Chapter III: Part 3

The diameter of hollownesse of the mould for Rockets that swim on the water, must be one inch, and eight inches long: let the breech enter into the body of the Rocket one inch, and it must have no broach at all in it. Let the diameter of the thicknesse of the rowler bee three quarters of an inch, the rammer must be a thought lesser; then ram it full of the composition of Rockets for the water; joyne to the upper end of it a Saucisson: then couer it all over with melted pitch, rosin, wax, or tallow, to the end that the water may not spoyle the coffins; and to make it float along the water, binde a rod about two foot long, as you did unto the rockets for the ayre: now if you would have the rocket to change his actions, (that is, to swim one while above the water, and one while under the water) then put into it in the filling, one spoonfull of composition, and ram that in; then one spoonfull of whole powder, and ram that in; and then another of composition, and after that another of whole gunpowder, so do untill you have filled it quite. If you would have it change colour, then shift the composition divers times, (that is, put in one spoonfull of the composition of rockets for the water, then another spoonfull of the composition of rockets for the ayre, or rochpeter and gunpowder mixed) untill you have filled it.

_How to make a Rocket that shall burne a good
while in the water, and then mount
up into the ayre._

First you shall make a rocket for the water, and binde unto the lower end a stick about two foot and a halfe long, having a large hole in the end thereof: then tie unto it (but loosly, so that it may easily slip out) a rocket for the ayre, and let the stouple that primeth for the rocket for the ayre, enter into the breech of the water rocket, then let the end of the rod of the rocket for the ayre enter into the hole of the rod of the rocket for the water: besmeare then both the rockets with tallow, grease, or wax, or any oyle colour that the water may not spoyle the coffins of the rockets; then hang a stone at the bottom of the stick that hath the hole in it, to make it sink down into the water; then fire the water rocket, and cast them into the water; the fired rocket will burne in the water, and being consumed, will giue fire unto the other rocket, which being loosly tyed, will slip the bond, and mount up into the ayre. This is represented by the figure G, G. The floating rocket mentioned before, is expressed by the figure noted I, K.

_The description and making of two sorts of fire bals
for the water._

For to make the first, you must make a ball of Canvas, about the bignesse of a Foot-ball, or bigger if you please, and fasten in it a double Rocket for the water: if you will, also you may stuffe the rest of the ball with the composition that will burne under the water, and cut holes in the sides, and therein fasten other bals, and petrards in them: then cover the ball over with Tallow, Pitch, or painting, except the place where the Rocket is primed, and it is done. It is represented by the figure noted with A, and it will tumble up and downe in the water.

To make the second fire-ball, you must first make a ball of Canvas, Pasteboard, or such like, and cut a wide hole in the top of it, and place in it a channell of Tinne pierced in divers places: fill the channell with the compositions of Rockets for the water; against every hole therof, place a petrard: cover it with a cover, pitch it over, and prime it, then ballast it with leade, or a stone, that the vent may burne upwards, and it is done. It is represented by the figure B.

_How to make a Dolphin._

You must make the body of it of Pasteboard glued together, fill the body with the composition of Rockets for the water, pierce it in the back with divers little holes, wherein put Serpents, besmeare the body all ouer with the following pap: Take gunpowder dust, foure ounces, camphire, and sulphur, or brimstone in powder, of each one ounce, make them into a soft pap with oyle of tiles, then binde unto it a large Rocket for the water, which Rocket must be armed (as afore) that the water may not hurt it: then ballast it with a wyre, hauing at each end a piece of lead of weight sufficient, and it is done. Marke the figure.

I might haue beene infinite in the describing of such like with Ships, Towres, Castles, Piramides. But considering that it would but increase the price of the booke, and not better your understanding: since all consist of the former workes, which are so plainely described, as that the most ignorant may easily conceiue thereof, and (if any whit ingenious) thence contriue others, of what fashion they list.

_FINIS._

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THE
THIRD BOOKE

Of Drawing, Limming, Colouring,
Painting, and Graving.

By _I. B._

_LONDON._

Printed by THOMAS HARPER, for RALPH MAB,

1634.

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THE THIRD BOOKE
of Drawing, Painting, Limming,
Graving.

The Art of _Drawing_ is in it selfe most excellent, and most worthy commendations in whosoever it is; yea it is an Art so necessarie unto all ingenious Artists, as that in no wise they can be without it, and my selfe haue found it to bee true, that the sight of a good draught is more unto an ingenious person, then a whole Chaptor of Information; Wherefore I have, according unto my knowledge and practise therein, faithfully penned the same; for the use of all such as beare affection unto the Art, and are desirous to be instructed therein: And for that divers persons cannot attaine unto it, or perhaps are loath to bestow any time to practise it: whereby they might come to a requisite perfection: for such I have set downe certaine directions, and those so facile, and easie; that persons altogether unskilfull, may (having a patterne) worke very well; But before I begin, it behooveth that I prescribe what things are to be had in readinesse to worke withall: first therefore provide good smooth and cleare paper, divers plummets made of blacke leade, oker, or blacke chalke, or else Charcoals made of Ash, Sallow, or Beech, split in sunder, and pointed; also a wing: having provided these your implements, you shall thus begin to worke. First, let the thing, whose pourtrature you intend to take, stand before you, so that the light be not hindred from falling upon it, and with a pointed peece of charcoale draw it rustically; which when you have done, consider a while whether all the parts thereof are proportionable, and whether it carry the semblance of the thing that you drew it from, which if it do not, wipe it out with your wing, and begin anew: but if it be faulty in one part onely, wipe onely that part out, and draw it againe; whensoever it liketh you, or that you have so drawne it, that you can finde no great fault in it: wipe it over gently with your wing, so that you may perceive the former strokes: then with your blacke chalke, or blacke lead plummets; draw it as perfectly, and as curiously as you can, and shadow it according as the light falleth upon it; This way is workeman like, and the most difficult of all, yet by a little practice may easily be attained unto: so that the persons stand well affected unto the Art. Instead of white paper, you may take light coloured blew paper, and draw upon it with charcoale, and white chalke pointed, which will shew very wel: but note, that after you have made your draught, you must wet it in faire water, and let it dry of it selfe; this will make the drawing to hold fast on, which would otherwise easily be wiped off. This may serve for such as are contented to take some paines to attaine so noble a Science. But for others there are divers other helps, which follow in order.

_How to take the perfect draught of any printed, or
painted Picture._

Take a sheete of Venice (or in stead thereof) of the finest white paper that you can get: wet it all ouer with cleane sallet oyle: then wipe the oyle off from the paper, as cleane as you can, so that the paper may be dry, otherwise it will spoyle a printed picture by the soaking through of the oyle: hauing thus prepared your paper, lay it upon any painted or printed picture, and you shall see the picture through the same more perfectly appearing, then through glasse, and so with a blacke lead pen, you may draw it ouer with ease, and better first with a soft char-cole, and then with a pen. After that you haue thus drawne the picture upon the oyled paper, put it upon a sheete of cleane white paper, and with a little sticke pointed, or (which is better) with a feather taken out of a Swallowes wing: draw ouer the picture againe, and so you shall haue the same very prettily and neatly drawne upon the white paper, which you may set out with colours, as shall be taught hereafter.

_Another way._

Having drawne the picture, first open the oyled paper, put it upon a sheete of cleane white paper, and pricke ouer the same drawing, with a good big pin, then from the cleane sheete, that is pricked, pounce it upon another: that is, take some small coale, powder it fine, and wrap it in a piece of Tiffanie or such like, and binde it up therein loosely, and clap it lightly ouer all the pricked lines by little and little, and afterwards draw it ouer again with a Pen or Pencill, or otherwise as you please.

_Another way very pretty and easie to be performed._

Take some Lake, and grinde it fine, and temper it with Linseed oyle, and afterwards with a pen, draw with this mixture (in stead of Inke) all the out stroaks of any printed picture, also the muscles: then wet the contrary side of the picture, and presse it hard upon a sheete of cleane white paper, and it will leaue behinde it all the stroakes of the said picture that you draw ouer.

_Another way much like the former._

Take Printers Blacking, grinde it fine, and temper it with faire water, and with a pen dipt therein, draw ouer the master stroakes and out lines of the muscles: wet then a faire paper with a spunge, and clap the picture upon it, pressing it very hard thereupon, and you shall finde the stroakes you drew, left upon the faire paper.

_An easie way to lessen any picture: that is, to draw
a picture from another, in a lesser compasse._

First, with a ruler, and a blacke lead plummet, draw a line at the very top: also another at the bottome paralell, or equally distant from the other: from the upper line, let fall two perpendicular or plum-lines euen unto the lowermost line, so those foure lines will make a square: now you must diuide this square into diuers equall parts, with a paire of compasses, and draw lines with a ruler and blacke lead plummet, quite over the picture: so the lesselines will divide the picture into equall parts or squares: then take a faire paper, and make as many squares upon it, as there is in the picture: you may make them as little as you will, but be sure that they are equall, and of just number with those in the picture. Having thus crossed your picture, and drawne over your faire paper into squares, take a blacke lead pen, and draw the picture by little and little, passing from square unto square, untill you have finished the whole: still observing the order of the squares as they stand in either: then draw it ouer with a pen, in which second drawing of it over, you may easily mend any fault: when it is dry, rub it over with the crum of white bread, and it will take off all the blacke lead strokes, and your draught onely will remaine faire upon the paper or parchment. Here I might have entred into discourse of drawing paralels, perpendiculars, making of squares, and such like: but to deal truely, I was as loth to trouble my selfe, as to wearie you: you shall neede onely to provide a ruler of thin brasse or copper, having a crosse thwart one end of it: the charge will not be much, nor the use tedious: the figure followeth, noted A, B.

Let _a_, _b_, _c_, _d_, be a line given, whereon to erect a perpendicular or plumb line: lay the ruler so, that the crosse over the end of it, may lye full upon the Line, then draw a Line by the side of the rule, and it is done.

_A verie easie way, to describe a Towne, or Castle:
being within the full sight thereof._

For the effecting of this, you must have a frame made, and crossed into equall squares with Lute strings, and figured at the end of each string: this frame must have a foot, wherein it must be made to be lifted higher or lower as occasion serveth; also you must divide your paper that you are to draw upon into so many equal squares as your frame containeth: having the like figures at the ends of each line that there is on the frame; before this frame must be placed a style or bodkin having a little glasse on the top of it for to direct the sight. Note now that the nearer any thing commeth unto the Center, the lesser it appeareth: hence it is that a Towne of a mile, or more long, or a huge great Castle, at a distance may be comprehended, and that easily within the limits of so small a frame; By the stile direct your sight from one part to another, beginning at one square, and proceeding through the rest in order as they lie; Marke well the following figure.

_How to make a Deske: by meanes whereof you may
draw, and that most exactly with great facilitie
any printed picture, or sollid Image._

First let there be a frame made, and with hinges let be joynted unto a board of equall breadth unto it: let this frame also have two stayes at the top, at each end one, by meanes whereof the deske may be raised higher, or lower, as need shall require; then fasten to the frame a peece of pure cleare glasse fitted thereunto, and it is finished. The figure followeth.

The manner of using this Deske is thus. If the picture that you intend to draw be a printed one, then first fasten it next unto the Deske with waxe, paste, or such like: upon it fasten a sheet of faire paper: If it be in the day-time place the backe of it towards the Sunne; if it be in the night that you worke, place a lampe behinde it, and so you shall see perfectly every (even the least) stroake of the picture, which with your penne you may draw as acurately as any Limmer whatsoever. If it be a solid peece, then place it behinde the Deske, betweene the light and the Deske: then fasten a sheet of cleane white paper upon the Deske; raise then the Deske higher, or lower untill you see the perfect shadow of the image through your Deske, and paper, and then draw the posture of the Image, and shadow it afterwards (without the Deske) as light falleth upon it.

_An easie way to take the naturall, and lively shape
of the leafe of any hearbe or tree, which thing passeth
the Art of man to imitate with Pen or Pensill._

First take the leafe that you would have, and gently bruise the ribs and veines on the backe side of it, afterwards wet that side with Linseed-oyle, and then presse it hard upon a peece of cleane white paper, and so you shall have the perfect figure of the said leafe, with every veine thereof, so exactly exprest as being lively coloured, it would seeme to bee truly naturall, by this we learne, that Nature being but a little adjuvated or seconded with Art, can worke wonders.

Now for the farther information of such as are desirous of exemplarie instruction, I have set downe in order following the delineation of the proportion of such things as in my judgement seemed most necessarie for young beginners, and those in such easie demonstrations as for the most part they consist of equall squares, and require no more for their right understanding, then diligent observation, I might have filled a whole Booke of such like: but having considered that what I had done, was a sufficient ground for a farther procession, I thought fitting to leave each person to the exercise and practice of his best Invention.

_I thought fitting to give you a word or two, wherefore
I have not made the crosse pricked lines to passe
through the figures._

The reason is, 1 because the figure would have beene thereby somwhat defaced; 2 because some chuse rather to draw without such rules; 3 for others with a ruler and black lead plummet they may crosse the figures through, and with white bread crums take out the same againe at pleasure.

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Of Painting.

The principall end and subject of this Art, is to set out things both in proportion of parts, and livelinesse of colour.

For the former, the proportion of parts, I have given sufficient information for the meanest capacitie in the precedent part of this tractat: now therefore I will speake of the other, the colouring or setting out in colours. But first provide a frame or Easel called by Artists, which is very necessary to worke upon, especially in greater pieces of worke: the forme whereof followeth.

Also you must provide divers little shels to put your colours in, also pensils of all sorts, both for priming and other: a light ruler of one foot and a halfe, or two foot long: and colours of all sorts ground very fine upon a porphire or marble. Having provided these, you shall set to worke, observing the subsequent directions.

Painting may be performed either with water colours, or with oyle colours.

First I will speake of water colours, wherein I shall observe two things.

First, the diversitie of colours, and preparations. Secondly, their mixture, and manner of laying them on the ground.

First of the first, the diversitie of colours and their preparation.

Colours are either simple or compounded, meerely tinctures of vegetables, or substances of minerals, or both: the simple colours are such as of themselves, being tempered with the water or oyle, doe give a colour. The compounded are such, whose ingredients do exceed the number of one. Vegetables are rootes, juces, berries, and such like things as grow out of the earth. Minerals are such as are dig'd out of the earth, as earth, and stones, &c. All which follow in order, as well their preparations, as description. First note that every colour to be ground, ought first to be ground with the gall of a neat: then let them dry of themselves in a cold place, afterwards grinde them with gumme water for your use.

Now I am come to the second thing observable (to wit) the mixture and laying the colours on the grounds, which is thus: your colours prepared for use, ought to be tempered according unto direction, still observing a meane: and to that end, mixe them by little and little, till the colour please you; first you must lay on the ground colour, and let it dry throughly: then with a small pensill, pricke on the second colour, else it will be apt to run abroad, nor can you worke it so well, to make it seeme liuely, as you may by pricking it one, specially in small peeces.

If you are to paint ouer maps, or printed pictures that haue writing in them, they use to lay on the thinnest colours, and alwaies before you lay any colours upon paper, wet the backe side of it with faire water, wherein store of Allum hath been dissolued, and let it dry of it selfe: after wet it againe, and let it dry: doe it the third time, for this will strengthen the paper, that the colour shall not sinke through it, and moreouer it will make the colour shew the brighter, and last, the better.

_To make Gum water to temper your Colours with._

Take cleane water, and put into it of gum Arabicke a little, and let it stand untill the gumme be dissolued. Now you must haue a care that it be neither too thicke, by reason of the Gumme, nor yet too thin: for with the one you cannot worke well, and the other will not binde the colour fast.

_A Purple colour._

Take two pound of Heidleber, two ounces of Allum, halfe an ounce of ashes of Copper, halfe a pound of water; put them into a Skillet, and let them boyle till a third be consumed: when it is cold, straine it into a cleane vessell, and let it stand a while, then straine it into another, and then let it stand till it be thicke enough.

_A Crane Colour._

You must onely grinde blacke Lead with Gum water.

_Browne Colour._

Take good browne, and grinde it with Gumme water: his false colour is made with two parts browne, and a third part white lead, sad it with the same browne.

_Hayre Colour._

Take Vmber or Spanish browne, grinde it, temper it with Gumme water.

_A Blew._

Boyle Mulberries with Allum.

_An Emerauld Colour._

Take Verdigreese, and grinde it first dry, and put unto it a little of the Gall of a neat: also of Saffron, and the juyce of Rew, of each a little: grinde them together, and put them into a shell, and let it dry there: when you would use it, grinde it againe with Vineger or Verjuce, and a little neats gall dissolved in either of them. His false colour is two parts greene, and a third ceruse: it must bee sadded with a good greene.

_A Motlie greene._

This colour is compounded of red and greene.

_A blacke Colour._

First you must lay on a light blacke, mingled with white lead, and afterwards when it is dry, sad it with good blacke; for sad blacke, mixe Indie Baudias with Gumme water.

_A marble or ashe colour._

This is compounded of blacke and white.

_A russet or sad Browne._

This colour is made by compounding a little white, with a good quantity of red.

_A browne Blew._

Take two parts of Indie Baudias, and a third of ceruse and temper them with gumme water.

_A Brasse Colour._

This is compounded of Masticot and Vmber.

_A gold yellow for Armes._

Take Orpment, and Masticot, grinde each by themselves: but in grinding of the Masticot, adde a little Saffron, and worke with them. Note you may alay your Orpment with chalke, and sadde it with browne of Spain or Oker de Luke.

_Azure._

Take of white lead foure ounces, of Indicum two ounces, put them into a leaden pot with vinegar: boyle them well, and that which swimmes on the top is the colour.

_A purple or violet Colour._

This is a compounded colour, and it is made either by mixing a quantitie of Azure, and a portion of Turnsole: or else by mixing a quantitie of cusset, and a quantitie of Azure.

_Sanguine or Blood-colour._

TThis is likewise a compounded colour, and it is made by mixing a good quantitie of Cinaper with a little blacke.

_Orange-tawny._

This colour is compounded of a bright red, and a bright yellow.

_A Lyon-tawny._

This colour is made by mixing red lead and Masticot together.

_A Carnation, or Flesh-colour._

First you must lay on a white colour tempered with gumme-water, and when it is drie you must go it over againe with Vermillion or lake, or else you must temper ceruse and vermilleon together, and being dry, go over it againe with lake or vermillion.

_A Peach Colour._

This is compounded of Ceruse and Vermillion.

_A Skie Colour._

This colour is compounded of vermilleon and azure.

_A Blood red._

This colour is made of Cinaper, and afterwards sadded with Vermilleon at the sides, or else with a browne colour. A bloudy colour, grinde Cinaper, Lake, and Cinaper tops, put them into good water, and if they be too light, put to them a little Turnsole.

_A Lincoln-greene._

This colour is compounded of a good greene and Saffron.

_A Poppin-jay greene._

This colour is compounded of azure, and masticot.

_A good yellow._

Take Saffron, or Cambugium, and temper it with gum-water. Sad it with Vermilleon.

_A sable or blacke._

Take a Torch, hold it under a lattyn Bason, temper that blacke with gumme-water.

_A velvet-blacke._

Bvrne harts-horne on a Colliers hearth; then grinde it with the gaul of a neat, put it into a shell, and let it dry in the shade: when you would use it, grinde it againe with gumme-water.

_To write gold with Pen or Pensil._

Take a shell of gold, and put a little gum-water unto it, and temper it together, and then you may write with it as with other colours.

_To make Azure, or bise sadder._

Take blew Turnsole, wet it in gum-water, and then wring it out, and mixe it either with Bise, or else over-shadow the Bise with it.

_Red Colour._

Take Vermillion, and temper it with gumme water: His false colour is two parts vermillion, and a third part ceruse.

_Another Red._

Take russet, and temper it with gumme-water, clay it with ceruse, and sad it with it selfe.

_Another Red._

Take Brassill in grosse powder, allum in powder: steep them in gum water a night and a day: then straine it, and keepe it for use.

_A greene Colour._

Take Copper plates, put them in a copper pot, & put distilled vineger to them: set them in a warme place till the vinegar become blew, then put it out into another leaded pot, and poure more vinegar into it again; let it stand so till it become blew; this do so many times till you thinke you have enough: then let it stand till it be thicke.

_To make good Inke._

Take two handfuls of gauls, cut each gaul into three or foure peeces, poure into them a pint of beere or wine, then let it stand eight houres; straine it from the gauls, and put vitreoll therein, and to the vitreoll a third part of gumme, set it on the fire to warme; but let it not seethe, and it will be good Inke, and of these gauls you may make Inke foure or five times more.

_To seethe Brasill._

Take an ounce of Brasill, twelve ounces of beere, wine, or vinegar, put it in a new pot, let it stand a night; and in the morning set it on the fire, and let it seethe till halfe be consumed: then put into it two peny worth of allum beaten together, and as much beaten gum-Arabicke: stirre them well together, and let them seethe againe; if you desire to have it somewhat darke, then scrape a little chalke into it when it seetheth: let it not seethe over the pot: when it is cold straine it through a cloth, and put it into a glass well stopt.

_Aurum Musicum._

Take one ounce of Salarmoniack, one ounce of quicksilver of counterfein, halfe an ounce of brimstone, bruise the brimstone, and set it on the fire, but let it not be over hot (lest it burne) then take the Salarmoniacke, and the quicksilver being in powder: mixe them well together, then mingle with them the brimstone: stirre them well, and quickly with a sticke till the brimstone become hard, then let it coole, grinde it on a stone, and put it in a glasse well stopt with waxe, and set it in a pan with ashes; make a fire under it, and let it stand halfe a day in that manner (but not over hot) till a yellow smoke riseth on it, and when the yellow smoke is gone it is prepared.

_Argentum Musicum._

Take an ounce of Tynne, melt it, and put thereto one ounce of tartar, and one ounce of quicksilver, stirre them well till they be cold: then beat all in a morter, and grinde it on a stone; temper it with gumme-water, and write therewith, and afterward polish it.

_To write a gold colour._

Take a new hennes egge, make a hole at one end, and let the substance out, then take the yolke without the white, and foure times as much in quantitie of quicksilver; grinde them well together, and put them into the shell; stop the hole thereof with chalke, and the white of an egge, then lay it under an henne that sitteth with sixe more, let her sit on it three weeks, then breake it up, and write with it.

_To write with gold out of a Pensil._

Take honey, and salt a like quantitie, grinde them well, and put to them a leafe of gold, with a little white of an egge; put it into a mussell shell, and let it purifie; then temper it with gumme-water, and write with it, pollish it.

Or else grinde a leafe of silver, or gold, very small with gumme-water, and wash it in a mussell shell as aforesaid.

_To temper Azure or Bise._

Take Azure or Bise, and grinde it on a stone with cleane water; then put it in a broad glasse, or shell, and when it hath stood a while all the dregs will sleet above, and the cleane colour will fall to the bottome; then poure out the water with the dregs, and poure the azure in cleane water againe; then stirre the colour and water together, and let it stand, and fine, and after that poure out the water, and dregs againe: do thus till it be well purged; then grinde it againe on a stone with gumme-water, and put it into a horne, or shell; when you paint or write, stirre it, and let the sticke drop into the pen, for it will sinke to the bottome as lead.

_To temper Turnsole._

Take Turnsole, and wet it once or twice in cleare water, and let it lye till it be well steeped; then wring it into a dish till the colour be good, and sad; with this you may flourish red letters, or vestures, and this colour shall be darked, sadded, or renewed with blacke inke.

_To make colouring, called Vernix: to varnish gold,
silver, or any other colour on vellem, paper,
timber, stone, &c._

Take Bengewine, and bray it well betwixt two papers, then put it into a viol, and poure on it _Aqua vitæ_, that it may stand aboue the bengewine three or foure fingers, and let it steepe so a day or two; then put to it for halfe a violl of _Aqua vitæ_ fiue or sixe chieues of Saffron slenderly stamped; this done, straine it, and with a Pensil vernish therewith any thing gilded, which will become bright and shining, drying it selfe immediately, and will continue the brightnesse many yeares; But if you will varnish on siluer, then take the white that is found in Bengewine and dresse it with _Aqua vitæ_ as afore, leauing out the Saffron, and the said vernish made with these onely is very good to varnish all things as well painted, as not painted: for it maketh Tables of Walnut tree and Hebene to glister if it bee laid on them; and all other things, as Iron, Copper, or Tin gilded, or not; it maketh bright, preserveth and aideth the colour, and dryeth incontinent without taking dust.

_To make a double size to lay gold or silver on an embossed
ground._

Take Venice Ceruse, white lead, plaister of an old Image, or chalke, any of these made in fine powder, and ground with the white of an egge, and a little water: this will make a good bottome to lay silver on. But when you use any of these to lay under gold, put to it a little Saffron, put not too much water; mingle it after discretion, and looke the size be thicke standing: put the size thus tempered, in a horne or shell in some Celler, or shadowed place, where it may stand moyst seven dayes, till it be perfect clammy and rotten, and once a day stirre it; the elder the size is, it is the better. If there stand any bubbles on the size, put in eare waxe, for that is a remedy thereto, and before you lay it on your worke, lay the size on a scrow, and dry it, and when it is dry, bend it, and if it bend and breake not, then it is perfect, and if it breake, put to it a little water to make it weaker, and proue if it cleaueth fast to the booke, if not, put glayr thereto, and make it more stedfast: the like size may you make of Gipsium, Bolearmoniacke, red or yellow Oker, Orpment or Masticot, with browne of Spaine, or red lead: if euery of them be ground seuerally, and tempered as afore.

_Of painting in Oyle._

Here you must provide one thing more then you did before: that is, a Pallet (so called by Artists) whereupon you must put a small quantitie of euery such colour you are to use, the forme whereof followeth.

The colours to be used, are altogether such dry substances as I mentioned formerly: as Oker, Vermilion red lead, Vmber, Spanish browne, Lam-blacke, Gambugice, Masticot, Orpment, Ceruse, or Spanish white, blew and greene Bise, Verdigrease, and a multitude of such like, which may be had at the Rose in _Cornehill, London_.

Your colours must be ground all very finely, and tempered with Linseed oyle; and to preserve them, put them in little earthen pans, and put water upon them, and cover them, that the dust come not at them: thus they may be kept a great while, and from thence you may take them as your use doth require.

There are divers colours which without the admixture of another colour, will not be dry a great while; as Lake, Verdigrease, Lam-blacke: with such you must temper a little Vmber or red lead.

Divers Painters there are, that having haste of worke, doe use to temper their colour with one part of fatte oyle, and two of common Linseed oyle, and by this meanes they make the colours dry the sooner: this fat oyle is onely Linseed oyle exposed to the weather, and so it becommeth thicker: yea sometimes you shall see it so thicke, that you may cut it almost like Butter: it may bee made likewise by boyling of it a little while, but the former is the best. As for the tempering of your colours, I can prescribe no surer way then experience with diligent observation.

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Of Graving.

It is possible for one to be a good Painter, and yet not to be able to draw well with the pen, because there is not required in a Painter such a curious and exact carriage of the hand: but it is impossible for one ever to Grave or Etch well, except he can draw well with the pen. First therefore presupposing you can doe the first before you attempt the second, you must provide divers graving tooles, both long and short: some for hard worke, some for sweet worke, some for smaller worke, and some for greater: also a peece of a Beaver hat, and a good oyle stone, smoothed on one side, and free from pin holes, and plates of Copper or Brasse exactly polished.

_Of Gravers._

There are two principall sorts of Gravers, the long and the short: the long are straight, and for to engrave Plates withall, especially the greater, and these are to be held as the figure following doth expresse: where you may note that the pummell of the Graver resteth against the ball of the thumb, and the point is guided with the forefinger. And there ought to bee a little bagge of sand under your Plate, to the end that you might turne your plate upon it as your worke doth require.

The second sort is a short Graver, and turneth up somewhat at the end, and that is to engrave Letters and Scutchions in plate seales, and smaller plates, being fastened in some convenient instrument: this must be held likewise according unto the expression of the figure following: where it is to be noted, that the pummell of the Graver is stayed against the further part of the hand, and is guided by the inward side of the thumbe. It were needfull that there were a piece of leather like a Taylors thimble, about the end of the thumbe, waxed or glued, whereby to guide the Graver more steadily, and stay it upon occasion.

_How to make Gravers._

Provide some good crosse-bow steele, and cause it to be beaten out into small rods, and softned: then with a good file you may shape them at your pleasure: when you have done, heat them red hot, and dip them straight downe into sope, and by so doing, they will bee hard indeed. Note that if in the dipping of them into the sope, you turne your hand never so little awry, the Graver will be crooked. These Gravers made and hardened after this manner, doe farre exceed all the other Gravers.

If your gravers be too hard, heate them a little, and thrust them into tallow, and they will be tougher.

The oyle stone is to whet your gravers on; drop one or two drops of sallet oyle upon it, and whet your graver thereon, and it will have an edge presently.

_How to smooth and pollish Copper Plates._

Because that in the printing with Copper Plates, the least scratch, though it be scarce visible, receiveth its impression, and so many times disgraceth the worke: I have set downe a way to smooth plates for impression.

First, take a piece of Brasse, or Copper, of what bignesse you intend, of an indifferent thicknesse, and see as neere as you can, that it bee free from fire flawes. First beat it as smooth as you can with a hammer, then rub it smooth with a pumice stone that is void of gravell, (least it race it, & so cause you as much more labour to get them out) burnish it after with a burnishing iron, having first dropped a drop or two of sallet oyle on it: then rub it over with a cole, prepared as is after taught, and lastly with a peece of beaver hat dipt in sallet oyle, rub it very well for an houre: thus you may polish it exactly.

_How to prepare your Coales._

Take Beechen charcole, such as when they are broke, doe shine, such as are void of clifts, and such as breake off even: burne them againe, and as soone as they are all through on fire, quench them in chamber lye: after take them out, and put them in faire water, and reserue them for your use.

Having prepared all things in a readinesse, you must haue a draught of that you intend to cut or engrave.

Take the plate then, and waxe it lightly ouer, and then either pounce the picture upon it, or trace it, or by drawing ouer the lines of the picture with ungummed inke, reprint it upon the Plate: then worke upon it, obseruing the shadow, so that being printed, it may stand right, for it will be backward upon your plate: when you haue cut one stroke, drop a little sallet oyle upon your peece of Bever, and rub over the said stroke, for by this meanes you shall better see the stroke, and how to cut the next equall unto it, and so the rest proportionally distant one from another; but to worke by a Candle, you must place a glasse of faire water betweene the Candle, and a paper betweene that and the Plate, (which casteth a true light) or you will never be able to worke truely and aright.

_Of Etching._

Etching is an imitation of engrauing, but more speedily performed. Things may be expressed to the life thereby, but not so sweetly as by the Graver. It is thus performed: the Plate you are to etch upon, must first exactly be pollished, afterwards ouerlaid but very lightly with a ground made for the purpose, (of which anon) and thereupon must be pounced, drawne, or traced, the thing that you are to etch: then the said ground is to be pierced with diuers stiles of seuerall bignesse according as the shadowes of the picture doe require: afterwards the edges of the Plate are to be raised with soft waxe and strong water, (for so they terme it:) (It is to be had at the signe of the Legge in _Foster Lane_ a Distiller) is to be put upon it, which in those places were the strokes, are required to be lightly performed, is to be abated or alayed with faire water, which hauing dured a while upon the plate, will eate into it, as it were engraven, then put it into cold water, and wash it about, and it will leaue eating further, and then take off the ground and it is done.

_A red ground for Etching._

Take red lead, grinde it very well, and temper it with varnish.

_A white ground._

Take one ounce of Waxe, and two ounces of Rosin, melt them together, and adde thereto a quarter of an ounce of Venice Ceruse ground fine, lay it on while it is hot.

_A blacke ground._

Take Asphaltum two parts, Bees waxe one part; melt them together, and being warme, lay it on very thinly with a fine lawne ragge. If it seeme somewhat red in any one part, hold it over the smoake of a Linke or waxe candle, and it will be amended. Note that it is a principall thing in this Art to lay the ground on aright.

_Another way how to engrave with water._

Take Verdigrease, Mercury sublimated, vitreoll, and allum, a like quantity, beate all to powder, put them into a glasse, and let it stand so halfe a day, and stirre it often, then lay on the plate, waxe, mingled with Linseed oyle, or red lead with Linseed oyle, and write in it that you meane to grave, then put the water on it, and let it so remaine halfe a day, if you will have it very deepe, let it lye longer. If you will engrave Images, &c. lay the waxe on the Iron or Steele, thin, and draw what you will theron, that it may touch the mettall, then put the water into the strokes, and it will be engraven.

_How to engrave on a flint stone._

Take a Flint, and write on it what you will, with the fat or tallow of an Oxe, afterward lay the flint in vineger, foure dayes.

_FINIS._

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Place this betweene folio 14. and 15.

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THE BOOKE OF
EXTRAVAGANTS:

Wherein amongst others, is principally
contrived divers excellent and approved
Medicines for severall maladies.

By I. B.

_LONDON._
Printed by _Thomas Harper_, for _Ralph Mab_. 1634.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

To the Reader.

_Courteous Reader, forasmuch as there were divers experiments that I could not conveniently, or rather my occasions would not permit me to dispose in such order as I would have done; I thought it would not bee amisse to call them by the names of Extravagants, and so to set them downe as I found them, eyther inserted amongst other my notes, as I put them in practise, or as they came into remembrance._

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_How to make a light burne under the water, being
a very pretty conceypt to take fish._

Let there be a glasse, as A, having a hole at the bottome, to put a candle in with a screwed socket. The socket must have a loope at the bottome, whereunto you must hang a weight of such heavinesse, that it may draw the body of the glasse under water. The necke of this glasse must bee open, and stand above the water; also about the necke must bee fastened a good broad peece of wood; round about which (but on that side of it that is next unto the water) must be placed divers peeces of looking glasses; so the light of the candle in the glasse body will bee multiplied according unto the number of them. All the fishes neere unto it will resort about it, as amazed at so glorious a sight, and so you may take them with a cast net or other.

_How to make an image hang in the
middle of a glasse._

Make the lower part of the image of hard wax, and the upper part of wood, and overlay it with oyle colours; then put it into a globe glasse filled with fayre water, and which way soever you turne the glasse, the image will still hang in the middle, and stand as it were upright; which, to my knowledge, hath been a thing causing no small admiration among divers that have not understood the cause of it.

_How to make five or six dice of the ordinary bignesse
of dice, such as you may game withall, and
such as would be taken by their lookes to bee
ordinary dice, and yet all of them to
weigh not above one grain._

Take a peece of Elder, and pith it, lay the pith to dry, and then make thereof with a sharp knife five or six dice, and you shall finde it true that I haue sayd.

_To lay gold on any thing._

Take red Lead ground first very fine, temper it with linseed oyle: write with it, and lay leafe gold on it, let it dry, and pollish it.

_To lay gold on glasse._

Grinde Chalk, and red Lead, of each a like quantity, together, temper them with linseed oyle, lay it on; when it is almost dry, lay your leafe gold on it, when it is quite dry polish it.

_To make yron as soft as lead._

Take black flints, powder them very finely; then put the powder in an iron pan, and make it red-hot, then cast it on a marble stone, till it be almost cold, then make it red-hot againe, and let it coole, and grinde it so long till it cleave to the stone, and grinde as it were clay; then put that in a glasse, and set it under the eaves of a house, where the Sunne commeth not nigh in the day, then the night after take out the water that you shall finde in the glasse above the powder, then take that powder and grinde it with the water, and put it in a stillatory, and let it still out the halfe; afterward poure the water againe on the sayd powder, and still it againe with a soft fire; then take and seethe that water till the halfe bee wasted, then take some iron blade that is new broke, and put it together, and hold it so a little while; then take of the water which was sod to the half, and with a feather lay it first to the one side of the blade, and when the water is cold, lay it on the other side, and it will soder fast with this water; and with this water you may make steele as soft as lead. It is likewise a soveralgne water to help the gout, being anoynted where the griefe is, for it giveth ease very speedily.

_To colour tin, or copper, &c. of a
golden colour._

Take linseed oyle, set it on the fire, scum it cleane, then put therein of amber, and aloe hepaticum, a like quantity, then beat and stir all well together with the oyle till it wax thick; then take it off, and cover it close, and set it in the earth three dayes: when you would use it, strike your metall all ouer therewith, and so let it dry, and it will be of a golden colour.

_To gild iron with a water._

Take running water 3 pound, rochallum 3 pound, and Roman vitreoll one ounce, of vardigrease one penny waight, saltgem three ounces, orpment one ounce, boyle all these together, and when it begins to boyle, put in lees of tartar and bay salt, of each halfe an ounce; make it seethe, and being sod a pretty while, take it from the fire, and strike the iron over therewith, then let it dry against the fire, and then burnish it.

_To soder on iron._

Set your joynt of iron as close as you can, then lay them so in a glowing fire; then take of Venice glasse in fine powder, and the iron being red-hot, cast the powder thereon, and it shall soder of it selfe. If you clap it in clay, it will be the surer way.

_To gild on iron or steele._

Take one ounce of argall, three drammes of vermileon, and two drams of bol armeniack, with as much aqua vitæ, then work and grinde them all together on a stone, with linseed oyle; having so done, put thereto lapis calaminaris as big as a hazell nut, and grinde therewith in the end three or foure drops of varnish; take it off the stone, and strain it through a linnen cloth into a stone pot, (for it must bee as thick as hony) then strike over your iron therewith, and let it dry, and then lay your gold or silver on, as you would do upon the varnish.

_A varnish like gold, for tin, silver,
or copper._

Take small pots well leaded, then put therein six ounces of linseed oyle, one ounce of mastick, one ounce of aloes epaticum; make them altogether in fine powder, and then put it into your sayd pot, and cover it with such another; yet in the bottom of the uppermost pot make a small hole, wherein put a small stick with a broad end beneath to stir the other pot withall, and when the pots are set just together, close them all about with good clay, and couer them all over also, leaving the hole open above to stir the other pot with the stick; set it over the fire, and stir it as often as it seetheth, and when you will gild, pollish your metall over first, and then strike this over the metall, and let it dry in the Sunne.

_To lay Gold on Iron, or other mettall._

Take liquid Varnish l.1. Turpentine, & oyle of Lynseed, of each an ounce: mixe them all together: with this ground you may gild on any mettall, first striking it upon the mettall, and afterward lay on the gold or silver. When it is dry, polish it.

_To make Ice that will melt in fire, but not dissolve
in Water._

Take strong water made with saltpeter, allum, and oyle of tartar, of each, one pound. Infuse them together, then put into them a little _aqua ardens_, and it will presently coagulate them, and turne them into ice.

_A cement as hard as stone._

Take powder of Loadstone, and of flints, a like quantity of either, and with whites of egges, and gumme dragant, make paste, and in a few dayes it will grow as hard as a stone.

_To make Paper waved like unto marble._

Take divers oyled colours, put them severally in drops upon water, and stirre the water lightly, and then wet the paper (being of some thicknesse) with it, and it will be waved like a marble: dry them in the Sun.

_To make Copper or Brasse have the colour of silver._

Take _Sal Armoniacke_, allum, and salt, of each a like quantity, and with a little filings of silver, let all be mixt together, then put them into the fire, that they may be hot, and when they shall cease to smoke, then with the same powder moystned with spittle, rub your Copper or Brasse.

_How to make glew to hold things together as fast
as stone._

Take of the powder of tile sheard, two pound, unflakt lyme, foure pound, oyle of Lynseed, a sufficient quantity to temper the whole mixure; this is marvellous strong.

_To make a thinne glew._