Chapter VII: Appendix: Table Number XXVII

_Increase in Number of Colored Children in the Schools of the Hill District from January to October 1917, and Number of Children from Southern States Since January, 1917._

+----------------+------------------+--------------+--------------+
| | Total Number of | Children who | % of Increase|
| NAME OF SCHOOL | Colored Children | Came from | within the |
| +------------------+ Southern | last 10 |
| | Jan. Oct. | States | Months |
+----------------+--------+---------+--------------+--------------+
| Franklin | 69 | 99 | 37 | 44 |
| Miller | 36 | 57 | 17 | 58 |
| Madison | 20 | 28 | 3 | 40 |
| Moorhead | 178 | 222 | 55 | 25 |
| Minersville | 181 | 271 | 97 | 50 |
| Letsche | 91 | 160 | 55 | 76 |
| McKelvy | 88 | 120 | 33 | 36 |
| Somers | 201 | 289 | 45 | 39 |
| Watt | 422 | 529 | 62 | 26 |
| Rose | 129 | 198 | 62 | 53 |
| | ---- | ---- | ---- | |
| | 1415 | 1973 | 466 | |
+----------------+--------+---------+--------------+--------------+
Total Average Increase 40%

Table number XXVII was compiled from the figures supplied by the principals of the ten schools listed. These schools are located in the Hill District. The figures indicate the increase in the one section only, and do not include all the children who have been brought from the South, but whose parents reside in other sections of the city. The marked increase in the total number of colored children and the great increase in the number of children who have come to this city within the last ten months is significant.

As one would expect the majority of these children are in the lower four grades. This was the case even before the migration but is especially true since the migration. Many of the children from the South either had no schooling at all, or were attending schools with lower standards than ours.

The problem of over-aged pupils is very significant among the Negro children. A principal in one of these schools who has recently made a little study of over-aged pupils in these eleven schools finds that the percentage of Negro children eleven years and over in the lower four grades, is far greater than that of the whites (sixteen percent Negro as compared with four and seven tenths percent whites). This, the same principal remarks, is in spite of the fact that the tendency of the schools is often to promote children upon the basis of their size and age, rather than because of academic attainment. What is more the white children in most of these schools come from homes where the parents are not Americans, but foreigners who often do not speak the English language.

The causes for the backwardness of the Negro children are deep-lying, and are interlinked with their racial traits, social, economic and home environments. Practically all school principals stated that in the first four years the Negro child keeps well up with its white school mates, but that after the fourth grade, the Negro child often falls behind and cannot keep up with the whites.

It was apparent from our interviews with these principals that most of these men and women are quite alert and eager to find some means of remedying this difficult situation. Many of them have endeavored for a long time to cope with this problem, and a few think they have found ways to render more rapid progress of these children possible. But in the formal character of the school curriculum they have little freedom to develop their own schemes. These principals have practically all agreed that a system of motor-education which would emphasize the practical and industrial side rather than the purely academic, would not only benefit a large number of white children, but would prove absolutely invaluable for the colored children who, they believe, are more motor-minded than the whites. It would certainly, they think, solve the over-age problem to a large extent, and would make the children better prepared to avail themselves of the economic opportunities offered by our urban industrialism.

_TABLE NUMBER XXVIII_

_Detailed Budget Study of Fifteen Families Including the Income and Expenditures for Seven Consecutive Days During the Month of September, 1917._

+-----+------+----+---------+-----+------+--------+--------+--------+
No. in|Family|Food|Clothing |Rents|Church|Medicine|Luxuries|Insurance
Family|Income| | and | Per | | | |
| | |Household|Week | | | |
| | | ex. and | | | | |
| | | carfare | | | | |
+-----+------+----+---------+-----+------+--------+--------+--------+
| 4 $25.25 $4.67 $2.85 $3.25 .... $0.86 $0.20 ....|
| 3 15.00 7.91 1.20 2.40 .... .50 .05 ....|
| 4 18.00 10.98 8.66 2.50 .... .40 .... $0.45|
| 3 28.50 6.38 9.29 2.50 $1.10 2.45 .30 ....|
| 2 17.00 3.77 19.60 2.10 .... .... .... ....|
| 3 18.00 10.25 4.05 2.00 .... .... .33 .72|
| 3 21.00 7.35 .30 3.50 .... .... 2.10 ....|
| 2 18.00 4.07 8.02 3.75 .... .25 .20 ....|
| 5 23.10 12.78 6.24 2.75 .... .... 1.60 1.50|
| 3 18.50 4.12 26.65 2.00 .... .... .... ....|
| 2 15.00 8.43 1.24 4.25 .... .... .05 ....|
| 2 16.50 9.51 .... 3.00 .... .... .20 .80|
| 3 18.00 6.10 1.07 4.00 .... 1.00 .... ....|
| 5 17.00 13.17 3.00 3.00 .... .05 1.75 .25|
| 5 14.00 7.87 2.48 6.00 .60 .... .... .65|
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+

Table number XXVIII is a study of the budgets of fifteen migrant families for seven consecutive days. The income includes the earnings of both husband and wife. The figures on the expenditures are approximately correct, although it was possible that in some families there were no big food expenditures the first day, and in other families food might have been left over after the seventh day.

The wide variation in the expenditures of these families on all the necessary articles is significant, and is probably indicative and typical of the maladjusted life and the diversity of the living conditions of the migrants. The wide variety of food expenditures is due primarily to the inordinate expenditures for meat, which in one or two instances reached over eight dollars per week. This is typical of the lack of balance of the diet.

The few cases of disproportionate expenditures on household goods were made by migrants who had bought some furniture for their new quarters. It is interesting to note, however, that these families were compelled to skimp on their food, as their food bills are the lowest. Under luxuries we included all expenditures on tobacco, liquor, candy and the like. The few cases of considerable expenditures in this column are due largely to the liquor bills. The little use of these articles in most families is apparent from the table. The table as a whole, also, indicates the high cost of the living necessities of these migrants in Pittsburgh and their comparatively low wages.

_TABLE NUMBER XXIX_

_Negro Families Under Care of the Associated Charities with Causes of Dependency During the Year Ending September 30, 1917._

+-------------------------------------------+------+
| 1. Unemployed | 30 |
| 3. Child Labor | 1 |
| 4. Work shyness | 13 |
| 5. Disability through industrial accident | 2 |
| 6. Tuberculosis | 3 |
| 7. Other sickness | 34 |
| 8. Blindness or sight seriously impaired | 4 |
| 9. Other physical handicap | 1 |
| 10. Feeble mindedness | 2 |
| 11. Epilepsy | 1 |
| 12. Insanity | 1 |
| 13. Other mental disease | 5 |
| 14. Old Age | 10 |
| 15. Death or burial | 9 |
| 16. Alcoholic intemperance | 17 |
| 17. Sexual irregularity | 18 |
| 18. Desertion or non-support | 36 |
| 19. Imprisonment | 6 |
| 20. Juvenile delinquency | 11 |
| 21. Abuse or neglect of children | 32 |
| 22. Debt | 7 |
| 23. Pauperized by unwise charity | 2 |
| 24. Hereditary pauperism | 1 |
| 25. Begging tendency | 8 |
| 26. Illegitimacy | 7 |
| 27. Domestic incompetency | 10 |
| 28. Illiteracy | 3 |
| 29. Domestic infelicity | 1 |
| 30. Bad housing | 25 |
| 31. Non-adjusted immigrant | 3 |
| ----- | --- |
| Total | 303 |
+-------------------------------------------+------+

_Schedule Used in Interviewing the Negro Migrants._

I (1) NAME (2) Present Address (3) Since No.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
(4) Age (5) S. M. W. (6) Health
----------------------------------------------------------------------
(7) Occupation (8) Employer (9) Hours Daily (10) Weekly Wage
----------------------------------------------------------------------
(11) Kind of House (12) Rooms in House (13) Water Supply (14) Toilet
----------------------------------------------------------------------
(15) No. in House (16) No. in Bedroom (17) No. Beds (18) No. Windows
in Room
----------------------------------------------------------------------
(19) How Does He (20) Leisure Time
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Spend Money (a) Church
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Weekly? (b) Saloon
----------------------------------------------------------------------
(a) Room (c)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
(b) Board
----------------------------------------------------------------------
(c) or Family (21) Court Record
----------------------------------------------------------------------
II (a) Former Address (c) Last Employer (d) Hours Daily
----------------------------------------------------------------------
(b) Former Occupations (e) Weekly Wage
======================================================================
(f) Family (h) Weekly
(age) (g) Kind of Work Wage
----------------------------------------------------------------------
W. 2 (i) Why Left Home?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ch. 3 (j) Who Paid Carfare Here?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ch. 4 (k) Will Family Come Here?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ch. 5 (l) When?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ch. 6 (m) Live Where
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ch. 7 (n) When Will He Go Back
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ch. 8 (o) Why?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ch. 9
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Income
----------------------------------------------------------------------
SIGNATURE DATE
----------------------------------------------------------------------

ERRATA

Page 7--Line 1--for Districts read District.

Page 29--Line 9--for contained read continued.

Page 57--Line 5--for anti-migration read ante-migration.

Page 60--Table XXVI--third column headed “Total” should not appear.

Page 71--Instead of eleven schools, read ten.

Transcriber’s Notes

Page 5: “no definite stateture of their life here” changed to “no definite statement of their life here”

Page 17: “hardly highe than six or seven feet” changed to “hardly higher than six or seven feet”

Page 27: “to remark that this occured” changed to “to remark that this occurred”

Page 49: “again demonsrating the petty character” changed to “again demonstrating the petty character”

Page 51: “he had to contend himself” changed to “he had to content himself”

Page 52: “Charges in the Juevnile Court” changed to “Charges in the Juvenile Court”

Page 54: “the most optomistic of us” changed to “the most optimistic of us” “After the proceeding analysis” changed to “After the preceding analysis”

Page 56 and 59: In the table, “Poleomelitis” and “Poliomelitis” changed to “Poliomyelitis”

Page 61: “his racial power of resistence” changed to “his racial power of resistance” “The proceeding analysis” changed to “The preceding analysis”

Page 66: “in an uncontrolable situation” changed to “in an uncontrollable situation”

Page 68: “to become the flotsman” changed to “to become the flotsam” “It would indeed be presumptious on our part” changed to “It would indeed be presumptuous on our part”

Page 72: “would make the chidren” changed to “would make the children”

Page 74: In the table, “Disalibity through industrial accident” changed to “Disability through industrial accident”

The numbering in Table XXIX skips 2. This reflects the original.

There is no Table XIV in the original. Numbering has not been changed.

In a few cases, obvious errors in punctuation have been corrected.

In a few cases, inconsistent hyphenization has been standardized.

The mistakes mentioned in the Errata have been corrected.