Chapter XXIV: Some Hints on Making a Regulator (2)

In arranging the size of the wheels in a regulator, the diameters of the center and third wheels are determined by the distance between the center of the minute and the center of the seconds hand circle on the dial. As the dials of regulators are usually engraved after the dial plates have been fitted, and as the position of the holes in the dial for the center and scape wheel pivots to come through determines the size of the seconds circle, it may be well to mention here that, for a twelve-inch dial, two and a half inches is a good distance for the center of the minute circle to be from the center of the seconds circle. Consequently the center and third wheels must be made of such a diameter as will raise the scape wheel arbor two and a half inches from the center arbor, and the other wheels must be made proportionally larger, according to the number of teeth they contain.

We all know what a difficult matter it is to make a cutter that will cut a tooth of the proper shape; but when the cutter is once made and carefully used, we also know that it will cut or finish a great number of wheels without injury. For this reason, those who are contemplating making only one, or at most but a few regulators, will find the work will be greatly simplified by making the wheels of a diameter proportionate to the number of teeth they contain, and for all practical purposes the cutter that cuts or finishes the teeth of one wheel will be sufficiently accurate for the others. If we make all the pinions with the same number of leaves they will also all be nearly of the same diameter, and may be cut, or rather the cutting operation may without any great impropriety be finished with one cutter.

An opinion prevails among a certain class of workmen that the teeth of the great wheel and leaves of the center pinion should be made larger and stronger than the other wheels and pinions, because there is a greater strain upon them than on the other. However reasonable this idea may seem, a little consideration will show that in the case of a regulator, with a Graham escapement, where so little motive power is required to keep it in motion, an arrangement of this nature is altogether unnecessary. The smallest teeth ever used in any class of regulators are strong enough for the great wheel; and if there be a greater amount of strain on the teeth of the great wheel in comparison with the teeth of the third wheel, for example, then make the great wheel itself proportionately thicker, as is usually done, according to the extra amount of strain that it is to bear. The teeth of wheels and the leaves of pinions wear more from imperfect construction than from any want of a sufficient amount of metal in them.

If we assume the distance between the center of the minute and the center of the seconds circle to be 2½ inches, and also assume that the clock will have a seconds pendulum, and all the pinions have 12 leaves, and the barrel make one turn in 12 hours, then the following is the diameter the wheels will require to be, so that the teeth may all be cut with one cutter, and also the number of teeth for each wheel:

Great wheel 144 teeth.
Diameter 3.40 inches for the pitch circumference.

Hour wheel 144 teeth.
Diameter 3.40 inches for the pitch circumference.

Center wheel 96 teeth.
Diameter 2.26 inches for the pitch circumference.

Third wheel 90 teeth.
Diameter 2.11 inches for the pitch circumference.

Scape wheel 30 teeth.
Diameter 1.75 inches for the pitch circumference.

The number of arms or crosses to be put in a wheel is usually decided by the taste of the person making the clock. There is, however, another view of the subject, which I would like to mention. With the same weight of metal a wheel will be stronger with six arms than with four or five, and as lightness, combined with strength, should be the object aimed at in making wheels, I prefer six arms to four or five for the wheels of a regulator.

Figs. 157 and 158 are front and side elevations of the proposed regulator movement, showing the size and position of the wheels, the size of the frames, the positions of the pillars, dial feet, etc. The dotted large circular lines on Fig. 157 show the position the hour, minutes, and seconds circles will occupy on the dial. According to the ordinary rules of drawing, the dotted lines would infer that the movement is in front of the dial, and perhaps it may be necessary to explain that in the present instance these lines are made dotted solely with the view of making the diagram more distinct, and are not intended to represent the dial to be at the back of the movement. A is the barrel, B is the great wheel, which turns once in twelve hours; C is the hour wheel, which works into the great wheel, and also turns once in twelve hours; D is the center wheel, which turns once in an hour, and carries the minute hand; E is the third wheel, and F is the scape wheel, which turns once in a minute and carries the seconds hand; G is the pallets; H the pillars, and I is the dial feet; J is the maintaining power click, and K shows the position of the cord. Neither the hour or great wheels project over the edge of the frame, and it will be observed that a clock of this arrangement is remarkable for its simplicity, having only four wheels and three pinions, with the addition of the scape wheel and the barrel ratchets. There are no motion or dial wheels, the wheel C turning once in 12 hours, carrying the hour hand. The size and shape of the frames and the position of the pillars, allows the dial feet to be placed so that the screws which hold the dial will appear in symmetrical positions on the dial.

Formerly the term “astronomical” was applied to clocks which indicated the motions and times of the earth, moon, and other celestial bodies, but at present we may take it as indicating such as are used in astronomical observatories. In all essential particulars they are the same as first-class watchmakers’ regulators, the most obvious departure being that the hour hand is made to revolve only once a day, the dial being divided into twenty-four hours. This only requires an intermediate wheel and pinion in the motion work, and, assuming the hour hand to be driven from the center arbor, there will be the usual hour and minute wheels and cannon pinion. The most suitable ratio for these are ¼ and ⅙ = ¹/₂₄, and, as any numbers, being multiples, may be used, they may as well be selected so as to be cut with the same tools as the wheels of the train. Two pinions of 20 and wheels of 80 and 120 suit very well; 20 ÷ 80 and 20 ÷ 120 = ²⁰/₈₀ × ²⁰/₁₂₀ = ⁴⁰⁰/₉₆₀₀ = ¹/₂₄, and the hands will both go in the same direction.

Some astronomical clocks show mean solar, and others sidereal time; this requires no structural alteration, merely a little shortening of the pendulum in the latter case, which can be done with the regulating nut.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

A
Addendum, 202, 218, 220
Angular Motion, 103, 112
Automatic Pinion Cutter, 245, 247
“ “ Drill, 249
“ Wheel and Pinion Cutter, 254

C
Calendar, Simple, 351
“ Perpetual, 354, 356, 358
Center Distances, 105, 111, 202
Chimes, Laying out, 370, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425
Chimes Westminster, 372
Click, Position of, 288
Cock, 482
Compensated Rod, Steel and Zinc, 42
Counter-poising Hands, 443
Count hook, Position, of, 305
Count Wheel Striking Train, 302, 303, 311, 314, 315, 316, 322, 324
Cuckoo Bellows and Pipe, 328

D
Dedendum, 202
Dial Work, 295
Diameters of Wheels, Getting, 196

E
Eight-day Count Wheel, Time and Striking Trains, 299, 309
Eight-day Snail Strike, 342
Electric Chimes, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425
Electric Clocks, Pendulum Driven, 377, 379, 381, 382
Electric Clocks, Weight Driven, 394, 395, 396, 398
Epicycloid, 206, 219, 239
Escape Wheel, Cutting, 122, 124
“ “ Drawing to fit Pallets, 120
Escapement, Anchor, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147
“ Brocot’s Visible, 127, 129
“ Cylinder, 164, 165, 166, 167, 177, 179, 181, 183
“ Dead Beat, 117, 118
“ Drum, 148
“ Gravity, 152, 154, 157, 159, 161
“ Pin, 185, 194
“ Pin Wheel, 136, 137
“ Recoil, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147
“ to draw the, 114

F
Friction Springs, 294

G
Grandfather clocks, 352

H
Hypocycloid, 206

K
Keyhole Plates, 289

L
Lever Escapement for Clocks, 193
Levers, the Elements of, 99, 100, 101

M
Maintaining Powers, 285, 286, 287, 291

P
Pallets, Drawing, 116
Pendulum Brackets, 32
“ Mercurial, 67, 71, 75
“ Torsion, 92, 93, 94, 95
“ Oscillation of, 10, 14, 21
“ Rieffler, 50, 75
Perpetual Calendar Clocks, 354, 356, 358
“ Brocot, 360, 362, 363, 364, 366
Pinion Drill, 251
Pitch Diameter, 202, 218, 219, 220, 239
Plate, Jeweling, 475, 476
Posts, 480
Precision Clock Room, 452

Q
Quarter Chiming Snail Trains, 341
Quail and Cuckoo Train, 322, 324

R
Rack, Division of, 335
Regulator Trains, 465, 467, 479
Rounding-Up Wheels, 220, 224

S
Secondary Dials, 416
Self Winding Clocks, 400, 401, 404, 406, 408, 412
Ship’s Bell Train, 314, 315, 316
Slide Gauge Lathe, 241
“ “ Tools, 243
Snail, Laying Out, 337
“ Striking Trains, 333, 342, 345, 346
Suspension Springs, 84
Synchronizing Clocks, 412, 415

W
Wheel Cutting Engine, 255
Wiring Systems, 386, 388
Wood Rod and Lead Bob, 33

Z
Zinc Bob and Wood Rod, 331

INDEX.

A
Addendum, 202
Air, Pressure of, 20
Aluminum, Compensation with, 48
Anchor Escapement, 141
Angular Measurement, Peculiarities of, 102
Apparent Time, 348
Arbors, Polishing Steel, 232
“ Straightening Bent, 231
Arc of Escapement, 93, 109, 115, 127, 138, 145, 153, 164, 186, 469
Armatures, Adjustment of, 389, 409
Astronomical Clocks, 493
“ Day, 348
Auxiliary Weights, 37

B
Balance, Vibrations of, 180
Banking, 90, 156, 160, 170, 176
Barometric Error, 20
Barrels, 244, 267, 465, 485
“ Chiming, 370
Batteries, 380
“ Dating, 392
“ Grading, 384
“ Making, 383
“ Position of, 385
“ Wiring, Methods of, 385
Beat, to put a Clock in, 89
Bells, 369
“ Ships, 315
Brocot’s Calendar, 359
“ Visible Escapement, 127, 128
Bushing, 476

C
Cables, Clock, 269
“ Lengths of, 271
Calculations of Weights, 57
Calendars, 347
“ Brocot’s, 359
“ Gregorian, 349
“ Julian, 349
“ Perpetual, 353
“ Simple, 350
Carillons, 372
Case Friction, 448
“ Temperature, 450
Cases, 446
“ Gilding, 459
“ Marble, 460
“ “ to Polish, 461
“ Polishing, 457
“ Precision Clock, 447
“ Regulator, 463
“ Restoring old, 455
Cement for Marble, 460
“ for Dials, 438
Center Distances, 110, 200
“ of Gravity, 18
“ of Oscillation, 13
“ Springs, 96, 294
Chain Drives, 271
Cheap Clocks, to clean, 187
Chime Barrels, to mark, 371
Chimes, 339, 370
“ Cambridge, 372
“ Carillon, 372
“ Electric, 420
“ Tubular, 374, 422
Circle, Pitch, 202
Circular Error, 21
“ Pitch, 215
Cleaning Cheap Clocks, 187
Clocks, Astronomical, 493
“ Cuckoo, 319, 321
“ Designing, 8
“ Four-hundred day, 91
Clocks, Glass of, 462
“ Repeating, 332
“ Room, 452
Cock, 482
Collets, 234
Compensated Pendulum Rods, 40
“ Rod, Flat, 41
“ Rods, Tubular, 48
Compensation, 450
Compensating Pendulums, 23
“ “ Bracket for, 32
Compensating Pendulums, Principles of Construction, 27
Compensating Pendulums with shot, 36
Compensating Pendulums, Wood Rod and Lead Bob, 32
Compensation Pendulums, Wood Rod and Zinc Bob, 28
Compensation Pendulums, Aluminum, 48
Cones, Rusting of, 190
Construction of Dials, 426
Contacts, Dial, 423, 425
“ Electric, 396
Contrate Wheel, 171, 375
Conversion, Table of, 18
Cords, 268
“ Lengths of, 270
Count Hook, 301, 304, 310
“ Wheel, 301, 304, 315
“ “ Train, 300
Crown Wheel, 171
Crutches, 87, 472
Cuckoo, Adjustments of, 326
“ Bellows, 328
“ Clock, Names of Parts, 323
“ Motion Work, 296
“ Repairing, 327
Cutters for Clock Trains, 196
“ Setting, 197
Cycloid, 21
Cylinder Clocks, Examination of, 171
Cylinder, End Shake, 170
“ “ Proportion of, 149
“ Side Shake, 167
“ Teeth, Shape of, 183
Cylinders, Weight of, 37

D
Day, Astronomical, 348
“ Sidereal, 348
“ Solar, 348
Dedendum, 202
Dennison Escapement, 150
Depolarizers, 381
Depthing, 200
“ Tool, 477
Designing Clocks, 8
Detached Lever Escapement, 184
Dials, Construction of, 426
“ Contacts, 423, 425
“ Enamel for, 431
“ Phosphorescent, 437
“ Repairing, 432, 438
“ Secondary, 417
“ to Clean, 436
“ “ Silver, 434
“ Varnish for, 438
Distances, Center, 200
Drawings, to read, 98
Draw of Teeth, 194
Drill, Pinion, 249, 251
Drop, 107

E
Effect of Temperature, 62
Eight Day Trains, 299
Electric Chimes, 420
“ Clocks, 376
“ “ Synchronizing, 400, 413
“ Contacts, 396
Elements, Mechanical, 98
Enamel for Dials, 431
End Shake, of Cylinder, 170, 175
End Stones, 477
Epicycloid, 206
Equation of Time, 365
Error, Barometric, 20
“ Circular, 21
“ Temperature, 22
Escape Wheel, Sizes of, 109, 133, 155, 164
“ “ To make, 109, 120, 135, 138, 150, 155, 162, 164
Escapement, Brocot’s, 127, 128
“ Cylinder, 163
“ Dennison, 150
“ Detached Lever, 184
“ Drum, 148
“ Graham, 109
“ Gravity, 150, 161
“ Le Paute’s Pin Wheel, 135
“ Pin, 185, 193
“ Recoil, 141
“ To draw Graham, 113
“ “ Pin Wheel, 138
“ “ Gravity, 152
“ Western Clock Mfg. Co., 193
Examination of Cylinders, 171
Expansion of Metals, 22

F
Fan, 308, 326
Fly for Gravity Escapement, 158
Frames, Making, 261
“ Thickness of, 474
Four-hundred Day Clocks, 91
Friction, Disengaging, 203
“ Engaging, 203
“ of Teeth, 132
“ Springs, 294

G
Gathering Pallet, 338, 344
Gilding, 459
Gong Wires, 369
Graham Escapement, 109, 467
Gravity, Center of, 18
“ Escapement, 150
Gregorian Calendar, 349

H
Half Hour Striking Work, 334, 342, 345
Hammers, 367
“ Hardening, 198, 480, 482
“ Springs, 368
“ Tail, 298, 301
Hands, 439
“ Proportions of, 440
“ To Balance, 442
“ To Blue, 444
Hour Rack, 335
“ Snail, 296, 334
“ Strike, 342
“ Wheel, 96, 293, 296, 325
Hypocycloid Curves, 206

I
Iron, Expansion of, 57
Information, Need for, 3
Isochronism, 469

J
Jeweling, 475, 477
Jewels, Pallet, 126
Julian Calendar, 349

L
Lantern Pinions, 235
Lathe, Slide Gauge, 241, 243, 246
Laws of Pendulums, 11
Lead, 22, 32
Leap Year, 349
Length of Pivots, 199
Le Paute’s Escapement, 135
Leverage of Wheels, 99
Lift, 106
Lifting Cam, 301, 331
“ Piece, 331
“ Planes, 116
“ Pins, 186
Lock, 107
Locking Hook, 301
Losing Time, 192
Lunation, 365

M
Magnets, Arrangement of, 378, 386, 389, 395, 401, 406
Mainsprings, 272, 274, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282
“ Breakage of, 281
“ Buckled, 277
“ Cleaning, 277
“ Clock, 288
“ Coil Friction, 277
“ Fusee, 279
“ Importance of Cleaning, 274
“ Length of, 280
“ Loss of Power, 274
“ Maintaining Power, 285, 291
“ Oiling, 278
“ Stop Works, 282
Maintaining Powers, 285
Mean Apparent Time, 348
Mean Time, 348
Measuring Wheels, 195
Measurement, Angular, 102
Mechanical Elements, 98
Mercurial Pendulums, 53, 60, 69
“ “ For Tower Clocks, 65
Mercury, 53, 56, 66, 70
Metals, Expansion of, 22
“ Weight of, 37
Millimeters Compared with Inches, 18
Minute Jumpers, 417
“ Wheels, 96, 293, 296, 325
Month Clocks, 260
“ Sidereal, 349
“ Synodic, 350
Moon, Phases of, 365
“ Train, 365
Motion Work, 96, 293, 296, 325

N
Need for Information, 3
Numbers, Conversion of, 201
Nut, Rating, 42, 50, 66

O
Oiling Cables, 269
Oscillation, Center of, 13
Overbanking, 90, 156, 160, 170, 176

P
Pallet Jewels, 126
Pallets, 106, 115, 121, 126, 130, 135, 139,
141, 144, 149, 153, 186, 193, 470
Pallets, To make, 119, 126
Pendulum, Isochronous, 470
“ Lengths, Table of, 10, 16
“ Rieffler, 49, 75
“ Rods, 262
“ “ Compensated, 40
“ Compensating, 23
“ Electric Driven, 376
“ Laws of, 11
“ Mercurial, 53, 60, 69
“ Sidereal, 493
“ Torsion, 91
Perpetual Calendar, 353
Phases of the Moon, 365
Pillars, Making, 240
Pinion Drill, Automatic, 249, 251
“ Making, 227, 252
“ “ Machine, Automatic, 245, 247
“ Canon, 293, 294, 295
“ Depthing, 206, 210, 217
“ Facing, 233
“ Hardening, 229
“ Lantern, 235
“ Tempering, 230
“ To Draw, 206
Pin Escapement, 185, 193
“ Wheels, 297, 301, 327
“ “ Escapement, 135
“ “ “ To Draw, 138
Pitch, Addendum, 216
“ Circle, 202
“ Circular, 215
“ Diametral, 216
Pivots, 488
“ Length of, 199
“ Proportions of, 167, 173, 199, 474
“ Side Shake, 199
Planes, Lifting, 116
Plates, Clock, 198
“ Thickness of, 474
Poising Balance Staffs, 189, 190
Polishing Steel Arbors, 232
Posts, Clock, 478
Power, 264, 265, 266, 267
“ Maintaining, 285
Putting in Beat, 89

R
Rack, Division of, 335
“ Striking Work, 331
Ratchet, 288
Rating Nut, 42, 50, 66
“ With Shot, 90
Reading Drawings, 98
Repeating Clocks, 332
Recoil Escapement, 141
Regulation, 79
Regulator Trains, 492
Regulators, Making, 463
Repairing Dials, 432, 438
Resistance Spools, 388
Rieffler Pendulum, 49, 75
Rounding-Up, 174, 221, 223
“ “ Rules for, 226
Run, 108
Rusting of Cones, 190

S
Screws, Clock, 483
Secondary Dials, 417
Self-winding Clocks, 376
Ship Bells, Striking, 313
Shot, Rating with, 90
Sidereal Day, 348
“ Month, 349
“ Pendulums, 493
“ Year, 349
Side Shake, Cylinder, 167
“ “ For Pivots, 199
Silvering Dials, 434
Simple Calendar, 350
Sizes of Teeth, 211, 213, 237
“ “ Wheels, 201
Slide Gauge Lathe, 241, 243, 244
Snail, 296, 336
“ Division of, 337
“ French System, 342
“ Quarter Striking Work, 339
“ Striking Work, 330, 340
Solar Day, 348
Sparking, to Prevent, 386
Springs, Center, 294
“ Clock, 273, 288, 307
“ Friction, 294
“ Hammer, 368
“ Main, 272, 273, 274, 277, 278, 279, 280, 282, 307
Squares, Milling, 261
Standards, Importance of, 26
Star Wheel, 332, 335
Steel, Expansion of, 57
Stop Works, 282
Straightening Bent Arbors, 231
Striking from Center Arbor, 298
“ To Correct, 306, 307
“ Trains, 297, 308, 313, 323, 330
“ “ Half Hour, 298, 308, 313
“ “ Setting Up, 307, 310, 339
“ “ To Calculate, 297
“ “ Rack, 331
“ Work, Repeating, 332
“ “ Snail, 330, 340
Supports, Pendulum, 86
Suspension, 81, 93
“ Springs, 82, 93
Synchronizing, 400, 413
Synodic Month, 350

T
Table, Lengths of Pendulum, 12, 16, 17, 34, 258
“ of Expansions, 30
“ Inches, Millimeters and French Lines, 18
“ “ Time Trains, 258, 339, 340, 492
“ “ Weights and Metals, 37
Tangent, 104
Teeth, Friction of, 132
“ Shape of Cylinder, 183
“ Shapes of, 203
“ Sizes of, 211, 213, 237
Temperature, Effect of, 62
“ Error, 22
Tempering, 229
Time, Apparent, 348
“ Equation of, 365
“ Losing, 192
“ Mean, 348
To Draw Anchor Escapement, 143, 145, 147
Top Weights, 39
Torsion Pendulums, 91
Tower Clock, Cables, 269
“ “ Dials, Sizes of, 426
“ “ Gravity Escapement for, 150
“ “ Hands, 442
“ “ Maintaining Powers, 285, 291
“ “ Motion Work, 295
“ “ Pendulums, 65
“ “ Stop Works, 287
“ “ Suspension, 65
“ “ Time Trains, 258
Trains, 330
“ Electric, 389
“ Regulator, 492
“ Table of, 258
“ To Calculate, 257, 264, 297
Tropical Year, 348
Tubular Chimes, 374, 422
Turning Tools, 481

V
Varnish for Dials, 438
“ Remover, 456
Vibrations of Balance, 180

W
Warning, 306, 312
“ Pin, 306, 312
“ Wheel, 306, 312
Weight Cords, 268
Weight of Lead, Zinc and Cast Iron Cylinders, 37
Weights, 265, 319
“ Auxiliary, 37
“ Calculations of, 27
“ Top, 39
Wheel Contrate, 171, 375
“ Crown, 171
“ Hour, 296
“ Cutting, 254
“ Leverage of, 99
“ Measuring, 195
“ Minute, 96, 293, 296, 325
“ Sizes of, 201, 490
“ Stamping, 256
“ Star, 332, 335
“ Stretching, 226
Wires, Gong, 369

Y
Year, 348
“ Leap, 349
“ Sidereal, 349
“ Tropical, 348

Z
Zinc, 54

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constant use, as the best purchasing
medium.

Please permit us to send you a copy.

The Oskamp-Nolting Co.
No. 411-413-415-417 ELM ST.
Cincinnati :: :: :: Ohio.

MOSELEY

Made Continuously Imitated—but
for over 30 years NEVER EQUALED

The Standard of Excellence

=Nothing= is overlooked in their manufacture
and =no expense= is spared to make them RIGHT.
The =Genuine= Moseley Lathe of to-day is the
result of years of painstaking, systematic and
skilled endeavor to satisfy the exacting requirements
of the most critical and experienced workmen.

Moseley Chucks are of the best quality, and are
made in all sizes; covering every need of the
Watchmaker and Repairer. These Chucks and Lathes
were manufactured by us for years under the direct
supervision of CHAS. S. MOSELEY, the inventor of the
“Split Chuck” and “Draw-n-Spindle.”

Moseley Lathes and Attachments, with plenty of
Moseley Chucks are the =secret= of =rapid=
and =accurate= work. They increase your earning
power by enabling you to do more work in a day. As
=an investment= they pay =big dividends=.

Write your JOBBER for the NEW MOSELEY
CATALOG—INSTRUCTION—REFERENCE BOOK No. 11
“YOU NEED IT EVERY DAY.”

“THERE’S NO LATHE LIKE THE =MOSELEY=”

=Clock Tools and Clock Materials
form an important and extensive
item of stock in our Tool and
Material Department, at=

PRICES THAT DEFY COMPETITION

No. 2979. Clock Main Spring Winder.
Nickel plated, $0.50

In Clock Springs, we keep the best polished only;
our stock consisting of all the most desirable widths
on the market.

If you do not possess our large Tool and Material
Catalogue, kindly send us your business card and
procure one.

We can save you time, money and annoyance; we are
anxious to make your acquaintance, as we treat our
customers with the utmost courtesy and attention.

A trial order solicited.

=Otto Young & Co.=

=Wholesale Jewelers and Importers and Jobbers
Diamonds, Watches, Clocks, Jewelry, Tools,
Materials and Optical Goods.=

=Heyworth Building, Chicago=

* * * * * *

Transcriber’s note:

Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs.

Typographical errors have been silently corrected.

The “TABLE OF CONTENTS” was added by the transcriber. It was not part
of the original text.