Chapter XIII: Part 13

The fore wings of the male are orange brown, more or less smudged or clouded with blackish; two oblique black lines, the first inclined inwards, and the second outwards and apparently terminating on the outer margin just above the inner angle, but there is a slender dusky curve from this point enclosing a clear, orange-brown spot. Hind wings blackish, except on the inner margin, which is broadly orange brown. Female, ochreous brown, with lines on the fore wings as in the male; hind wings suffused with dark grey or blackish, except on the inner area; generally rather larger than the male. (Plate 153, Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female].) Not infrequently, the fore wings of the male are so much clouded with blackish that the cross lines are obscured, and the spot on the inner margin alone remains clear.

The caterpillar (Plate 149, Fig. 1, from a coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich) is green, with two reddish-edged yellow lines on the back; between these lines are yellowish spots; a yellow line along the sides extends along the front edge of the second ring, where it is marked with red. It feeds on oak, and may be beaten from the boughs in the autumn. The brownish cocoon is depicted on Plate 149; Fig. 1a shows the hinged lid which covered the opening through which the chrysalis protruded previous to the moth's escape; Fig. 1b represents one from which the moth has not emerged, and in nature this would be attached to a leaf and covered with a delicate film of silk. The moth is out in June and July, and both sexes may be beaten from the branches of trees, or seen flying around their tops in the sunshine. {346}

This species, often referred to as _Limacodes testudo_, and said to be the _avellana_ of Linnaeus, is an inhabitant of oak woods, and occurs in Hampshire, Sussex, Kent, Essex, Suffolk, Oxfordshire, Bucks, Gloucestershire, and Worcestershire. A male and two females have been reported from Clonbrock, Co. Galway, Ireland.

THE TRIANGLE (_Heterogena asella_).

The fore wings of this little species (Plate 153, Figs. 4 [male] and 5 [female]) are of triangular shape; in the male, which sex is smaller than the female, they are dark brown, sometimes almost blackish (ab. _nigra_, Tutt), and those of the female yellowish brown varying to ochreous yellow (ab. _flavescens_, Tutt). The hind wings of the male are blackish, and of the female clouded with blackish.

The curious woodlouse-shaped caterpillar is green, sometimes inclining to yellowish; the broad reddish band on the back broadens out before the middle, thus giving the idea of a rough cross, or, as sometimes described, a blunt spear head. It is found, by searching, in August and until October, on the foliage of beech and oak. Birch has also been mentioned as a food plant, and on the continent it is said to feed on poplar, lime, hazel, and hornbeam. Fig. 2 on Plate 149 is from a photo by Mr. H. Main.

Although the caterpillar constructs its gall-like cocoon on a leaf or in the fork of a twig in the autumn, it does not change to a chrysalis until late in spring, sometimes not until June. The moth is out in June and July and flies in the sunshine, chiefly in the afternoon, and might easily be confused with the Lechean Tortrix (_Ptycholoma lecheana_).

2 Pl. 150.
1, 2. GOAT MOTH.

2 Pl. 151.
GOAT MOTH: _caterpillar, chrysalis and cocoon_.

{347} The species appears to be very local in England and confined to the south. Its chief haunts seem to be in Bucks, where it is not uncommon in beech woods at Marlow, and in Hampshire, especially parts of the New Forest. It has been found in Epping Forest, Essex; rarely in Abbot's Wood and Rewell Wood, Sussex; also recorded from Bickleigh Vale and the Plym Valley, Devonshire.

The range abroad extends to Amurland.

COSSIDAE.

GOAT MOTH AT REST.

(Photo by Hugh Main.)]

Of the eighty-six Palaearctic species referred to this family, by far the larger number are eastern, only about eight appear to be found in Europe, and but three of these occur in Britain.

Meyrick separates _Cossus cossus_ (_ligniperda_) from our other two species, adopts _Trypanus_, Rambur, as the generic name, and removes it to the Tortricina as a family of that group under the name Trypanidae.

THE GOAT MOTH (_Cossus cossus_ (_ligniperda_)).

The English name of this species (Plate 150, Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female]) applies more especially to the caterpillar, as this creature gives off an odour which has been compared to that of the he-goat. In general colour the caterpillar is pinkish ochreous, {348} inclining to dark reddish on the back; the small head is black and glossy, and the mark on the first ring of the body is black. It feeds in the solid wood of various trees, especially elm, ash, and willow, but is three or four years in completing growth. When mature, it often leaves its burrow and wanders in search of a suitable place for pupation. When met with at such times it should be, if taken, placed in a roomy tin box with a good supply of sawdust or decayed wood, when it will make its cocoon, and appear as a moth in due course. The early stages are shown on Plate 151.

Caterpillars are more likely to come under the notice of the country rambler than are the moths; examples of the latter, however, may be seen occasionally, in June or July, resting on a tree-trunk, a fence, or a gate post; sometimes, although practically tongueless, the moth visits the sugar patch and either settles on the tree or flutters around.

The species seems to occur in all parts of the British Isles, except perhaps the extreme north of Scotland and the Hebrides.

Abroad, the range extends to Amurland and to North-west Africa.

THE LEOPARD MOTH (_Zeuzera pyrina_).

As will be seen from the portraits of this blue-black spotted white species on Plate 153, the male (Fig. 6) is smaller than the female (Fig. 7); it will be further noted that the antennae of the male are bi-pectinated on the basal half, and thread-like on the outer half; the antennae of the female are thread-like throughout.

2 Pl. 152.
1. LEOPARD MOTH: _caterpillar_.
2. ORANGE-TAILED CLEARWING: _caterpillar's burrow and exit hole;
chrysalis skin_.

2 Pl. 153.
1, 2. FESTOON.
3. REED LEOPARD.
4, 5. TRIANGLE.
6, 7. LEOPARD MOTH.

{349} The caterpillar (Plate 152, Fig. 1, from a coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich) is dull whitish, more or less tinged with yellow; the spots are black, and the head and plates on the first and last rings of the body are blackish brown. It feeds in branches and stems of trees and shrubs. Hatching from the egg, say in the late summer of 1908, the caterpillar will not be full grown until May or June of 1910, or possibly 1911; forming a cocoon of silk and wood particles, it turns to a reddish brown chrysalis in the burrow, and near the bark of the stem or branch. The moth comes out in the summer, and is most often seen in the London district, where the female especially is not infrequently found on tree-trunks or on grass, etc., under trees. It visits light, and the electric arc lamps are very attractive to it.

The species occurs in the south and east of England, and through the north-west counties to Cheshire. It has been recorded from Cardiff, South Wales, and doubtfully from Ireland.

Abroad, the range extends to Corea and Japan. In America it seems to be established in parts of the State of New York.

THE REED LEOPARD (_Phragmataecia castaneae_).

A male of this species (_Macrogaster arundinis_ of some authors) is shown on Plate 153, Fig. 3. The female is rather larger, with longer body, and the antennae are without pectinations.

The wrinkled and rather shining caterpillar is ochreous white with reddish-brown stripes along the back. It feeds low down on the stems of reed (_Phragmites communis_) and is full grown in the spring of the second year following that in which it left the egg in late summer. Thus, a caterpillar hatching in August, 1908, would be mature about May, 1910, pupate in that month, or the next, and the perfect insect would appear in June or July.

The moth flies at night, and may be attracted by a brilliant light. The earliest known British locality for the species was Holme Fen in Huntingdonshire (1841-1848). In 1850 it was found abundantly at Whittlesea Mere. Its haunts in the {350} present day are Wicken and Chippenham fens in Cambridgeshire, but specimens from these localities are somewhat smaller than the old Hunts examples. Barrett states that he put down some eggs of the species in Ranworth Fen, Norfolk, and that five years later two males were captured within a short distance of the spot where the eggs had been placed.

The range abroad extends to China and Japan.

SESIIDAE.

This family--the Aegeriadae of some authors--has over one hundred Palaearctic species assigned to it; these are distributed among five genera, two of which are not represented in Britain. Fourteen species are found in the British Isles, but to obtain fine specimens of most of them the mature caterpillars or the chrysalids will have to be collected and the moths reared. All species emerge from the chrysalis early in the forenoon, and then only under the influence of sunshine.

The caterpillars are somewhat maggot-like, and live in stems, branches, and roots of trees and shrubs; or in the crowns and roots of low-growing plants. The majority, possibly all, are nearly two years in arriving at full growth.

HORNET MOTH (_Trochilium apiformis_).

As indicated by the English name this moth, and also that next to be mentioned, are very like the hornet (_Vespa crabro_). On turning to Plate 154, Fig. 1, it will be seen that this species has a yellow head and patches of yellow on the shoulders; these characters at once separate it from _T. crabroniformis_.

2 Pl. 154.
1. HORNET MOTH.
2. WELSH CLEARWING.
3. WHITE-BARRED CLEARWING.
4. CLEAR UNDERWING.
5, 6. CURRANT CLEARWING.
7. LUNAR HORNET MOTH.

2 Pl. 155.
1. YELLOW-LEGGED CLEARWING.
2, 3. RED-BELTED CLEARWING.
4. LARGE RED-BELTED CLEARWING.
5. RED-TIPPED CLEARWING.
6. SIX-BELTED CLEARWING.
7. THRIFT CLEARWING.
8, 9. FIERY CLEARWING.

{351} The caterpillar is yellowish white, with a red brown head, and a yellow plate on the first ring of the body. It feeds on the roots and lower portion of the trunks of poplar. The brown shining chrysalis is enclosed in a cocoon of wood scrapings woven together with silk. The moth is out in May and June; and has been found, newly emerged, sitting on stems of poplar in the morning.

The eastern counties of England appear to be most favoured by this species, but it also occurs northwards to Yorkshire, southwards to Devonshire, and a specimen has been recorded from Rhyl, North Wales. In Scotland, it has been reported from some localities in the south; Kane states that he has reason to believe that the species occurs in the northern half of Ireland, and that he found caterpillars plentiful in young poplars growing in a marsh near the city of Waterford.

LUNAR HORNET (_Trochilium crabroniformis_).

Another hornet-like moth, best distinguished from that just mentioned by the yellow collar behind the black head (Plate 154, Fig. 7 [female]). The male is rather smaller, but otherwise similar.

The caterpillar is yellowish white, with dark brownish head, and a blackish edged yellow plate on the first ring of the body. It feeds in stems of sallow, willow, and poplar. In late June and through July the moth is on the wing, and may occasionally be seen at rest on leaves or stems of sallow, etc.

The species, known also as _bembeciformis_, Hubner, is generally distributed throughout England, Wales, and Ireland; in Scotland its range extends into Perthshire.

Abroad it seems pretty much confined to Holland, Northern and Central Germany, Austria, and Bohemia.

CLEAR UNDERWING (_Sciapteron tabaniformis_).

This species is the _Trochelium vespiforme_ of some British authors, and the _Aegeria asiliformis_ of Stephens and others.

Another English name for it is the Dusky Clearwing, and this refers to the cloudy fore wings. {352}

Stephens, writing of it in 1828, remarks: "Occasionally taken on poplars, near London, in June. I have obtained it from the neighbourhood of Bexley, and from Birchwood; but it is doubtless a rare species, and exists in few collections: of the male, I have hitherto seen but two specimens, one of which I possess." Both places mentioned by Stephens are in Kent, and one or two specimens of the species have since been reported from Ashford in the same county. The late Henry Doubleday took specimens at Epping, Essex. Colney Hatch Wood in Middlesex has also been given as a locality in the past; more recently two specimens have been noted from Chiswick. The example shown on Plate 154, Fig. 4, is of continental origin.

The caterpillar lives under the bark of poplar trunks, and the moth flies in June and July.

WELSH CLEARWING (_Sesia scoliaeformis_).

As a British species this insect was first noted from Llangollen, in North Wales, somewhere about fifty years ago. In 1867 it was found to inhabit birch woods in the Rannoch district of Scotland, and later on its presence was detected in Sutherlandshire. It has been recorded from Hereford; one example was reported from Wiltshire in 1857; and two from Delamere Forest, Cheshire (1901 and 1905). Kane (_Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Ireland_) states that moths have been taken at Killarney, and caterpillars obtained in the same district, and also at Kenmare.

The caterpillar (Plate 156, Fig. 3; after Hofmann) feeds on the inner layer of bark of large birch trees, and is full grown about May. It turns to a dark brownish chrysalis, in a cocoon formed close up to the bark, which thinly covers the outer end of the burrow. The moth flies in June or sometimes July. It {353} is of comparatively large size, and may be distinguished from the next species by the yellow belts on its body, and the chestnut coloured tuft at the tail. (Plate 154, Fig. 2.)

WHITE-BARRED CLEARWING (_Sesia spheciformis_).

Although generally smaller, some specimens run very close to the last species in size. It may be distinguished by the single belt on the body and the black tail (Plate 154, Fig. 3). One of the best known localities for the species in England is Tilgate Forest, in Sussex; but it also occurs in Hampshire (Basingstoke), Hereford (Tarrington), Worcestershire (Wyre Forest), Staffordshire (Burnt Wood), Cheshire (one, Delamere Forest, 1901), Denbighshire (Llangollen), Lancashire (Chat Moss), and Yorkshire (Bishop's Wood, 1894).

The caterpillar feeds in stems of alder, and is full grown in May of the third year after hatching from the egg. It is said that the chrysalis may sometimes be found by bending and twisting the stems of alder, so as to cause the thin skin of bark over the exit hole of the burrow to crack, and so disclose its whereabouts. The burrow is generally low down the stem. The moth is out in June and early July, and is sometimes to be seen on sunny mornings at rest on alder leaves, or flying over and around the bushes.

ORANGE-TAILED CLEARWING (_Sesia andrenaeformis_).

Although known to be a British species since 1829, when a specimen was taken in a wood near Greenhithe, Kent, this insect continued to be very rare until quite recently. For a long time the caterpillar was supposed to feed in the stems of dogwood, but it is now known to live in the stems of the wayfaring tree (_Viburnum lantana_), and several specimens of the moth {354} have been reared during the past year or two. Unfortunately the caterpillar is much infested by parasites, and comparatively few escape attack. Notes on the life history of this moth, by the Hon. N. Charles Rothschild, Mr. Eustace Bankes, and Dr. Chapman, are published in the _Transactions of the Entomological Society of London_ for 1906 (Part IV., pp. 471-482).

Most of the known localities for the species are in Kent, but it has also been found in Surrey, Dorset, Gloucester, Hertfordshire (Tring district), and Northamptonshire (Oundle). Possibly it will be discovered in other parts of the country. I am indebted to Mr. L. W. Newman, of Bexley, for the specimen figured on Plate 1, Fig. 1. For the caterpillar mine in stem of _Viburnum_ (Plate 156, Figs. 2, 2a) my thanks are due to Mr. Rayward, who kindly sent me a living pupa, from which the moth duly emerged, but, I regret to add, escaped from the box in which the stick containing the chrysalis was kept.

Newman, in 1833, described this species as _Trochilium allantiformis_, and in 1842 it was figured by Westwood and Humphreys as _T. andreniforme_. It is distinguished from _Sesia tipuliformis_ by the two yellow belts of the body (the first sometimes indistinct) and the orange-yellow tuft in the blue-black tail; on the underside of the body there is a broad yellow band on the fourth ring, sometimes extending to the fifth and sixth.

CURRANT CLEARWING (_Sesia tipuliformis_).

In this species the body is narrowly belted with yellow, usually four belts in the male and three in the female; the tail tuft is black in both sexes. The outer marginal border of the fore wings has a bronzy tinge, due to orange patches between the veins. (Plate 154, Figs. 5 [male], 6 [female].)

The caterpillar lives in the stems and shoots of black and red currant bushes; it feeds on the pith, and works its way downwards. When full grown, about May, it gnaws an outlet to the {355} side of the stem, but does not penetrate the outer skin, although it reduces this to a very thin layer, through which the reddish brown chrysalis is able to force itself when the moth is ready to emerge. A figure of the caterpillar will be found on Plate 156, Fig. 1; the chrysalis protruding from currant stem (Fig. 1a) is from a photo by Mr. H. Main. In June or July, the moths are not infrequently seen on leaves of shrubs in gardens where there are currant bushes in or around such gardens, but the foliage of the food plant is a favourite resting place.

Generally distributed throughout England, the range extending into Wales, and South Scotland, but is apparently rare in these countries and also in some of the northern counties of England. Kane states that the species is common near Dublin, and is probably widely distributed in Ireland.

This species seems to have been introduced into North America, where its caterpillar is known as the "currant borer," and, as in England, is regarded with little favour by bush-fruit growers.

YELLOW-LEGGED CLEARWING (_Sesia vespiformis_).

This species (Plate 155, Fig. 1), known also as _asiliformis_, Rottemburg (1775), and _cynipiformis_, Esper (1782), is now held to be correctly referred to _vespiformis_, Linnaeus (1761). The crossbar of the fore wings is orange red in both sexes; the body of the male has two more or less united yellow spots at the junction with the thorax, four yellow belts, and the tail tuft is black above, mixed with yellow below; in the female the body belts are usually one less than in the male, the yellow spots at the junction are generally run together, and the tail tuft is almost wholly yellow. As indicated by the English name, the legs are largely yellow in both sexes.

The caterpillar feeds on the inner bark of oak trees, is full {356} grown in May or June, and turns to a brownish chrysalis in a cell formed in the bark. A well-known locality for this moth, which is out in July and early August, is Hyde Park, London. It is also found in woods or oak-timbered parks in Kent (Tunbridge Wells), Surrey, Sussex (Abbot's Wood, Tilgate, etc.), Dorset (Glanvilles Wootton, etc.), Devon (Devonport, Plymouth, Topsham, etc.), Essex (Epping), Suffolk, Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, Leicestershire, Staffordshire, and Yorkshire (Doncaster).

RED-BELTED CLEARWING (_Sesia myopaeformis_).

One example of each sex is shown on Plate 155, where Fig. 2 represents the male and Fig. 3 the female; both have a single belt on the body; as a rule, the belt is red, but occasionally it inclines to orange or yellow.

The caterpillar feeds on the inner bark of the trunks or boughs of apple, and sometimes pear, trees. It is nearly two years in maturing, but is full grown about June. The moth is out during the summer months, and is to be seen early on sunny mornings, newly emerged from the chrysalis on the trunks of the trees in which the caterpillar lives; the chrysalis skins will also be noted at the same time, sticking out from holes in the bark. Later in the day it sits on leaves, etc., after its flights, and I have even found it occasionally on a gravel path, and once on the pavement of a road in North-west London.

The species seems to be most frequent in gardens and orchards around London, but it has been recorded from as far north as Lancashire and Yorkshire; it is probably widely distributed over England. The Irish localities, mentioned by Kane, are Dublin, Cork, Killarney, and Clonbrock.

2 Pl. 156.
1. CURRANT CLEARWING: _caterpillar and chrysalis skin_.
2. RED-TIPPED CLEARWING: _caterpillar_.
3. WELSH CLEARWING: _caterpillar_.

2 Pl. 157.
1, 3. GHOST MOTH.
2, 4. DO., VAR. _THULENSIS_.
5, 6. ORANGE SWIFT.

{357}

LARGE RED-BELTED CLEARWING (_Sesia culiciformis_).

This species (Plate 155, Fig. 4) is very similar to the last, but it is larger, and the fore wings are dusted with reddish scales towards the base, sometimes also along the inner margin. The belt on the body is generally red, not infrequently with an orange tinge, but it is sometimes yellow or far more rarely white.

The caterpillar, which is full grown in May, feeds on the inner bark of birch trees and bushes, apparently preferring the stumps left in the ground where stems have been cut down. It is not difficult to find, but as it is about two years in this stage it should not be taken until nearly or quite full grown, and it is safer to leave it until it has entered the chrysalis state. The moth is out in June, or sometimes at the end of May; it flies over birch and rests on leaves, and has been known to visit flowers of the wood spurge and the rhododendron.

Kent and Sussex appear to be the counties most favoured by this species, but it occurs in most of the other English counties in which there are birch woods, certainly up to Yorkshire, and probably further north, as it is found in Scotland (Clydesdale, Perthshire, and Aberdeen). The Irish localities are Killarney, Ballinasloe, and Derry.

RED-TIPPED CLEARWING (_Sesia formicaeformis_).

This is another red-belted species, but it differs from either of the two immediately preceding in having the fore wings tipped with red. (Plate 155, Fig. 5.)

The caterpillar feeds in the twigs and stumps of osier (_Salix viminalis_), sometimes called "withe"; it is full grown about June. (Plate 156, Fig. 2; after Hofmann.) The moth is out in July and August; it is partial to marshes and other wet spots, {358} and is fond of a leaf as a resting place. Like the rest of its kind, it is very alert, and skips off quickly on one's approach. Probably the species is more widely distributed in England, but from the records, it only appears to have been noted from Kent, Hampshire, Somersetshire, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Derbyshire, Yorkshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, and Essex.

SIX-BELTED CLEARWING (_Sesia ichneumoniformis_).

The inner and outer margins of the fore wings are tinged with orange, and there is an orange mark on the outer edge of the cross bar; the body of the male has seven yellow belts, and that of the female one less. (Plate 155, Fig. 6.)

The caterpillar feeds in the roots of bird's-foot trefoil (_Lotus corniculatus_), and kidney vetch (_Anthyllis vulneraria_); it is full grown about June. July and August are the months for the moth, and its haunts are on chalk downs, and on banks by the sea; it seems partial to the edges of chalk pits, sloping banks, and broken ground of undercliffs, etc. In such places it is to be seen on the wing in the early evening, and, I believe, in the early morning also. It has frequently been obtained by sweeping the net over herbage in the vicinity of the food plants.

Mr. W. H. Flint records (1902) the species from the Forest of Dean district, where, he states, he could easily have captured two dozen a day, as they flew over trefoils, etc.

The species occurs in most of the southern seaboard counties of England, from Kent to Cornwall and including the Isle of Wight; Surrey, Bucks., Essex, and other eastern counties, including Cambridge; and it has been recorded from Yorkshire. On the western side of the country it is found in Somerset, Gloucester, Hereford, Worcester, Staffordshire, and in South Wales. {359}

THRIFT CLEARWING (_Sesia muscaeformis_).

This is our smallest species of the genus, and it is further distinguished by narrow clear spaces on the blackish, or bronzy, fore wings, three whitish bands on the body, and traces of a whitish line along the middle of the back. (Plate 155, Fig. 7.)

The caterpillar feeds on the roots of thrift or sea-pink (_Armeria vulgaris_), and is full grown about June. The moth is out in June and July, and seems to have a liking for the flowers of thyme.

This species (also known as _philanthiformis_, Laspeyres) frequents rocky places on the coasts of Devon (Torquay, Lynmouth, etc.), Cornwall, Wales; Isle of Man; Scotland (Aberdeenshire); and Ireland (Saltee Islands, Wexford, and Seven Heads, Cork. Gregson recorded it from Howth).

FIERY CLEARWING (_Sesia chrysidiformis_).

The orange red colour on the fore wings, and of the tail tuft, at once distinguish this species (Plate 155, Figs. 8 [male], 9 [female]) from either of its British allies. The blackish body has two pale-yellow belts, but in the male the lower one is often double. As a rule, the body of the female is stouter than that of the male, but the bodies of some males appear quite as thick as those of the females, and the true sex is only disclosed by the ciliated antennae, which is a character of the male alone.

The caterpillar feeds on the roots of dock and sorrel, and it is full grown about May. In June and July the moth is on the wing and flies in the sunshine, about noon, over the food plants.

The species occurs not uncommonly in the Warren at Folkestone, Kent. This locality, well known to entomologists, is a long stretch of rough broken ground lying between the railway {360} and the sea; and is probably the only spot in the British Isles where the Fiery Clearwing is almost certain to be found, either in its early or its perfect stage, at the proper season. The moth has been recorded from Eastbourne, Sussex (1874), and from the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire (1902).

HEPIALIDAE.

Of the twenty-two Palaearctic species belonging to this family, nine appear to occur in Europe, and the range of five of these extends to the British Isles.

In some of the more recent systems of classification, this family is relegated to almost the bottom of the scheme, and therefore occupies a much lower place than do the bulk of the families comprised in the old style "Micro-Lepidoptera." As, however, these insects, commonly called "Swifts," have long received the attention of collectors, and in collections usually occupy a position among the so-called "Bombyces," they have been included in the present volume.

GHOST MOTH (_Hepialus humuli_).

On Plate 157 are portraits of a male and a female of the typical form of this species (Figs. 1 [male] and 3 [female]); and two male examples (Figs. 2 and 4) of the Shetland race var. _thulensis_, Newman, better known perhaps as _hethlandica_, Staudinger, but the former is the older name. It will be noted that in the ordinary form the male has white wings, and that the female has yellowish fore wings marked with orange, and smoky hind wings. The Shetland male, represented by Fig. 2, has the fore wings whitish buff in colour with brownish markings similar in pattern to those of an ordinary female; the hind wings are blackish. The second example of _thulensis_ (Fig. 4) is somewhat similar in appearance to a typical female. In other male specimens of this insular race the wings are pretty much of the typical colour, but the markings on the front pair are reduced both in number and size. Mr. H. McArthur, who has collected a good deal in the Shetland Isles, states that in Unst, the most northern island of the group, more or less typical _humuli_ were found on the cliffs facing south-east, whilst the majority of the specimens obtained in boggy meadows, etc., were of the _thulensis_ form.

2 Pl. 158.
1-3. MAP-WINGED SWIFT.
4-6. COMMON SWIFT.
7, 8. GOLD SWIFT.

2 Pl. 159.
1, 1a. COMMON SWIFT: _caterpillar and chrysalis_.
2, 2a. GHOST MOTH: _caterpillar and chrysalis (enlarged)_.
3. ORANGE SWIFT: _caterpillar_.

{361} The caterpillar feeds on the roots of plants, such as burdock, dandelion, dead-nettle, etc. It is full grown in May, and the moth is out in June and July. (Plate 159, Fig. 2; after Hofmann.) The males may be seen in the evening, sometimes in numbers in grassy places, swaying themselves to and fro without making progress, and appearing as though they dangled from the end of an invisible thread; the female flies straight, and, as a rule, in the direction of one or other of the pendulous males.

The species is generally distributed over the British Isles.

ORANGE SWIFT (_Hepialus sylvina_).

The male of this species (Plate 157, Figs. 5. [male], 6 [female]) usually some shade of orange brown, with greyish-edged white markings on the fore wings. Sometimes the female is orange brown, but more often it is some shade of grey brown.

The caterpillar (Plate 159, Fig. 3; after Hofmann) feeds on the roots of dock, bracken, viper's bugloss, etc., and is full grown about July. In late July and in August the moth may be seen in the early evening flying among bracken, and not infrequently around trees fairly high up. Occasionally, specimens are seen in the daytime on tree-trunks, fences, etc. At one time this species was known in the vernacular as "The Tawny and Brown Swift"; it is also "The Orange or Evening Swift" of Harris (1778) and the "Wood Swift" of Newman. It is {362} common in many southern and eastern parts, but widely distributed over England, Wales, and Scotland to Moray. Only doubtfully recorded from Ireland.

MAP-WINGED SWIFT (_Hepialus fusconebulosa_).

At one time this species (the _velleda_ of Hubner) was known as the "Northern Swift," but as it is plentiful in North Devonshire and Somersetshire, and occurs less commonly in other southern English counties, that name is hardly suitable. Haworth's English name for it--"The Beautiful Swift"--does not quite meet the case, because, although the insect is prettily marked, it is scarcely beautiful. We have then to fall back on Donovan's Map-winged Swift as a popular name, and this seems a fairly apt one, as the markings on the fore wings are somewhat map-like in pattern, especially in the more typical specimens.

There is much variation in colour and in marking; some examples, chiefly those from Shetland, are prettily variegated. A uniform reddish-brown variety, ab. _gallicus_, Lederer, is depicted on Plate 158, Fig. 3; and a more or less typical specimen of each sex is shown on the same plate (Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female]).

The caterpillar is ochreous white, with orange-brown plates, and rather paler raised dots; head, reddish brown, and spiracles black. It feeds on the roots of the bracken, and is full grown about May. The moth is out in June and July, and flies, in the gloaming, on hill slopes, heaths, and the edges of mosses and woods; it seems to be more active than either of the other British "Swifts"; at all events, I have always found it less easy to capture with the net.

The species is pretty generally distributed throughout the British Isles. {363}

COMMON SWIFT (_Hepialus lupulina_).

Three examples of this species are shown on Plate 158. Fig. 4 is a typical male, Fig. 5 a whitish suffused variety, and Fig. 6 is a female. The latter sex is generally devoid of marking, and in the male the stripes and dashes are far more conspicuous in some specimens than in others.

The glossy whitish caterpillar has a brown head; the plate on the first ring of the body is brownish, and the raised dots are pretty much of the same colour. It feeds on the roots of grass and other plants, and is full grown about April. A figure of the caterpillar, from a drawing in colour by Mr. A. Sich, and a photo of the pupa by Mr. H. Main, are shown on Plate 159, Figs. 1 and 1a; the latter is twice natural size.

The moth is out in June, or sometimes late May, and occasional specimens have been noted in September. It is more frequently seen at rest, on fences, etc., than either of the other species of the genus; but towards dusk it is on the wing, and may then be observed in large numbers careering over grass meadows or along stretches of green turf by the wayside.

Generally distributed, and often abundant, throughout the United Kingdom; and it occurs in Monaghan, Mayo, Galway, and Kerry, in Ireland.

GOLD SWIFT (_Hepialus hecta_).

Both sexes of this species are shown on Plate 158, where Fig. 7 represents the golden-marked male, and Fig. 8 the more dingy, dull, purplish-grey striped female. There is variation in number and in size of the markings on the fore wings of the male, and occasionally the hind wings in this sex are adorned with golden spangles on the outer area.

The pale greyish brown caterpillar has glossy darker brown {364} plates on rings 1-3, and the raised dots and the spiracles are black. It feeds on the roots of bracken, and is full grown about May. Buckler states that at first it burrows in the root, hibernates when small, resumes feeding in April, attains full growth before winter, and hibernates in the earth for a second time; in the spring of the second year it gnaws cavities in the young shoots of the bracken, and apparently drinks the flowing sap.

The moth is out in June. The males fly at dusk, something in the manner of _humuli_, over and among the bracken; but the females fly in a more or less direct line. An odour given off by the males of this species has been likened to that of the pine apple; whilst the "scent" of the Ghost Moth is said to be more of the billy-goat character.

In most woody localities, where the bracken flourishes, this species will be found throughout England, Wales, Scotland to Aberdeen and the Hebrides, and Ireland.

INDEX.

_Abraxas grossulariata_, 260, _Plates_ 103, 104;
_sylvata_, 259, _Plates_ 103, 104
_Abrostola tripartita_, 74, _Plate_ 22;
_triplasia_, 73, _Plates_ 22, 27
_Acidalia aversata_, 120, _Plates_ 46, 47;
_bisetata_, 121, _Plate_ 46;
_contiguaria_, 109, _Plate_ 45;
_degeneraria_, 118, _Plate_ 46;
_dimidiata_, 121, _Plates_ 46, 47;
_emutaria_, 128, _Plate_ 49;
_fumata_, 131, _Plate_ 50;
_herbariata_, 111, _Plate_ 45;
_holosericata_, 116, _Plate_ 45;
_humiliata_, 115, _Plate_ 45;
_imitaria_, 129, _Plates_ 48, 49;
_immorata_, 126, _Plate_ 49;
_immutata_, 124, _Plate_ 49;
_inornata_, 119, _Plates_ 46, 47;
_interjectaria_, 114, _Plate_ 45;
_marginepunctata_, 125, _Plate_ 49;
_ochrata_, 132, _Plate_ 50;
_ornata_, 123, _Plate_ 46;
_perochraria_, 133, _Plate_ 53;
_remutaria_, 124, _Plate_ 49;
_rubiginata_, 130, _Plate_ 50;
_rusticata_, 110, _Plates_ 45, 48;
_straminata_, 113, _Plates_ 45, 61;
_strigilaria_, 127, _Plate_ 49;
_subsericeata_, 117, _Plate_ 45;
_trigeminata_, 122, _Plate_ 46;
_virgularia_, 112, _Plate_ 45
Acidaliinae, 109
_Acontia lucida_, var. _albicollis_, 53, _Plate_ 19;
_luctuosa_, 54, _Plates_ 19, 23
_Adscita geryon_, 343, _Plate_ 147;
_statices_, 342, _Plates_ 145, 147
Alchymist, 78. _Plate_ 29
_Aleucis pictaria_, 264. _Plate_ 107
_Amathes circellaris_, 14, _Plates_ 5, 7;
_helvola_, 15, _Plate_ 9;
_litura_, 16, _Plate_ 9;
_lota_, 12, _Plates_ 5, 7;
_lychnidis_, 16, _Plates_ 5, 9;
_macilenta_, 13, _Plate_ 7
_Amoebe olivata_, 184, _Plates_ 73, 75;
_viridaria_, 185, _Plate_ 75
_Amphidasys_. See _Pachys_.
_Anaitis plagiata_, 149. _Plate_ 55
_Anarta cordigera_, 44, _Plate_ 17;
_melanopa_, 45, _Plate_ 17;
_myrtilli_, 44, _Plates_ 17, 20
_Anchocelis lunosa_, 11. _Plate_ 7
_Angerona prunaria_, 280. _Plates_ 117, 118
Angle-barred Pug, 246. _Plate_ 98
Angle-striped Sallow, 5. _Plate_ 4
_Ania emarginata_, 133. _Plate_ 50
_Anisopteryx aescularia_, 294. _Plates_ 122, 125
Annulet, 319. _Plates_ 139, 140
_Anticlea badiata_, 217, _Plates_ 88, 89;
_berberata_, 218, _Plate_ 88;
_cucullata_, 216, _Plate_ 88;
_nigrafasciaria_, 219, _Plates_ 88, 89;
_rubidata_, 218, _Plate_ 88
_Aplasta ononaria_, 101. _Plate_ 38
_Apocheima hispidaria_, 296. _Plates_ 124, 126
Argent and Sable, 201. _Plates_ 79, 82
Ash Pug, 247. _Plate_ 98
_Aspilates gilvaria_, 330, _Plate_ 144;
_ochrearia_, 331, _Plates_ 142, 144;
_strigillaria_, 332, _Plate_ 144
_Asthena blomeri_, 222, _Plates_ 90, 91;
_candidata_, 220, _Plates_ 90, 91;
_luteata_, 220, Plate 91;
_testaceata_, 221, _Plate_ 91
_Atethmia xerampelina_, 10, _Plate_ 4
August Thorn, 271. _Plates_ 109, 111, 113
Autumnal Moth, 189. _Plate_ 78
Autumn Green Carpet, 174. _Plate_ 68

_Bankia argentula_, 57. _Plate_ 21
_Bapta bimaculata_, 265, _Plate_ 107;
_pictaria_, 264, _Plate_ 107;
_temerata_, 266, _Plate_ 107
Barberry Carpet, 218. _Plate_ 88
Barred Carpet, 211. _Plate_ 85
Barred Red, 269. _Plates_ 106, 108
Barred Rivulet, 208. _Plate_ 83
Barred Sallow, 18. _Plate_ 10
Barred Straw, 168. _Plate_ 65
Barred Tooth-striped, 152. _Plates_ 57, 59
Barred Umber, 268. _Plates_ 106, 108
Barred Yellow, 169. _Plates_ 65, 69
Beaded Chestnut, 16. _Plates_ 5, 9
Beautiful Carpet, 202. _Plates_ 76, 82
Beautiful Golden Y, 70. _Plate_ 24
Beautiful Hook-tip, 85. _Plate_ 36
Beautiful Snout, 92. _Plates_ 35, 37
Beautiful Yellow Underwing, 44. _Plates_ 17, 20
Beech-green Carpet, 184. _Plates_ 73, 75
Belted Beauty, 298. _Plates_ 124, 126
Bilberry Pug, 253. _Plate_ 100
Birch Mocha, 139. _Plates_ 51, 53
Black Mountain Moth, 321. _Plate_ 139
Blackneck, 83. _Plate_ 32
Black-veined Moth, 330. _Plate_ 144
Bleached Pug, 230. _Plate_ 95
Blomer's Rivulet, 222. _Plates_ 90, 91
Blood-vein, 134. _Plate_ 50
Blotched Emerald, 104. _Plates_ 41, 43
Bloxworth Snout, 93. _Plate_ 36
Blue-bordered Carpet, 204. _Plate_ 82
_Boarmia abietaria_, 306, _Plates_ 132, 138;
_cinctaria_, 304, _Plate_ 130;
_consortaria_, 309, _Plate_ 135;
_gemmaria_, 305, _Plates_ 130, 131;
_repandata_, 307, _Plates_ 131, 132, 134;
_roboraria_, 308, _Plate_ 135
Boarmiinae, 259
_Bomolocha fontis_, 92. _Plates_ 35, 37
Bordered Beauty, 284. _Plates_ 119, 121
Bordered Grey, 325. _Plates_ 142, 143
Bordered Pug, 240. _Plates_ 92, 97
Bordered Sallow, 47. _Plates_ 17, 20
Bordered Straw, 50. _Plates_ 19, 20
Bordered White, 325. _Plates_ 140, 141
Brephidae, 97
_Brephos notha_, 98, _Plates_ 38, 39;
_parthenias_, 97, _Plates_ 38, 39
Brick, 14. _Plates_ 5, 7
Bright Wave, 132. _Plate_ 50
Brimstone, 283. _Plate_ 117
Brindled Beauty, 299. _Plates_ 1, 124, 128
Brindled Pug, 248. _Plate_ 99
Brindled White-spot, 314. _Plate_ 137
Broad-bordered White Underwing, 45. _Plate_ 17
Broken-barred Carpet, 169. _Plates_ 61, 65
Broom-tip, 151. _Plates_ 56, 57
Brown Scallop, 161. _Plate_ 60
Brown Silver-line, 327. _Plate_ 143
Brown-spot Pinion, 16. _Plate_ 9
Brussels Lace, 310. _Plates_ 133, 136
Bupalus piniaria, 325. _Plates_ 140, 141
Burnet Companion, 76. _Plate_ 26
Burnets, 333
Burnished Brass, 65. _Plate_ 22
Buttoned Snout, 94. _Plates_ 35, 37

_Cabera exanthemata_, 267, _Plate_ 107;
_pusaria_, 266, _Plates_ 105, 107
_Calocampa exoleta_, 34, _Plate_ 14;
_vetusta_, 35, _Plates_ 8, 14
_Calymnia affinis_, 3, _Plate_ 2;
_diffinis_,4, _Plates_ 2, 3;
_pyralina_, 2, _Plates_2, 3;
_trapezina_, 4, _Plate_ 2
Campanula Pug, 232. _Plate_ 95
_Camptogramma bilineata_, 212. _Plates_ 61, 84, 85
Canary-shouldered Thorn, 272. _Plates_ 110, 111
_Carsia paludata_, 150. _Plate_ 55
_Catephia alchymista_, 78. _Plate_ 29
_Catocala electa_, 79, _Plate_ 31;
_fraxini_, 78, _Plate_ 29;
_nupta_, 80, _Plates_ 31, 33;
_promissa_, 82, _Plate_ 32;
_sponsa_, 82, _Plates_ 32, 33
Centre-barred Sallow, 10. _Plate_ 4
Chalk Carpet, 145. _Plates_ 52, 54
Chamomile Shark, 40. _Plates_ 16, 18
_Cheimatobia boreata_, 157, _Plates_ 58, 59;
_brumata_, 156, _Plate_ 58
_Chesias rufata_, 151, _Plates_ 56, 57;
_spartiata_, 150, _Plates_ 56, 57
Chestnut-coloured Carpet, 176. _Plate_ 70
Chestnut Moth, 24. _Plate_ 11
Chevron, 165. _Plates_ 63, 67
_Chiasmia clathrata_, 328. _Plate_ 143
Chimney-sweeper, 147. _Plate_ 55
_Chloroclystis coronata_, 251, _Plate_ 100;
_debiliata_, 253, _Plate_ 100;
_rectangulata_, 251, _Plate_ 100
_Cidaria corylata_, 169, _Plates_ 61, 65;
_fulvata_, 169, _Plates_ 65, 69;
_immanata_, _Plates_ 66, 69;
_miata_, 174, _Plate_ 68;
_pyraliata_, 168, _Plate_ 65;
_sagittata_, 172, _Plate_ 68;
_siterata_, 173, _Plate_ 68;
_truncata_, 170, _Plates_ 66, 69
_Cirrhia citrago_, 17. _Plate_ 10
_Cirrhoedia xerampelina_, 10. _Plate_ 4
Cistus Forester, 343. _Plate_ 147
Clay Fan-foot, 90. _Plates_ 34, 35
Clay Triple-lines, 137. _Plate_ 53
Clear Underwing, 351. _Plate_ 154
Clearwings, 350
_Cleora angularia_, 310, _Plate_ 134;
_jubata_, 311, _Plates_ 133, 136;
_lichenaria_, 310, _Plates_ 133, 136
Clifden Nonpareil, 78. _Plate_ 29
Cloaked Carpet, 200. _Plate_ 82
Cloaked Pug, 251. _Plate_ 99
Clouded Border, 262. _Plates_ 105, 107
Clouded Magpie, 259. _Plates_ 101, 103, 104
Clouded Silver, 266. _Plate_ 107
Cochlididae, 344
_Cochlidion limacodes_, 345. _Plates_ 149, 153
_Coenocalpe tersata_, 257, _Plate_ 102;
_vitalbata_, 256, _Plate_ 102;
_vittata_, 257, _Plate_ 102
_Collix sparsata_, 254. _Plate_ 102
Common Carpet, 197. _Plates_ 79, 81
Common Emerald, 107. _Plates_ 41, 43
Common Fan-foot, 91. _Plate_ 34
Common Heath, 324. _Plate_ 141
Common Marbled Carpet, 170. _Plates_ 66, 69
Common Pug, 334. _Plates_ 92, 97
Common Swift, 363. _Plates_ 158, 159
Common Wave, 267. _Plate_ 107
Common White Wave, 266. _Plates_ 105, 107
Conformist, 29. _Plates_ 8, 13
_Conistra_. See _Orrhodia_
_Coremia designata_, 183, _Plates_ 74, 75;
_ferrugata_, 182, _Plate_ 72;
_munitata_, 180, _Plate_ 72;
_quadrifasciaria_, 179, _Plate_ 72;
_unidentaria_, 181, _Plate_ 75
_Cosmia paleacea_, 5. _Plate_ 4
Cossidae, 347
_Cossus cossus_ (_ligniperda_), 347. _Plates_ 150, 151
_Craspedia_. See _Acidalia_.
Cream Wave, 124. _Plate_ 49
_Crocallis elinguaria_, 280. _Plates_ 114, 116
_Cucullia abrotani_, 43, _Plate_ 16;
_absinthii_, 42, _Plate_ 16;
_artemisiae_, 43, _Plate_ 16;
_asteris_, 30, _Plates_ 15, 18;
_chamomillae_, 40, _Plates_ 16, 18;
_gnaphalii_, 41, _Plate_ 13;
_lychnitis_, 38, _Plates_ 15, 18;
_scrophulariae_, 37, _Plate_ 15;
_umbratica_, 40, _Plate_ 16;
_verbasci_, 36, _Plates_ 15, 18
Cudweed Shark, 41. _Plate_ 13
Currant Clearwing, 354. _Plates_ 154, 156
Currant Pug, 230. _Plates_ 92, 95

Dark-barred Twin-spot Carpet, 181. _Plates_ 74, 75
Dark Bordered Beauty, 284. _Plates_ 119, 121
Dark Chestnut, 25. _Plate_ 11
Dark Crimson Underwing, 82. _Plates_ 32, 33
Dark Marbled Carpet, 171. _Plates_ 66, 69
Dark Spectacle, 73. _Plates_ 22, 27
Dark Spinach, 254. _Plate_ 102
Dark Umber, 162. _Plate_ 60
_Dasycampa rubiginea_, 26. _Plates_ 6, 11
Dentated Pug, 254. _Plate_ 102
_Dicycla oo_, 1. _Plate_ 2
Dingy Mocha, 139. _Plate_ 51, 53
Dingy Shears, 8. _Plates_ 3, 4
Dingy Shell, 219. _Plate_ 91
Dotted Border, 292. _Plates_ 120, 125
Dotted Border Wave, 113. _Plates_ 45, 61
Dotted Carpet, 311. _Plates_ 133, 136
Dotted Chestnut, 26. _Plates_ 6, 11
Dotted Fan-foot, 90. _Plate_ 35
Double Kidney, 9. _Plate_ 4
Double-striped Pug, 250. _Plate_ 99
Drab Looper, 146. _Plate_ 55
Dun-bar, 4. _Plate_ 2
Dusky-lemon Sallow, 21. _Plate_ 10
Dusky Thorn, 273. _Plates_ 110, 111
Dwarf Cream Wave, 114. _Plate_ 45
Dwarf Pug, 225. _Plate_ 93
_Dyschorista fissipuncta_, 8, _Plates_ 3, 4;
_suspecta_, 7, _Plate_ 4

Early Grey, 33. _Plates_ 8, 12
Early Moth, 289. _Plate_ 120
Early Thorn, 274. _Plate_ 112
Early Tooth-striped, 153. _Plates_ 57, 59
Edinburgh Pug, 239. _Plate_ 96
_Eltopia prosapiaria_, 269. _Plates_ 106, 108
_Ematurga atomaria_, 324. _Plate_ 141
_Emmelia trabealis_, 62. _Plate_ 21
Engrailed, 312. _Plates_ 136, 138
_Ennomos alniaria_, 272, _Plates_ 110, 111;
_autumnaria_, 270, _Plates_ 106, 109;
_erosaria_, 273, _Plate_ 134;
_fuscantaria_, 273, _Plates_ 110, 111;
_quercinaria_, 271, _Plates_ 109, 111, 113
_Entephria caesiata_, 191. _Plate_ 80
_Ephyra annulata_, 138, _Plates_ 51, 53;
_linearia_, 137, _Plate_ 53;
_orbicularia_, 139, _Plates_ 51, 53;
_pendularia_, 139, _Plates_ 51, 53;
_porata_, 135, _Plate_ 53;
_punctaria_, 136, _Plate_ 53
_Epione advenaria_, 285, _Plates_ 119, 121;
_apiciaria_, 284, _Plates_ 119, 121;
_parallelaria_, 284, _Plates_ 119, 121
_Epirrhoe_. See _Xanthorhoe_
_Epirrita_. See _Oporabia_
_Erastria argentula_, 57, _Plate_ 21;
_fasciana_, 57, _Plate_ 21;
_uncula_, 58, _Plate_ 21;
_venustula_, 59, _Plates_ 21, 25
Essex Emerald, 105. _Plates_ 42, 43
_Euchloris pustulata_, 104, _Plates_ 41, 43;
_smaragdaria_, 105, _Plates_ 42, 43
_Euchoeca obliterata_, 219. _Plate_ 91
_Euclidia glyphica_, 76, _Plate_ 26;
_mi_, 75, _Plates_ 26, 30
_Eucosmia certata_, 159, _Plates_ 60, 62;
_undulata_, 160, _Plates_ 60, 62
_Eucymatoge togata_, 251. _Plate_ 99
_Eudalimia margaritaria_, 270. _Plates_ 106, 108
_Eulype hastata_, 201. _Plates_ 79, 82
_Euphyia picata_, 200, _Plate_ 82;
_unangulata_, 199, _Plate_ 82
_Eupithecia abbreviata_, 248, _Plate_ 99;
_absinthiata_, 231, _Plate_ 95;
_albipunctata_, 234, _Plates_ 92, 97;
_assimilata_, 230, _Plates_ 92, 95;
_castigata_, 237, _Plates_ 92, 97;
_denotata_, 232, _Plate_ 95;
_distinctaria_, 229, _Plate_ 95;
_dodoneata_, 248, _Plate_ 99;
_exiguata_, 248, _Plate_ 99;
_expallidata_, 230, _Plate_ 95;
_extensaria_, 238, _Plate_ 97;
_fraxinata_, 247, _Plate_ 98;
_goossensiata_, 231, _Plate_ 95;
_haworthiata_, 242, _Plates_ 90, 98;
_helveticaria_, 239. _Plate_ 96;
_indigata_, 226, _Plate_ 96;
_innotata_, 246, _Plate_ 98;
_insigniata_, 226, _Plate_ 96;
_inturbata_, 246, _Plate_ 98;
_irriguata_, 225, _Plate_ 93;
_jasioneata_, 233, _Plate_ 95;
_lariciata_, 236, 97;
_linariata_, 224, _Plate_ 93;
_nanata_, 247, _Plate_ 99;
_oblongata_, 222, _Plates_ 92, 93;
_pimpinellata_, 228, _Plate_ 95;
_plumbeolata_, 244, _Plate_ 98;
_pulchellata_, 223, _Plate_ 93;
_pumilata_, 250, _Plate_ 99;
_pusillata_, 225, _Plate_ 93;
_pygmaeata_, 244, _Plate_ 98;
_satyrata_, 239, _Plate_ 96;
_scabiosata_, 242, _Plate_ 97;
_sobrinata_, 249, _Plate_ 99;
_subfulvata_, 241, _Plate_ 97;
_subnotata_, 237, _Plates_ 94, 97;
_succenturiata_, 240, _Plates_ 92, 97;
_tenuiata_, 245, _Plate_ 98;
_trisignaria_, 236, _Plate_ 97;
_valerianata_, 243, _Plate_ 98;
_venosata_, 227, _Plates_ 92, 93;
_virgaureata_, 235, _Plate_ 97;
_vulgata_, 234, _Plates_ 92, 97
_Eupsilia satellitia_, 27. _Plate_ 12
_Eurymene dolabraria_, 282. _Plate_ 117
_Eustroma silaceata_, 162. _Plate_ 93

False Mocha, 135. _Plate_ 53
Fan-foot, 87. _Plates_ 34, 35
Feathered Thorn, 279. _Plates_ 114, 116
Fern-Moth, 257. _Plate_ 102
Festoon, 345. _Plates_ 149, 153
_Fidonia limbaria_, 323. _Plate_ 141;
_carbonaria_, 322. _Plate_ 141
Fiery Clearwing, 359. _Plate_ 155
Five-spot Burnet, 339. _Plates_ 145, 146, 148
Flame Carpet, 183. _Plates_ 74, 75
Flame Moth, 218. _Plate_ 88
Flounced Rustic, 15. _Plate_ 9
Forester, 342. _Plates_ 145, 147
Four-spotted, 54. _Plates_ 19, 23
Foxglove Pug, 223. _Plate_ 93
Frosted Yellow, 323. _Plate_ 141

Galium Carpet, 195. _Plates_ 79, 81
Garden Carpet, 194. _Plates_ 61, 80
Gem, 258. _Plate_ 102
_Geometra papilionaria_, 102, _Plates_ 40, 42;
_vernaria_, 103, _Plates_ 40, 44
Geometridae, 99
Geometrinae, 101
Ghost Moth, 360. _Plates_ 157, 159
_Gnophos obscurata_, 319, _Plates_ 139, 140;
_myrtillata_, 320. _Plate_ 139
Goat Moth, 347. _Plates_ 150, 151
Golden Plusia, 64. _Plates_ 22, 27
Golden Rod Brindle, 32. _Plate_ 12
Golden-rod Pug, 235. _Plate_ 97
Gold Spangle, 67. _Plate_ 24
Gold Spot, 68. _Plate_ 24
Gold Swift, 363. _Plate_ 158
_Gonodontis bidentata_, 278. _Plates_ 114, 115
_Graptolitha furcifera_, 29, _Plates_ 8, 13;
_lamda_, 30, _Plate_ 13;
_ornithopus_, 31, _Plate_ 12
Grass Emerald, 101. _Plates_ 38, 41
Grass Rivulet, 209. _Plates_ 83, 84
Grass Wave, 332. _Plate_ 144
Great Oak Beauty, 308. _Plate_ 135
Green Carpet, 185. _Plate_ 75
Green Pug, 252. _Plate_ 61
Grey Birch, 316. _Plate_ 137
Grey Carpet, 148. _Plate_ 55
Grey Mountain Carpet, 191. _Plate_ 80
Grey Pine Carpet, 175. _Plates_ 70, 71
Grey Pug, 237. _Plates_ 92, 97
Grey Scalloped Bar, 329. _Plates_ 142, 144
Grey Shoulder-knot, 31. _Plate_ 12
_Gymnoscelis pumilata_, 250. _Plate_ 99

_Hapalotis fasciana_, 57. _Plate_ 21
Haworth's Pug, 242. _Plates_ 90, 98
Heart Moth, 1. _Plate_ 2
Heath Rivulet, 209. _Plate_ 83
_Heliaca tenebrata_, 46. _Plate_ 17
_Heliothis armigera_, 52, _Plates_ 19, 20;
_dipsacea_, 48, _Plate_ 19;
_peltigera_, 50, _Plates_ 19, 20;
_scutosa_, 49, _Plate_ 19
_Hemerophila abruptaria_, 303. _Plates_ 130, 133, 134
_Hemithea strigata_, 107. _Plates_ 41, 43
Hepialidae, 360
_Hepialus fusconebulosa_, 362, _Plate_ 158;
_hecta_, 363, _Plate_ 158;
_humuli_, 360, _Plates_ 157, 159;
_lupulina_, 363, _Plates_ 158, 159;
_sylvina_, 361; _Plates_ 157, 159;
_velleda_, 362
Herald, 63. _Plates_ 22, 25
_Herminia cribralis_, 90, _Plate_ 35;
_cribrumalis_, 90, _Plate_ 35;
_derivalis_, 90, _Plates_ 34, 35
_Heterogena asella_, 346, _Plates_ 149, 153;
_limacodes_, 345, _Plates_ 149, 153
_Himera pennaria_, 279. _Plates_ 114, 116
_Hoporina croceago_, 22. _Plates_ 6, 10
Hornet Moth, 350. _Plate_ 154
Horse Chestnut, 318. _Plates_ 137, 140
_Hybernia aurantiaria_, 291, _Plates_ 120, 125;
_defoliaria_, 293, _Plates_ 122, 125;
_leucophaearia_, 290, _Plate_ 120;
_marginaria_, 292, _Plates_ 120, 125;
_rupicapraria_, 289, _Plate_ 120
_Hydrelia uncula_, 58. _Plate_ 21
_Hydriomena elutata_, 213;
_furcata_, 213, _Plates_ 86, 87;
_impluviata_, 214, _Plates_ 86, 87;
_ruberata_, 215, _Plate_ 86
Hydriomenidae, 141
_Hygrochroa syringaria_, 277. _Plates_ 112, 115
_Hylaea prosapiaria_, 269. _Plates_, 106, 108
_Hypena obsitalis_, 93, _Plate_ 36;
_proboscidalis_, 93, _Plates_ 35, 37;
_rostralis_, 94, _Plates_ 35, 37
Hypeninae, 85
_Hypenodes albistrigalis_, 94, _Plate_ 36;
_costaestrigalis_, 25, _Plate_ 36;
_taenialis_, 94, _Plate_ 36
_Hyria muricata_, 109. _Plate_ 45

_Ino geryon_, 343, _Plate_ 147;
_globulariae_, 342, _Plate_ 147;
_statices_, 342, _Plates_ 145, 147
_Iodis lactearia_, 107. _Plates_ 43, 44
Isle of Wight Wave, 115. _Plate_ 45
_Itame wauaria_, 326. _Plates_ 142, 143

Jasione Pug, 233. _Plate_ 95
July Highflyer, 213. _Plates_ 86, 87
Juniper Carpet, 177. _Plate_ 70
Juniper Pug, 249. _Plate_ 99

Lace Border, 123. _Plate_ 46
_Lampropteryx suffumata_, 178. _Plates_ 72, 74
Larch Pug, 236. _Plate_ 97
Large Emerald, 102. _Plates_ 40, 42
Large Red-belted Clearwing, 357. _Plate_ 155
Large Thorn, 270. _Plates_ 106, 109, 134
Large Twin-spot Carpet, 179. _Plate_ 72
_Laspeyria flexula_, 85. _Plate_ 36
Latticed Heath, 328. _Plate_ 143
Lead Belle, 143. _Plate_ 54
Lead-coloured Pug, 244. _Plate_ 98
Least Carpet, 110. _Plates_ 45, 48
Leopard Moth, 348. _Plates_ 152, 153
_Leptomeris_. See _Acidalia_
Lesser Belle, 89. _Plates_ 35, 39
Lesser Cream Wave, 124. _Plate_ 49
Lesser-spotted Pinion, 3. _Plate_ 2
_Leucanitis stolida_, 77
Lewes Wave, 126. _Plate_ 49
_Ligdia adustata_, 263. _Plates_ 105, 107
Light Crimson Underwing, 82. _Plate_ 32
Light Emerald, 270. _Plates_ 106, 108
Light Orange Underwing, 89. _Plates_ 38, 39
Lilac Beauty, 277. _Plates_ 112, 115
Lime-speck Pug, 222. _Plates_ 92, 93
Ling Pug, 231. _Plate_ 95
_Lithomoia solidaginis_, 32. _Plate_ 12
_Lithophane semibrunnea_, 28, _Plate_ 12;
_socia_, 29, _Plate_ 12
_Lithostege griseata_, 148. _Plate_ 55
Little Emerald, 107. _Plates_ 43, 44
Little Thorn, 285. _Plates_ 119, 121
_Lobophora carpinata_, 153, _Plates_ 57, 59;
_halterata_, 155, _Plate_ 57;
_polycommata_,152, _Plates_ 57, 59;
_sexalisata_, 156, _Plate_ 58;
_viretata_, 153, _Plate_ 58
_Lomaspilis marginata_, 262. _Plates_ 105, 107
_Lozogramma petraria_, 327. _Plate_ 143
Lunar Double-stripe, 77. _Plate_ 29
Lunar Hornet, _Plate_ 154
Lunar-spotted Pinion, 2. _Plate_ 2
Lunar Thorn, 276. _Plates_ 112, 113
Lunar Underwing, 11. _Plate_ 7
_Lycia hirtaria_, 299. _Plates_ 124, 128
_Lygris associata_, 167, _Plates_ 65, 67;
_populata_, 166, _Plate_ 63;
_prunata_, 164, _Plates_ 63, 67;
_reticulata_, 163, _Plates_ 61, 64;
_testata_, 165, _Plates_ 63, 67.
_Lythria purpuraria_, 142

_Madopa salicalis_, 89. _Plates_, 35, 39
Magpie, 260. _Plates_ 103, 104
Maiden's Blush, 136. _Plate_ 53
_Malenydris didymata_, 187, _Plate_ 77;
_multistrigaria_, 186, _Plates_ 73, 77;
_salicata_, 186, _Plates_ 73, 75
Mallow, 143. _Plates_ 52, 54
Manchester Treble-bar, 150. _Plate_ 55
Many-lined Moth, 256. _Plate_ 102
Maple Pug, 246. _Plate_ 98
Map-winged Swift, 362. _Plate_ 158
Marbled Clover, 48. _Plate_ 19
Marbled Pug, 225. _Plate_ 93
Marbled White-Spot, 57. _Plate_ 21
March Moth, 294. _Plates_ 122, 125
Marsh Carpet, 172. _Plate_ 68
Marsh Oblique-barred, 96. _Plate_ 36
Marsh Pug, 244. _Plate_ 98
May Highflyer, 214. _Plates_ 86, 87
_Melantha procellata_, 204. _Plate_ 82
_Mellinia gilvago_, 22, _Plate_ 10;
_ocellaris_, 22, _Plate_ 10
_Mesogona acetosellae_, 9
_Mesoleuca albicillata_, 202, _Plates_ 76, 82;
_bicolorata_, 204, _Plate_ 82;
_ocellata_, 203, _Plate_ 82
_Mesotype virgata_, 146. _Plate_ 54
_Metrocampa margaritaria_, 270. _Plates_ 106, 108
_Minoa murinata_, 146. _Plate_ 55
Mocha, 138. _Plates_ 51, 53
Mother Shipton, 75. _Plates_ 26, 30
Mottled Beauty, 307. _Plates_ 131, 132, 134
Mottled Grey, 186. _Plates_ 73, 75
Mottled Pug, 248. _Plate_ 99
Mottled Umber, 293. _Plates_ 122, 125
Mullein, 36. _Plates_ 15, 18
Mullein Wave, 125. _Plate_ 49
_Mysticoptera._ See _Lobophora_

Narrow-bordered Five-Spot Burnet, 339. _Plates_ 145, 147
Narrow-winged Pug, 247. _Plate_ 99
_Nemoria viridata_, 106. _Plates_ 43, 44
Netted Carpet, 163. _Plates_ 61, 64
Netted Mountain Moth, 322. _Plate_ 141
Netted Pug, 227. _Plates_ 92, 93
New Forest Burnet, 336. _Plates_ 146, 148
Ni, 70. _Plates_ 26, 28
Nonconformist, 30. _Plate_ 13
Northern Spinach, 166. _Plate_ 63.
Northern Winter-Moth, 157. _Plate_ 58
November Moth, 188. _Plates_ 76, 78
_Numeria pulveraria_, 268. _Plates_ 106, 108
_Nyssia lapponaria_, 297, _Plate_ 126;
_zonaria_, 298, _Plates_ 124, 126

Oak Beauty, 300. _Plates_ 127, 128
Oak-tree Pug, 248. _Plate_ 99
Oblique Carpet, 257. _Plate_ 102
Oblique Striped, 146. _Plate_ 54
Ochreous Pug, 226. _Plate_ 96
_Ochria aurago_, 18. _Plate_ 10
_Ochyria._ See _Coremia_.
_Odezia atrata_, 147. _Plate_ 55
Olive, 9. _Plate_ 4
Olive Crescent, 88. _Plate_ 36
_Omphaloscelis lunosa_, 11. _Plate_ 7
_Ophiusa stolida_, 77
_Opisthograptis luteolata_, 283. _Plate_ 117
_Oporabia autumnata_, 189, _Plate_ 78;
_dilutata_, 188, _Plates_ 76, 78;
_filigrammaria_, 190, _Plate_ 77
Orange Moth, 280. _Plates_ 117, 118
Orange Sallow, 17. _Plate_ 10
Orange Swift, 361. _Plates_ 157, 159
Orange-tailed Clearwing, 353. _Plate_ 156
Orange Underwing, 97. _Plates_ 38, 39
Orange Upperwing, 22. _Plates_ 6, 10
_Orrhodia erythrocephala_, 23, _Plate_ 11;
_ligula_, 25, _Plate_ 11;
_rubiginea_, 26, _Plates_ 6, 11;
_vaccinii_, 24, _Plate_ 11
_Ortholitha bipunctaria_, 145, _Plates_ 52, 54;
_cervinata_, 143, _Plates_ 52, 54;
_limitata_, 144, _Plates_ 52, 54;
_moeniata_, 145;
_plumbaria_, 143, _Plate_ 54
_Orthosia._ See _Amathes_.
_Ourapteryx sambucaria_, 282. _Plates_ 117, 118