Chapter XVII: The Earth's Moon

A NEAR VIEW OF A SATELLITE

_Diameter--2163 miles_

THE moon's diameter is equal to one-fourth that of the earth. As viewed from a nearby planet--neighbor Venus, the planetoids, or neighbor Mars--the moon and the earth would appear as two close stars.

Both Jupiter and Saturn have moons larger than ours, but Jupiter, for instance, is over a thousand times larger than the earth, and Saturn ranks next to Jupiter. The moons of Mars are exceedingly tiny, and Mercury and Venus have none at all. Neptune has one moon, Uranus four, Jupiter nine and Saturn ten. Of all these moons, it is most natural for us to want complete information on the moon that lies nearest to us, the moon of the earth, which travels around us as we journey around the sun, at a distance of only 240,000 miles. With the aid of the greatest of telescopes, through which the accompanying photograph was taken, the moon can be brought within a clear range of 60 miles, and even closer. However, an opera-glass reduces the distance to one-half, and such a glass, or a very small telescope, is much better in every way for the amateur.

With the nearest planets millions of miles in the distance and the nearest stars millions of millions of miles away, the short distance of 240,000 miles to the moon seems almost no distance at all; in fact, the moon lies so close to us that it not only rolls through the shadow of the earth, but we may also see the various features, and even the shadows of those features, upon its surface.

The moon and the earth form a little system of their own and are bound together by a strong attraction.

[Figure 159: EARTH-LIT NEW MOON. Showing a slender crescent embracing the earth-lit night portion of the moon. Photograph through 40-inch refractor by Yerkes Observatory.]

This strong attraction, called the force of gravity, has resulted in a strange thing happening to both the earth and the moon, for the earth pulls so hard on the moon that it has long since destroyed the moon's axial rotation with reference to itself, and the moon pulls so hard on the earth that it moves the great fluid body of the ocean. Thus the moon has always the same face toward the earth for it cannot turn around and show us the other side, while the pulling of the earth by the moon causes the ocean's waters to rise and fall every 12 hours and 26 minutes, or twice a day. When the Greek and Roman travelers first ventured to the ocean, they could not understand why great stretches of beaches were left dry, and with equal regularity covered up; where did the water go, and why? It seemed a hopeless mystery to people who had lived around a landlocked sea where the tide, with few exceptions, rises but a few inches. When the sun and moon are in line with the earth they co-operate in their pulling and hauling at the sea. The moon is then either "new" or "full" and it is then that the highest tides occur.

"The silver Moon o'er briny seas presides,
And heaves huge ocean with alternate tides."

--_Lucan's Pharsalia_ (ROWE'S _Trans._)

At exactly new moon (the moon is called new when it lies between the earth and sun), the moon comes above the horizon at the same time as the sun and sets with it. A few days after new moon we sometimes see what is called the old moon in the young moon's arms, the dimly lighted portion being illuminated by light reflected from the day side of the earth. This earthlight at the moon is at least 50 times greater than moonlight at the earth. Its somewhat ruddy color is caused by the sunlight having passed twice through our atmosphere. The bright crescent, which is the young moon's arms enclosing the old moon, is the sun-illuminated portion of the moon.

"I saw the new moon late yestere'en,
Wi' the auld moon in her arms."

--_Old Scotch Ballad._

After "new moon" the moon appears a little to the east of the sun as a thin semicircle, the horns of which _always_ point to the cast. The horns point to the east because the sun sets in the west and the illuminated part of the moon is on the side nearest to the sun, a fact sometimes forgotten by artists. The thin crescent of the moon gradually becomes broader as the moon moves away from the sun and in the course of four or five days increases to a semicircle.

"The Moon her monthly course had now begun,
And with increasing horns forsook the Sun;"

--_Lucan's Pharsalia._

The semicircle then increases to an oval and by the time the moon is behind the earth with the earth between it and the sun, the oval has increased to a full circle. Each day the moon rises about 50 minutes later than on the preceding day and in the course of a month changes from a crescent--a quarter--a full shining face, to a quarter, a crescent and again a slender new moon. It has now traveled completely around the earth. Since the moon has always the same face toward the earth (if one will walk around a table with the eyes always toward the center, this journey will be well illustrated), it will be seen by us in all its phases before it completes a day and night, or, in other words, although the earth turns all sides to the sun in 24 hours, the moon must travel all the way around the earth, which takes almost 30 of our days, before it completes a day and night. This means a continuous stretch of 14¾ times 24 hours of daylight, which is about equal to 29 of our days, of daylight, followed by 14¾ times 24 hours of night, when the sun is below the horizon. It would be a strange experience to travel to this country where the day and night each last half a month.

If a journey to the weird, rough country of the moon were possible, one would experience even greater surprises than the length of the day and the night, for the sky, as seen from this airless sphere, would be strangely different from anything that we are accustomed to. Here the sun hangs like a big gold jewel edged with a tiny fringe of scarlet, the pearly petals of its delicate corona far outstretched against the star-filled sky. The brilliant ball of the earth, which would appear almost 13 times as large in area as the moon, rests immovable and ever present, its great globe turning completely around every 24 hours. Also, as the moon does to us, it would exhibit to an observer on the moon an interesting variety of phases, mammoth crescents, quarters and disks. Such a sky!--a huge white planet, a flower-like sun and multitudes of unwinking stars. And even more, for stretched from horizon to horizon of that black dome, even though the sun shines brightly, is the misty arch of the Milky Way glowing in a glory quite unknown to mortals on earth. All this would happen for the simple reason that the moon has no appreciable amount of atmosphere to diffuse the sun's rays, make the sky seem blue and render the stars invisible. This would also unveil many of the smaller stars that are not seen here without optical aid--and every star would "burn" but none would "twinkle." In the morning of that long lunar day of 354 hours, the yellow face of the sun would slowly push its gayly bedecked head above the black rim of the horizon unheralded by a dawn; neither would twilight trail behind it when it sank beyond our sight after the long day was done, for these phenomena are due entirely to the light-reflecting and refracting power of an atmosphere.

The absence of an atmosphere on the moon, or at least the presence of only a very rare one, is proved by the suddenness with which a star will disappear when the moon passes between the star and us. Also surface features would not otherwise stand forth with such clearness nor shadows be so sharp and inky-black. When the moon passes in front of the sun at the time of an eclipse, its outline shows perfectly sharp against the yellow disk, even showing, like jagged saw-teeth, the "mountains of eternal light" which tower near the southern pole. When Venus makes a transit across the sun its whole edge is illuminated instead of being merely sharply defined, for Venus is enclosed in a wrapping of atmosphere.

The spectroscope has proved that there is no water on the moon. If it is airless and waterless it consequently must be lifeless. But hold, a moment. Perhaps we go too fast with our this anti that and therefore, for here come reports from Pickering, one of our most tireless observers, who declares that there is a considerable amount of dampness still lodged in the deep cavities of the circular mountains, and that this dampness ascends in mists when the sun rises. These mists do not seem to float freely but cling to ridges and higher levels and later dissolve there. The outlines of these cavities are slightly blurred until the mist is banished.

THE GRAY LAND ON THE MOON

The curious gray areas which extend over two-fifths of the surface of the moon are the most conspicuous features to be seen with the unaided eye. These areas are comparatively smooth and level and invariably lower than the surrounding country.

[Figure 160: THE GRAY LAND OF THE MOON.]

The rest of the moon is extremely rough, the southern hemisphere in particular presenting the most singular circumambient scenery of thousands of round pits fringed by lofty ramparts of circular mountains.

With the aid of a small telescope, the grayish spots on the moon somewhat resemble seas as they might appear at a great distance. Thus old astronomers, believing that they might at least be ancient sea-bottoms from which the water had evaporated, named them accordingly--although rather romantically. These names are still retained, disguised in Latin on the map of the moon and referred to in Latin by present day astronomers. Translated, however, they add a quaint glamour to the Gray Land and the eye wanders interestedly over "The Sea of Showers," "The Sea of Tranquillity," "The Sea of Clouds," "The Sea of Nectar," "The Gulf of Dews," "The Ocean of Storms," "The Bay of Rainbows," "The Marsh of Sleep" or "The Lake of Dreams."

Since the days of Galileo, improved telescopes and continued research have constantly increased our knowledge of the moon. The curious so-called "seas" are not, seemingly, old sea-bottoms; they are dark plains on the lunar surface much more likely to be great lava plains than sea-basins, according to the evidence that has been collected. Many scientists now regard these areas as a part of the surface where the thin crust became weakened and succumbed in an early stage of the moon's development; the lava then welled forth from the interior and flowed out in great molten sheets over the surrounding country. Since over 100,000 craters have also been observed on this side of the moon, all in fairly good condition, and since there has been no weathering, it is sometimes said that the moon presents a picture of the volcanic age petrified.

The gray patches are best seen when the moon is full. Under a telescope these areas appear darker with occasional traces of yellow or green tints. The colors may be due to some form of vegetation or masses of colored volcanic material.

MOON MOUNTAINS

The most prominent mountains on the moon are the Apennines. These extend in a continuous curve for 450 miles a little north of the center of the moon, forming an impressive "shoreline" for Mare Imbrium, the "Sea of Showers." Running northward, just above the Apennines, is the Caucasus range, and east of the Caucasus, lie the Alps. The Alps and Caucasus mountains are far less conspicuous than the Apennines, for not only do these latter mountains reach into a higher altitude but they also are crowned along their 450 miles with some 3000 steep and rugged peaks. [Figure 161] The Alps are noted for a remarkable flat-bottomed valley which cuts in a straight line through these mountains for a distance of 80 miles. This valley is from to 6 miles wide and at least 11,000 feet in depth. Such a long, level strip bordered by gigantic mountains is as unique a formation as the mammoth craters with the towering rims.

The Leibnitz and the Doerfel mountains are on the southern part of the moon near the pole. These mountains are so situated that the light of the sun always shines from their summits, and even during an eclipse they are visible in profile. Some of the peaks on these "mountains of eternal light" are very high, their needle-like points reaching upward for 26,000 to 27,000 feet. It has been estimated that if our mountains on earth were comparatively as high as the mountains on the moon, our earthly mountains would rise to the height of about 15 miles! The height and sharpness of the moon mountains is due partly to the low surface gravity, which is only about ⅙th that of the earth, and to the fact that there is no leveling influence such as is caused by frosts and rains.

Isolated mountains rising up like a huge lump, or a pen point, from a flat surface, are commonly found on the moon. These often stand several miles high and are particularly interesting as seen in the northern hemisphere of the moon, when the long shadow of such a solitary mountain stretches in inky-blackness against the smooth gray plain. Several of these may be seen in Mare Imbrium just above the crater Plato, the loftiest of which is Pico, rising about 8000 feet. Isolated mountains are very frequently found in the center of craters. This would seem a strange formation close at hand--a large crater, or a ringed plain, miles in extent, with a tall slender mountain standing in its center.

The oddest and most common mountains, however, are the circular mountains which surround a plain or a large sunken cavity, like a mighty wall. Such mountains appear on almost every part of the moon's surface and in some places they appear in such profusion that their rings frequently touch and even overlap one another. The peaks of the circular mountains are often two or three miles in height and their shadows sometimes cover a large portion of the plain which they surround. These shadows are continually varying, for during the increase of the moon they are thrown in one direction and during the decrease, in the direction exactly opposite. During full moon they disappear altogether and the plains are filled with light, but lunar scenes are much more interesting when the sunlighted portions are accentuated by the long, queer shadows, for these shadows are black and clear-edged and stand out like silhouettes done in ebony, even at this distance of 240,000 miles. Because they have no light reflected into them from an atmosphere, these shadows are actually so densely black that if one stepped into such a shadow he would instantly be blotted from view.

On account of the vividness of the shadows, moon-mountains are best observed during the first and last quarter of the moon. A good time to begin observing with a glass is when the moon is a narrow crescent in the western sky. [Figure 162] The most prominent object in the narrow crescent is the Mare Crisium or the Sea of Crises, 380 miles long. South of Mare Crisium is Mare Fecunditatis, the Sea of Fecundity and Mare Nectaris, the Sea of Nectar. When these three "Seas" are visible with Mare Tranquillitatis just coming into view, the moon is between 5 and 6 days old, that is, 5 or 6 days after new moon. The Leibnitz mountains may then be seen near the southern pole. Watch carefully evening after evening as the light creeps over new regions and brings them into view. The best place to select for observation is the boundary line between the illuminated and unilluminated portions, called the "terminator," for the shadows that are cast make the irregular features stand out more distinctly and bring out the individual beauties of the lunar scenes. Since we are looking down upon the moon, a mountain peak, at this distance, resembles a point of light, and a mountain range whose base is still in the shadow, but whose peaks are lighted by the rays of the sun, a straight or curved row of lights. Besides beautifying the country of the moon and revealing to us the peculiar sharpness of the mountain peaks, the shadows have proved of great practical value to astronomers, for by measuring the length of their shadows, the heights of the mountains are calculated.

THE CRATERS ON THE MOON

Craters are so numerous in some localities on the moon that one might walk for hundreds and hundreds of miles and step on nothing but crater rims. On the earth a crater is usually a rare object situated on the top of a mountain, but on the moon they are scattered all over the lunar plains, a state of landscape which permits of no short cuts. If, however, in the dim, distant past, life had ever developed on the moon, a moon-being would have been %th as heavy and able to jump six times as high as an earth-being for the surface gravity of the moon is only about ⅙th that of the earth. Thus if a lunarian had no other mode of transportation, he might at least have been able to surmount many of the minor obstacles by jumping over them.

A map of the moon resembles a big mud-ball with all the little pebbles picked out.

[Figure 163: NORTHERN PORTION OF THE MOON. Note the "Sea of Showers," the "Bay of Rainbows," Copernicus and Plato, the three craters north of the lunar "Apennines," the Caucasus Range, the Alps and the Valley of the Alps. Refer to the maps. Photograph by Mount Wilson Observatory through the 100-inch Hooker telescope.]

A crater only six miles in diameter may be easily seen in a small telescope, although there are thousands less than a mile in diameter which may be seen in a large telescope. Craters from 16 miles to 60 miles in diameter are common and a few even measure as much as 100 to 150 miles. These craters have deeply sunken floors and are usually surrounded by gigantic mountain walls which rise like a fringe of rock above the general level of the region outside. Near the center of many of the craters with the largest brims, one and sometimes two or three sharp-peaked mountains tower, casting a long, weird shadow over the crater's floor. The surrounding brim is almost invariably higher than the central mountain, yet many of these central mountains are a mile or so high.

Probably the deepest of the moon's craters is _Theophilus_, on the edge of the circular "sea" Mare Nectaris, and it is best seen while the moon is still a slender crescent. The encircling walls of this crater rise from 14,000 to 18,000 feet above its floor, the floor itself being 10,000 feet below the general level of the moon outside the wall. The walls of this amazing cavity, in the main, slope gently to the outer plain but rise very steeply from the depths of the inner floor which measures 64 miles across. Three lofty cone-shaped mountains rest in the center of this floor, their sharp, black shadows stretching to the left. One of these mountains rises 6000 feet, yet its summit is some 4000 feet lower than the level of the outside plain! Imagine standing on the rim of Theophilus and watching the darkness flow into its huge bowl until the mountain peaks in the center look like sunny isles in a dense, black sea! This is a _real_ crater, for the word "crater" means "cup."

Most of the large craters on the moon, however, are not so "cup-like," but, to pursue the simile still farther, are more like platters and saucers and individual butter plates, for their diameters range from five times to more than fifty times their depth.

[Figure 164: THE LUNAR CRATER COPERNICUS, FIFTY MILES IN DIAMETER. Photograph by Mount Wilson Observatory through the 100-inch Hooker telescope.]

Chacornac mentions a walled-plain called _Schickard_, on the southeast portion of the moon, which is 134 miles in breadth, and, although encircled by a mountain wall which in one place is nearly 10,000 feet high, a spectator centrally located on the floor of the crater would think himself on a boundless desert, for this encircling wall, due to the curvature of the surface of the moon, would lie entirely beneath his horizon.

One of the most magnificent craters on the moon is the great crater _Copernicus_. Copernicus lies in an isolated position a little southeast of the range of the Apennines, on the darkened space called Mare Imbrium. Being not far from the center of the lunar disk, it is an easy object for the eye to find and to use as a guiding point from which to locate other craters. A circular range of mountains much terraced on the inner side surrounds the great plain of Copernicus, while in the very center of its 56 miles of floor stands a solitary mountain with an altitude of 11,000 feet. It is believed by many astronomers that such terracing as is shown in the interior of Copernicus, is mainly due "to the repeated alternate rise, partial congelation, and subsequent retreat" of a great flow of lava which rose up from the floor during a period long past. A number of other craters also show such terracing. The bright appearance of Copernicus is caused by an interesting system of bright streaks which radiate from the circular rim of its mountains. Tycho, near the southern pole, has also such a system of radiating streaks, but so enlarged and intensified are the rays of Tycho's system that they run for hundreds of miles and dominate the whole scene when the moon is full.

_Aristarchus_, northeast of Copernicus, is the brightest single point on the moon. The peak in the center of its 29 miles of brilliant interior shines so brightly that it has often been seen on the dark side after new moon. Indeed, when Sir William Herschel first observed it through a telescope he mistook it for a volcano in action. The walls of Aristarchus are also conspicuously terraced and rise about 4000 feet above its floor.

[Figure 165] South of Aristarchus and east of Copernicus may be seen _Kepler_, a 22-mile crater noted for its extended system of glistening streaks. Its surrounding wall, like that of Tycho and Copernicus, seems to be covered with the same shining substance. The wall of Kepler is very low but its crater is about 10,000 feet below the exterior plain.

Southeast of the two bright craters, Kepler and Copernicus, and almost at the edge of the moon, lies the darkest and also one of the largest of the moon's craters, or walled-plains, as the large craters are now more frequently called. This huge crater, _Grimaldi_, extends north and south for a distance of 148 miles and covers an area of 14,000 square miles. It is very noticeably dark in comparison to all surrounding objects.

_Gassendi_, a little southwest of Grimaldi, contains a great variety of detail both on its rim and on its floor. Its plain is 54 miles in diameter and includes a number of central peaks.

Again starting from Copernicus and letting the eye travel northwest along the Apennine mountains almost to the Caucasus, one arrives at a group of three beautiful craters which rest conspicuously on the level floor of Mare Imbrium. The largest of these craters is named _Archimedes_ after the most celebrated of ancient mathematicians. It is to be noted that lunar craters have been given the names of great men--Copernicus, Tycho, Kepler, great astronomers; Aristotle, Plato, great philosophers,--a very fine recognition of scholarly worth. Archimedes, 52 miles in diameter, has no interior mountain, but the shadows of its tall rim are imposing as they fall across its plain.

[Figure 166: Some Interesting Craters on the Moon.]

_Aristillus_ is about 34 miles in diameter, and 10,000 feet deep. In the center of this deep cavity rises a massive many-peaked mountain whose base is often lost in the darkness of the crater's shadows. _Autolycus_, south of Aristillus and somewhat smaller, is 23 miles in diameter with a floor somewhat depressed below the country which surrounds it.

[Figure 167: Some interesting Craters on the Moon.]

On the "shore-line" of Mare Imbrium, north of Archimedes, Aristillus and Autolycus, and not far from the "Valley of the Alps," lies _Plato_, one of the most easily found craters on the moon. Plato is a very huge oblong crater, 60 miles in diameter and containing an area of 2,700 miles. Its floor is exceptionally dark and flat and forms a striking contrast with the bright border of mountains which surround it. Quite a number of minute craterlets have been distinguished on its floor.

The southern hemisphere of the moon, particularly as one approaches the region about the southern pole, is pitted with such a bewildering number of both large and small craters that astronomers say that it is relief to the eye to study the comparatively smooth, shaded portions of the globe after having gazed for any length of time at the crowded mass of detail in this wild and rugged region. The two craters in the southern hemisphere that are perhaps the easiest for the amateur to locate are _Clavius_, an enormous crater near the mountains at the southern pole, and _Tycho_, just below it, with its wonderful streaks, or rays.

_Clavius_ is a crater of gorgeous depth and has an area of 16,500 miles. Around its walls and on its floor are many secondary craters, while from its center rise tall mountain peaks, one of which reaches 24,000 feet above the bottom of one of its included craters.

_Tycho_ is called "The Metropolitan Crater of the Moon," because its brilliant rays stand forth so prominently when the moon is full that all other craters are lost in obscurity. This magnificent crater measures 54 miles from rim to rim with its floor over 3 miles below the highest ridge of the massive mountains which surround it. These mountains are diversified by a series of terraces on their interior slopes while a peak 6000 feet in height rises in the center of its floor. The ray system of Tycho is wholly invisible at the time the sun rises or sets, which is the time when most of the objects on the moon are seen at their best. However when the sun has attained an altitude of 30 degrees, they mysteriously make their appearance, extending for hundreds and some even for several thousands of miles. These rays are never irregular because of interposed obstructions but stretch straight and true in a most remarkable way over mountains, pits and plains. So numerous are these bright rays about the brilliant crater of Tycho that at full moon they may even be located as a patch of light to the unaided eye, although an opera-glass, which brings the moon down to 120,000 miles instead of 240,000, greatly improves the seeing. William H. Pickering, in his book on "Mars," gives some of the latest information concerning Tycho:

"The white radiating lines or bands are seen to be due to numerous minute craterlets each giving out a triangular white streamer producing the general effect of a white band. It is probable that this observed regular distribution of the craterlets is due to their lying along invisible cracks radiating from the inner crater. It is much the same as the great volcanoes of the Andes, which stretch in a straight line for over 2000 miles between Peru and the strait of Magellan. The Alaskan volcanoes lie upon a uniformly curved line of nearly equal length.... This line formation is generally considered by geologists to be due to subterranean lines of weakness or cracks in the earth's crust."

The moon is considered to be a matured globe, evolutionally old, and it has even been referred to as being nearly dead. Lacking, air, water, life and even the diversion of sound, it surely is at least in but a semi-conscious stage, as worlds go. Mars is also called an old world, but Mars has air, its snow-caps melt in sheets of water, and we view the colors which mark its seasons, across a distance of 50,000,000 miles. The moon looks as it is, seared and old. There have been many theories advanced to explain the abundance of its craters and their peculiar construction, but some modified form of the volcanic action is the only tenable one. No one theory has as yet met with universal approval.

A great telescope with a 100-inch lens has lately been erected at Mount Wilson, near Pasadena, California. The telescopes which have mirrors, like this one, are called reflecting telescopes. The largest reflecting telescope before the one now mounted on Mount Wilson became available, was the splendid instrument at Little Saanich, Victoria, B.C., which has a 72-inch mirror. A telescope in which the light rays pass through a series of lenses fixed in a long tube pointed directly at the object is called a refracting telescope. The Yerkes telescope at the University of Chicago is an unusually fine 40-inch refractor.

With the greatest of telescopes the moon may be brought to within 60 miles of the earth and a lunar object a mile or so in diameter is easily discernible. The imagination is entranced. All success to astronomers!

PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY

_Acrisius_--a-crish'-e-us
_Ægean_--ee-gee'-an
_Ægeus_--ec'-juce
_Æsculapius_--es-cu-la'-pe-us
_Albireo_--al-bi'-re-o
_Alcyone_--al-si'-o-ne
_Algenib_--al-ge'-nib
_Algol_--al'-gol
_Alioth_--al-i'-oth
_Almach_--al'-mach
_Alnilam_--al-ni-lam'
_Alnitak_--al-ni-tak'
_Alpha Centauri_--al-fa sen-ta'-re
_Alphard_--al-fard'
_Alpheratz_--al-fe'-ratz
_Altair_--al-tar'
_Alwaid_--al'-waid
_Ambrosia_--am-bro'-zhia
_Amphitrite_--am-fe-tri'-te
_Andromeda_--an-drom'-e-dah
_Andromids_--an-drom'-ids
_Antares_--an-ta'-rez
_Aphrodite_--af-ro-di'-te
_Aquarius_--a-qua'-ri-us
_Aquila_--ak'-wi-la
_Aratus_--ara'-tus
_Arcas_--ar'-cas
_Archimedes_--ar"-chi-me'-des
_Arcturus_--ark-tu'-rus
_Ares_--a'-rez
_Argonauts_--ar'-go-nawts
_Ariadne_--a"-ri-ad'-ne
_Aries_--a'-ri-es
_Arion_--a-ri'-on
_Aristarchus_--ar"-is-tar'-chus
_Aristillus_--ar"-is-til'-us
_Asterope_--as-ter-o'-pe
_Astræa_--as-tree'-ah
_Atlas_--at'-las
_Atergatis_--a-ter-ga'-tis
_Auriga_--aw-ri'-ga
_Aurora_--aw-ro'-rah
_Autolycus_--au-to-ly'-cus

_Bacchus_--bac'-cus
_Bellerophon_--bel-ler'-o-fon
_Berenices_--ber"-e-ni'-ces
_Beta Centauri_--be'-ta sen-ta'-re
_Betelgeuse_--bet'-cl-gooz
_Boötes_--bo-o'-tez

_Caduceus_--ca-du'-she-us
_Canopus_--ka-no'-pus
_Canis_--ca'-nis
_Canes Venatici_--ca'-nez ven-at'-i-si
_Capella_--ca-pel'-la
_Castor_--kas'-tor
_Cassiopeia_--cas"-se-o-pee'-ah
_Caucasus_--caw'-ca-sus
_Centaurus_--cen'-taw-rus
_Centaur_--cen'-tawr
_Ceres_--ser'-reez
_Cepheus_--se'-fus
_Cerberus_--cer'-be-rus
_Cetus_--se'-tus
_Chaos_--ka'-oss
_Chromosphere_--kro'-mo-sfer
_Chimara_--ki-mee'-rah
_Chiron_--chi'-ron
_Constellation_--con-stel-la'-tion
_Coma Berenices_--co'ma ber-a-ni'-ses
_Copernicus_--co-per'-ni-cus
_Cor-Carolli_--kor-kar-o'-li
_Corona_--ko-ro'-na
_Crete_--cre'-te
_Cyclops_--si'-clops
_Cycnus_--sik'-nus
_Cygnus_--sig'-nus

_Danae_--dan'-a-e
_Dadalus_--ded'-a-lus
_Danaides_--dan-a'-i-deez
_Deimos_--dei'-mos
_Delphi_--del'-fi
_Diana_--di-an'-a
_Demeter_--de-mee'-ter
_Deneb_--den'-eb
_Delphinus_--del-fin'-us
_Dolphin_--dol'-fin
_Doerfel_--doer'-fel
_Draco_--Dra'-co

_Electra_--e-lek'-tra
_Elysian_--e-lizh'-e-an
_Erechtheus_--e-rek'-thuce
_Eridanus_--e-rid'-an-us
_Etanin_--et'-a-nin
_Eurydice_--u-rid'-i-se
_Europa_--eu-ro'-pa

_Formalhaut_--for'-mal-o

_Galileo_--gal"-i-le'-o
_Ganymede_--gan-i-mee'-de
_Gassendi_--gas-sen'-di
_Gemini_--jem'-i-ni
_Gorgons_--gor'-gons

_Hades_--ha'-deez
_Hecatoncheires_--hec-a-ton'-sheires
_Helicon_--hel'-i-con
_Hellespont_--hel'-les-pont
_Hercules_--her'-ku-leez
_Hesiod_--he'-she-od
_Hesperides_--hes-per'-i-dees
_Hesperus_--hes'-pe-rus
_Hyades_--hi'-a-deez

_Isis_--i'-sis

_Janus_--ja'-nus
_Juno_--ju'-no
_Jupiter_--ju'-pe-ter

_Leda_--le'-dah
_Leonids_--le'-o-nids

_Maia_--ma'-ya
_Markab_--mar'-kab
_Medusa_--me-du'-sa
_Merope_--mer'-o-pe
_Minotaur_--min'-o-tawr
_Minos_--mi'-nos
_Mintaka_--min'-ta-ka
_Mirfak_--mir'-fak
_Mizar_--mi'-zar

_Naxos_--nax'-os
_Neptune_--nep'-tune
_Nemean_--ne-me'-an
_Nebula_--neb'-u-la
_Nebulæ_--neb'-u-lë

_Oceanus_--o-see'-a-nus
_Ophiuchus_--o-fi-u'-kus
_Ossa_--oss'-sah
_Orion_--o-ri'-on
_Orpheus_--or'-fe-us

_Parnassus_--par-nas'-sus
_Pegasus_--peg'-a-sus
_Pelion_--pee'-le-on
_Perseus_--per'-se-us
_Phaethon_--fa'-e-thon
_Phœbus_--fo'-bus
_Photosphere_--fo'-to-sfer
_Phlegethon_--fleg'-i-thon
_Phœbe_--fee'-be
_Pirene_--pi-re'-ne
_Pleiades_--ple'-ia-deez
_Pleione_--ple'-io-ne
_Pluto_--plu'-to
_Polaris_--po-lar'-is
_Pollux_--pol'-lux
_Prometheus_--pro-me'-the-us
_Proserpine_--pross'-er-pine
_Prœsepe_--prë-se'-pe
_Procyon_--pro'-cy-on

_Regulus_--reg' u-lus
_Rigel_--ri'-gel

_Sagittarius_--sa-jet-ta'-ri-us
_Saturn_--sat'-urn
_Schickard_--schick'-ard
_Scheat_--she-at'
_Sirius_--sir'-us

_Tartarus_--tar'-ta-rus
_Taurus_--taw'-rus
_Taygeta_--tay-ge'-ta
_Thuban_--thu'-ban
_Tycho_--ty'-cho

_Uffizi_--oof'-fid-ze
_Urania_--u-ra'-ne-ah
_Uranus_--u'-ra-nus

_Vega_--Vee'-ga
_Venus_--Vee'-nus
_Vindemiatrix_--vin-de"-mi a'-trix

_Zeus_--zuce

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND LITERATURE CITED

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Cincinnati, Chicago, 1892.

_Manual of Astronomy_--CHARLES A. YOUNG; Ginn and Co., 1904.

_Uranography_--CHARLES A. YOUNG; Ginn and Co., 1897.

_Astronomy_--CLERK AND OTHERS; D. Appleton and Co., New York, 1898.

_New Astronomy_--SAMUEL PIERPONT LANGLEY; Boston, 1900.

_Popular Astronomy_--NICOLAS CAMILLE FLAMMARION; trans. from the French
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_Astronomy for All_--BRUNO H. BÜRGEL; trans. from the German by
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1897.

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1922.

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Co., New York, 1904.

_Half Hours with the Telescope_--R. A. PROCTOR; Longmans, Green and Co.,
New York, 1896.

_The Story of the Heavens_--SIR ROBERT S. BALL; Cassell and Co., New York,
1901.

_The Call of the Stars_--JOHN R. KIPPAX; G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York,
1919.

_Friendly Stars_--MARTHA EVANS MARTIN; Harper and Brothers, New York,
1907.

_Starlore of All Ages_--WILLIAM TYLER OLCOTT; G. P. Putnam's Sons, New
York, 1911.

_Star-names and their Meanings_--RICHARD HINCKLEY ALLEN; G. E. Stechert,
New York, 1899.

_Half Hours with the Summer Stars_--MARY PROCTOR; A. C. McClurg and Co.,
Chicago, 1911.

_Stars in Song and Legend_--JERMAIN G. PORTER; Ginn and Co., Boston, 1901.

_Beginner's Star Book_--KELVIN McKREADY; G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York,
1923.

_Astronomy with an Opera-Glass_--GARRETT P. SERVISS; D. Appleton and Co.,
New York, 1912.

_The Constellations_--WILLIAM PECK; Silver, Burdett and Co., New York,
Boston and Chicago.

_Astronomy from a Dipper_--ELIOT C. CLARK; Houghton, Mifflin Co., 1909.

_Earth and Sky_--JULIA E. ROGERS; Doubleday, Page and Co., 1910.

_Splendors of the Sky_--ISOBEL MARTIN LEWIS; Duffield and Co., New York,
1920.

_The Moon_--NASMYTH AND CARPENTER; James Pott and Co., New York, and
John Murry, London, 1903.

_The Moon_--THOMAS GWYNN ELGER; George Philip and Son, London, 1895.

_By Starlight and Moonlight_--Warner and Swasey Co., Cleveland, 1909.

_Mars and its Canals_--PERCIVAL LOWELL; Macmillan Co., New York, 1906.

_Mars as the Abode of Life_--PERCIVAL LOWELL; Macmillan Co., New York,
1908.

_Mars_--WILLIAM H. PICKERING; Richard G. Badger, Boston, 1921.

"Popular Astronomy"--_Astronomical Magazine_.

_Ovid's Metamorphoses_--Trans. by English Authors, Sir Samuel Garth.

_Prose translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses_--HENRY T. RILEY; G. Bell and
Sons, London, 1912.

_Phaenomena--Aratus_, trans. by G. R. MAIR; G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York.

_Hesiod and Theognis_--REV. JAMES DAVIES; J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia.

_Festus_--PHILIP JAMES BAILEY; Morton and Griswold, Louisville.

_Paradise Lost_--JOHN MILTON; Houghton, Mifflin Co., Boston, New York,
Chicago, 1896.

_Popular Religion and Folklore_--WILLIAM CROOKE; 1896.

_The Religions of the Ancient World_--GEORGE RAWLINSON; United States
Book Co., New York.

_Student Mythology_--C. A. WHITE; A. C. Armstrong and Son, New York,
1900.

_Manual of Mythology_--ALEXANDER S. MURRY; David McKay, Philadelphia,
1895.

_Grecian and Roman Mythology_--M. A. DWIGHT; A. S. Barnes and Co., New
York.

_Mythology of Greece and Rome_--ARTHUR FAIRBANKS; D. Appleton and Co.,
New York, 1912.

_Myths of Greece and Rome_--H. A. GUERBER; American Book Co., New York,
Cincinnati, Chicago, 1893.

_Age of Fable_--THOMAS BULFINCH; David McKay, Philadelphia, 1898.

_Famous Men of Greece_--JOHN HARVEY HAAREN; University Pub. Co., New
York, 1904.

_Greek Poets_--NATHAN HASKELL DOLE; Thomas Y. Crowell, 1904.

_Studies of the Greek Poets_--JOHN ADDINGTON SYMONDS; Adam and Black,
London, 1893.

_Mythology_--THOMAS KEIGHTLEY; D. Appleton and Co., New York, 1836.

_Classic Myths in English Literature_--CHARLES MILLS GAYLEY; Ginn and Co.,
Boston, N. Y., Chicago, London, 1893.

_Myths of Northern Lands_--H. A. GUERBER; American Book Co., New York,
Cincinnati, Chicago, 1895.

_Myths and Legends of Japan_--F. HADLAND DAVIS; G. G. Harrap and Co.,
London, 1912.

_Mythologies of Ancient Mexico and Peru_--LEWIS SPENCE; A. Constable
and Co., London, 1907.

_Romance of the Milky Way_--LAFCADIO HEARN; Houghton, Mifflin Co., Boston
and New York, 1907.

_Textbook in General Zoology_--LINVILLE AND KELLY; Ginn and Co., Boston,
New York, Chicago, 1906.

_Physical Geography_--Ralph S. Tarr; Macmillan Co., New York, London,
1901.

_Geology_--JOSEPH LECONTE; D. Appleton and Co., New York, 1908.

INDEX

Achilles, 131
Acrisius, 66
Adams, 283
Ægeus, 103
Ærolites, 245
Æschylus, 21, 184
Æsculapis, 109, 169
Akrab, 157
Albireo, 115, 122, 124, 125
Alcor, 39, 47
Alcott, 157
Alcyone, 186
Aldebaran, 13, 184, 185
Algenib, 78
Algol, 31, 63, 64, 65
Alioth, 40
Allen, 96, 138, 176
Alnilam, 176
Alnitak, 11, 176, 177
Alpha Centauri, 101, 134, 141, 142, 209
Alphard, 135
Alphecca, 104
Alpheratz, 72
Alps, lunar mountains, 303, 304
Alps, Valley of, 304
Al Rischa, 83
Alshain, 129
Altair, 129, 192
Alwaid, 110
Amazon Star, 171
Ambrosia, 20, 24, 184
Amelia, 204
Amphitrite, 25, 131
Amru, 162
Andromeda, constellation, 71, 75, 79
Nebula, 72, 74
Triple star, 72
Andromids, 71, 91, 240, 244
Legend, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59
Anger, 32
Antares, 3, 11, 13, 127, 145, 152, 153, 155,
156, 171, 185
Autolycus, lunar crater, 313
Apennines, lunar mountains, 303, 311, 304
Aphrodite, 33
Apollo, 17, 18, 24, 26, 27, 28, 49, 77, 88,
116, 118, 120, 168, 169, 268
April meteors, 116
Aquarius, constellation, 128, 157
Legend, 128
Aquila, constellation, 127, 128, 129
Altair, 129, 192
Legend, 127, 128, 202
Arabian astronomers, 11, 40, 42, 60, 63,
146, 176, 184
Aratus, 8, 63, 79, 83, 93, 103, 104, 105, 129,
148, 149, 157, 174, 185, 186, 189, 192
Archer, The, 131, 132, 133, 134
Areas, 44, 97
Archæan Age, 293
Archilochus, 225
Archimedes, lunar crater, 312
Arcturus, 3, 11, 13, 38, 88, 96, 97, 98, 99,
101, 104, 113, 114, 142, 147, 148
Argo, constellation, 29, 85, 209
Canopus, 163, 193, 197, 209, 210
Legend, 131, 193
Argonautic Expedition, 49, 85, 210
Ariadne, 88, 102, 103
Ariadne's Crown, 104
Ariel, 282
Aries, constellation, 29, 83, 84, 231
Legend, 84
Arion, 130
Aristarchus, lunar crater, 311, 312
Aristillus, lunar crater, 313
Aristotle, 202
Arrow of Hercules, 129
Arrow of the Archer, 133
Ascalaphus, 151
Aselli, 92
Asterion, 97, 98
Asterope, 186
Astræa, goddess, 24, 148, 149
Astræa, planetoid, 234
Astræus, 247
Astrology, 268
Atergatis, 56
Atlantides, 188
Atlas, 21, 48, 68, 107, 186, 188, 247
Auriga, constellation, 137
Capella, 138, 139, 140, 142
Legend, 20, 137, 138, 139
Aurora, 27, 77, 151, 170, 247, 248
Auroræ, 217

Bacchus, 102, 103
Bailey, 207, 209, 249, 274
Baker, 284
Ball, 111
Binds of Orion, 176
Barnard, 99, 122, 124, 142, 164, 251, 254,
255, 258, 259
Barritt, 231
Baumgardt, 220
Bay of Rainbows, 303
Bayne, 50
Bear Driver, 97
Bear's Stars, 27, 42, 44
Beehive, 93
Bellatrix, 271
Bellerophon, 77
Benetnasch, 40
Berenice's Hair, 88, 94, 95, 113, 146
Bessel, 164
Beta Centauri, 134, 209, 210
Betelgeuse, 13, 171, 172, 173, 180, 185
Biela Comet, 239, 244
Biela Meteors, 71, 244
Big Dipper, 5, 8, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 44, 47,
59, 87, 96, 97, 140, 142, 163
Binaries, 39, 140
Birds, Three, 106, 108, 128, 258
Blue stars, 13, 99, 41, 111, 121, 174
Boomerang, The, 102
Boötes, constellation, 88, 96, 97, 113
Arcturus, 13, 96, 98, 99, 202, 142, 248
Legend, 38, 97
Bow and Arrow, The, 133
Bowl of Bacchus, The, 136
Bronze Age, 248
Bryant, 34
Bürgel, 281

Caduceus, 32
Callimachus, 139
Calliope, 113
Callisto, 44, 45, 60, 97
Cancer, constellation, 29, 91, 93
Præsepe, 92, 93, 186
Legend, 92, 107
Canes Venatici, constellation, 97, 180
Cor Carolli, 97, 98
Spiral Nebula, 98
Canis Major, constellation, 260, 264, 180
Sirius, 127, 140, 141, 142, 145, 146, 159,
160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 182, 191,
197, 200, 210
Legend, 160, 264
Canis Minor, 280
Procyon, 180, 282
Legend, 280
Canopus, 163, 197, 209, 210
Capella, 3, 11, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 159,
192, 194, 206
Caph, 60
Capricornus, constellation, 158
Legend, 158
Carina, 85
Carlyle, 97
Cassiopeia, constellation, 5, 8, 58, 59, 60,
61, 79, 192
Double stars, 62
Legend, 59, 60
Castor and Pollux, 6, 28, 29, 131, 192, 293,
194, 195
Caucasus, lunar mountains, 303
Celæno, 186
Celestial Bear, 47
Celestial Equator, 277
Centaurs, 109, 232
Centaur, The, 234
Centaurus, constellation, 234, 209
Alpha Centauri, 202, 134, 242, 142, 209
Beta Centauri, 134, 209, 210
Southern Pointers, 134, 209
Cepheus, constellation, 5, 57, 58, 59
Cepheids, 59
Legend, 55, 56, 57
Cerberus, 108
Ceres, goddess, 26, 249, 250
Ceres, planetoid, 233, 234
Cetus, constellation, 5, 59, 71, 80, 81, 158,
193
Myra, 82
Legend, 56, 57, 69, 79, 80
Chacornac, 311
Chain of Andromeda, 192
Chair of Cassiopeia, 58, 59, 60, 192
Chaos, 19, 30, 199
Chaldea, 12
Chaldean Legend, 92
Challis, 283
Chara, 97
Chariot, invention of, 137
Charioteer, The, 237, 138, 139
Charles' Heart, 97
Charles' Wain, 38
Chaucer, 105, 205, 231
Cheops, 50
Chinese Legend, 202
Chiron, 131, 232, 233, 193
Chromosphere, 223
Circumpolar stars, 8, 9
Clamor, 32
Clark, Alvan G., 164
Clark, Eliot C., 75
Clark Observatory, 220
Clavius, lunar crater, 314
Cleomenes, 33
Coal-sack, 222, 208
Collins, J. R., 206
Coma Berenices, constellation, 90, 94, 247,
186
Legend, 95
Comets, 235
general appearance, 237
detailed appearance, 238
Comets,
density, 238
composition, 239
orbits, 237
revolution, 236
speed, 238
disintegration, 240
planetary influence, 237
origin, 240
Donati's comet, 238
Encke's comet, 237
Halley's comet, 236
Comet of 1811, 237, 238
of 1843, 238
of 1858, 237
of 1860, 238
of 1882, 238
Comstock, 242
Conon, 95
Constellations, 4, 12, 29, 39, 163
Legends, 71
Copernicus, 15, 198, 248, 257
Copernicus, lunar crater, 311, 312
Cor Carolli, 97, 98
Cor Hydræ, 135
Cor Leonis, 89
Corona, of sun, 215, 216, 217, 221
Corona Borealis, constellation, 29, 101, 102,
103, 104, 111, 113
Coroinds, 104
Legends, 102, 103
Coronis, 184
Corvus, constellation, 127, 136
Legend, 137
Crab, The, 29, 91, 92, 106
Crape Ring, 272
Crater, constellation, 127, 136
Legends, 136, 137
Crow, The, 136, 137
Crystal Spheres, 4, 18, 198, 199
Cubit, 167
Cup, The, 136, 137
Cup of Achilles, 136
Cup of Hercules, 136
Cup of Medea, 136
Cupid, 26, 150, 158
Cupid's Arrow, 129
Cyclops, 19, 21, 169
Cycnus, 125
Cygnus, constellation, 29, 88, 115, 120, 121,
122, 124, 128
Albireo, 115, 122, 124, 125
Deneb, 115, 122
61 Cygni, 122, 134
Coal-sack, 122
Legend, 125

Dædalus, 102
Danae, 66, 68
Danaides, 119
Dark Ages, 11
Dark nebulæ, 122, 157, 178, 208
Dark Sign, 107
Dark Stars, 61, 64, 122
Darkness, God of, 19
David's Chariot, 38
Dawn, Goddess of, 27, 77
Day Star, 211
Dead, King of, 126
Declination, 177
De Greer, 291
Deimos, 32, 268
Delphi, 17
Delphinus, constellation, 25, 29, 74, 84, 129,
158
Legend, as, 130, 131
Demeter, 149
De Mornay, 190
Deneb, 115, 122
Denebola, 90
Diana, 28, 168, 170, 183, 268
Diana's Arrow, 176
Diana's Hound, 180
Dippers, Big, Little, Milk, Pleiades, 186
Big, 8, 37, 38, 39, 45
Little, 8, 40, 45
Milk, 133, 186
Dipper of the Pleiades, 186
Dione, 276
Discord, 32
Doe's Leaps, 42
Doerfel, lunar mountains, 304
Dog-days, 160
Dog Star, 160, 191
Dolphin, 35, 74, 84, 130, 131, 158
Dominion Astrophysics! Observatory, 316
Donati's comet, 238
Double cluster, 65
Double-double, 115, 195
Double stars, 62, 90, 98, 115, 122, 135, 140,
147, 149, 155, 164, 177, 195
Douglas, 225
Draco, constellation, 5, 8, 29, 48, 51, 192
Legends, 48, 49, 105, 107
Dragon's Eyes, 110
Dubhe, 40
Dryden, 23

Earth, 228, 260, 270, 285
reeling motion, 50
revolution, 227
orbit, 15, 294
rotation, 294
axis, 294
diameter, 229, 285
age, 285
movement of crust, 291
surface features, 287, 288, 290, 292
Earth,
strata, 292, 293
fossils, 293
shadow, 294
night, 295
Earth, ancient center of, 17
ancient geography, 18, 19
Earth and moon system, 285, 297, 298
Eclipse, sun, 215, 216, 217, 219
total, 219, 220, 221
annular, 219
partial, 219
ancient fear of, 222
ancient beliefs:
Chinese, 224, 225
Chaldean, 222
European, 224
Grecian, 225
Hindu, 224
Peruvian, 224
Scandinavian, 224
Egypt, 157, 160, 161, 162
fable, 94
temples, 96, 160
Electra, 188
Ell and Yard, 176
Elysian Fields, 25
Emerson, 7, 272
Enceladus, 276
Encke's comet, 237
Enif, 74, 78, 130
Epimetheus, 132
Erechtheus, 137
Eridanus, constellation, 29, 173, 174, 193
Legend, 28, 124, 125, 174
Eros, planetoid, 234, 235
Eskimo Legend, 176
Etanin, 110
Ethiopian Legend, 56
Eudora, 184
Eudoxus, 18, 104, 199
Europa, 182
Europa, Jupiter's satellite, 257, 258
Euryale, 172
Eurydice, 25, 116, 119, 120
Eurystheus, 48, 88
Evening Star, 48, 151, 247
Eye of the Bull, 185

Fates, Three, 26, 30, 103, 151
Fish, The, 157, 158
Fish's Mouth Star, 157
Fishes, Age of, 293
Flammarion, 210, 220
Flying Eagle, 127, 128
Flying Horse, 30, 59, 69, 74, 75, 76, 77,
78, 79
Forethought, 132
Forgetfulness, River of, 25
Formalhaut, 127, 145, 146, 157, 159, 192
French Legend, 201
Freya's Day, 269
Frigga's Spinning Wheat, 176
Frost, 39

Galaxy, 72, 146, 206, 207
Galileo, 15, 92, 205, 216, 218, 249, 257, 274,
303
Galilean Quartet, 257
Galle, 283
Ganymede, 24, 128
Ganymede, Jupiter's satellite, 257, 258
Garden of Darkness, 48
Garden of the Hesperides, 48, 68, 107
Gaseous nebulæ, 180
Gassendi, lunar crater, 312
Gate of Men, 92
Gemini, constellation, 194, 195, 231
Castor, 194, 195
Pollux, 194, 195
Cluster, 195
Legend, 193, 194
German Legends, 39, 176, 205
Germanic divinities, 268
Giant's Belt, 15, 176
Giant's Eyes, 196
Giant's War, 21, 49
Goblet of Apollo, 136
Golden Age, 23, 148
Golden Fleece, 49, 85, 131, 193
Golden Grains, 176
Golden Yard, 176
Gorgons, Three, 30
Graces, Three, 30
Grave of Curiosity, 201
Gravitation, 13, 226, 283, 298
Gray stars, 177, 195
Great Bear, 34, 42, 139
Great Dog, 160, 164, 180
Great Square, 74, 75, 78
Grecian temples, 17, 153
Greek and Roman names of divinities, 31
Green stars, 90, 111, 122, 155, 194
Grimaldi, lunar crater, 312
Grove of Mars, 49
Guardian of the Stars, 48
Guards, 41, 42, 49
Gulf of Dews, 303

Hagar, 47
Hale, 172
Hall, 267
Halley, 98, 163, 236
comet, 236
Hans-on-the-Middle-Horse, 39
Hare, The, 164, 181
Harp of Orpheus, 113, 120, 121
Harp Star, 114, 122
Harvard Observatory, 210
Harvests, Goddess of, 26
Hat of Darkness, 21, 26
Hearn, 203
Heart of the Lion, 89
Heart of the Scorpion, 11, 134, 152
Heaven, ancient, 18
Heaven, River of, 204
Heavenly Twins, 192
Heavens, changes in, 51
Hebe, 24, 106
Hebe, planetoid, 234
Hecatoncheires, 19, 21
Helena, 193
Helen of Troy, 193
Helical rising, 160
Heliades, 125, 174
Helicon, Mount, 30, 69, 77, 75
Helle, 84
Helvetius, 97
Henderson, 100
Hercules, constellation, 104, 105, 110, 111,
113, 115
Double stars, 111
Star cluster, 110, 113
Legends, 28, 48, 87, 88, 89, 92, 105, 106,
107, 108, 109, 131, 132, 134
Hercules, hero, 25, 48, 80, 87, 88, 89, 92,
105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 131, 132, 133
Hero, 85
Herodotus, 50, 130, 161
Heroes, 17, 28
Heroic Age, 23
Herschel, 10, 195, 210, 246, 280, 282, 311
Hesiod, 22, 23, 76, 132, 185, 189
Hesperides, 48
Hesperus, 48, 151, 247
Hippocrene, 76
Homer, 25
Hood, 44
Horn of Plenty, 138
Horns of the Bull, 185
Horse, original, 69
Horse and its Rider, 39
Hounds of Boötes, 146
Hour circle, 177
Hours, goddesses, 27, 33
Howe, 44
Hubble, 72, 124
Hunter, The, 168, 169
Hunting Dogs, 97
Huygens, 274
Hyas, 185
Hyades, 81, 184, 185, 186
Hydra, constellation, 29, 135
Double stars, 136
Legends, 92, 106, 107, 136, 137
Hyperion, 276

Icarus, 180
Immortals, 17, 24
King of, 24
Queen of, 24
Indian Legends, 46, 47, 102, 201, 245
Interferometer, 99, 153
Invertebrates, 293
Io, 257, 258
Irregular nebula, 180
Iris, goddess, 32
Iris, planetoid, 234
Irmin, 205
Iron Age, 23
Isis, 149
Isles of the Blest, 25

Jack-on-the-Middle-Horse, 39
Jacob's Staff, 176
Japanese Legend, 202
Japetus, 276, 277
Janus, 269
Jason, 49, 85, 131
Jewel of the Virgin, 147
Job's Coffin, 74, 129, 130
Josephus, 80, 236
Jove, 268
Judges, Three, 25
Juno, goddess, 24, 44, 45, 60, 92, 97, 107,
168, 269
Juno, planetoid, 234
Jupiter, god, 20, 21, 22, 24, 27, 30, 32, 45,
66, 71, 77, 85, 109, 124, 128, 132, 137,
138, 151, 168, 169, 174, 182, 183, 189,
193, 194
Jupiter, planet, 6, 226, 228, 229, 230, 231,
232, 237, 251, 252, 259, 260, 269, 280
atmosphere, 254
axis, 255, 281
density, 255, 270
diameter, 252
markings, 252, 253, 254, 270
revolution, 252
rotation, 254
satellites, 32, 252, 253, 257, 258, 259, 297
eclipse of, 141
seasons, 257
size, 252
surface, 254, 255

Kapteyn, 141
Keel, 85
Keeler, 275
Kennel, 146
Kepler, astronomer, 15, 232
Kepler, lunar crater, 312
Kids, The, 137, 159, 232
Kings, Three, 176
Kippax, 136, 185
Kneeler, The, 105
Knot Star, 83
Korean Legend, 202

Labors of Hercules, 25, 88, 105, 136
Laden, 48, 68, 105
Lake of Dreams, 303
Lalande, 21, 142, 185
Langley, 221
La Place, 285
Lassel, 282
Lawrence, Saint, 66, 241
Le Conte, 293
Leda, 193, 196
Ledæan Lights, 196
Lee, 39
Leibnitz, lunar mountains, 304, 306
Leo, constellation, 6, 29, 87, 88, 89, 91, 95,
113, 135, 194
Regulus, 89, 90
Denebola, 90
Leonids, 90, 91, 241, 242, 244
Legend, 87, 88, 89, 105
Leonidas, 37
Leonids, 90, 91, 241, 242, 244
Lepus, constellation, 164, 181
Red variable star, 164
Legend, 164
Leverrier, 283
Libra, constellation, 149, 153
Legend, 148
Lick Observatory, 258
Light and Day, divinities, 19
Light, 140, 141, 185, 206, 215, 259
Lilac stars, 94, 195
Lion, The, 87, 88, 89, 105
Lion's Skin, 170, 171
Little Bear, 42
Little Dipper, 8, 40
Little Dog, 191
Little Dog Star, 181
Lockyer, 160
Longfellow, 76, 121, 169
Lost Ones, 176
Lost Pleiad, 188
Love, Goddess of, 32
Lowell, astronomer, 263, 264
Lowell Observatory, 203, 265, 266
Lowell, poet, 30, 43
Lucan, 68, 153, 161, 202, 212, 298, 299
Lucifer, 247
Lyra, constellation, 29, 113, 115, 127, 128,
180
Lyrids, 116
Ring nebula, 115
Double-double, 115
Variable star, 115
Legend, 25, 113, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121,
202

Mad Stars, 184
Magellan, 210
Magellanic Clouds, 210
Magnetic Storms, 217
Maia, 186, 269
Malayan Legend, 4
Mammals, Age of, 293
Man, Age of, 293
Manger, The, 92
Manilius, 136, 138, 181, 201
Mars, god, 24, 32, 85, 269
Mars, planet, 6, 59, 185, 226, 227, 229, 230,
232, 252, 260, 261, 265, 280, 297
orbit, 260
rotation, 261
density, 261, 265
diameter, 261, 267
surface, 262, 263, 265
atmosphere, 261
seasons, 261, 262
temperature, 265
canals, 262, 263, 264
possibility of life, 252, 264, 265
satellites, 32, 267, 268, 297
eclipse of, 268
Marsh of Sleep, 303
Medician Stars, 257
Medusa, 31, 57, 58, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68,
69
Megrez, 40
Meissa, 175
Merak, 40
Mercury, god, 24, 32, 65, 84, 116, 118, 121,
151, 268
Mercury, planet, 32, 226, 227, 228, 229, 232,
258, 260, 278, 280, 297
orbit, 279
transit, 278
revolution, 279
diameter, 278
surface, 279
climate, 270
Meredith, 196
Merope, 186, 188
Meteors, 91, 104, 116, 239, 240, 241, 244,
245, 246
Showers, 59, 65, 71, 90, 116, 241, 242,
244
Radiant points, 244
Legends, 66, 245
Mexican Legend, 190
Michelson, 99, 172
Milk Dipper, 133, 186
Milky Way, 10, 49, 59, 63, 72, 115, 191, 205,
206, 208, 210
Legends, 17, 24, 152, 201, 202, 203, 204,
205
Milton, 198, 204, 247, 294
Mimas, 276
Minerva, 24, 103
Minotaur, 102
Mintaka, 11, 176, 177
Mirach, 72
Mirfak, 65
Mizar, 39, 40, 49
Months, naming of, 269
Moon, 100, 141, 175, 212, 297, 298, 300, 301,
304, 306, 314, 315
diameter, 297
distance, 297
phases, 299
"seas," 302, 303
mountains, 303, 304, 305
craters, 307, 309, 311, 312, 313, 314
atmosphere, 300, 301
shadows, 219, 220, 305, 307
Moon-goddess, 175
Morning Star, 247, 248
Moreaux, 279
Mountains of eternal light, 304
Mount Wilson Observatory, 10, 72, 99, 111,
124, 153, 172, 206, 265, 297, 305
Moulton, 61, 101, 221, 287
Mowers, Three, 176
Multiples, 140
Music, God of, 118
Music of the Spheres, 5, 200
Muses, 30, 69, 74, 76, 77
Muses, Grove of, 76
Myra, 81, 82
Mythology, 17, 18, 22, 23

Naked-eye double, 39
Naiads, 17
Names of stars, 11
Nebula of Andromeda, 72, 180
Nebula of Orion, 15, 178, 180
Nebulæ, 94, 98, 116, 124, 146, 178, 185, 210
Nebular Hypothesis, 285
Nectar, 24
Nemea, 89
Nemean Games, 89
Nemean Lion, 87, 88, 89
Neptune, god, 17, 21, 23, 24, 56, 76, 130,
131
Neptune, planet, 227, 228, 232, 251, 260,
282, 284
discovery, 282
orbit, 283
revolution, 283
diameter, 282
satellite, 259, 283, 284, 297
Nereids, 56
Newton, 56, 283
Nile, 161
Nile Star, 162
North Star, 7, 8, 9, 38, 40, 41, 44, 58, 59,
114, 140, 141, 177
Northern Cross, 5, 88, 115, 121, 122, 124,
125, 192, 208
Northern Crown, 101, 102, 103
Northern Fish, 157
Nova, 61
November meteors, 90, 91

Oberon, 282
Ocean of Storms, 303
Olbers, 233, 234
Olcott, 50, 160
Ophiuchus, constellation, 109, 110, 134
Legend, 127, 169
Olympus, Mount, 17, 20, 21, 24, 33, 77, 118,
128, 137
On His Knees, 105
Oracle, 17, 24, 56
Orange stars, no, 111, 121, 135, 194
Oriental Legend, 66
Orion, constellation, 5, 6, 28, 33, 81, 115,
125, 140, 167, 170, 171, 181, 191,
210
Orion's Belt, 11, 164, 176
Orion's Head, 175
Orion's Dogs, 164, 180
Nebula, 15, 178, 180
Betelgeuse, 13, 171, 172, 173
Rigel, 173, 174
Legends, 152, 167, 168, 169, 170, 183, 185,
189
Orpheus, 25, 49, 88, 113, 116, 118, 120, 121,
193
Osborn, 162
Ossa, Mount, 21, 22
Ovid, 23, 24, 29, 38, 45, 49, 97, 120, 125,
133, 150, 204, 205
Ox-driver, 38

Pallas, planetoid, 234
Pan, 158
Pandean pipes, 17
Pandora, 132
Pearl, The, 104
Peary, 42, 245
Pease, 153
Peck, 178
Pegasus, constellation, 5, 74, 78, 79, 130
Enif, 74, 78, 130
Legends, 69, 74, 75, 76, 77
Pegasus, Square of, 5, 78, 79
Pelion, 21, 22, 193, 131
Perseus, hero, 28, 30, 56, 57, 58, 62, 63, 66,
67, 68, 69, 75, 80, 105
Perseus, constellation, 59, 62, 63, 65, 74, 78,
79, 139, 140
Double cluster, 65
Perseids, 65, 241
Algol, 31, 63, 64, 65
Legend, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69
Peruvians, 138
Phæd, 40
Phæthon, 27, 28, 49, 120, 125, 152, 174,
202
Phaola, 184
Phlegethon, 25
Phobos, 32, 268, 276
Phoebe, 276, 277
Pholyxo, 184
Phosphorus, 247
Photosphere, 215
Piazzi, 233
Pickering, E. C., 39
Pickering, W. H., 265, 266, 277, 301, 315
Pico, lunar mountain, 305
Pillars of Hercules, 108
Pirene, Spring of, 76
Pisces, constellation, 29, 83, 231
Legend, 84
Piscis, constellation, 157, 158
Formalhaut, 127, 145, 146, 157, 192
Pit of Darkness, 19, 21
Planetary nebula, 116
Planetoids, 232, 233, 234, 235, 260, 297
Planets, 4, 6, 31, 212, 226, 228, 230, 231,
232, 268, 287
orbits, 226
periods of revolution, 227
distances from sun, 227
rotation, 228
diameters, 229
solid and gaseous, 229
possibility of life, 251
satellites, 229
Plato, lunar crater, 305, 313
Pleiades, 176, 185, 189, 190, 191
Legends, 21, 183, 184, 188
Pleione, 186, 188
Pliny, 80, 108, 167
Plowing Oxen, 38
Plowshare, 38
Pluto, 23, 24, 25, 26, 119, 151, 169
Plutarch, 149
Pointers, The, 38
Polaris, 7, 41, 42
Pole Star, 7, 49, 50, 51, 97, 208
Pole of the Heavens, 7, 40, 59, 177
Pollux, 194, 195
Posidonious, 202
Prasepe, 92, 93, 186
Precession of the Equinoxes, 160, 163
Prixus, 84, 85
Proctor, Mary, 66, 176
Proctor, R. A., 44, 90
Procyon, 180, 181, 191, 192, 194
Prometheus, 127, 132, 133
Prominences, 213
Proserpine, 26, 149, 150, 151
Ptolemy, 163, 249, 257
Puppis V., 64, 85
Purple stars, 89, 111, 135, 177
Pythagoras, 247

Quadruple star, 157

Radiant point, 90
Ræ, 103
Ram, 49, 84, 85
Ras Alhague, 110
Ras Algethi, 110
Red stars, 13, 90, 111, 145, 147, 152, 156,
164, 171, 172, 184
dwarf red stars, 13, 172
giant red stars, 13, 172
Red Spot, Great, 254, 255
Regulus, 89, 90
Reptiles, Age of, 293
Retreat of the Howling Dog, 146
Rhea, goddess, 20
Rhea, satellite, 276
Rigel, 173, 174
Right ascension, 177
Ring nebula, 115, 180
Roberts, A. W., 64
Rock of Gibraltar, 109
Roemer, 141, 259
Rogers, Julia E., 124
Runaway stars, 98, 99

Sagitta, constellation, 29, 129
Legend, 106, 129
Sagittarius, constellation, 133, 134
Legends, 131, 132, 133, 134
Saxe, 119
Satellites, 229, 297
Mars', 32, 267, 268
Jupiter's, 32, 141, 252, 253, 257, 258, 259
Saturn's, 32, 259, 276, 277
Uranus', 259, 282
Neptune's, 259, 284
Earth's, 297
Saturn, god, 20, 23
Saturn, planet, 6, 228, 229, 230, 232, 251,
260, 269, 271, 276
revolution, 270
rotation, 270, 275
diameter, 269, 270
seasons, 270
markings, 270
rings, 271, 272, 274, 275
density, 270
system of, 276
satellites, 32, 259, 276, 277
Satyrs, 17
Scarborough, Sir Charles, 98
Scales, The, 148, 149, 153
Scheat, 78
Schiaparelli, 262, 263
Schickard, lunar crater, 311
Scorpion, The, 27, 168
Scorpio, constellation, 29, 110, 153, 210
Antares, 3, 11, 13, 127, 145, 152, 153, 155,
156, 171, 185
Legend, 168
Sea-goat, 158
Sea, God of the, 21
Sea, Goddess of, 25
Sea-monster, 56, 57, 59, 69, 79, 80
Seas, lunar, 302, 303, 306
Sea of Fecundity, 306
Sea of Clouds, 303
Sea of Conflicts, 306
Sea of Nectar, 303, 306
Sea of Showers, 303
Sea of Tranquillity, 303
Segment of Perseus, 78, 192
Serviss, 111, 240
Serpent Bearer, The, 110
Serpens, constellation, 109, 110, 127
Legend, 109
Serpent, The, 27
Seven Sisters, 188
Shades, King of, 25
Shades, Queen of, 26, 151
Shaft of Altair, 129
Shaler, 291
Shapley, 113, 210
Shedir, 60
Shelley, 194
Shephards, ancient, 12
Shepherd's Star, 11, 138
Sickle of Leo, 87, 89, 241
Sighs, River of, 25
Signs of planets, 31, 32
Silver Age, 23, 148
Sirens, Three, 30
Sirius, 127, 140, 141, 142, 145, 148, 159,
160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 181, 191,
197, 206, 210
Sky Dragon, 48
Sky Sea, 84, 158, 159
Sisyphus, 119
Small Dog, 180
Smith, 130
Sothis, 16
Southern Cross, 124, 134, 163, 208, 209
Southern Fish, 157, 209
Southern Pointers, 134, 209
Southern Pole, 210
Spangles, The, 176
Spectroheliograph, 213
Spectroscope, 39, 140, 156, 180, 188, 195,
215, 250, 301
Spectroscopic binary, 39
Spence, 190
Spencer, 103
Spiral nebulæ, 72, 98, 116, 180, 206
Spica, 11, 127, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 152
Square of Pegasus, 5, 30, 59, 78, 79, 159,
192
Stars, 7, 8, 9, 12, 16, 61, 64, 100, 189, 301
number, 9
distance, 39, 100, 101, 141, 142
fixity, 8, 40
pathways, 9
proper motion, 163
magnitude, 10
names, 10, 11
life cycle, 13, 15, 156
diameter, 12, 99, 122, 172
color, 3, 10, 13
giant, 13, 172
dwarf, 13, 172
variable, 82, 115, 164, 188
dark, 61, 64, 122
runaway, 98, 99
shooting, 90, 91, 239, 241, 244, 245, 246
double, 62, 90, 98, 115, 122, 135, 140, 147,
149, 155, 184, 177, 195
triple, 72, 90, 157, 177, 194
telescopic, 10
clusters, 92, 94, 113, 157, 186, 195, 209,
210
double cluster, 65
as clocks, 38, 62, 96
weather signs, 92, 139, 157, 159, 160, 161,
184, 185, 190, 194
String of Pearls, 176
Sun-god, 27, 77, 113, 116, 136, 174, 248
Sun, The, 12, 115, 156, 163, 211, 212, 213,
215, 226, 231
distance from earth, 211
rotation, 218, 219
diameter, 13, 212
chemical composition, 215
surface, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218
sun-spots, 82, 216, 217, 218, 226
eclipse, 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 221
Swan, The, 29, 88, 120, 124, 125, 128
Swedenborg, 211
Swedish Legend, 202
Sword of Orion, 178
Sword Handle of Perseus, 186
Symbols of gods, 31, 32

Tanabata, 204
Tartarus, 23, 25
Taurus, constellation, 6, 29, 139, 191, 186
Hyades, 81, 184, 185, 186
Pleiades, 176, 105, 189, 190, 191
Legends, 25, 169, 181, 182, 183, 184, 188
Taygeta, 186
Taylor, 182, 191, 197
Tears of Saint Lawrence, 65, 241
Tears, River of Many, 174
Telescopes, 10, 72, 99, 111, 172, 206, 315,
316
Tennyson, 15, 33, 151, 176, 182, 184, 190,
276
Tethys, 276
Thayer, 271
Theocritus, 93
Theophilus, lunar crater, 309
Themis, 276, 277
Theseus, 102
Thor's Day, 268
Thuban, 49, 50, 51
Tides, 298
Time, God of, 23, 138, 276
Titan, satellite, 276
Titania, 282
Titans, 19, 20, 21
Tiu's Day, 268
Triangulum, constellation, 83, 84
Trident, 17, 21
Triptolemus, 150
Tycho, lunar crater, 311, 312, 314, 315
Typhon, 22, 26, 84, 149, 150, 158
Turner, 174
Twins, 194

Underground god, 150
Urania, 23
Uranus, god, 19, 21
Uranus, planet, 195, 228, 229, 232, 233,
251, 260, 280, 281
discovery, 280
orbit, 281
revolution, 281
rotation, 281, 282
diameter, 280
density, 282
seasons, 281
satellites, 259, 282, 297
Urn of Aquarius, 157
Ursa Major, constellation, 29, 34, 42, 44,
60, 192
Alcor, 39, 47
Mizar, 39, 40, 49
Legends, 44, 45, 46, 47, 97
Ursa Minor, constellation, 29, 41, 42, 192
Pole Star, 7, 49, 50, 51, 97, 208
Legends, 44, 45, 97

Valley of the Alps, lunar vallew, 313
Vega, 3, 50, 114, 115, 121, 122, 134, 141
142, 192, 208
Vela, 85
Venus, goddess, 24, 26, 32, 33, 95, 150, 158,
268
Venus, planet, 6, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231,
232, 247, 248, 249, 260, 280, 297
orbit, 250
Venus,
revolution, 251
rotation, 250
diameter, 247
temperature, 251
atmosphere, 250
phases, 248, 249
transit, 250
possibility of life, 251
Vindemiatrix, 147
Vineyards, God of the, 103
Vipers, original, 69
Virgil, 125
Violet stars, 177
Virgo, constellation, 24, 146, 147, 231
Spica, 11, 127, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149
Legends, 148, 149, 150, 151
Vesper, 247
Vesta, planetoid, 234, 235
Vulcan, 18, 22, 26, 137

Wagoner, The, 139
Wandering stars, 4
War, God of, 24, 32, 49
Water-bearer, 128, 157
Water-bearer's Urn, 158
Water-snake, 107, 136, 137
Watcher of the Bears, 97
Watch-dog on the Nile, 162
Weather stars, 92, 139, 157, 159, 160, 161,
184, 185, 190, 194
Webb, 111
West-wind, God of, 33
Whale, The, 69, 84
White stars, 11, 122, 145, 149, 173, 177
Wind-god, 17
Wine, God of, 136
Winged cup, 18
Wodan, 269
Wodan's Day, 268
Wood nymphs, 17
Wordsworth, 85, 206
World, ancient, 17
World, axis of, 48
World stream, 18
World year, 23
Worsley, 124

Yard Wand, 176
Yellow stars, 13, 96, 135, 147, 171, 177,
191
Yerkes Observatory, 122, 251, 255, 275, 316
Young stars, 13, 111, 156, 172, 173, 238

Zavijava, 147
Zephyrus, 33
Zodiacal constellation, 230, 231