Chapter XVI: Parliamentary Reporting (1)

Of all the strangers who honour the Palace of Westminster with their presence none are treated with greater consideration than the reporters. This touching regard shown for the comfort of the Press is a flower of modern growth. It has blossomed forth within the last fifty years, watered by that love of publicity which is nowadays as common in St. Stephen's as elsewhere. Journalists are in the habit of complaining that the public no longer requires those full reports of parliamentary utterances which a few years ago were considered a very necessary part of the day's news. Short political sketches have taken the place of full verbatim reports, and very few papers give anything but a rough outline of the daily parliamentary proceedings. Politicians themselves, however, do not appear to share the general aversion to reading their speeches in print, and it is strange to contrast the warm welcome accorded by Parliament to modern journalism with the cold reception met with by reporters in the days of our ancestors.

In the Order Book of the House of Commons there still exists a Standing Order which, though long in disuse, has never been repealed, declaring it a gross breach of privilege to print or publish anything relating to the proceedings of either House. This is but a relic of those distant days when the perpetual conflicts between the Commons and the Crown made secrecy a necessity of debate.

In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Parliament was anything but anxious that the result of its deliberations should be made public, except in such a form as it considered desirable. The Commons especially feared that information as to their intentions should reach the King's ears, and took every possible precaution to avert such a calamity. In this they were not altogether successful. During the debates on the proposed impeachment of the Duke of Buckingham, in 1626, members were very busy with their pencils. The King himself had as many as four or five amateur note-takers present to supply him with reports, and among the private members were many other unofficial reporters. Of these, perhaps, the most famous was Sir Symonds D'Ewes, the member for Sudbury, a lawyer with only one eye, devout, ambitious, conceited, and something of a snob.[439] Records were, to his way of thinking, the most ravishing and satisfying part of human knowledge. His historical researches had given him an acquaintance with precedents which was long the envy of his colleagues in Parliament. In 1629 he transcribed the Journals of both Houses from the original Journal books, adding comments of his own, and inserting various interesting speeches which he obtained from private manuscripts and diaries. When objections were raised to his incorrigible _cacoethes scribendi_, "If you will not permit us to write," he observed pathetically, "we must go to sleep, as some among us do, or go to plays, as others have done."[440] The contemplation of such tragic alternatives did not, however, shake the resolution of the Commons, and the practice of note-taking was put a stop to by a peremptory order of the House.

[439] "Next to religion," he says in his "Autobiography" (i. 309), "my
chief aim is to enrich my posterity with good blood, knowing it to be
the greatest honour that can betide a family, to be often linked with
the female inheritrices of ancient stock."

[440] Forster's "Grand Remonstrance," p. 124 n.

Sir Symonds' peculiar knowledge of parliamentary precedents resulted in his perpetual interference with the procedure of the House. His frequent attempts to set the Speaker right upon various points of order at length irritated the Commons to the verge of madness, and it was with a sigh of relief that his colleagues bade him farewell when he reluctantly retired into private life to continue uninterrupted his antiquarian pursuits.

Rushworth, who was Assistant Clerk of the Commons at the time of the Long Parliament, proved almost as energetic a reporter as D'Ewes, and thereby repeatedly got himself into trouble. In 1642, he was forbidden to take any notes without the sanction of the House, and a Committee was appointed to look through his manuscripts and settle how much of them was worthy of preservation. The result of Rushworth's passion for reporting is the "Historical Collections," which Carlyle has called a "rag-fair of a book; the mournfullest torpedo rubbish-heap of jewels buried under sordid wreck and dust and dead ashes, one jewel to the waggon-load."[441] One of the undoubted gems from this dust-heap is a full account of the proceedings in Parliament on the famous occasion of Charles I.'s violent attempt to arrest the five members. This dramatic incident does not appear to have deprived Rushworth of his presence of mind. While the Commons sat openmouthed and aghast, the Assistant Clerk calmly continued to take notes of every word that fell from the royal lips. For this posterity owes him a debt of the deepest gratitude.

[441] Cromwell's "Letters and Speeches," vol. i. p. 79.

The right of Parliament to deliberate in secret was long jealously guarded, any breach of that privilege being punished with extreme severity. In 1641, an oration delivered by Lord Digby on the Bill for Strafford's attainder, and circulated on his own initiative, was ordered to be burnt by the common hangman. At the same time it was formally resolved that no member should publish any speech without the express permission of the House.

In the reign of Charles II. such men as Shaftesbury, Halifax, Hampden, and Hyde were not reported, though the first would occasionally issue his speeches in pamphlet form. Towards the middle of the seventeenth century, however, the House ordered utterances of exceptional importance to be printed. During the Long Parliament licensed reports appeared under the title of "Diurnal Occurrences of Parliament," and later on a meagre outline of the daily proceedings of Parliament began to be published. But when Locke, in 1675, printed a report of a House of Lords' debate, calling it "A letter from a Person of Quality to His Friend," it was ordered by the Privy Council to be burnt.

The Licensing Act of 1662 confined printing to London, York, Oxford, and Cambridge, and did not permit the number of master printers to exceed twenty. The Commons' refusal in 1695 to renew the censorship marks the commencement of the emancipation of the Press.

A system of newsletters had been started with the Restoration, whereby the outside world could learn something of the doings of Parliament. This no doubt whetted the public appetite, and increased the popular interest in political affairs. In 1694, however, it was resolved in Parliament that "no newsletter writers do in their letters or other papers that they disperse presume to intermeddle with the debates or any other proceedings of the House."

Newsletters were rapidly followed by regular newspapers, which supplied their readers with somewhat imaginative accounts of the debates. The periodicals of William III.'s day sometimes reported the speeches of particular speakers, who contributed their manuscripts to the papers. During the factious years that followed, the debates were officially distributed in monthly parts, but at the beginning of the eighteenth century the publication of newspaper reports was again declared a breach of parliamentary privilege, and a stamp duty was imposed with a view to arresting the circulation of the Opposition Press.

A regular party organ first appeared in Queen Anne's reign. This was "The Examiner," subsidised by Harley's Ministry, and conducted by Swift. It was answered by "The Whig Examiner," edited by Addison, which was followed by "Manwaring's Medley," a paper which soon became the recognised journal of the Opposition.[442] Towards the close of Anne's reign Boyer began to publish "The Political State of Great Britain" in which he included accounts of all the important parliamentary debates.[443] This was succeeded in 1716 by "The Historical Register," which purported to describe the proceedings in both Houses. In the reports of the Commons' debates the names of the speakers were published without concealment, but the Lords were treated more cautiously. Thus, in an account of the Septennial Bill, we find such sentences as, "a noble Duke stood up and said," or "this was answered by a northern peer," no further clue being given as to the identity of the several speakers.[444]

[442] Cook's "History of Party," vol. i. pp. 357, 582.

[443] May's "Constitutional History," vol. i. p. 422.

[444] Hawkins' "Life of Johnson," vol. xii.

"The Historical Register" was superseded twenty years later by the "Gentleman's Magazine," a monthly periodical founded by the bookseller Cave and edited by Guthrie. Cave used to obtain admission to the House of Commons for himself and a few friends, and would there take surreptitious notes of the proceedings. These he subsequently elaborated in some adjoining coffee-house, evolving lengthy and vivid descriptions of the debates from his inner consciousness. His editor was the first journalist to obtain access to the official parliamentary Journals. The Government had apparently by this time begun to regard the Press as a more or less necessary evil, and thought it worth while to pay Guthrie a small sum for his services, even providing him with a pension when he retired.

The parliamentary articles in the "Gentleman's Magazine" were published under the title of the "Senate of Lilliput," the real names of the various debaters being replaced by pseudonyms which deceived nobody.[445] This periodical is famous as being the medium through which Dr. Johnson originally published his political views. When he was first employed by Cave upon the staff of his paper Johnson was still struggling, not for fame, but for existence, and had no objection to any form of literary labour so long as it provided him with a means of livelihood. His original duties consisted in revising the rough notes made by Guthrie, but by 1740 he had become entirely responsible for the parliamentary articles, and five years later succeeded Guthrie in the editorial chair.

[445] For example: Sholming for Cholmondeley, Ptit for Pitt, and
Gumdahm for Wyndham.

The reports of the proceedings were often written under great difficulties. Dr. Johnson would at times be compelled to invent the whole debate, depending solely upon his imagination, and being provided with nothing more inspiring than a list of the speakers and of the subjects under discussion. "I wrote that in a garret!" he is always supposed to have said of a much admired speech of Pitt's, and perhaps the oratorical fame of many a statesman of that day is due to Dr. Johnson's literary skill. His style was as a rule far too perfect to pass for that of an ordinary member of Parliament, and in his reports he is often accused of giving not so much what the speakers said as what they ought to have said. Nor was his pen an entirely impartial one, for he always took care, as he explained to Boswell, that the "Whig dogs" should not have the best of it in debate. Writing as he did, very hurriedly and from scanty materials, the compilation of parliamentary reports gave him little satisfaction. As soon as he found that his debates were thought to be genuine, he determined to cease their composition, and in the later years of his life often expressed regret at having been engaged in work of this kind.

The "London Magazine" was the next journal to publish debates, imitating the methods of the "Gentleman's Magazine," by pretending to report the proceedings of an imaginary Roman Senate, and alluding to the speakers by more or less appropriate Latin names.

In spite of these various efforts to establish the liberty of the Press, the attitude of Parliament long remained antagonistic. In 1728 a fresh resolution was passed in the House declaring it to be a breach of privilege for any one to print any account of the debates, and in the following year a printer of Gloucester was summoned to the bar of the Lords and severely reprimanded for publishing a report of their proceedings.[446] In 1738 Speaker Onslow brought up the subject of parliamentary reporting in the Commons, and a debate ensued. "If we do not put a speedy stop to this practice," said Winnington, "you will have the speeches of this House every day printed, even during your session, and we shall be looked upon as the most contemptible assembly on the face of the earth." Pelham, however, was inclined to deal lightly with the Press. "Let them alone," he said once, "they make better speeches for us than we can make for ourselves."[447] But it was a long time before this sensible view became general.

[446] Raikes's "Journal," vol. ii. p. 321.

[447] Coxe's Pelham Administration, vol. I. p. 355.

The struggle between Press and Parliament reached a climax in 1771, when Wilkes's paper, the "North Briton," was publishing the much discussed "Junius letters." Public opinion was by this time becoming gradually alive to the necessity for granting freedom to the Press, and needed but the opportunity to express itself openly upon the subject. The occasion had at length arrived. The Commons in this year were much incensed at the behaviour of some wretched City printers who had offended against the privileges of the House, and despatched the Sergeant-at-Arms to arrest them. After much difficulty two of the culprits were apprehended, but on being taken before the City Aldermen the latter at once ordered their release. When a messenger from the House of Commons attempted to arrest another printer, he was himself seized and carried before the civic authorities, charged with assault. The House was furious at this treatment of their officer, and committed the Lord Mayor and one of the offending aldermen--both members of Parliament--to the Tower.

The Press on this occasion found a worthy champion in Edmund Burke. On the 2nd of March, in a debate which lasted twenty-two hours, Burke effectually held his own, and so bullied and ridiculed the House that he brought the whole business to a standstill. By continually forcing divisions and making use of other obstructive tactics, he managed to delay the parliamentary attempt to muzzle the Press, and gained a great victory for the cause of freedom.

From being actively disliked the Reporters gradually grew to be tolerated, and finally courted and cultivated. Members who had formerly objected to the publication of their speeches soon began to complain with equal bitterness that they were not reported at all. Others, again, grumbled at being misreported, words being attributed to them for which they altogether declined to be responsible. Wedderburn, afterwards Lord Loughborough, complained, in 1771, that the reporting in the Commons was shocking. Of the report of one speech which he was supposed to have delivered he said that "to be sure, there are in that report a few things which I did say, but many things which I am glad I did not say, and some things which I wish I could have said."[448] Burke's famous sentiment that "Virtue does not depend on climates or degrees" was first printed as "on _climaxes_ and _trees_." When Sheridan made his great speech at the trial of Warren Hastings, the "Morning Chronicle" reported him as having said that "nothing equal in criminality was to be traced either in ancient or modern history, in the correct periods of Tacitus, or the luminous page of Gibbon."[449] The historian was delighted at being mentioned in so flattering a fashion; "I could not hear without emotion the personal compliment," he says in his autobiography. But when Sheridan was asked how he came to apply the epithet "luminous" to Gibbon, "I said Vo-luminous!" he replied shortly.[450]

[448] Campbell's "Lives of the Chancellors," vol. vi. p. 93.

[449] "Morning Chronicle," June 14, 1788.

[450] Samuel Rogers' "Recollections," p. 67.

Cobbett, too, suffered much from bad reporting, and when he ventured to find fault, the Press retaliated by ceasing to report him at all. Spring-Rice (afterwards Lord Monteagle) was punished in a similar fashion for two years, because he had said something deprecatory of journalism. Another member complained that his speeches had been published in the papers with certain of the sentences printed in italics. "I never spoke in italics in my life!" he exclaimed indignantly.

O'Connell in 1833 accused a reporter of wilfully perverting one of his speeches. By way of excuse the Pressman stated that on his way home from the House he had been caught in a shower of rain, which had washed out many of his notes. This explanation did not satisfy the Liberator, who justly remarked that it must surely have been an extraordinary shower which could not only wash out one speech, but actually wash in another![451] He was never a favourite of the Press, and they finally decided to discontinue the report of his speeches. As a means of revenge, he determined to prevent all newspaper reporting, and for some time succeeded in doing so. With this end in view, he made a practice of "espying strangers" on every opportunity, and each time he did so the galleries had to be cleared. The withdrawal of the reporters had a natural but most depressing effect upon the oratory of Parliament. "For the first time within my recollection," says Grant, "members kept their word when, on commencing their orations, they promised not to trespass at any length on the patience of the House."[452]

[451] O'Connell's "Recollections and Experiences," vol. i. p. 220.

[452] Grant's "Recollections," p. 48.

The "Diary," published in 1769, and edited by William Woodfall, was the first paper to give accounts of the parliamentary debates on the day after they had taken place. Woodfall had a marvellous memory, and would sit in the gallery or stand at the bar of either House for hours, without taking a note of any kind, and afterwards reproduce the speeches verbatim. He seemed not to require rest or refreshment, but occasionally fortified himself with a hard-boiled egg. His efforts were, however, spasmodic and irregular, and it was not until 1802, when William Cobbett started the "Weekly Political Register," which afterwards published the debates as supplements under the title of "Cobbett's Parliamentary Debates," that the system of providing regular reports of the proceedings was inaugurated. In 1809 the publication of the "Weekly Political Register" was transferred to T. C. Hansard, whose name has been so long and honourably connected with parliamentary reporting that it is still used colloquially to describe the official volumes.

FROM THE PAINTING BY THOMAS BEACH IN THE NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY]

For over fifty years Hansard carried on the publication of debates as a private speculation, by which time the Government had realised the useful nature of his labours, and assisted him by subscribing for a certain number of sets of the reports for public distribution. In 1877 a Treasury grant was made to enable him to continue the good work with greater fullness and facility, and twelve years later he sold his rights to a syndicate. This new venture proved anything but a financial success, and the publication of the "Parliamentary Debates," as they are now called, was then undertaken by the official Government printers, the reports being composed from notes furnished by the staff of the "Times."

It was not until 1909 that the present system was instituted, and both Houses, while leaving the printing of debates in the hands of the King's Printer, provided themselves with a regular staff of reporters, who were their own officials and unconnected with any company or newspaper.

Up to the time of the Fire, reporters in the Commons always sat in the back row of the Strangers' Gallery, to which they obtained admission by a sessional payment of three guineas. In 1831, the House of Lords provided separate accommodation for the Press, and in the temporary House which was constructed in 1834 a special gallery was reserved for their use.

The Press Gallery in the present House of Commons holds about sixty persons, and is situated exactly behind and above the Speaker's chair. Reporters of the newspapers in the Lords occupy a similar position, but as the acoustic properties of the Upper Chamber are notoriously bad, a special arrangement has existed for some years, whereby the official reporter of the "Parliamentary Debates" is given a seat on the floor of the House immediately behind the Clerks at the Table.

A hundred years ago the path of the Pressman was not so smooth as it is to-day. Up to 1840 the publication of debates was undertaken at the risk of the printer. In that year Hansard published the report of a Select Committee of the House of Commons, in which a certain book was referred to as "disgusting and obscene." Stockdale, the publisher of the book in question, took the matter into Court and obtained £600 damages for libel. The House retorted by summoning to the bar the Sheriffs of Middlesex who had tried the case, and reprimanded them for their contempt of its privileges. After this Lord John Russell took the first opportunity of introducing a Bill rendering all publication of speeches and documents, if by the authority of Parliament, matters of privilege not amenable to ordinary law. A member of Parliament cannot, however, claim privilege for publishing or circulating the report of any libellous speech made in the House, though he is, of course, protected there for anything he may say. The suggestion that privilege of Parliament should protect members from being proceeded against for writing and publishing libellous articles was discussed in November, 1763, and finally relinquished by a large majority.[453]

[453] Walpole's "Memoirs of the Reign of George III.," vol. i. p. 261.

The subject of reporting cannot be left without some mention of that official amateur reporter who sits upon the Treasury bench and prepares his nightly précis of the day's parliamentary proceedings. Amateur reporters there have always been in the Commons from the days of Sir Symonds D'Ewes and Sir Henry Cavendish[454] to the present time; but there is only one upon the floor of the House whose duties have ever been officially recognised.

[454] In the heyday of parliamentary corruption, when a critical
division was impending, Sir Hercules Langrishe was asked whether Sir
Henry Cavendish had as usual been taking notes. "He has been taking
either notes or money," he replied, "I don't know which."

In accordance with a custom of many years standing the Leader of the House of Commons writes a nightly letter to the sovereign, whenever the House is sitting, giving a brief _résumé_ of the debates. This letter, often composed somewhat hastily during the course of an exciting debate, is at once sent off in an official dispatch box to His Majesty, and is subsequently filed in the library at Buckingham Palace.[455] The practice dates from the reign of George III., who required George Grenville, then Leader of the House of Commons, to provide him with daily reports of the debates relating to the contest between Parliament and John Wilkes.

[455] On one occasion, in the hurry of dispatching his nightly
missive, Lord Randolph Churchill accidentally enclosed a quantity of
tobacco in the box which he forwarded to Queen Victoria, much to Her
Majesty's amusement.

The sovereign is not supposed to enter the Lower House--Charles I. was the only monarch who broke this rule--and thus, in days before debates were published at length in the papers, the Crown had no means of ascertaining the doings of the Commons save through the medium of this letter. The need for this one-sided nightly correspondence no longer exists, but the custom still prevails, and adds one more to the already multifarious duties of the Leader of the House, though nowadays it is occasionally delegated to some other Minister, or to one of the Whips.

To-day Press and Parliament are mutually dependent. A great newspaper proprietor who was recently asked which of the two he considered to be the most powerful, found some difficulty in replying. "The Press is the voice without which Parliament could not speak," he said. "On the other hand, Parliament is the law-making machine without which the Press could not act." The question of their relative power and importance must be left to the decision of individual judgment and taste. "Give me but the liberty of the Press," said Sheridan in 1810, in answer to the Premier, Spencer Perceval, "and I will give the Minister a venal House of Peers, I will give him a corrupt and servile House of Commons, I will give him the full swing of the patronage of office, I will give him the whole host of ministerial influences, I will give him all the power that place can confer upon him to purchase submission and overawe resistance; and yet, armed with the liberty of the Press, I will go forth to meet him undismayed; I will attack the mighty fabric he has reared with that mightier engine; I will shake down from its height corruption, and lay it beneath the ruins of the abuses it was meant to shelter!"[456]

[456] Hansard's "Debates," 1st series, vol. xv.

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INDEX

Abbott, Speaker, 124, 128, 133, 134, 194, 252-53

Abercrombie, 142

Aberdeen, Lord, 86, 239

Abjuration, Oath of, 146, 147

Adam, duel, 200, 201

Addington, 96 _note^1_, 124, 133, 134, 234, 258

Addison, his first speech, 212 _and note^2_;
_cited_, 269;
the "Spectator," 269;
"The Whig Examiner," 278

Address, the, debate on, 157

Adelaide, Queen, 247

Adelphi, the, 148

Admiralty, Pitt and the, 93

Affirmation, 56;
the Bradlaugh incident, 147-151

Albemarle, Duke of, _see_ Torrington, Lord

Alexander, Emperor, saying of, _quoted_, 32 _note^2_

Alfred, Prince, 97

Alfred the Great, councils of, 81

Alice's coffee house, 76

Aliens Bill, 1792 ... , 148 _note^1_

Aliens, disabilities, 55

All-night sittings, 228

"All the Talents," 85, 133

Allegiance, Oath of, 146

Almack's, 193

Althorp, Lord, the fire at St. Stephen's, 71, 72;
punishment, 188 _note^1_

Alvanley, Lord, 164 _and note^1_;
duel, 200

American War, the, 12;
employment of Indians in, 204

Amersham market, 59 _note^1_

Ancaster, family of, 62 _note^1_

Anne, Queen, Parliaments, 9;
Parties, 14;
creation of peers, 33 _note^2_;
Cabinets, 83, 86;
death of, 234;
bills quashed, 248;
women partisans, 269;
reporting in Parliament, 278, 279

Appeal, Court of, 110

Appeal, Lords of, 24, 25

Appellate Jurisdiction, Act of 1876 ... , 25

Apsley, Sir Allen, 192

Arcot, Nabob of, 41

Argyle, Duke of, 95 _note^1_

Arrest, exemption from, 174

Arthur's, 193

Arundel, Earl of, trial, 63

Ascension Day, 227

Ascot, 258

Ash Wednesday, 227

Ashby, case of, 182

Ashley, Lord, _See_ Shaftesbury

Ashtown, Lord, 24 _note^2_

Askew, Anne, 107 _note^3_

Atheists and the oath, 147

Atterbury, Bishop of Rochester, his reply to Lord Coningsby, 23, 24

Auditor General, 232

Audley, Thomas, Lord Keeper, 106

_Aula Regis_, the, 107

Aylesbury, constables of, 182

Bacon, Francis, trial, 63, 107, 108;
"Collection of Apothegms," 114 _and note^2_;
_quoted_ 158;
_mentioned_, 106, 205

Bacon, Nathaniel, "Historical Discourses," 8

Bacon, Nicholas, 106

Bagehot, Walter, _quoted_, 83, 95, 114, 222 _note^1_

Balaam, reference to, 23, 24, 24 _note^1_

Baldwin, printer of "St. James's Chronicle," 178

Balfour, Rt. Hon. A. J., 168;
opinion of a member of Parliament's position, 51;
premiership, 90

Bankrupts, election of, 55, 56

Barnes, on lawyers, _quoted_, 210 _note^3_

Baronage, the, composition and antiquity of, 21, 22

Barons in Council, 4;
summoned by Henry II., 64

Barré, Colonel, 31, 94, 199

Barry, Sir Charles, design for Houses of Parliament, 72, 73, 73
_note^1_

Bathurst, Bragge, 258 _note^1_

Beckett, St. Thomas à, 104

Beefeaters, the, duties, 135, 136

Bellamy, John, 78

Bellamy's kitchen, 76-80

Bellingham, merchant, 266

"Benefit of Clergy," 173, 174

Benson, sale of "protections," 175

Bentham, Jeremy, _quoted_, 268

Berkeley, Grantley, 272, 273

Berkshire, Earl of, 191

Bidmead, 177

Big Ben, 73 _and note^2_

Biggar, 164;
saying of, _quoted_, 50;
speeches, 207;
"spying strangers," 264, 265

Billingsgate, 164

Bills, classification, 242;
introduction of the bill, 243, 244;
1st and 2nd reading, 244;
Committee stage, 244, 245;
Report stage and 3rd reading, 245;
reception in the Lords, 246;
Royal assent, 246 _and note^3_, 247

Birch, Colonel, 111 _note^1_

Bishops, attendance on the Kings, 20;
introduction to the House of Lords, 151

"Black Book" of Edward III., 3

Blackfriars, Priory Church, 67

Black Rod, duties, 75, 137, 140, 143, 151, 153, 154, 211, 212, 247;
salary, 136, 137

Blackstone, _quoted_, 39, 109

Bodmin, 49 _note^2_

Bolingbroke, on the creation of peers, 33 _note^2_;
on leaders, 92;
style, 203;
on eloquence, 214 _note^2_

Bolton, Duke of, 84, 85

Boneham, 59

Boswell, 280;
"Dr. Johnson," 158 _note^1_

Bothmar, 87

Bourchier, Sir Robert, 104

Bowring, Sir John, and the Khedive, 166, 167

Boyer, "The Political State of Great Britain," 279

Bradlaugh, the affirmation incident, 147-151;
"The Impeachment of the House of Brunswick," 148;
committed to the Clock Tower, 188;
_mentioned_, 59

Brand, Speaker, 134, 163, 171, 187

Bribery, devices of the Stuarts, 6-9;
retaining fees to Scottish members, 9;
prices of posts, 9, 10;
prices of seats, 10-12;
corruption of the treasury, 12;
effort to destroy, 12, 13

Bright, John, Dr. Kenealy and, 152;
sayings of, 167, 168, 170, 209;
speeches, 212, 219

Bristol, Bishop of, punishment, 180, 181

Bristol, Burke's speech in, 47-49, 48 _note^1_

British Museum, trusteeship, 132

British Parliament, the, 2

Brodricke, Sir Allen, 192

Brougham, Lord, sayings of, _quoted_, 103, 265;
Chancellor, 110 _note^1_;
character, 113, 115;
defence of Queen Caroline, 115 _and note^1_;
unpopularity, 115, 116;
returning the seal, 116;
and Wellington, 116 _note^1_;
and the old seal, 118;
speeches, 148 _note^1_, 206, 209, 219;
a scene in the house, 196;
_mentioned_, 164, 194, 197

Bucher, _quoted_, 14 _note^1_

Buckingham, 1st Duke, 197, 252, 276;
2nd Duke, 192, 193;
Buckingham and Chandos, Duke of, 194

Buckingham Palace, 152, 286

Buckinghamshire, 59

"Bulls," 208, 209

Burdett, Sir Francis, 155 _note^1_

Burgesse, Dr., 236

Burghley, Lord, 106

Burke, Edmund, "Works and Correspondence," _cited_, 5;
his definition of Party, 15;
the quarrel with Fox, 16, 17;
on the House of Lords, 18;
an incident, 31;
speech at Bristol, 47-49, 48 _note^1_;
_cited_, 51, 159, 186, 193;
on the study of the law, 103;
sayings of, 112 _note^1_, 166 _and note^2_, 282;
incident of the dagger, 148 _and note^1_, 209;
Rolle and, 196;
on Lord North, 198;
speeches of, 204-206, 218, 223;
on Sheridan, 205;
style, 208;
fondness for debate, 260, 261;
and the Press, 282;
_mentioned_, 193

Burnet, Bishop, 10

Burney, Fanny, 178

Bury St. Edmunds, 60

Bute, Lord, 13 _note^1_;
premiership, 91

Butt, 170

Buxton, "Memoirs," 52

Buxton, Sir T. F., saying, 209

Byng, George, _quoted_, 33 _note^1_

Byron, pedigree of, 37;
_quoted_, 204;
on Burke, 205, 206

Cabinet Council, the, origin, 81-82;
under the Stuarts, 83;
the system of to-day, 83;
first official use of the term, 84;
members of, in 1740, 84;
members not holding office, 85;
times of meeting, 85, 86;
the Sovereign's presence, 86;
secrecy, 87;
10, Downing Street, 87, 88;
the Prime Minister's position, 89;
qualities of successful prime ministers, 90-95;
Cabinet dinners, 86 _and notes_;
privileges of Cabinet ministers, 138

Cairns, Lord, 118 _note^1_

Calais, defence of, 184

Calendar reform, 218

"Call of the House," 186

Camden Society, the, 3 _note^2_

Campbell, Lord, Chancellor of Ireland, 101 _note^1_;
"Lives," _quoted_, 108 _and note^1_, 103, 123 _note^1_

Canada Bill, the, of 1791 ... , 16

Canning, style, 94;
sayings, _quoted_, 96 _note^1_;
and the King's Speech, 156;
attack on Brougham, 164;
duel, 200;
first speech, 212;
eloquence of, 219

Canterbury, Abbot of, 104

Canterbury, Archbishop of, 23, 82, 84

Canute, 60

Carhampton, Lord, _see_ Luttrel, Colonel

Carleton, Sir Dudley, 190

Carlisle, Lady, 8

Carlyle, "Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell," _quoted_, 122
_note^1_;
on "Historical Collections," _quoted_, 277

Carnabie, Sir W., 187

Carnarvon, Lord, speech of, 193

Caroline, Queen, 115, 184

Carrington, family of, 62 _note^1_

Castlereagh, Lord, premiership, 91;
duel, 200

Catholic emancipation, 204;
Abbot on, 124

Catholicism, 13

Cavaliers, the, 13

Cave, bookseller, 279, 280

Cavendish, Lord, 190

Cavendish, Lord John, speech _quoted_, 127, 127 _note^1_

Cavendish, Sir Henry, reporting, 285 _and note^2_

Cecil, Lord Robert, _see_ Salisbury

Cecil, Robert, 138, 249

Censorship, Commons refuse to renew, 1695 ... , 278

Ceremony, Selden's saying regarding, 134 _and note^1_

Chair, the, deference to, 162

Chairman of Committees, 231, 232

Chairman of Ways and Means, 231, 233

Chamberlain, Austen, 52 _note^3_

Chamberlain, Joseph, the attack on Gladstone, summer, 1893 ... ,
130, 131;
opprobrious names for, 164

Chamberlain, the Lord Great, his duties at the Palace of
Westminster, 62 _note^1_, 151

Chanceller, the Lord, origin of the office, 103, 104;
the office held by Clerics, 104;
duties, 104, 105, 109, 110;
the Chancellorship and the Lord Keepership joined, 105, 106;
famous Lord Chancellors, 107-109;
judicial position, 110;
salary, 117;
social position, 117;
perquisites, 118;
the opening of Parliament, 136, 137, 141;
approval of the Speaker-Elect, 144, 145;
taking the Oath, 146;
receiving a newly created peer, 151;
meeting the King, 152;
reading the King's Speech, 156, 157;
deputies, 232, 233

Chancery, Court of, 106, 109, 110

Chaplain, the Parliamentary, 236, 237

Chaplin, H., 258

Charles I., reign of, 6, 7;
presence in the Commons, 8;
trial, 63;
death sentence, 70;
Cabinets, 85;
Parliaments, 120, 226, 252;
Speakers, 122;
parliamentary fines, 185;
attempt to arrest the five members, 277;
relations with the Commons, 286

Charles II., restoration, 3;
Parliaments, 6, 190, 277, 278;
presence in the Lords, 9;
decoration of St. Stephen's, 69;
lying-in-State, 70;
the Privy Council, 82;
Cabinets, 83, 85, 86, 87, 89;
Chancellors, 107;
Speakers, 122, 123, 144;
the restoration, 191;
Parliamentary dress, 201

Chatham, _see_ William Pitt;
on the Magna Charta, _quoted_, 21;
his reply to Walpole, 54 _and note^2_;
speeches, 207, 219;
a protest by, 264;
_mentioned_, 70, 193

Chaucer, 61

Chelmsford, Lord, 101 _note^1_

Chelsea parish church, 108

Chester, representation, 39

Chesterfield, Lord, 115;
"Letters," 54 and _note^3_;
on oratory, 215;
on the intelligence of the Commons, 217, 218

Chiltern Hundreds, the, 59, 147, 150, 212 _note^1_

Cholmondeley, 279 _note^4_;
family of, 62 _note^1_

Churchill, Lord Randolph, saying of, _quoted_, 16 _note^3_;
at the Treasury, 98;
attack on Bradlaugh, 148;
on the King's speech, 155;
speeches of, 220;
his nightly letter to the Queen, 286 _note^1_

Cicero, 204, 216

Cinque Ports, the Lord Warden of, 90;
fine inflicted on the, 184

Clandon, 132 _note^1_

Clarendon, Hyde, Earl of, impeachment, 53, 82;
_mentioned_, 85;
offices held, 107;
speeches of, 231 _note^2_, 277, 278

Clarendon, Lord, 95 _note^1_

Clarke, Mrs., 67

_Clavis Regni_, 104

Clergymen, election of, 56

Clerk of the House, his duties, 139-142

Clerk of the Parliaments, 246 _and note^3_

Clifford, Lord, 6

Clifford, Sir Augustus, 154

Clock Tower, the, 188, 231

"Closure" rule, the, 171, 172;
first application, 187, 188

Clothworkers' Company, 132

Cobbett, William, 68, 133, 138, 139, 214, 282-284;
"Cobbett's Parliamentary Debates," 284;
"Weekly Political Register," the, 284

Cobden, sayings _quoted_, 134, 209

Cochrane, Lord, expelled, 188

Cockburn, "Life of Jeffrey," _quoted_, 197

Cockpit, the, Whitehall, 84, 154 _and note^2_

Coercion Act, 176

Coke, Sir Edward, 49, 104, 121, 133, 143, 158, 159, 163, 164, 197

Commercial Distress, debate on, 204

Commission, Parliament opened by, 135, 136

Committees, 81;
the Committee of State, 82;
the Committee of Council, 84;
Select Committees, 159 _and note^1_, 230;
origin of system, 230;
Committees of the whole House, 231;
Committees of Public Petitions, 238