Genuine
“Powhatan” pipe_
MADE IN VIRGINIA BY NATIVES OF VIRGINIA

This handsome display card, in five colors, given with each order for five dozen “Powhatan” Hand-Made Pipes, makes selling easy. Order yours.

The POWHATAN, the original Indian hand-made Pipe, sells on sight,
pays Big Profit!

“POWOW” SMOOTH SHAKER
“WIGWAM” SHAKER
ORIGINAL “POWHATAN” HAND-MADE
“AKRON” SHAKER
“OLE VIRGINNY” SHAKER

THESE ARE THE MOST POPULAR STYLES OF PAMPLIN INDIAN PIPES All (except “Powhatan”) are available in both Shaker (Stone) and Hamburg (Clay).

The Original Powhatan Pipe

The original Powhatan Indian hand-made Pipe has the distinction of being the exact reproduction of the real pipe made and smoked by the Red Men in pre-colonial days.

Pipe smoking was introduced into England by Sir Walter Raleigh who had seen the Indians smoking. With the start of tobacco cultivation in Virginia, the Powhatan Pipe became generally used in England and in all of the American colonies.

A host of that day took great pride in offering his guests tobacco grown on his own plantation, in a Powhatan Indian hand-made Pipe.

An Authentic American Treasure

The natives who have been making Powhatan Pipes for centuries are rapidly disappearing. Their children seem unwilling to do the necessary primitive and tedious work. Manual clay pipe-making, probably America’s oldest industry, will soon be only a tradition.

Today the Powhatan Pipe is more than a source of peaceful, contented smoking enjoyment. It is a collector’s prize, an authentic American treasure. In a few years it will be generally unobtainable.

This company is the world’s sole producer of genuine Indian pipes. Since 1739 it has preserved this historic industry. Its clay deposit in Appomattox County, Virginia, holds the only clay discovered as ideal for Indian pipes. The trade-mark and name, “Original Powhatan Indian Pipe,” is its exclusive property.

Yet the famous Powhatan Pipe is very low in price, as for many years past, giving the consumer a splendid value, and the jobber and retailer a profit unheard of in the tobacco trade.

PRICE LIST
(EFFECTIVE NOVEMBER 15, 1941)
[_See Page 6 for Jobber’s Discounts_]

POWHATAN HAND-MADE PIPES

Individually packaged in attractive rustic container, Historical Booklet, instruction tag, and two 10″ reed stems—one curved, one straight, ready for mailing.

Gross $48.00
Minimum order ¼ Gross
_Retails for from 50¢ to $1.00_

Buy Pipes Made in America—For American Smokers!

POWHATAN COUNTER DISPLAY

Twelve Powhatan Pipes, each with Historical Booklet, instruction tag, and extra 10″ straight stem included.

DOZEN TO DISPLAY CARD
Gross $48.00
Minimum order ¼ Gross.

(_Display card illustrated on Page 3 of this Catalog._)

Page 10

Powhatan Machine-Made

Machine-made Powhatan, fitted with cork closures and 10″ reed stems, bowls trade-marked. Packed 50 to the box with stems. 25¢ Retailer. Price, $4.00 per box.

Akron Shaker

Machine moulded from fire clay, hard-burned and glazed; a stone pipe fitted with 5″ reed stem. Packed 100 to a box with stems. 15¢ Retailer. Price, $3.00 per box.

Powow Shaker

Stone pipe, smooth finish, glazed, fitted with 5″ reed stem. Packed 100 to a box with stems. 15¢ Retailer. Price, $3.00 per box.

Ole Virginny Shaker

Heavier stone pipe, attractive finish, fitted with 5″ reed stem. Packed 100 to box with stems. 15¢ Retailer. Price, $3.00 per box.

Wigwam Shaker.

Real character distinguishes this attractive stone pipe, fitted with 5″ reed stem. Packed 100 to box with stems. 15¢ Retailer. Price, $3.00 per box.

Shaker Assortment.

An assortment of 25 each of the four above described stone pipes, 100 pipes, fitted with 5″ reed stem. Packed 100 to box. 15¢ Retailer. Price, $3.50 per box.

Stems can be furnished straight or bent. Additional Stems and Stems Extra Length Can Be Supplied at Slight Extra Cost.

_Send Money Order or Check with Order to Save Time._

Terms: 20% Cash With Order. Net 30 Days.

Page 11

Akron Hamburg
(_Similar to Akron Shaker_)

Machine-made from Virginia Clay, hard-burned, attractive red color. Also made in white. Packed 100 to box with 5″ reed stems. 10¢ Retailer. Price, $2.50 per box.

Powow Hamburg
(_Similar to Powow Shaker_)

Machine-made from Virginia Clay, hard-burned, an attractive small bowl. Packed 100 to box with 5″ reed stems. 10¢ Retailer. Price, $2.50 per box.

Ole Virginny Hamburg
(_Similar to Ole Virginny Shaker_)

Machine-made from finest fire-clay, hard-burned, white, simulates meerschaum, one of the most popular shapes. Also made in red. Packed 100 to box with 5″ reed stems. 10¢ Retailer. Price, $2.70 per box.

Wigwam Hamburg
(_Similar to Wigwam Shaker_)

Machine-made from Virginia Clay, hard-burned. Choice of red or white. Shape appeals to young and old. Packed 100 to box with 5″ reed stems. 10¢ Retailer. Price, $2.70 per box.

Hamburg Assortment

An assortment of 25 each of the four above described clay pipes, 100 pipes, fitted with 5″ reed stems. Packed 100 to box with stems. 15¢ Retailer. Price, $2.85 per box.

Stems can be furnished straight or bent. Additional Stems and Stems Extra Length Can Be Supplied at Slight Extra Cost.

_Send Money Order or Check with Order to Save Time._

Terms: 20% Cash With Order. Net 30 Days.

Page 12

The Tomahawk Pipe—A Real Novelty

Moulded from hand-engraved brass die, of finest quality fire clay, hard-burned and glazed. An attractive item for carnivals, conventions, fairs, club meetings, etc. Packed 200 to box, with 5″ reed stems. Price, $13.50 per box.

To the Trade

JOBBER’S DISCOUNTS

Apply ONLY When Whole Order Is Shipped At
SAME Time
10 to 20 Boxes 20%
21 to 40 Boxes 25%
41 to 100 Boxes 30%
101 to 500 Boxes 35%

In addition to the 10 styles of Indian Pipes illustrated and quoted in this folder, we make many other styles of Indian Clay and Stone Pipes. Orders for additional designs—for Advertising, Souvenirs, Gifts, Tourists, Fairs, Exhibitions, and Special Purposes—are solicited. We can make any style of pipe that can be made from either Virginia Red Clay or Fire Clay. Our own designers and artists are at your service. _We invite your inquiries._ Samples will be mailed promptly to rated firms.

(Note: If you have a friend to whom you would like for us to send one of these folders, please write. It will be sent promptly.)

_This Is An
“Original”
Powhatan Pipe_

Made entirely by hand in a primitive way, from hand-carved moulds several centuries old, by natives in Appomattox County, Va. Succeeding generations, dating back to the earliest days of America, have practiced the ancient art of making these Indian pipes by hand. The slow, tedious work, requiring innate skill, is not attractive to the moderns. This art is rapidly disappearing. Soon the genuine Powhatan Pipe will be generally unobtainable. This Pipe, therefore, will become a rare and cherished antique and keepsake.

This Powhatan Pipe is an original, made exactly like those the Indians used prior to the coming of the white man to America, and as smoked in the early colonies and in England following Sir Walter Raleigh’s introduction of tobacco into that country. The clay is porous and the old Virginia reed stem also absorbs the nicotine. To clean the pipe according to the old Virginia method, remove the stem and place the bowl into the fire-place. This will burn out the absorbed nicotine without in any way harming the pipe. New stems may be obtained from your tobacconist.

PAMPLIN INDIAN PIPE CO.,
Pamplin, Va., U. S. A.

THE UTLAUT SITE (23SA162W): AN ONEOTA-HISTORIC MISSOURI BURIAL SITE

by
Patricia J. O’Brien and Kevin Hart

The Utlaut site (23SA162W) is located on the floodplain of the Missouri River about one mile west of Malta Bend, Saline County, Missouri and approximately two miles northwest of the junction of Highway 65 and 127.

The site is situated on land owned by Oscar John of Sweet Springs, Missouri and was farmed by Ryland Utlaut of Grand Pass. Both kindly allowed us to excavate there. We were directed to the site by J. M. “Buster” Crick of Corder, Missouri, a local collector who had been finding ceramics which looked “Mississippian.” His aid was invaluable, for without it this work could not have been done.

Scattered occupational debris was found covering an area ca. 100 feet in diameter around our test, but the major materials recovered, in six burials, seem not to be related to the surface debris. Those materials will be reported in a later paper dealing with site 23SA162, the Cole Lake Sand Ridge site.

As mentioned, the Utlaut site is situated on the floodplain of the river. The area, though, is in reality an old beach of the Missouri, formed when the river swung south of its present course and came near Grand Pass. Because the soil was almost pure sand, all of it was screened.

The initial test was an east-west trench comprising five alternating squares (Fig. 2). Burial materials were found between stakes 35W and 55W north and south of the 0 line (Fig. 2). Remains of five burials were recovered. While a few bones were treated as a separate burial in the field (Burial 5), they were found to be related to Burial 2 on completion of the analysis. The bones in burials 1 through 5 were in very poor condition, and because of cultivation many are missing.

BURIAL DESCRIPTIONS

The osteological analysis of the skeletal remains found in Appendix I is by the junior author and Clark Larsen. The descriptions to follow will focus on the cultural nature of the burials.

_Burial 1._ This is an adult male. The body was extended and oriented on a northeast-southwest axis with the head northeast. Although a vessel was found in the same square as the burial, it is thought that it belongs to Burial 4. One projectile point was found just east of the neck. Due north by about one foot was a biface chopper/scraper. These artifacts may be associated with this burial (Figs. 2 and 3).

_BURIAL 6_
_Pot_
_BURIAL 2_
_Child’s skull_
_Pot_
_Shell Spoon_
_BURIAL 3_
_Scraper_
_BURIAL 4_
_Pot_
_Biface_
_BURIAL_
_Projectile point_
_Bundled bones_

The projectile point is triangular, of tan-cream chert and is 3.1 cm. long, 1.44 cm. wide and 0.25 cm. thick (Fig. 4a). It is a typical Mississippian/Oneota point. The biface was cream colored with cortex present. There is a scraper edge on the long axis on one side (Fig. 4b). It is 14.0 cm. long, 9.9 cm. wide, and 3.1 cm. thick.

One of the most interesting aspects of this 35+ year old male burial is the possible “trophy” skeletal materials placed on the knee area. Remains of three persons and possibly a fourth were found in a fragmentary condition, and while some of the long bones were intact, the cranial remains present were shattered. Two explanations seem most obvious: (1) the remains are the result of some type of human sacrifice, or (2) they are secondary burial of remains disturbed from their original location. These ideas will be more fully explored later in the paper.

_Burial 2._ The skeletal material recovered from this burial was very fragmentary and the actual number of individuals involved could be three rather than the two suggested in the anatomical analysis. No complete skeleton was found, rather a series of jumbled long bones with the femur head facing southwest (Figs. 2 and 5), suggesting an extended burial on a northeast-southwest axis. At the knee area was found a skull which showed evidence of burning. This data, even more than that of Burial 1, suggests “human sacrifice” or some such exotic behavior. Because some of the long bones were burnt too, it is possible the firing occurred as a part of the burial ritual. At the northeastern end of the burial was found a child’s skull; its relationship to the adult is unclear at this time.

Also associated with Burial 2 was a ceramic vessel and a fresh water mollusc spoon (Fig. 6a-b). The spoon was very fragile and crumbled on cleaning. The vessel was a small globular jar with an everted rim and two strap handles. On the shoulder of the vessel below the handles were incised double nestled chevrons, while two single incised lines ran vertically from neck to base between the handles (Fig. 6a). The handles had double incised lines on them. The vessel was shell tempered with a slight scalloping of the lip. It was 7.63 cm. high, the orifice was 6.27 and 6.07 cm. in diameter, while the shoulder was 9.95 and 9.5 cm. in diameter. The vessel seems to be a typical Oneota form.

_Burial 3._ This burial was extended with head to the northeast and body on a northeast-southwest axis (Fig. 7). It was a child’s, and the only grave goods associated with it was a chert scraper (Fig. 4c). It was found south of the pelvic area. It is cream chert, is 3.39 cm. long, 1.78 cm. wide and 0.6 cm. thick. Anterioral and posterioral flattening of the frontal and occipital region is marked on this individual’s skull.

_Burial 4._ The burial when found was highly fragmentary; the legs are all that remain. No artifacts were found with it. Alignment of the legs indicates that the head was to the northeast and the body was on a northeast-southwest axis. However, in the process of analyzing these data it was discovered that by projecting the former location of the missing head and torso, this burial seems to be associated with the isolated pot from square 0-40W. As figures 2 and 8 show, the vessel would have been placed beside the left shoulder.

This oval-shaped vessel has 14 rows of punctations running around the whole surface. There are two strap handles each with two incised lines placed vertical to the rim (Fig. 6c-d). The rim has been damaged by the plow. Orifice size is 8.21 cm. at the handles and 7.7 cm. between them. It is 12.36 by 13.2 cm. at the shoulder and 8.15 cm. high (incomplete).

Vessels with similar extensive all-over punctation are reported from the Lower Mississippi River Valley and called Parkin Punctated (Phillips, Ford and Griffin 1951:Fig. 94). But a vessel with extensive punctation over the upper two-thirds of it, with some zoned punctates in parallel lines below the handles, has been reported from Gumbo Point (23SA4), an historic Missouri site about a mile and a quarter to the northeast (Chapman 1959:Fig. 36).

Henning (1970) does not report such a design from the Utz site nor other nearby Oneota sites. This tempts one to suggest the vessel has stronger affinities to the historic Missouri than to the Oneota component nearby.

_Burial 5._ These highly fragmentary remains probably belong with the child in Burial 2. They were found in the northeast corner of square 5N-50W which is just north of the area of the child’s skull in Burial 2.

_Burial 6._ This individual was interred in a different pattern from the others. It was semi-flexed with the head and shoulders slumped forward and down as if the burial pit was not large enough to hold him (Figs. 2 and 9). Rodents had run through the chest area and gnawed some of the bone.

Grave goods consisted of a whole vessel and glass trade beads. The vessel, which was at his knee, was a globular jar having two strap handles with four incised lines running vertically from the rim, and double nestled chevrons below them. The chevron was filled with narrow-line, incised punctates (Fig. 10a-b). The rim was damaged. The vessel is 10.5 by 11.7 cm. at the orifice, 16.3 by 18.0 cm. at the shoulder and 12.8 cm. high, making it slightly oval in shape.

Two kinds of beads were found. One was a “seed” bead _ca._ 0.18 cm. in diameter with a 0.05 cm. hole. There were 202 of these found in the sand around the head and shoulders. They may have been in the hair. All were turquoise in color. The second kind included three larger specimens—two turquoise blue and one black. The blue were 0.66 x 0.84 cm., 0.8 x 0.75 cm. and 0.82 x 0.63 cm. in diameter and length. The first had a 0.2 cm. hole and the others 0.18 cm. The black was 0.58 x 0.58 cm. with a 0.12 cm. hole. These beads were found in the area of the left wrist.

These materials are historic trade goods, and are not significantly different from those at Gumbo Point (Chapman 1959) or at the Utz site (Robert T. Bray, personal communication). Although these materials could be the result of English or even American trading activities, it is thought they are French, for the following reasons.

It is probable that this individual was a member of the Gumbo Point late Missouri village which may date 1727-1777 A.D. (Chapman 1959:63). This village was very near Fort Orleans which dates 1723-1728 A.D. (Bray 1961a:216-219). At the same time, this burial is associated with others which have no trade goods and apparently are completely prehistoric. Therefore, one could argue that the body was interred at the time of the proto-historic-historic boundary for that village. That boundary would be about 1727 A.D. if Chapman’s (1959:2) assumed dating of the beginning of the village following the abandonment of the Utz site is correct.

However, it could be argued that Burial 6 had nothing to do with the Oneota burials with it, and that the body could date as late as 1777 A.D. But for that to be so, we would have to assume it was just chance that of the several old beaches in that field this Indian was placed right in an earlier burial area. Rather, it seems more reasonable to have the cemetery area known and indeed the burials marked, so that the interment could take place without disturbing them.

Whether the Missouri Indians marked their graves cannot be stated, as no data on their mortuary practices are known. We do know that the Winnebago placed a post at the head of a grave (Radin 1923:144), and as the Missouri and Winnebago are both Chiwere Sioux, it is possible that this is an old shared trait. If this is so, and if the 1727 A.D. dating is correct, the trade goods are probably French as they were extremely active in this area at this early date.

DISCUSSION

Two separate, but related, cultural components are present at the site: Oneota and historic Missouri. Burials 1 through 4 were originally supine extended interments, although they have suffered much from plowing, and their associated artifacts indicate a general Oneota affiliation. Burial 4 with its punctated vessel though is probably late, bordering on the late proto-historic-historic Missouri line. Burial 6, with its glass trade beads, is historic, and since the Gumbo Point site (23SA4), a historic Missouri village dating around 1727-1777 A.D., is only one and a quarter miles to the northeast of the Utlaut site, the burial is probably an Indian of that village.

The following data on Oneota burial practices can be extracted from these data. Individuals are buried in a supine extended position on a northeast-southwest axis. In three cases, Burials 1, 3 and 4, the head is to the northeast; in one, Burial 2, it is southwest. Grave goods of pots, projectile point, shell spoon or scraper were present but seemingly not very diagnostic of social position, although the pots may be associated only with children here (Burials 2 and 4). Also, unless one assumes everyone was buried at the same time, it seems that the graves were marked so people could be interred over a period of time without disturbing early graves, and so they could be aligned with each other.

Two adults seem to have “trophy” skeletal materials with them: a skull on the knees of Burial 2 (burnt) and many fragments of three and possibly four people on the lower legs of Burial 1. Bray (1961b:17-19) reports a “trophy head” with an Orr focus Oneota burial at the Flynn site, and glass trade beads with it point to this being an historic Ioway trait. Because there is no historic data on Missouri Indian burial practices, it is not possible now to tell if the trait is associated with them nor just what it may mean.

One could explain the skeletal remains, especially those with Burial 1 as secondary interments of graves which were somehow disturbed. In which case the term “trophy” would be inappropriate and misleading. This possibility is found in the fact that the Winnebago had two burial patterns: inhumation and platform associated with the phratry divisions of the culture, although the latter practice died out in historic times (Radin 1923:140). Since the Missouri are related to the Winnebago it is possible that these materials are inhumed platform burials.

However, the presence of single skulls with Burial 2, burnt too, and with an Ioway at the Flynn site cannot be explained that easily. The skull on the knees of Burial 2 was burnt at the time of interment as the knee area was also burned. Then too, if one was collecting platform burial remains to be inhumed, more than just the skulls would be lying about to be collected. Again if we look at the Winnebago we get some interesting data. In a discussion of grave-post markings, Radin (1923:155) points out that a warrior who had killed a man and cut off his head received a special grave-post signifying the deed. Unfortunately, he does not tell us if the head was buried with him.

As can be seen by the above discussion, there are data to support both interpretations, and indeed, maybe these burials in fact are the result of both sets of behavior rather than only one set.

A comparison of the Utlaut site Oneota burials with other Oneota burial data follows. From the Leary site in Nebraska Wedel reports (1935:25-26) two types of interments: (1) supine burials with beads to the north (3), east (3) or south (2). Associated with them are knives, hematite and a bison hoe as grave goods. (2) Bundled or jumbled bones within a pit and probably removed from scaffolds. Bass reports (1961) a body without head, semi-flexed on its back and left side.

Myers and Bass (n.d.) give the following data on Oneota burial material from Iowa. At the Hartley site (13AM103) in Allamakee County, Burial 1 was primary extended with head west and face north. It was a child about ten years old and with it was a pot and chert knife. Burial 2 was a female, 20-30 years old, primary extended with head northeast and no artifacts. Burial 3 was a child, 10-13 years old with a pot. It was a secondary burial. Burial 4 was a female, 20-30 years of age, primary extended with head to the east. A bison scapula hoe was with it. Burial 5 was a male, 25-35 years old; it was a primary one with the body in a semi-sitting position and head on chest. The head faced northwest and the face was down. No grave goods were present. Burial 7 was a secondary bundled indeterminate adult. Burial 8 was a female, 18-28 years, primary extended burial with head to the northwest and no artifacts. Burial 10 was a nine year old child, primary extended with head to east. A pot was associated with it (Myers and Bass n.d.:7-11).

At the Blood Run site (13L02) in Lyon county, five burials were reported by Myers and Bass (n.d.). Burial 1 was a 3 to 4 year old child. It was extended in a pit in a mound with head facing northwest. Associated were copper earrings, two wooden tubes at the ears and a rim sherd at the right elbow. Burial 2 was a 30-40 year old male, extended supine with head northwest and no artifacts. Burial 3 was a 35-45 year old male, extended with head north and face to the east. It may be burnt on the left side. Associated was a catlinite pipe and a shell bead. Burial 4 was a male, 21-28 years of age, extended supine with head northeast and no artifacts. Finally, Burial 5 was a 2-3 year old child, associated with Burial 2; the grave goods were three blue glass beads (Myers and Bass n.d.:35-40).

At Correctionville site the burials are reported as extended supine (Myers and Bass n.d.:43). At the Flynn site (13AM51) in Allamakee county ten burials were recovered (Bray 1961b: 15-18). Burial 1 was a fully extended, supine adult with head to north. Associated were a raven skull, two bone beads, two shell beads, two copper or brass ornaments, a bone pendant and a small animal scapula. Burial 2 was a fully extended supine adult with head north. Associated were a pumice lump, red ochre, rolled copper or brass tubes, chert flakes and a belt of rolled copper or brass beads. Burial 3 was a fully extended supine adult with two triangular projectile points and some small animal bones. Burial 4 was a fully extended supine adult oriented east-west. No trade goods were found; only aboriginal bone whistles, a heron beak, a bone tube and a squirrel skull. Burial 5 was an adult oriented north-south and accompanied by many offerings: a pot, a fresh water clam shell, 100 copper/brass beads, 12 copper/brass bracelets, sheet copper, two steel knives, a steel awl, chert flakes, glass beads and “bead” girdle as in Burial 1. Burial 6 was a fully extended supine adult with a north-south orientation, with the head north. Artifact associations were blue and green glass beads, a beaver incisor, chert flakes, a polished bison rib, a beaded girdle as with Burials 1 and 5 and a “trophy” human skull at the left knee area. Burial 7 was different because it was deeper, under slabs of rock, and in a pit. Present was a child’s skull and two carnivore jaws. Burials 8 and 9 were incomplete and damaged, but seem to have been an adult and a 30-month old child. Burial 10 was a fetus or newborn infant.

Ten burials are reported (Henning 1970:120-212) from the Utz site (23SA2), the nearest large Oneota site just a few miles east of the Utlaut site. Position, sex and age are known only for a few. Burial 3 was a 27 year old male, fully extended with a mussel shell, sheet copper and bone tube. Burial 4 consisted of two adults, but only one complete, fully extended 40 year old female. Burial 5 was a 30 year old male with a bone awl, a deer phalanx and worked hematite. Burial 7 was a 35 year old male with knives and abrader. Burial 8 was fully extended, 35 years old, male, covered with red ochre and was accompanied by several chert flakes. He may have died of wounds, since a projectile point was found in the cervical vertebrae. Finally, in the summer of 1970 an adult male was found in a storage/trash pit at the site (Robert T. Bray, personal communication).

Having reviewed the data on Oneota burials in Nebraska, Iowa and Missouri, the following hypotheses or assertions or guesses are offered concerning the general character of Oneota mortuary practices. Hopefully they will be tested in the future when more, especially descriptive, data become available.

(1) The bodies typically seem to be supine and fully extended.

(2) Orientation to a specific cardinal point does not seem to be involved as they range all around the compass.

(3) There appears to be some evidence that the graves were marked.

(4) Although most burials have some grave goods material, some do not. Except for the “trophy” material and the fact that some of the historic burials have more artifacts, there do not seem to be marked differences in the wealth of the burials. Possibly each individual is accompanied by some personal tool or ornament. At the Flynn, Hartley and Utlaut sites, burials of children are accompanied by ceramic vessels—at the Blood Run site, with a rim sherd. If this is a pattern, it changed in historic times because burials with pots and trade goods are adult (Flynn, B. 5, and Utlaut, B. 6).

(5) The lack of rich burials in the proto-historic (Oneota) period and their presence in the historic suggests a process of social stratification may be occurring because of new wealth. But this may be more apparent than real, if the “trophy” material at the Utlaut site was the proto-historic means of marking status to be replaced in the historic period by trade goods. If that is so, then it would suggest some social stratification in Oneota continuing through to the known historic Missouri chiefs.

_Acknowledgments._ The senior author is pleased to acknowledge the support of Kansas State University’s Bureau of General Research for a 1970 Summer Fellowship. The fellowship made possible this research. The cooperation of Robert T. Bray, Director, Lyman Archaeological Research Center, University of Missouri, is gratefully acknowledged for his help and many kindnesses throughout this work. To him, and my other colleagues: Alfred E. Johnson and W. Raymond Wood, who all helped to run the joint Midwestern Archaeological Field School in the summer of 1970 go my thanks. William M. Bass kindly loaned me the Myers and Bass manuscript which was most appreciated as it was essential for this analysis. Finally, thanks are due to the students of the field school who excavated these materials: Mike Gilman, Tom Green, Kevin Hart, Ann Hirsh and Donna Roper, for without their good spirits and effort the work could not have been done.

REFERENCES CITED

ANDERSON, J. E.
1969 _The Human Skeleton: A Manual for Archaeologists._ National
Museum of Canada, Ottawa.
BASS, WILLIAM M.
1971 Personal Communication.
BASS, WILLIAM M.
1961 1960 Excavations at the Leary Site, Richardson County,
Nebraska 25RH1. _Plains Anthropologist_, 6: 31, 201-202.
BRAY, ROBERT T.
1961a The Missouri Indian Tribe in Archaeology and History.
_Missouri Historical Review_, LV: 3, 213-225. Columbia.
1961b The Flynn Cemetery: An Orr Focus Oneota Burial Site in
Allamakee County, Iowa. _Journal of the Iowa Archaeological
Society_, 10: 4, 15-25.
BROTHWELL, DON R.
1963 _Digging Up Bones._ British Museum, London.
HENNING, DALE R.
1970 Development and Interrelationships of Oneota Culture in the
Lower Missouri River Valley. _The Missouri Archaeologist_,
Vol. 32, Whole Volume. Columbia.
KROGMAN, WILTON M.
1962 _The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine._ Charles C.
Thomas, Springfield, Illinois.
MCKERN, THOMAS W. AND T. D. STEWART
1957 _Skeletal Age Changes in Young American Males._ Technical
Report EP-45, Quartermaster Research and Development Center,
U.S. Army, Natick, Massachusetts.
MORSE, DAN
1969 _Ancient Disease in the Midwest._ Reports of Investigations
No. 15, Illinois State Museum.
MYERS, JUDY A. AND WILLIAM M. BASS
n.d. An Analysis of the Human Skeletal Material from Some Oneota
Sites. Unpublished Manuscript.
TROTTER, MILDRED AND GOLDEN C. GLESER
1958 A Re-evaluation of Estimation of Stature Based on
Measurements of Stature During Life and of Long Bones After
Death. _American Journal of Physical Anthropology_, 16: 1,
79-124. Philadelphia.
PHILLIPS, P., J. A. FORD AND J. B. GRIFFIN
1951 Archaeological Survey in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial
Valley, 1940-1947. _Papers of the Peabody Museum of American
Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University_, Vol. XXV.
Cambridge.
RADIN, PAUL
1923 _The Winnebago Tribe._ Thirty-seventh Annual Report of the
Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution.

APPENDIX I
SKELETAL REMAINS FROM THE UTLAUT SITE

by
Kevin Hart and Clark Larsen

The following paper reports the osteological data on the burials from the Utlaut site. The authors are indebted to Dr. William M. Bass, formerly of the University of Kansas, now Chairman, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, for his encouragement and criticisms on this paper, and especially for his training while Visiting Professor of Anthropology at Kansas State University in the Spring, 1971. He is, of course, not responsible for any errors on our part.

_Burial 1_
Sex: Male
Age: 35⁺
Stature: 5′8″ ± 1.28″ (173.46 cm ± 3.24 cm)

Burial One is a middle aged male in good condition, represented by an almost complete skeleton. Of the major bones, only the left radius, right ulna and left clavicle are absent, along with the second cervical, four thoracic and one lumbar vertebra. Except for eight phalanges of the hand, all of the hand and feet bones are also missing.

The sex of the individual is based on several factors. First, the width of the femur head is 46 mm., within the male range according to Krogman (1962:143-146). The skull is characterized by heavy brow ridges, blunt upper edges of the eye orbits, and a general overall ruggedness indicating a male. The pelvis, however, does have a wider than usual sciatic notch for a male.

Despite some erosion, the pubic symphyses show a breakdown of the symphyseal rim and face indicating an age of 38⁺ (McKern and Stewart:83). Endocranial suture closure is complete, suggesting an approximate age of at least 40. Thirdly, toothwear on the remaining molars seem to follow the pattern in Brothwell (1963:69) for the 35-45 age group.

The Stature was calculated using the formula 1.22 (Femur and Tibia) + 70.37 ± 3.24 (Trotter and Gleser 1958:120).

Both the tibiae (Fig. 11) and fibulae show evidence of inflammation of the Periosteum (Periostitis), similar to cases noted in Morse (1969:108). In addition, one lumbar vertebra has an anomalous growth on it, and the chin of the individual protrudes abnormally. The hole in the skull shown in the burial picture is the result of an accident in the excavation.

Resting on and around the knees of Burial One were a number of whole bones and bone fragments of at least three other individuals.

_Sex_ _Age_ _Stature_

Male 30⁺ ——
—— 30⁺ ——
—— —— ——

These bones were laid in a haphazard manner. Most of the larger post cranial bones are represented by fragments from two separate individuals, but there are parts of three left femora present and possibly four. The poor condition of the fourth femur fragment left the side in doubt. The skull fragments are from at least two different persons. Mixed in with these human bones are two tibia fragments from a deer.