Chapter VII: Part II (3)

In the years 1742 and 1743, the buboes often appeared as soon as the patients were taken ill, in some not till twelve hours after, and in a few not till after two or three days: but, in 1744, some perceived the buboes a day or two before they had any other symptom of the disease. And during all the time the plague raged at _Aleppo_, none of the sick were without them, except such who died suddenly. In general, the sick had but one, and they were more common in the axillary or inguinal glands than in the parotids. Some few had even two or three, which were not confined to one side of the body. Their first appearance, as hath been mentioned, was like a small indurated gland; deeply seated; in some they were fixed but more frequently moveable, and most commonly painful to the touch. They would often, increase considerably in a few hours with intense pain, and would as suddenly subside; and these changes would frequently succeed each other several times in twenty-four hours. Sometimes an exacerbation immediately following the decrease of the bubo, would prompt one to imagine this decrease to have been the cause; but this was not so constantly the case as to induce me to think it was so in reality.

The buboes, so far as I could learn, never advanced towards a regular maturation, till a critical sweat had carried off the fever. In ten, twelve, or fifteen days from the first attack, they commonly suppurated with the usual attendants of heat and pain. Sometimes, nay frequently, I have known them to disappear soon after the critical sweat, and discuss without any detriment to the patient. At other times, when grown pretty large, about the height of the disease, they sunk, and mortified without being attended with fatal consequences: for as soon as the crisis was compleat, the mortification stopped, and the eschar separated gradually, leaving a large deep ulcer, which healed without difficulty by the usual methods.

The inguinal buboes were seldom single, there being generally two, and in the same groin. The superior was the largest, of a long figure, somewhat resembling a cucumber, lying obliquely, but lower than where the venereal buboes appear, and it was this which commonly came to suppuration. Once I met with a case where an axillary bubo divided into two; one part getting under the pectoral muscle, the other sinking deeper into the armpit: both of them grew painful and inflamed; but that in the armpit only suppurated.

I met with no instance of a bubo not followed or preceded by the fever.

In respect to the carbuncles, it has already been observed, that they broke out on all parts of the body, the muscular and tendinous especially. From the size of a silver penny they often spread themselves speedily to the extent of an inch and half, two inches, nay sometimes three inches, diameter, frequently penetrating deep into the substance of the parts they attacked. Their most common time of appearing was on the second day of the disease. Their progress was very quick, and not above one half of the sick had them. In such as died, I was told, (for I saw none of those cases myself) that from the pustule issued a quantity of ichorous matter; but the black circle remained hard and dry; in the others the mortification usually stopped on the third day, and in a day or two more digested, and began to separate round the edges. The separation of the whole eschar was completed rather sooner than in such as are made by a caustic.

A few of the sick had pustules, which were filled with well-concocted matter, without any livid or discoloured circle about them: these, after a certain time, dried up, and fell off, as it commonly happens in the distinct small-pox; and as all the patients who had this eruption recovered, it was considered as a favourable symptom.

To enumerate all the various changes that happened, with the sudden and unexpected transitions from extreme danger to great safety, would be tedious, and little instructive. Such, however, were the general outlines of the distemper, and the most usual symptoms; which though they by no means furnish one with the necessary helps to form a certain prognostic, yet some hints may from thence be deduced for establishing a rational, and perhaps a successful practice.

Upon considering, however, the several circumstances attending this fatal distemper, the various shapes it assumes, the sudden transitions from one appearance to another, the precipitate advances to its height, and the danger which the physician incurs in visiting the sick, the wonder ceases, that we meet with in authors so various and contradictory accounts of the proper methods for treating it. Some plead for evacuations, others decry them with vehemence: if we allow, that difference of climates, different constitutions of the air in the same climate, and perhaps some variety even in the plague itself, might lead practitioners to judge not always alike concerning it; yet it is not so easy to reconcile the jarring opinions of those who have practised at the same time, and in the same place, in respect to this essential part of management: and as in a disease, wherein reason is often perplexed, and experience itself fallacious, one would chuse to rely much on proper authority, it is greatly to be lamented, that nature has not been more, and opinion less, attended to. As the plague has so often visited that country, one might reasonably have expected among the natives some vestiges of unbiassed observation, and attempts at least towards a proper method of cure; but, so far as I have hitherto been able to discover, no traces of any thing satisfactory are to be met with among them. The _Turks_ have less faith in medicine for the cure of this disease than of any other, believing it to be a curse inflicted by God Almighty for the sins of the people; and as the chief of those who practise physic are either _Christians_ or _Jews_, and not so strongly prepossessed with the doctrine of predestination, consequently afraid of catching the distemper, they rather endeavour to confirm the _Turks_ in their false notions, lest they should be forced to visit the sick. Hence it follows, that the greatest part of those who are seized with the plague, either are left to struggle with the violence of the disorder without any assistance, or must submit to the direction of the meanest and most ignorant of mankind. The practice which seems to prevail most generally amongst them, is to bleed all who apply to them, and in every stage of the disease; after which they endeavour to promote sweat by a few grains of bezoar, in the simple distilled water of scorzonera; which is the medicine they chiefly confide in, such is the slender acquaintance they have yet acquired in the _materia medica_.

From the most impartial and attentive observation I could make, it seemed to me, that very plentiful bleeding at the first appearance of the disease was of great service; but after the first day was always prejudicial.

Vomiting was also of the utmost consequence at the beginning: warm water was commonly sufficient to procure it, as the sick had generally a propensity to this discharge. If a stimulus was required, a small dose of _ipecacuanha_ or _sal vitrioli_ was all that was necessary for most patients.

Though purging with the violent cathartics is justly condemned; yet an emollient glyster, or even a gentle laxative with manna and _crem. tartar._ when the patient was costive, and the head much affected, was not only safe, but often of great service; and, when the symptoms were not violent, I have frequently given a gentle purge of _infus. sennæ, mann. & crem. tartar._ the second day of the disease with success. It may appear strange; but it is a fact confirmed to me by many instances, that a purgative of this kind, given after the critical sweat, was the most effectual means to bring the buboes to suppuration.

The natural crisis of the disease was always by sweat; and, when the same evacuation could be procured by art, it was also of service; but there were two great inconveniences attending attempts of this kind on the first day. One was, that the common medicines in the usual doses for this purpose, if they failed of procuring the desired diaphoresis, threw the patient into a flame, and greatly augmented all the symptoms: the other inconvenience was, that though we succeeded in raising a sweat, it was requisite to continue it a much longer time than most of the people in that country could be persuaded to endure; and, if checked, it was of bad consequence, either increasing all the symptoms, or, what was often the case, bringing on a diarrhœa; which though at first it seemed to relieve, yet generally proved fatal in the end.

The cordial and diaphoretic medicines found to be most efficacious were, _Rad. contrayerv._ _Valerian. sylvest._ _Croc. Anglic._ _Pulv. contrayerv. comp. Pharm. Edin._ and _Theriac. Androm._ or _Diascord._ when a diarrhœa attended. Anodynes also greatly assisted the other medicines in their operations; but those of the gentler kind, as _syr. diacod._ seemed to agree better with the sick than opium.

I made an attempt to try the effects of the cortex in this distemper; but a popular clamour being raised against that medicine, I thought it most prudent to desist, as I was convinced that my youth, and the short time I had then resided in the place, would render any efforts I could make to get the better of it ineffectual. No fair trial was made of the _rad. serpentar. Virgin._ because few of the natives would take it on account of its bitterness: for whoever would obtain a ready compliance with his orders in that country, must as seldom as possible offend their palates with unpleasant remedies; because whatever may be the consequence to themselves, they will often chuse to incur distant, though great risks, rather than submit to present inconveniences. Small doses repeated every four hours, was the most effectual method of giving these medicines, and plenty of diluent liquors, acidulated with spirit of vitriol, not only assisted in promoting a diaphoresis, but was of the utmost consequence in moderating the fever, which the cordials and diaphoretics were otherwise apt to increase.

Nitrous medicines in this disease neither were attended with their usual success in allaying heat, nor could the sick in general bear the common doses without a sensible increase of languor and dejection, or danger of bringing on a diarrhœa.

The following method of treating the sick I found the most successful upon repeated trials.

As soon as the patient was seized, from 10 to 20 ounces of blood, according to the present condition of the sick, or violence of the symptoms, were ordered to be taken from the arm. Seldom more than a pound however was taken from any; that being a quantity greatly exceeding what they usually lose at once in any disease.

After bleeding, if the nausea was considerable, they were ordered to drink plentifully of warm water, (which was presently brought up again, and with it a quantity of bile), and this operation to be repeated several times. If the nausea was not sufficient, which was but seldom the case, a small dose of _rad. ipecacuan._ or _sal. vitriol._ was given to promote the vomiting. It appeared from experience of such consequence that those evacuations should be made early, that most of my acquaintance had previous directions to set about them immediately, in case any person should be infected in their family.

A gentle anodyne was given after vomiting, or, if that did not settle their stomachs, _Riverius_’s saline draught, with an ounce of _diacodium_, or 15 drops of _laudanum_.

These evacuations being premised, small doses of the cordial and diaphoretic medicines, above mentioned, joined with a very small proportion of _nitr. stibiat._ were given every four hours; and the sick were encouraged to drink liberally of a decoction of scorzonera roots and barley, or even of spring water, but always tepid, if they could be persuaded to drink it so, and acidulated with as much _sp. vitrioli_, as to make it agreeable. A certain proportion of this spirit, with syrup of violets, made it more grateful both to the eye and the palate, and was no small inducement to them to drink the necessary quantity.

In the winter, the sick were ordered to be removed into a larger and more airy room, than they were accustomed to sleep in at that season; and the air to be both warmed and corrected by a moderate fire. In the summer, all the doors and windows were allowed to be opened, excepting that which was immediately opposite to the patient’s bed; and many of them would not even bear that restriction, but would have all open in the day time, and often in the night lay upon the house top. Their covering was the same as in health.

A moderate cordial of some of the simple waters, with a little _Tinct. croci_, _Tinct. Valerian_, _sylv. Confect. alkerm._ well acidulated with _sp. vitrioli_, and commonly sweetened with syrup of white poppies, was allowed them when faint or uneasy, and they expressed great satisfaction upon taking this mixture. For children, this alone, with plenty of acidulated liquors, was what I chiefly used, and with good success.

When the sick could be persuaded to submit to the above regimen, a sweat often broke out the second or beginning of the third day, when they were covered up, and the sweat was encouraged so long as they could bear it.

Whether it proceeded from the carelessness of the attendants, in giving way to the impatience of the sick, and so not encouraging the sweat so long as it ought to have been, or from the nature of the disease, I know not, but certain it is, that this first sweat, particularly if it happened on the second day, though it greatly relieved the patient, yet did not entirely carry off the fever. A continuance of the same medicines, in somewhat larger doses, generally enabled nature to throw off every subsequent exacerbation by a plentiful sweat, till a compleat crisis was obtained.

When the sweat was sufficient, and had greatly mitigated the symptoms, notwithstanding some degree of fever still remained, a mild cathartic was given the next morning, the other medicines were continued during its operation, and an anodyne was ordered early in the evening.

When an encrease of the symptoms seemed to be the consequence of a sudden sinking of the buboes, which sometimes happened on the second or third day, a blister applied just below the bubo was of service.

Upon the first appearance of a coma, or debility in the tongue, a blister was applied to the head, and to the other usual parts, as necessity required. Some patients, who had been deemed past recovery, having struggled through the disease, and apparently by the use of blisters, at length brought them into credit, and induced the natives to submit, with less reluctance, to a practice which they would otherwise have abhorred. Stimulating cataplasms of one part garlic, and two parts crum of bread, with the addition of a little vinegar, applied to the soles of the feet, were of great service in this case; and if the patient was costive, emollient laxative glysters were injected. The dose of the alexipharmics was encreased, and diluting acidulated liquors given often in small quantities.

Suppurating cataplasms were sometimes applied to the buboes, but as they were kept on with difficulty, the _Empl. Diachyl. cum Gum._ was more generally used; and when a stimulus was required, a few cantharides, or a little euphorbium was added. In most of the sick, they were left to open of themselves, on account of the dread the natives have of the lancet or caustic, and the want sometimes of proper persons to apply them: and indeed, by what I observed, none suffered from the long delay in opening them, farther than the usual inconveniences attending other tumors thus left to themselves; and they never required any method different from the common to heal them.

When the buboes mortified, they were treated as the carbuncles; and though, upon the separation of the mortified parts, the ulcers were often large and deep, yet they healed very soon.

Sometimes the carbuncles were scarified, but oftener not: the dressings that agreed best with them, were _Ung. Basilic. Flav._ with a small proportion of _Ol. Terebinthinæ_, and sometimes _Tinct. Myrrh._ applying over all an emollient cataplasm; and after the indurated black parts were separated, they soon healed, without any particular accidents.

SECT. III.

_Of the method used by the ~Europeans~ for their preservation from the Plague._

Next to the protection of Divine Providence, the means that the _Europeans_ at _Aleppo_ depend upon for their preservation during the time of the plague, are either retiring from the city, or shutting up at home, in such a manner as effectually to prevent all communication with either persons or goods capable of conveying the infection. The first method was formerly the common practice of the _English_, when the nature of their business was such as allowed them to retire early in the season, and their number so considerable, that they encamped upon the _Bylan_ mountains, without any danger from the _Curds_[497]: so that, by keeping the person employed to go to the village to market at a proper distance, and using the necessary precautions in receiving provisions, _&c._ if the plague should be there, they were quite secure, and had at the same time an opportunity of amusing themselves by riding, shooting, and other country-recreations, and enjoying the cool air and verdure among those mountains; a pleasure at other times surpassing most others in that warm climate, though now barely sufficient to allay the melancholy reflexions so natural on this occasion. At present, however, as the nature of their business is such as prevents their retiring early, their number small, and the _Curds_ more troublesome than heretofore, so that they cannot well encamp upon the mountains, a retirement from the place is attended with considerable inconveniences; for it is next to impossible, when the season is advanced, but one or other of the servants who must unavoidably be hired to carry baggage, _&c._ on the road, (for all sorts of necessaries must be carried along with one in this country, even provisions and bedding) either has the distemper in his own family, or at best has daily intercourse with numbers in that condition. And though, by carrying tents, the danger of sleeping in an infected village may be avoided; yet it may nevertheless happen to be at the very place where the retirement has been intended, it being, I believe, very rare that it rages at _Aleppo_ without likewise affecting most other places within a few days journey round it, and full as rare that the people will confess its being amongst them.

Shutting up at home is attended with none of these inconveniences, and, when conducted in the proper manner, its salutary effects are found by experience to be such, that persons in this situation remain without danger in the middle of a city where the plague rages with the greatest violence; a circumstance so evident, that all the _Christians_ and _Jews_ who can afford it follow the example of the _Franks_ in this respect. And though the _Turks_ cannot, on account of their religion, do it avowedly[498]; yet such of them as have been any ways conversant with the _Europeans_, and are not mere bigots, either keep at home, on pretence of being indisposed, or retire to some garden for change of air, if their affairs will not admit of their going abroad to some distant place, where they imagine the disease does not reach. A journey to _Mecca_, on pretence of devotion, is their most common expedient.

It having been mentioned, that the _Europeans_ are not so subject to the epidemic diseases of that country as the natives, it is necessary to inform the reader, that experience confirms their being liable to the plague, some of them having generally been infected when the distemper raged in the place, either before they shut up, or after they came abroad. It may also be proper to add, that their servants, who are natives, and are a much greater number than the _Europeans_, enjoy the same benefit from shutting up.

While the number of the sick is inconsiderable, as is commonly the case during the winter, the _Europeans_ content themselves with using the following precautions, _viz._ to have no more intercourse with the natives than what they are necessarily obliged to by their business; to keep their servants at home, if possible, which however is not easily accomplished; not to make use of a common barber, if it can be avoided; and to carefully enquire concerning the health of those who wash their linen, chusing for that office such as are not employed by the natives. This does not however prevent their visiting each other, and enjoying their usual recreations abroad in the country.

During this time it is usual for the natives to make use of all the arguments in their power to persuade the _Europeans_, that either the whole of the reports concerning the distemper are false, or, when this cannot be accomplished, that the little which had appeared is now quite over; which last pretence, however untrue, or indeed vain to hope for, many are willing to be deceived by, till either some _European_, their dependants, or others under their immediate inspection, being infected, causes a general consternation, and occasions their shutting up with all expedition. Such of the _Franks_ as act with the most prudence not only use the precautions already mentioned, but also make the proper dispositions for shutting up, so as to be ready to do it upon the first visible increase of the distemper, which they look upon as unavoidable in the spring, and lay their account with being confined till _July_. The progress of the disease is so quick, that the difference between such as shut up early, and those that brave it out to the last, is seldom more than a few days.

As it would be disagreeable for a single person to be confined by himself, they generally divide into small parties, and shut up in such houses as are most spacious and convenient. It is an advantage to be in one that has no communication, by way of the terrace, with any other; for though when the distemper is not frequent, going over the house-top to visit such other of their friends as are also shut up, is sometimes practised, yet, when the plague rages much, it is reckoned safest not to trust to any one, lest they should be guilty of irregularities; and when such communications are open, it is impossible to be sure of keeping the servants in order. Provision is made, as has been already mentioned, for a confinement till _July_; for, after the doors are once shut, nothing is admitted but letters, and what is absolutely necessary for the table, and these too with the precautions which shall be mentioned. One thing, though it may seem trifling, conduces not a little to their ease, and that is, to have one person that can shave; for a long beard is extremely disagreeable in hot weather. Cats, being great ramblers, are looked upon as dangerous animals at such times; and therefore the _Europeans_ either confine theirs at home, or send them to be taken care of by some of their dependants, in a distant part of the city; and no quarter is shewn to any strange cats that shall happen to be seen within their bounds, but such are immediately shot, and thrown into the street by the help of a pair of tongs.

This disposition being made, and the distemper so far advanced that it is thought imprudent to go abroad any longer, the street-door is locked, and, for the greater security, sealed up; and, if there are any windows, or passages of any kind below stairs, through which the servants might possibly receive any thing from without, they are secured also; even the small hole cut in the door through which the water, for the service of the family is conveyed, has a lock and key, so that it is never opened, but when the Sacka (or water-carrier) comes, and then usually one of the _Europeans_ attends; for these water-carriers, being of the same race with the servants, are the most likely to bring them such things as they may desire. A window above stairs is next allotted, through which the necessary provisions, _&c._ are to be received; and such an one is usually chose as looks into the most private part of the Khane, or street, to avoid drawing together a concourse of idle passengers, which the novelty of the sight would naturally do: but the more this window is exposed to the eyes of the family within, the better it is for preventing irregularities from servants. The necessary apparatus for this window, consists of a rope, which, with the addition of a few yards of an iron chain, and a hook to the lower end, reaches within two or three feet of the ground; an iron or copper pail, which is hung on the hook of the chain, and let down for conveying things to or from a person below, whom they hire on purpose, and is all day in waiting to bring the necessary provisions, carry messages, _&c._ A quantity of vinegar, a pail of water, a long reed split at one end for conveying letters, and some brimstone to smoke them with, as also a pair of tongs for taking out the provisions. Meat, poultry (which last must be well picked) and every thing else that will allow of it, is dipped in water, mixed with a small proportion of vinegar, and hung up some little time before it is touched. Bread, which will admit of nothing of that nature, is exposed to the air for some hours before it is handled; and letters or other papers, are sprinkled with vinegar and smoked with sulphur; for which purpose, if it was a more general practice to have a box so contrived, as to impregnate the papers more throughly with the fumes of that mineral, it might perhaps be more safe. Some few, in place of sulphur, smoke their letters with the following, which is what is commonly used in the Lazaretto at _Malta_[499].

The impatience under confinement, with the melancholy occasion of it, the apprehension that some of the company may have received the infection, though it may not as yet have appeared, the singing before the corps in the day, and the shrieking of the women for the dead, both day and night, all contribute to make the first week’s confinement very disagreeable. Custom, however, soon renders those things so familiar, as to lose much of their force; and the company falling into various ways of amusing themselves, in a very little time, though they cannot help feeling for the unhappy sufferers, yet the only uneasiness most people express, on their own account, is from a want of liberty to go abroad; this want, they endeavour to supply by an evening’s walk upon the house-top, from whence as many of the _European_ houses are but at a small distance from each other, they enjoy the conversation of some of their friends, though too far off for secrecy.

Though the shutting up of the _Europeans_ and many _Christians_, as also the retirement of some _Turks_, as has been already mentioned, in a great measure puts a stop to trade while the distemper rages violently, yet the markets are all open, and as great plenty of provisions, and every thing else to be had as at any other time: the streets too, though not so much crouded, yet are still pretty full of people; the generality of the _Turks_ visit the sick, and attend their funerals, in the same manner as at other times; and though the _Christians_ and _Jews_ do not, except on very emergent occasions, visit their sick friends, and very few besides a priest, and those who carry the bier, attend the funerals, yet there is no want of servants and relations, to do the necessary offices about the sick, the same as if it was any common distemper.

As soon as the number of the sick begins to decline, the same causes that prevented some from shutting up early, together with a natural desire that all have for liberty, generally induces several to get abroad too soon. The difference between the first and the last, in opening as in shutting up, seldom exceeds a few days; and yet this, however, makes a very considerable one in the risk, for both the increase and decrease of the distemper, are very sudden.

The first step upon opening, is usually to ride abroad; and though it is at a season wherein there is not the least verdure, except in the gardens, yet, after so long a confinement, the sight of the open country affords no small pleasure. Care is taken, while the gentlemen are abroad, to prevent the servants in the family from having intercourse with any body; and, after the doors are opened, the same precautions are used for a week or two, as before shutting up.

The above precautions, are all that the _Europeans_ commonly practise; but by myself, and such of the natives, who being obliged to be amongst the sick, asked my advice, the following rules were observed, which, though nothing new, I have taken the liberty to insert; as they have hitherto proved successful, and many of them may be useful to the _Europeans_, while their business obliges them to go abroad: to this, however, it is but justice to add, that the trials were not many, and that there were some few persons who were equally in the way of the disease, without being infected, though they used no precautions at all. The rules laid down were these:

Never to go abroad in the morning fasting.

To avoid, as much as possible, all excesses, violent passions, or large evacuations, but not to live more abstemiously, either with regard to eating or drinking, than usual: perhaps one or two glasses of good wine more than customary, might rather be beneficial than otherwise; and a plentiful use of acid liquors, such as a very weak sour punch in the summer, is not only agreeable but useful.

While in the sick person’s chamber, passing a corpse, or near any thing infected, not to swallow the saliva, and to breathe, in the natural way through a handkerchief or spunge, wetted either with plain vinegar, or such as had rue infused in it.

When examining the pulse, and other circumstances that require being very nigh the sick, to hold the breath as much as possible, and, as soon as retired from the chamber, to wash the mouth, face, and hands with vinegar.

Upon returning home, to put on other cloaths, and expose such as had been wore to the air; perhaps it might also be of service to smoke them with sulphur, but this was not practised. At such times also, it is proper once more to wash the mouth, face, and hands with vinegar.

As to medicine, a large dose of the extract of the bark, with a draught of wine and water, well acidulated with elixir of vitriol, taken twice a day, were all that were used. For such as can take the bark in a liquid form, a strong decoction of it may answer the purpose as effectually.

SECT. IV.

Of the MAL d’ALEPPO.

A Cutaneous disease, thought by some to be peculiar to this place, has acquired the name of _Il mal d’Aleppo_, or _Aleppo evil_, among the _Europeans_. The natives call it _Habt il senne_, or _Botch of a year_, from the supposed time of its duration. In _Turkish_, _Haleb Choban_, or _the Aleppo ulcer_. This disease is not, however, peculiar to this place, being almost as common at _Antab_, and all the other villages on the banks of the rivers _Sejour_ and _Coick_, as at this place; which favours the opinion of its being occasioned by the water.

The natives reckon but two species of this disorder, and distinguish them by the names of male and female; but there is a third kind of cutaneous distemper, which, though it is commonly ascribed to the bite or sting of a common millepedes, or wood-louse, seems to me to be altogether of the same nature, though milder in degree.

What they call the male distemper, makes its appearance in the form of a small, red, hard tubercle or pimple, which commonly passes some weeks unregarded, as it gives no manner of uneasiness: afterwards it begins to encrease, and usually comes to the size of an _English_ sixpence, which, after some months, begins to be scurfy on the top; by degrees the little matter that oozes out of it, forms into a thick crusty scab; which, unless it is picked off, or otherwise disturbed, remains upon it till the parts underneath being healed, it falls off, and leaves but a very small mark. The whole of its duration is seldom above eight months.

What is called the female species begins like the former; but after a month or two it becomes somewhat painful, encreases often to double the extent of the male, discharges a good deal of the ichorous matter from under the scab, and by degrees comes to have the appearance of an indigested scorbutic ulcer, with a livid circle round it; but seems to be no deeper than the _tunica cellulosa_. In this condition it remains for several months, and is in general about a year from its first appearance before it is cured: but this is not a thing certain, many getting well some months sooner, while others remain several months longer. After it is cicatrised, it leaves an ugly scar, which remains thro’ life, and for many months has a livid colour. When they are not irritated, they seldom give much pain.

The third kind of _Mal_, which they call the pinch of a millepedes, begins like the two others, but seldom grows larger than about twice the size of a large pin’s head, and never changes its appearance, remaining a small tubercle for many months, without any pain, after which, it usually throws off a few scurfy scales and disappears; but some remain a much longer time.

It affects the natives when they are children, and generally appears in the face, though they also have some on their extremities; for most of them have two, three, or sometimes more, it being rare that they have but one. In strangers, it commonly appears some months after their arrival; and they have them not so frequently on the face as the natives: very few escape having them, but they seldom affect the same person above once; dogs and cats are as subject to the disease as men; it commonly breaks out upon the nose of these creatures.

In respect to the cure, like the tooth-ach, or ague with us, every one pretends to an infallible remedy for them; but the many beautiful faces, daily impaired by the disease, are too evident proofs of their ill success: and in truth, from what I have observed, it is infinitely better to apply nothing, than any of the numberless medicines they make use of.

Of several applications that I made trial of upon myself and some others, I found the mercurial plaister the most efficacious; the prescription was the same as the _Emplastrum commune cum mercurio_, with a smaller proportion of mercury, and a little larger of _Bals. sulphur._

If this was applied at the beginning, it often prevented their making any farther progress; if they had begun to run, it hindered them from increasing so much as they would otherwise have done, and generally cured them before their usual time. This is to be understood of that called the female; for the male, as well as the third kind, seldom require any medicinal application.

The reader, it is hoped, is now no longer a stranger to most of the particulars relating to _Aleppo_; but I cannot conclude these sheets, without rendering justice to their natural patrons, the gentlemen of the _British_ factory there, who still maintain that excellent character, for which they have been long celebrated, of mitigating the inconveniences that necessarily attend their residence in that city, by the perfect harmony in which they live, and improving every circumstance of advantage by the same social quality, of which, having been so long witness, and in which being so much a partaker, I make no doubt, the public will receive with candor, this testimony which gratitude requires.

FOOTNOTES

[1] Thought to be the ancient _Beræa_, _Beroe_, or _Berrhæa_.

[2] Two hours and four minutes on horseback, in the usual way of riding for pleasure, which, I am apt to believe, is nearer four miles than three and an half per hour.

[3] Divan is a part of the room raised above the floor, as is said in the text: this is spread with a carpet in winter, in summer with fine matts, along the sides are thick mattrasses about three feet wide, covered commonly with scarlet cloth, and large bolsters of brocade hard stuffed with cotton are set against the walls (or rails, when so situated, as not to touch the wall) for the conveniency of leaning. See plate 15 and 16. As they use no chairs, it is upon these they sit, and all their rooms are so furnished. The word divan is also employed to signify a number of people assembled in council.

[4] See plate 15.

[5] The ancient _Singas_.

[6] Xylon sive gossypium herbaceum J. B. i. 343. _Gossypium foliis quinquelobis caule herbaceo._ _Hort. Upsal._ 203.

[7] Cicer sativum flore candido. C. B. P. 347.

[8] Lens vulgaris semine subrufo. C. B. P. 346.

Lens Monanthus, Hort. L. B.

[9] Faba rotunda oblonga seu cylindracea minor, seu equina alba, Mor. Hist. ii. 85.

[10] Lathyrus sativus flore purpureo, C. B. P. 344.

[11] Vicia minima cum filiquis glabris Inst. R. H. 397.

[12] Phaseolus minimus fructu virido ovato.

[13] Melo vulgaris, C. B. P. 310.

Melo magnus cortice virente lævi semine parvo, J. B. i. 244.

[14] Anguria-citrullus dicta, C. B. P. 312.

[15] Nigella flore minore simplice candido, C. B. P. 145.

[16] Fœnumgrecum sativum, C. B. P. 348.

[17] Carthamus officinarum flore croceo Inst. R. H. 457.

[18] Nicotiana major latifolia, C. B. P. 169.

[19] Sapa vini.

[20] Cerasus sativa fructu rotundo rubro et acido, Tourn.

[21] Cerasus major fructu magno cordato albo.

[22] Cerasus.

[23] Armeniaca fructu majore nucleo amaro, T. 623.

Armeniaca.

[24] Persica molli carne et vulgaris viridis alba, C. B. P. 440.

[25] Prunus.

[26] Gorylus sylvestris, C. B. P. 418.

[27] Malus sativa.

[28] Pyrus sativa.

[29] Malus Cydonea vel Cotonea.

[30] Malus Punica sativa, C. B. P. 438.

[31] Amydalus dulcis et amara, J. B. i. 174.

[32] Morus fructu nigro, C. B. P. 459.

[33] Morus fructu albo, ditto.

[34] Nux inglans, J. B. i, 241.

[35] Ficus sativa.

[36] Cornus hortensis mas, C. B. P. 447.

[37] Terebinthus Indica Theophrasti, pistachio Dioscoridis Lob. adv. 413.

[38] Ziziphus Dodonæi pemp; 807.

[39] Olea sativa.

[40] Rhus folio ulmi, C. B. P. 414.

[41] Siliqua edulis, C. B. P. 402.

[42] Platanus Orientalis verus, Park. Theatr. 1427.

[43] Populus alba majoribus foliis, C. B. P. 429.

[44] Salix vulgaris alba arborescens, C. B. P. 473.

[45] Salix Syriaca folio oleagine argentea, Rawolf, 74.

[46] Carpinus Mathioli.

[47] Quercus latifolia.

[48] Fraxinus excelsior, C. B. P. 416.

[49] Lilac Mathioli, Tourn. 601.

[50] Zizipha alba Raw. p. 38. Azedarach Dod. pempt. 848.

[51] Lotus—Celtis fructu nigro, Tourn.

[52] Eleagnus Orientalis angustifoliis fructu parvo olivæ formi subdulce, T. Cor. 53.

[53] Tamariscus Narbonensis Lobel.

[54] Terebinthus vulgaris, C. B. P.

[55] Mespilus vulgaris.

[56] Sambucus fructu in umbella nigro, C. B. P. 456.

[57] Rosa alba vulgaris major, C. B. P. 482.

Rosa Damascena Lob. Icon. 206.

Rosa rubra multiplex, C. B. P. 481.

Rosa lutea simplex, ditto 483.

Rosa Moschata simplici flore, ditto 482.

[58] Rhamnus prim. Clus. Ger. 1334.

[59] Punica flore pleno majore, T. 636.

[60] Cupressus Dod. 856.

[61] Rubus vulgaris, sive rubus fructu nigro, C. B. P. 479.

[62] Brassica capitata alba, C B. P. 111.

Brassica alba capite oblongo non penitus clauso, ditto.

Brassica Gangyloides, ditto.

[63] Spinachia vulgaris.

[64] Cichorium latifolium, sive endiva vulgaris, T. 479.

[65] Raphanus major orbiculat. vel rotundus, C. B. P. 96.

Raphanus minor oblongus, ditto.

[66] Rapa sativa rotunda radice candida, C. B. P. 89.

[67] Beta rubra radice rapæ, C. B. P. 118.

[68] Daucus sativus radice luteo, Inst. R. ii. 307.

Daucus sativus radice atro rubente, J. B. 3. part. ii. 64.

[69] Brassica cauliflora, C. B. P. 111.

[70] Lactuca.

[71] Faba rotunda oblonga seu cylindracea minor, seu equina alba, Mor. Hist. ii. 85.

[72] Tubera terræ edulia.

[73] Cinara hortensis foliis non aculeatis, C. B. P. 385.

[74] Pisum hortense majus flore fructuque albo, C. B. P. 342.

Pisum arvense fructu albo, ditto 343.

[75] Portulaca latifolia seu sativa, C. B. P. 288.

[76] Cucumis vulgaris maturo fructu subluteo, C. B. P. 310.

Cucumis sativus vulgaris fructu albo, C. B. P.

[77] Melo vulgaris, C. B. P. 310.

Melo magnus cortice virente lævi semine parvo, J. B. i. 244.

[78] Anguria citrullus dicta, C. B. P. 312.

[79] Corchorus, sive melochia, J. B. ii. 982.

[80] Phaseolus vulgaris, Lob. Icon. 59.

[81] Cucumis flexuosus, C. B. P. 310.

[82] Ketmia Brasiliensis folio ficus fructu pyramidato sulcato, T. Inst. 100. Bamia.

[83] Lupinus.

[84] Cucurbita longa, folio molli, flore albo, J. B. ii. 214.

Cucurbita lagenaria, ditto, 216.

[85] Melongena fructu oblongo violaceo, Inst. R. H. 151.

Melongena fructu rotundo, ditto.

Melongena fructu incurvo, ditto, 152.

[86] Melopepo fructu maximo albo, Tourn.

[87] Pepo rotundus aurantii forma, ditto, 311.

[88] Apium hortense, seu petroselinum vulgo, C. B. P. 153.

[89] Nasturtium hortense vulgatum, C. B. P.

[90] Mentha.

[91] Cepa vulgaris floribus & tunicis candidis, C. B. P. 71.

[92] Allium sativum, C. B.

[93] Carvi Cæsalpin. 241.

[94] Coriandrum majus, C. B. P. 158.

[95] Anethum hortense, ditto, 147.

[96] Arundo vallatoria.

[97] Arundo vulgaris.

[98] Buglossum angustifolium majus flore cæruleo, C. B. P. 256.

Buglossum vulgare albo & violaceo colore, H. R. Par.

Buglossum sylvestre minus.

[99] Malva vulgaris flore minore, C. B. P. 314.

[100] Asparagus sylvestis tenuissimo folio, C. B. P. 490.

[101] Capparis spinosa fructu minore folio rotundo, C. B. P. 480.

[102] Dens leonis latiore folio, C. B. P. 126.

Dens leonis orientalis tenuissimo divisis tomentosis & incanis, T. Cor.

[103] Sisymbrium aquaticum Mathioli, 437.

Sisymbrium Creticum Raphani foliis eleganter dissectis, T. Cor. 35.

[104] Satureia sativa, J. B. iii. 272.

[105] Sisyrinchium majus flore lutea macula notata, C. B. P. 40.

[106] Tordylium orientale secacul Arabium dictum, Boer. Ind. Alt. 68.

[107] Rosa centifolia Batavica, Clus. H.

[108] Rosa omnium calendarum, H. R. Par.

[109] Granadilla.

[110] Jasminum vulgatius flore albo, C. B. P. 397.

Jasminum luteum, vulgo dictum bacciferum, ditto, 398.

Jasminum Arabicum, Cluss.

[111] Nerium floribus rubescentibus, C. B. P. 464.

[112] Myrtus.

[113] Lawsonia ramis inermibus, Flor. Teyl. _Ligustrum Ægyptiacum latifolium_, _C. B. P._ 476.

[114] Cenista juncea, J. B. i. 395.

[115] Alcea rosea hortensis maxima folio ficus flore albo, H. R. Par.

Alcea rosea hortense folio ficus, ditto.

[116] Solanum bacciferum fruticosum, C. B. P. 166.

[117] Alkekengi officinarum, Inst. R. H. 151.

[118] Hyacinthus Indicus tuberosus flore hyacinthi orientalis, C. B. P.

[119] Tagetus.

[120] Campanula Indica, J. B. _Convolvulus Indicus folio subrotundo flore violacea_, _C. B. P._

[121] Jalappa flore purpureo, Inst. R. H. 129.

Jalappa flore flavo, ditto.

[122] Capsicum siliquis longis propendentibus, I. R. H. 152.

Capsicum siliqua propendente rotunda & cordiformi, ditto, 153.

[123] Lycopersicon Galeni Ang. 217.

[124] Rosmarinus hortensis angustiore folio, C. B. P. 217.

[125] Ocimum vulgatius, C. B. P. 326.

[126] Amaranthus maximus, C. B. P. 120.

[127] Balsamina fœmina, C. B. P. 306.

[128] Ruta.

[129] Absynthium.

[130] Aurantium acri medulla vulgare, Fen. Hesp.

[131] Aurantium medulla dulci vulgare, ditto.

[132] Aurantium sinense, ditto.

[133] Limon vulgaris, ditto.

[134] Limon dulcis, ditto.

[135] Citreum vulgare, Tourn.

Citreum magno fructu, ditto.

[136] It must be observed, that all the various species of each plant are placed together, though to be met with at different seasons, and such as are produced only by culture, are marked with *.

[137] Hyacinthus orientalis flore violaceo, C. B. P. 44.

Hyacinthus orientalis primus albus.

[138] Narcissus pallidus medio aureus, C. B. P. 50.

* Narcissus orientalis flore multiplico & pleno albo luteo, ditto, 49.

* Narcissus juncifoliis luteis minor, ditto, 51.

[139] Tulipa precox rubra.

Tulipa.

[140] Viola martia purpurea flore simplice odoro, C. B. P. 199.

Viola martia alba, ditto.

Viola martia multiplice flore purpureo, ditto.

Viola montana.

Viola tricolor hortensis repens, L. B. P. 199.

Viola orientalis tricolor arvensis longifolia flore minimo, T. Cor. 30.

[141] Geranium tuberosum majus, C. B. P. 318.

Geranium cicutæ folio inodorum, C. B. P. 319.

Geranium robertianum 1. rubens, C. B. P. 319.

Geranium orientale batrachoides aconiti folio flore variegato, T. Cor. 20.

Geranium latifolium longissima acu, C. B. P. 319.

[142] Bellis chalepense precox.

[143] Colchicum commune, C. B. P. 67.

[144] Iris vulgaris Germanica, sive sylvestris, C. B. P. 30.

Iris alba Florentina, C. B. P. 31.

[145] Xyphion angustifolium flore cinereo, Inst. R. H. 364.

Xyphion angustifolium flore vario, ditto.

[146] Narcisso Leucoium pratense multiflorum, Inst. R. H. 387.

[147] Buphthalmum.

[148] Calendula flore citrino, C. B.

[149] Lamium purpureum fœtidum folio subrotundo, sive galeopsis Dioscoridis, C. B. P. 230.

Lamium orientale foliis eleganter laciniatis, T. Cor.

[150] Fumaria officinarum & Dioscoridis flore purpureo, C. B. P. 143.

Fumaria officinarum & Dioscoridis flore pallescente, ditto.

[151] Bursa pastoris major folio sinuato, C. B. P. 108.

[152] Dens leonis latiore folio, C. B. P. 126.

Dens leonis orientalis tenuissime divisis tomentosis & incanis, T. Cor. 35.

[153] Hypecoon tenuiore folio, Inst. R. H. 230.

Hypecoon orientale latiore folio flore magno, T. Cor. 17.

Hypecoon orientale fumariæ folio, ditto.

[154] Muscari arvense junci folium cæruleum minus, Inst. R. H. 348.

Muscari Byzantinum flore candicante, Inst. R. H. 347.

[155] Crocus vernus latifolius flavo varius, C. B. P. 65.

[156] Ranunculus grumoso radice, C. B. P. 180.

An Ranunculus stellatus echinatus Creticus, ditto.

Ranunculus nemorosus luteus, C. B. P. 178.

Ranunculus nemorosus purpureus, Tab. Icon. 45.

Ranunculus arvensis foliis chamomæli flore minore atro rubente, Inst. R. H. 291.

Ranunculus foliis chamomæli flore citrino, ditto.

Ranunculus arvensis parvus folio trifido, T. 101.

Ranunculus rutæ folio scrotinus flore aureo pleno, H. R. P.

Ranunculus vernus rotundifolius minor, Inst. R. H. 286.

Ranunculus orientalis pulsatillæ folio flore magno, T. Cor.

Ranunculus Illyricus radicibus bulbosis foliis longis, J. B. iii. 863.

Ranunculus Lanugenosus angustifoliis grumosa radice minor, C. B. P. 181.

Ranunculus arvensis echinatus, C. B. P. 179.

Ranunculus arvensis foliis chamomæli flore minore luteo, Inst. R. H. 291.

Ranunculus orientalis aconiti folio flore luteo maximo, T. Cor. 20.

Ranunculus nemorosus ex rubro purpureus, Lob. Icon. 46.

Ranunculus ceratophyllus seminibus falcatis in spicam adactis, Mor. H. ii. 440.

[157] Rubia tinctorum sativa, C. B. P. 333.

Rubia sylvestris monspesulana major, J. B. iii. 715.

[158] Aparine vulgaris, C. B. P. 334.

Aparine minimo Raii; Galium Parisiense tenui folio flore atro purpureo, Tourn.

[159] Pervinca vulgaris angustifolia flore cæruleo, Inst. R. H. 123.

[160] Plantago latifolia sinuatis, C. B. P. 183.

Plantago angustifolia major, ditto.

[161] Androsace vulgaris latifolia annua, Inst. R. H. 123.

[162] Pimpinella sanguisorba minor hirsuta, C. B. P. 160.

[163] Veronica orientalis hederæ terrestris foliis flore magno, T. Cor. 7.

Veronica orientalis ocimi folio flore minimo, ditto.

Veronica verna trifido vel quinquifido folio, Inst. R. H. 145.

Veronica mas supina & vulgatissima, ditto, 143.

Veronica aquatica minor folio subrotundo, ditto.

Veronica Chia cymbalaria folio verno flore albo umbilico virescente, Tourn. Cor. 7.

Veronica orientalis minima foliis laciniatis, T. Cor. 7.

Veronica aquatica major folio subrotundo, Inst. R. H. 145.

Veronica terrestris annua folio polygani flore albo, Morris. H. ii. 322.

[164] Arum angustissimo folio, Inst. R. H. 160.

Arum Byzantinum, J. B. ii. 185.

Arum venis albis Italicum maximum. H. R. Par.

[165] Dracunculus polyphyllis, C. B. P. 195.

[166] Linaria segetum numullariæ folio villoso, Inst. R. H. 169.

Linaria angustifolio flosculo albis longius caudatus, Triumfet. 87.

Linaria Constantinopolitana lini sativi folio flore luteo, T. Cor. 9.

Linaria minima hirsuta folio acuminato in basi articulato flore luteo minimo, Mor. Hist. ii. 503.

[167] Horminum coma purpurea violaceo, J. B. iii. 309.

Horminum orientale foliis rugosis et verruscosis angustis flore albo, Tourn. Cor. 10.

[168] Cyclamen vernum anguloso folio triplici viriditate sericea vario maximis floribus albis imo osculo purpurascente Antiochenum nuperorum, H. R. Par.

[169] Sclarea vulgaris languinosa amplissimo folio, Inst. R. 179.

Sclarea orientalis betonicæ folio acutissimo coma purpurascente, T. Cor. 10.

Sclarea Syriaca flore albo, Inst. R. H. 179.

Sclarea rugosa verrucosa laciniato folio, ditto.

Sclarea Syriaca flore cæruleo, ditto.

Sclarea folio salviæ flore purpureo, Inst. R. H. 180.

[170] Rapistrum monospermum, C. B. P. 95.

Rapistrum arvense folio auriculato acuto, Inst. R. H. 211.

Rapistrum montanum, sive sylvestre irionis folio, Column.

[171] Thlaspi arvense perfoliatum majus, C. B. P. 106.

Thlaspi orientale saxatile flore rubeate foliis polygalæ petalis florum æqualibus, T. Cor. 15.

Thlaspi montanum sempervirens, C. B. P. 106.

[172] Thlaspidum hirsutum calyce flore auriculato, Inst. R. H. 214.

[173] Leucoium incanum simplex sativum diversorum colorum.

Leucoium luteum vulgare, C. B. P. 202.

Leucoium maritimum sinuato folio, C. B. P. 201.

Leucoium orientale siliqua eleganter lunata, T. Cor. 16.

[174] Hesperis peregrina siliquis articulatis, C. B. P. 202.

Hesperis maritima supina exigua, Inst. R. H. 223.

Hesperis orientalis glastifolio flore magno violaceo, T. Cor. 16.

Hesperis sicula frutescens siliqua tricuspide, Inst. R. H. 223.

[175] Raphanistrum Alepicum flore diluto violaceo, T. Cor. 7.

Raphanistrum arvense flore albo, Inst. R. H. 230.

[176] Alsine spergula dicta major, C. B. P. 251.

Alsine.

[177] Myosotis hirsuta altera viscosa, Inst. R. H. 245.

Myosotis arvensis polygonii folio, ditto.

Myosotis orientalis perfoliato lychnidis folio, T. Cor. 18.

Myosotis Hispanica segetum, Inst. R. H. 245.

[178] Sedum minus teretifolium album, C. B. P. 283.

[179] Tribulus terrestris ciceris folio seminum integumento aculeato, Mor. Hist. ii. 102.

[180] Anemone, 2 spec.

[181] Apium anisum dictum semine suaveolente, Inst. R. H. 305.

Apium palustre & apium officinarum, C. B. P. 154.

* Apium dulce celeri Italorum, H. R. Par.

* Apium hortense petroselinum vulgo, C. B. P. 153.

[182] Rubeola angustiore folio, Inst. R. H. 130.

[183] Tordylium minus limbo granulato Syriacum, Mor. Umbel. 37.

[184] Scandix semine rostrato vulgaris, C. B. P. 152.

Scandix Cretica minor, ditto.

Scandix orientalis flore maximo, T. Cor. 23.

[185] Caryophyllus sylvestris, C. B. P. 209.

Caryophyllus altilis major, C. B. P. 208.

[186] Allium angustifolium umbellatum flore albo, Inst. R. H. 385.

Allium montanum.

Allium montanum latifolium maculatum, C. B. P. 74.

Allium saxatile acori radice flore purpureo, Bocc. Mus. ii. 84.

Allium Pyrrhinum, C. B. P. 75.

[187] Convolvulus major, J. B. Lin. Sp. pl. 2.

Convolvulus argenteus folio altheæ, C. B. P. 285.

[188] Tithymalus Myrsinites latifolius, C. B. P. 296.

Tithymalus Cyparissias, ditto, 291. _Euphorbia_ 49. _Lin. Sp. pl._ 50.

Tithymalus tuberosa pyriformi radice, C. B. P. 252. Lin. Sp. pl. 33.

Tithymalus Cyparissias Pros. Alp. exot. Lin. Sp. pl. 38.

Tithymalus Græcus Helioscopius maximus foliis eleganter crenatis, T. Cor.

[189] Marrubium album villosum, C. B. P. 230.

Marrubium album vulgare, ditto.

[190] Clinopodium orientale hirsutum foliis inferioribus ocymum superioribus hyssopum referentibus, T. Cor. 12.

Clinopodium Austriacum, Clus. Hist. 353.

[191] Jonthlaspi luteo flore incanum montanum Dioscordis, Colum. Par. i. 280.

[192] Isatis sylvestris vel angustifolio, C. B. P. 113.

[193] Cicuta major, C. B. P. 160.

[194] Sium.

[195] Cotyledon Cretica tuberosa radice flore luteo parvo, T. Cor.

[196] Acanthus aculeatus, C. B. P. 383.

[197] Myagrum sativum, C. B. P. 199. _Alysson segetum foliis auriculatus acutis_, _Inst. R. H._ 217.

[198] Sisymbrium annuum absynthis minoris folio, Inst. R. H. 226. _Sophia Chyrurgorum, Lob. Icon._

[199] Hypecoon tenniore folio, Inst. R. H. 230.

Hypecoon orientale fumariæ folio, T. Cor.

Hypecoon orientale latiore folio flore magno, ditto.

[200] Myrrhis orientalis foliis chamomæli, T. Cor. 23.

[201] Caucalis orientalis arvensis tenuifolio flore purpureo magno fructu, T. Cor. 23.

Caucalis Monspeliaca echinato magno fructu, C. B. P. 153.

Caucalis erecta maximo fructu longius aculeis donato, T. Cor. 23.

[202] Bupleurum orientale angustifolium semine longiore, ditto, 22.

[203] Thapsia carroti folio, ditto, 148.

[204] Papaver erraticum majus, C. B. P. 171.

Papaver.

Papaver hortense semine albo sativum Dioscoridis album Plinio, C. B. P. 170.

[205] Campanula pentagoniæ flore amplissima Thracica, Tourn. Inst. 312.

[206] Lithospermum minus repens latifolium, C. B. P. 258.

Lithospermum arvense minus, Inst. R. H. 137.

[207] Symphitum orientale echii folio ampliore longissimis villis horido flore croceo, T. Cor.

Symphitum orientale echii folio flore albo tenuissimo, ditto.

[208] Verbascum pulverulentum flore luteo parvo, J. B. iii. 872.

[209] Salvia montana maxima foliis hormini flore flavescente, Inst. R. H. 180.

Salvia major calyce florum purpurascente, ditto.

Salvia minor aurita & non aurita, C. B. P. 237.

[210] Eruca Halepensis caulibus & siliquis hirsutis.

Eruca latifolia alba sativa Dioscoridis, C. B. P. 98.