Chapter I: Recovery of Social Order (3)

[Footnote 3170: Albert Duruy, ibid., '94. (According to the reports of 15 central schools, from the year VI. to the year VIII.) The average for each central school is for drawing, 89 pupils; for mathematics, 28; for the classics, 24; for physics, chemistry and natural history, 19; for general grammar, 5; for history, 10; for legislation, 8: for belles-lettres, 6.--Rocquam, ibid., P.29. (Reports of Français de Nantes, on the departments of the South-east.) "There, as elsewhere, the courses on general grammar, on belles-lettres, history and legislation, are unfrequented. Those on mathematics, chemistry, Latin and drawing are better attended, because these sciences open up lucrative careers.--Ibid., p. 108. (Report by Barbé-Marboi on the Brittany departments.)]

[Footnote 3171: "Statistiques des préfets," Meurthe, by Marquis, year XIII, p.120. "In the communal schools of the rural districts, the fee was so small that the poorest families could contribute to the (teacher's) salary. Assessments on the communal property, besides, helped almost everywhere in providing the teacher with a satisfactory salary, so that these functions were sought after and commonly well fulfilled.. .. Most of the villages had Sisters of Saint-Vincent de Paul for instructors, or others well known under the name of Vatelottes."--"The partition of communal property, and the sale of that assigned to old endowments, had deprived the communes of resources which afforded a fair compensation to schoolmasters and schoolmistresses. The product of the additional centimes scarcely sufficed for administrative expenses.--Thus, there is but little else now than people without means, who take poorly compensated places; again, they neglect their, schools just as soon as they see an opportunity to earn something elsewhere."--Archives nationales, No. 1004, cartons 3044 and 3145. (Report of the councillors of state on mission in the year IX.--First military division, Report of Lacuée.) Aisne: "There is now no primary school according to legal institution."--The situation is the same in Oise, also in Seine for the districts of Sceaux and Saint Denis.]

[Footnote 3172: Albert Duruy, 178. (Report drawn up in the bureaux of the ministry of the interior, year VIII.) "A detestable selection of those called instructors; almost everywhere, they are men without morals or education, who owe their nomination solely to a pretended civism, consisting of nothing but an insensibility to morality and propriety. ... They affect an insolent contempt for the (old) religious opinions."--Ibid., p.497. (Procès-verbaux des conseils-généraux.) On primary school-teachers, Hérault: "Most are blockheads and vagabonds."--Pas-de-Calais:" Most are blockheads or ignoramuses."]

[Footnote 3173: Rocquam, '94. (Report by Fourcroy on the 14th military division, Manche, Orne, Calvados.) "Besides bad conduct, drunkenness, and the immorality of many of these teachers, it seems certain that the lack of instruction in religion is the principal motive which prevents parents from sending their children to these schools."--Archives nationales, ibid. (Report by Lacuée on the 1st military division.) "The teachers, male and female, who desired to conform to the law of Brumaire 3 and to the different rules prescribed by the central administration, on placing the constitution and the rights of man in the hands of their pupils, found their schools abandoned one after the other. The schools the best attended are those where the Testament, the catechism, and the life of Christ are used.... The instructors, obliged to pursue the line marked out by the government, could not do otherwise than carry out the principles which opposed the prejudices and habits of the parents; hence their loss of credit, and the almost total desertion of the pupils."]

[Footnote 3174: "The Revolution," vol. III., p. 81, note 2. (Laff. II. pp.68-69, note 4.)]

[Footnote 3175: "Statistiques des préfets," Moselle. (Analysis by Ferrière.) At Metz, in 1789, there were five free schools for young children, of which one was for boys and four for girls, kept by monks or nuns; in the year XII there were none: "An entire generation was given up to ignorance." Ibid., Ain, by Bossi, 1808: "In 1800, there were scarcely any primary schools in the department, as in the rest of France." In 1808, there are scarcely thirty.--Albert Duruy, p.480, 496. (Procès-verbaux des conseils-généraux, year IX.) Vosges: "Scarcely any primary instruction."--Sarthe: "Primary instruction, none."--Meuse-Inférieure: "It is feared that in fifteen years or so there will not be one man in a hundred able to write," etc.]

[Footnote 3176: These are the minimum figures, and they are arrived at through the following calculation. Before 1789, 47 men out of 100, and 26 women out of 100, that is to say 36 or 37 persons in 100, received primary instruction. Now, according to the census from 1876 to 1881 (official statistics of primary instruction, III., XVI.), children from six to thirteen number about twelve % of the entire population. Accordingly, in 1789, out of a population of 26 millions, the children from 6 to 13 numbered 3,120,000, of whom 1,138,000 learned to read and write. It must be noted that, in 1800, the adult population had greatly diminished, and that the infantine population had largely increased. France, moreover, is enlarged by 12 departments (Belgium, Savoy, Comtat, Nice), where the old schools had equally perished.--If all the old schools had been kept up, it is probable that the children who would have had primary instruction would have numbered nearly 1,400,000.]

[Footnote 3177: Saint Thomas, "Summa theologica," pars III., questio 60 usque ad 85: "Sacramenta efficiunt quod figurant.... Sant necessaria ad salutem hominum.... Ab ipso verbo incarnata efficaciam habent. Ex sua institutione habent quod conferant gratiam.... Sacramentum est causa gratiæ, causa agens, principalis et instrumentalis."]

[Footnote 3178: Except priests ordained by a bishop of the Greek church.]

[Footnote 3179: "The Revolution," I. 161.--Archives nationales. (Reports of the Directory commissioners from the cantons and departments.--There are hundreds of these reports, of which the following are specimens.)--F7, 7108. (Canton of Passavent, Doubs, Ventôse 7, year IV.) "The sway of religious opinions is much more extensive here than before the revolution, because the mass of the people did not concern themselves about them, while nowadays they form among the generality the subject of conversation and complaint."--F7, 7127. (Canton of Goux, Doubs, Pluviôse 13, year IV.) "The hunting down of unsworn priests, coupled with the dilapidation and destruction of the temples, displeased the people, who want a religion and a cult; the government became hateful to them."--Ibid. (Dordogne, canton of Livrac, Ventôse 13, year IV.) "The demolition of altars, the closing of the churches, had rendered the people furious under the Tyranny."--F7, 7129. (Seine-Infèrieure, canton of Canteleu, Pluviôse 12, year IV.) "I knew enlightened men who, in the ancient regime, never went near a church, and yet who harbored refractory priests."--Archives nationales, cartons 3144-3145, No. 1004. (Missions of the councillors of state in the year IX.) At this date, worship was everywhere established and spontaneously. (Report by Lacuée.) In Eure-et-Loire, "nearly every village has its church and minister; the temples are open in the towns and are well attended."--In Seine-et-Oise, "the Roman Catholic cult prevails in all the communes of the department."--In Oise, "worship is carried on in all the communes of the department."-In Loiret, "the churches are attended by the multitude almost as regularly as before 1788. One-sixth of the communes (only) have neither worship nor minister and, in these communes, both are strongly desired."]

[Footnote 3180: Archives nationales, F7, 7129. (Tarn, canton of Vielmur, Germinal 10, year IV.) "The ignorant now regard patriot and brigand as synonymous."]

[Footnote 3181: Archives nationales, F7, 7108. (Doubs, canton of Vercel, Pluviôse 20, year IV.) "Under the law of Prairial II, the unsworn priests were all recalled by their former parishioners. Their hold on the people is so strong that there is no sacrifice that they will not make, no ruse nor measures that they will not employ to keep them and elude the rigor of the laws bearing on them"--(Ibid., canton of Pontarlier, Pluviôse 3, year IV.) "In the primary assemblies, the aristocracy, together with spite, have induced the ignorant people not to accept the constitution except on condition of the recall of their transported or emigrant priests for the exercise of their worship."--(Ibid., canton of Labergement, Pluviôse 14, year IV.) "The cultivators adore them.... I am the only citizen of my canton who, along with my family, offers up prayers to the Eternal without any intermediary."--F7, 7127. (Côte-d'Or, canton of Beaune, Ventôse 5, year IV.) "Fanaticism is a power of great influence."--(Ibid., canton of Frolois, Pluviôse 9, year IV.) "Two unsworn priests returned eighteen months ago; they are hidden away and hold nocturnal meetings. .. They have seduced and corrupted at least three-quarters of the people of both sexes."--(Ibid., canton of Ivry, Pluviôse 1, year IV.) "Fanaticism and popery have perverted the public mind."--F7, 7119. (Puy-de-Dôme, canton of Ambert, Ventôse 15, year IV.) "Five returned priests have celebrated the mass here, and each time were followed by 3000 or 4000 persons."--F7, 7127. (Dordogne, canton of Carlux, Pluviôse 18, year IV.) "The people are so attached to the Catholic faith, they walk fully two leagues to attend mass."--F7, 7119. (Ardèche, canton of Saint-Barthélemy, Pluviôse 15, year IV.) "The unsubmissive priests have become absolute masters of popular opinion."--(Orne, canton of Alençon, Ventôse 22, year IV.) "Presidents, members of the municipal councils, instead of arresting the refractory priests and bringing them into court, admit them to their table, lodge them and impart to them the secrets of the government."--F7, 7129. (Seine-et-Oise, canton of Jouy, Pluviôse 8, year IV.) "Forty-nine out of fifty citizens seem to have the greatest desire to profess the Catholic faith."--Ibid., canton of Dammartin, Pluviôse 7, year IV.) "The Catholic religion has full sway; those who do not accept it are frowned upon."--At the same date (Pluviôse 9, year IV), the commissioner at Chamarande writes: "I see persons giving what they call blessed bread and yet having nothing to eat."]

[Footnote 3182: Ibid., cartons 3144 and 3145, No. 1004, missions of the councillors of state, year IX.--(Report of Barbé-Marbois on Brittany.) "At Vannes, I entered the cathedral on the jour des Rois, where the constitutional mass was being celebrated; there were only one priest and two or three poor people there. A little farther on I found a large crowd barring the way in the street; these people could not enter a chapel which was already full and where the mass called for by the Catholics was being celebrated.--Elsewhere, the churches in the town were likewise deserted, and the people went to hear mass by a priest just arrived from England."--(Report by Français de Nantes on Vaucluse and Provence.) One tenth of the population follows the constitutional priests; the rest follow the returned emigré priests; the latter have on their side the rich and influential portion of society."--(Report of Lacuée on Paris and the seven surrounding departments.) "The situation of the unsubmissive priests is more advantageous than that of the submissive priests.... The latter are neglected and abandoned; it is not fashionable to join them... (The former) are venerated by their adherents as martyrs; they excite tender interest, especially from the women."]

[Footnote 3183: Archives nationales, cartons 3144 and 3145, No.1004, missions of the councillors of state, year IX.--(Report by Lacuée.) "The wants of the people in this way seem at this moment to be confined... to a vain spectacle, to ceremonies: going to mass, the sermon and vespers, which is all very well; but confession, the communion, fasting, doing without meat, is not common anywhere.... In the country, where there are no priests, the village schoolmaster officiates, and people are content; they would prefer bells without priests rather than priests without bells."--This regret for bells is very frequent and survives even in the cantons which are lukewarm.--(Creuse, Pluviôse 10, year IV.) "They persist in replanting the crosses which the priests have dug up; they put back the ropes to the bells which the magistrate has taken away."]

[Footnote 3184: Archives nationales, cartons 3144 and 3145, No. 1004, missions of the councilors of state, year IX.--(Report by Fourcroy.) "The keeping of Sunday and the attendance on the churches, which is seen everywhere, shows that the mass of Frenchmen desire a return to ancient usages, and that the time has gone by for resisting this national tendency... The mass of mankind require a religion, a system of worship and a priesthood. It is an error of certain modern philosophers, into which I have myself been led, to believe in the possibility of any instruction sufficiently widespread to destroy religious prejudices; they are a source of consolation for the vast number of the unfortunate.... Priests, altars and worship must accordingly be left to the mass of the people."]

[Footnote 3185: Peuchet, "Statistique élémentaire de la France" (published in 1805), p.228. According to statements furnished by prefects in the years IX and X, the population is 33,111,962 persons; the annexation of the island of Elbe and of Piedmont adds 1,864,350 Total, 34,976,313.--Pelet de la Lozère, P.203. (Speech by Napoleon to the council of state, February 4, 1804, on the Protestant seminaries of Geneva and Strasbourg, and on the number of Protestants in his states.) "Their population numbers only 3 millions."]

[Footnote 3186: Roederer, III., 330 (July 1800): "The First Consul spoke to me about the steps necessary to be taken to prevent the (emigrés) who had been struck off from getting back their possessions, in view of maintaining the interest in the revolution of about 1,200,000 purchasers of national domains. "--Rocquain, "État de la France au 18 Brumaire." (Report by Barbé-Marbois on Morbihan, Finisterre, Ile-et-Vilaine, and Côtes-du-Nord, year IX.) "In every place I have just passed through the proprietors recognize that their existence is attached to that of the First Consul."]

[Footnote 3187: Constitution of Frimaire 22, year VIII, art. 94.--Article 93, moreover, declares that "the possessions of the émigrés are irrevocably acquired by the republic."]

[Footnote 3188: Law of Floréal 29, year X, title I, article 8. The member also swears "to combat with all the means which justice, reason and the law authorize, every enterprise tending to restore the feudal régime," and, consequently, feudal rights and tithes]

[Footnote 3189: Organic Sénatus-consulte, Floreal 28, year XII (18th May 1804). Title VII., art. 53.]

[Footnote 3190: Roederer, III., 430-432 (April 4, 1802, May I, 1802): "Defermon remarked to me yesterday, 'This will all go on well as long as the First Consul lives; the day after his death we shall all emigrate.' "--"Every one, from the sailor to the worker, says to himself, 'All this is very well, but will it last?...--This work we undertake, this capital we risk, this house we build, these trees we plant, what will become of them if he dies?"]

[Footnote 3191: Ibid., 340. (Words of the First Consul, November 4, 1800.) "Who is the rich man to-day? The buyer of national domains, the contractor. the robber."--These details, above, are provided for me by family narrations and souvenirs.]

[Footnote 3192: Napoleon, "Correspondance," letter of September 5, 1795. "National and émigré property is not dear; patrimonies are priceless."--Archives nationales, cartons 3144 to 3145, No.1004, missions of the councillors of state, year IX. (Report by Lacuée on the seven departments of the division of the Seine.) "The proportion of value, in Seine, between national and patrimonial properties is from 8 to 15."--In Eure, national property of every kind is sold about 10 %. off, and patrimonial at about 4 %. off. There are two sorts of national property, one of first origin (that of the clergy), and the other of second origin (that of the émigrés). The latter is much more depreciated than the former. Compared with patrimonial property, in Aisne, the former loses a fifth or a quarter of its value and the latter a third; in Loiret, the former loses a quarter and the latter one-half; in Seine-et-Oise the former loses one-third and the latter three-fifths; in Oise the former is at about par, the latter loses a quarter.--Roederer, III., 472 (December 1803). Depreciation of national property in Normandy: "But little is bought above 7 %. off; this, however, is the fate of this sort of property throughout France."--Ibid., III., 534 (January 1809): "In Normandy, investments on patrimonial property bring only 3 %., while State property brings 5 %. "--Moniteur (January 4, 1825). Report of M. de Martignac: "The confiscated property of the emigrés finds its purchasers with difficulty, and its commercial value is not in proportion to its real value."--Duclosonge, former inspector of domains, "Moyens de porter les domaines nationaux à la valeur des biens patrimoniaux," p.7. "Since 1815, national property has generally been bought at a rate of income of 3 %. or, at the most, 4 %. The difference for this epoch is accordingly one-fifth, and even two-fifths."]

[Footnote 3193: Treaty between the Pope and the French government, July '5, 1801. Ratifications exchanged September 1, 1801, and published with its articles April 8, 1802.--Article 13.]

[Footnote 3194: Ibid., article 14.]

[Footnote 3195: Articles organiques, 64, 65, 66.]

[Footnote 3196: Law of November 30, 1809, and opinion of the Council of State, May 19, 1811.]

[Footnote 3197: Articles organiques, 68.]

[Footnote 3198: Articles organiques, 71, 72.--Concordat, article 12.--Law passed July 26, 1803.]

[Footnote 3199: Councils of laymen entrusted with the administration of parish incomes.]

[Footnote 31100: Law of December 30, 1809, articles 39, 92 and following articles, 105 and following articles.]

[Footnote 31101: Law of September 15, 1807, title IX.]

[Footnote 31102: Concordat, article 15.--Articles organiques, 73.]

[Footnote 31103: Alexis Chevalier, "les Frères des écoles chrétiennes et l'Enseignement primaire après la révolution," passim. (Act of Vendémiare 24 and Prairial 28, year XI, and Frimiaire II, year XII; laws of May 14, 1806, March 7, 1808, February 17, 1809, Dec. 26, 1810.)]

[Footnote 31104: Alexis Chevalier, ibid., 189.]

[Footnote 31105: Ibid., p.185 sequitur. (Decision of Aug. 8, 1803, of March 25, of May 30, 1806.)]

[Footnote 31106: Decree of June 22, 1804 (articles I and 4).--"Consultation sur les decrets du 29 Mars 1880," by Edmond Rousse, p.32. (Out of 54 communities, there were two of men, the "Pères du tiers-ordre de Saint-François" and the priests of "la Miséricorde," one founded in 1806 and the other in 1808.)]

[Footnote 31107: "Mémorial de Sainte-Héléne." Napoleon adds" that an empire like France may and must have some refuge for maniacs called Trappists."--Pelet de la Lozère, p.208. (Session of the council of state, May 22, 1804.) "My intention is to have the house of foreign missions restored; these monks will be of great use to me in Asia, Africa, and America.... I will give them a capital of 15,000 francs a year to begin with.... I shall also re-establish the 'Sisters of Charity;' I have already had them put in possession of their old buildings. I think it necessary also, whatever may be said of it, to re-establish the 'Ignorantins.'"]

[Footnote 31108: Roederer, III., 481. (Sénatorerie of Caen, Germinal 17, year XIII.) Constant lamentations of bishops and most of the priests he has met. "A poor curé, an unfortunate curé,... The bishop invites you to dinner, to partake of the poor cheer of an unfortunate bishop on 12,000 francs salary."--The episcopal palaces are superb, but their furniture is that of a village curé; one can scarcely find a chair in the finest room.--"The officiating priests have not yet found a fixed salary in any commune.... The peasants ardently longed for their usual mass and Sunday service as in the past, but to pay for this is another thing."]

[Footnote 31109: Decrees of May 31 and Dec. 26, 1804, assigning to the Treasury the salaries of 24,000 and then 30,000 assistant-priests.]

[Footnote 31110: Charles Nicolas, "le Budget de la France depuis le commencement du XIXe siecle;" appropriation in 1807, 12,341,537 francs.]

[Footnote 31111: Decrees of Prairial 2, year XII, Nivôse 5. year XIII, and Sep. 30, 1807.--Decree of Dec. 30, 1809 (articles 37, 39, 40, 49 and ch. IV.)--Opinion of the council of state, May 19, 1811.]

[Footnote 31112: These are limited (articles organiques, 5): "All ecclesiastical functions are gratuitous except the authorized oblations fixed by the regulations."]

[Footnote 31113: Articles organiques, 73.]

[Footnote 31114: Ibid., 74: "Real property other than dwellings with their adjoining gardens, shall not be held under ecclesiastical titles or possessed by ministers of worship by reason of their functions."]

[Footnote 31115: Opinion of the Council of State, January 22, 1805, on the question whether the communes have become owners of the churches and parsonages abandoned to them by the law of Germinal 18, year X (articles organiques).--The Council of State is of the opinion that "the said churches and parsonages must be considered as communal property." If the State renounces ownership in these buildings it is not in favor of the fabrique, curé or bishop, but in favor of the commune.]

[Footnote 31116: In 1790 and 1791 a number of communes had made offers for national property with a view to re-sell it afterwards, and much of this, remaining unsold, was on their hands.]

[Footnote 31117: Articles organiques, 26. "The bishops will make no ordination before submitting the number of persons to the government for its acceptance."]

[Footnote 31118: "Archives de Grenoble." (Documents communicated by Mdlle. de Franclieu.) Letter of the bishop, Monseigneur Claude Simon, to the Minister of Worship, April 18, 1809. "For seven years that I have been bishop of Grenoble, I have ordained thus far only eight priests; during this period I have lost at least one hundred and fifty. The survivors threaten me with a more rapid gap; either they are infirm, bent with the weight of years, or wearied or overworked. It is therefore urgent that I be authorized to confer sacred orders on those who are old enough and have the necessary instruction. Meanwhile, you are limited to asking authorization for the first eight on the aforesaid list, of whom the youngest is twenty-four.... I beg Your Excellency to present the others on this list for the authorization of His Imperial Majesty."--Ibid., October 6, 1811. "I have only one deacon and one subdeacon, whilst I am losing three or four priests monthly."]

[Footnote 31119: Articles organiques, 68, 69. "The pensions enjoyed by the curés by virtue of the laws of the constituent assembly shall be deducted from their salary. The vicars and assistants shall be taken from the pensioned ecclesiastics according to the laws of the constituent assembly. The amount of these pensions and the product of oblations shall constitute their salary."]

[Footnote 31120: Laws of Vendémiaire 16, year V, and Ventôse 20, year V..]

[Footnote 31121: Decree of Nov. 6, 1800.]

[Footnote 31122: Decisions of February 23, 1801, and June 26, 1801. (We find, through subsequent decisions, that these recoveries were frequently effected.)]

[Footnote 31123: Law of Frimaire 7, year V (imposing one decime per franc above the cost of a ticket in every theatre for the benefit of the poor not in the asylums).--Also the decree of Dec. 9, 1809.--Decisions of Vendémiaire 27, year VII, and the restoration of the Paris octroi, "considering that the distress of the civil asylums and the interruption of succor at domiciles admit of no further delay."--Also the law of Frimaire 19, year VIII, with the addition of 2 decimes per franc to the octroi duties, established for the support of the asylums of the commune of Paris.--Paul Leroy-Beaulieu, "Traité de la science des finances," I., 685. Many towns follow this example: "Two years had scarcely passed when there were 293 Octrois in France."]

[Footnote 31124: Law of Messidor 25, year V.--Alexis Chevalier, ibid., p. 185. (Decisions of Thermidor 20, year XI, and Germinal 4, year XIII.)--Law of Dec.. 11, 1808 (article 1.)]

[Footnote 31125: Albert Duruy, "l'Instruction publique et la Révolution," p.480 et seq. ("Procès-verbaux des conseils-généraux de l'an IX;" among others, the petitions from Gironde, Ile-et-Vilaine, Maine-et-Loire, Puy.de-Dôme, Haute-Saône, Haute Vienne, la Manche, Lot-et-Garonne, Sarthe, Aisne, Aude, Côte-d'Or, Pas-de-Calais, BassePyrénées, Pyrénées-Orienta1es, and Lot.)]

[Footnote 31126: Alexis Chevalier, ibid., p. 182. (According to statistical returns of the parent establishment, rue Oudinot.--These figures are probably too low.)]

[Footnote 31127: "Recueil des lois et réglemens sur l'enseignement supérieur," by A. de Beauchamp, I., 65. (Report by Fourcroy, April 20, 1802.) "Old schools, since the suppression of upper schools and universities, have taken a new extension, and a pretty large number of private institutions have been formed for the literary education of the young."]

[Footnote 31128: Ibid., 65 and 71. (Report by Fourcroy.) "As to the primary schools, the zeal of the municipalities must be aroused, the emulation of the functionaries excited, and charitable tendencies revived, so natural to the French heart and which will so promptly spring up when the religious respect of the government for local endowments becomes known."]

[Footnote 31129: Ibid., p. 81. (Decree of May 1st, 1802, titles 2 and 9.--Decree of Sept. 17, 1808, article 23.)]

[Footnote 31130: "Histoire du collège des Bons-Enfans de l'université de Reims," by abbé Cauly, p. 649.--The lycée of Reims, decreed May 6, 1802, was not opened until the 24th of September, 1803. The town was to furnish accommodations for 150 pupils. It spent nearly 200,000 francs to put buildings in order.... This sum was provided, on the one hand, by a voluntary subscription which realized 45,000 francs and, on the other hand, by an additional tax.]

[Footnote 31131: Law of May 1, 1802, articles 32, 33, and 34.--Guizot, "Essai sur l'instruction publique, I., 59. Bonaparte maintained and brought up in the lycées, at his own expense and for his own advantage, about 3000 children... commonly selected from the sons of soldiers or from poor families."--Fabry, "Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de l'instruction publique," III., 802. "Children of soldiers whose wives lived in Paris, the sons of office-holders who were prevented by luxury from bringing up their families--such were the scholarships of Paris."--"In the provinces, the employees in the tax--and post-offices, with other nomadic functionaries--such were the communal scholarships."--Lunet, "Histoire du collège de Rodez," 219, 224. Out of 150 scholarships, 87 are filled, on the average.]

[Footnote 31132: "Recueil," etc., by A. de Beauchamp, I, 171, 187, 192. (Law of September 17, 1808, article 27, and decision of April 7, 1809.)]

[Footnote 31133: Ibid. Masters of private schools and heads of institutions must pay additionally every year one-quarter of the sums above fixed. (Law of Sept. 17, 1808, article 25. Law of March 17, 1808, title 17.--Law of February 17, 1809.)]

[Footnote 31134: Ibid., I., 189. (Decree of March 24, 1808, on the endowment of the University.)]

[Footnote 31135: Emond, "Histoire du collège Louis-le-Grand," p.238. (This college, previous to 1789, enjoyed an income of 450,000 livres.)--Guizot, ibid., I., 62.--This college was maintained during the revolution under the name of the "Prytanée Français" and received in 1800 the property of the University of Louvain. Many of its pupils enlisted in 1792, and were promised that their scholarships should be retained for them on their return; hence the military spirit of the "Prytanée."--By virtue of a decree, March 5, 1806, a perpetual income of 400,000 francs was transferred to the Prytanée de Saint-Cyr. It is this income which, by the decree of March 24, 1808, becomes the endowment of the imperial University. Henceforth, the expenses of the Prytanée de Saint-Cyr are assigned to the war department.]

[Footnote 31136: Alexis Chevalier, Ibid., p.265. Allocution to the "Ignorantin" brethren.]

[Footnote 31137: "The Ancient Régime," pp.13-15. (Laff. I. pp. 17 and 18.)--"The Revolution," III., p. 54. (Laff. II. pp. 48-49)--Alexis Chevalier, "Les Frères des écoles chrétiennes," p.341. "Before the revolution, the revenues of public instruction exceeded 30 millions."--Peuchet, "Statistique elementaire de la France" (published in 1805), p.256. Revenue of the asylums and hospitals in the time of Necker, 40 millions, of which 23 are the annual income from real-estate and 17 provided by personal property, contracts, the public funds, and a portion from octrois, etc.]

[Footnote 31138: D'Haussonville, "l'Église romaine et le premier Empire," vol. IV. et V., passim--Ibid., III., 370, 375. (13 Italian cardinals and 19 bishops of the Roman states are transported and assigned places in France, as well as many of their grand-vicars and chanoines; about the same date over 200 Italian priests are banished to Corsica).--V., 181. (July 12, 1811, the bishops of Troyes, Tournay and Ghent are sent to (the fortress-prison of) Vincennes.)--V., 286. (236 pupils in the Ghent seminary are enrolled in an artillery brigade and sent off to Wesel, where about fifty of them die in the hospital.)--"Souvenirs", by PASQUIER (Etienne-Dennis, duc) Librarie Plon, Paris 1893. (Numbers of Belgian priests confined in the castles of Ham, Bouillon and Pierre-Châtel were set free after the Restoration.)]

[Footnote 31139: Decree of November 15, 1811, art. 28, 29, and 30. (Owing to M. de Fontanes, the small seminaries were not all closed, many of them, 41, still existing in 1815.)]

[Footnote 31140: Collection of laws and decrees, passim, after 1802.]

[Footnote 31141: Documents furnished by M. Alexis Chevalier, former director of public charities. The total amount of legacies and bequests is as follows: 1st Asylums and hospitals, from January 1, 1800, to December 31, 1845, 72,593,360 francs; from January 1st, 1846, to December 31, 1855, 37,107,812; from January 1st, 1856, to December 31, 1877, 121,197,774. in all, 230,898,346 francs.--2d. Charity bureaux. From January 1st, 1800, to December 31, 1845, 49,911,090; from January 1st, 1846, to December 31, 1873, 115,629,925; from January 1st 1874, to December 31, 1877, 19,261,065. In all, 184,802,080 francs.--Sum total, 415,701,026 francs.]

[Footnote 31142: According to the statements of M. de Watteville and M. de Gasparin.]

[Footnote 31143: Report by Fourcroy, annexed to the exposition of the empire and presented to the Corps Législatif, March 5, 1806.]

[Footnote 31144: Coup d'oeil général sur l'éducation et l'instruction publique en France," by Basset, censor of studies at Charlemagne college (1816),--p. 21.]

[Footnote 31145: "Statistique de l'enseignement primaire," II., CCIV. (From 1786 to 1789, 47 out of 100 married men and 26 married women out of a hundred signed their marriage contract. From 1816 to 1820, the figures show 54 husbands and 34 wives.)--Morris Birbeck, "Notes of a Journey through France in July, August and September 1814." p.3 (London, 1815). "I am told that all the children of the laboring classes learn to read, and are generally instructed by their parents."]

[Footnote 31146: Madame de Rémusat, I., 243. (Journey in the north of France and in Belgium with the First Consul, 1803.) "On journeys of this kind he was in the habit, after obtaining information about the public buildings a town needed, to order them as he passed along, and, for this munificence, he bore away the blessings of the people."--Some time after this a letter came from the minister of the interior: "In conformity with the favor extended to you by the First Consul (later, emperor) you are required, citizen mayor, to order the construction of this or that building, taking care to charge the expenses on the funds of your commune," and which the prefect of the department obliges him to do, even when available funds are exhausted or otherwise applied.]

[Footnote 31147: Thiers, VIII., 117 (August 1807) and 124. 13,400 leagues of highways were constructed or repaired; 10 canals were dug or continued, at the expense of the public treasury; 32 departments contribute to the expense of these through the extra centimes tax, which is imposed on them. The State and the department, on the average, contribute each one-half.--Among the material evils caused by the Revolution, the most striking and the most seriously felt was the abandonment and running down of roads which had become impracticable, also the still more formidable degeneracy of the dikes and barriers against rivers and the sea. (Cf. in Rocquain, "État de la France au 18 Brumaire," the reports of Français de Nantes, Fourcroy, Barbeé-Marbois, etc.)--The Directory had imagined barrriers with toll-gates on each road to provide expenses, which brought in scarcely 16 millions to offset 30 and 35 millions of expenditure. Napoleon substitutes for these tolls the product of the salt-tax. (Decree of April 24, 1806, art. 59.)]

[Footnote 31148: "Souvenirs", by PASQUIER (Etienne-Dennis, duc) Librarie Plon, Paris 1893. "Scarcely two or three highways remained in decent order. ... Navigation on the rivers and canals became impossible Public buildings and monuments were everywhere falling to ruin.... If the rapidity of destruction was prodigious, that of restoration was no less so."]