Chapter XX: Section V: The Economic System.42

ARTICLE 151.

The social economic system must conform to the principles of equity with the special object of guaranteeing an honourable livelihood to all. Within these limits economic freedom shall be secured to each individual.

Legal compulsion is only admissible to maintain rights which have been threatened or to secure an overwhelming public interest.

Freedom of trade and of manufacture shall be guaranteed by acts of the Realm.

ARTICLE 152.

In commerce freedom of contract shall prevail subject to the law.

Usury is forbidden. Contracts contrary to public morality are null and void.

ARTICLE 153.

Property is guaranteed by the constitution. Its rights and responsibilities and restrictions are to be laid down by law.

Expropriation can only be undertaken in the common interest and in virtue of a law. Adequate compensation shall be paid, unless otherwise provided by act of the Realm. Any dispute as to the amount of compensation shall be referred to the ordinary courts. Property of the Lands, the local authorities, or public associations can only be expropriated by the Realm against compensation. Property imposes obligations. Its use by the owner must at the same time serve the common good.

ARTICLE 154.

The right of inheritance shall be guaranteed in accordance with the Civil Code. The laws shall determine the proportion of inherited property accruing to the State.

ARTICLE 155.

Distribution and cultivation of the soil shall be supervised by the State so as to ensure against abuses and to endeavour to secure healthy housing for every German, and suitable homes for each German family, especially those with many children, in which they can live and work. In drawing up a housing code special consideration shall be paid to the claims of those who have fought in the war.

Landed estate may be expropriated if it is required for housing, or for a settlement or reclamation policy, or in the interests of agriculture. Entails shall be abolished.

The owner of the soil is bound to cultivate and make use of his land, in the common interest. Increment value due to no expenditure of work or of capital shall be utilised for the common good.

All riches of the soil and all natural resources of economic use shall be under the supervision of the State. Private royalties shall, by law, be transferred to the State.

ARTICLE 156.

An act of the Realm may without prejudice to the payment of compensation, and subject to the regulations concerning expropriation, transfer to public ownership private businesses suitable for socialisation. It may name itself, the Lands, or Local Authority as partners in the administration of such business undertakings or associations, or in any other way assure itself a predominant influence therein.

The Realm may further legislate, in case of urgent necessity and in the interest of the national economy, to oblige business undertakings or associations to combine, on the basis of self administration, with a view to securing the co-operation of all the productive forces of the nation, to associating employers and employed in the administration, and to regulating production, manufacture, distribution, employment, prices, as also import and export of goods on principles of public economy.

Distributive productive co-operative societies and their federations may, on their own demand, and with due regard to their constitution and character, be incorporated in the public economic system.

ARTICLE 157.

The labour forces of the nation are under the special protection of the Realm. The Realm shall draw up a uniform labour code.

ARTICLE 158.

Intellectual work, the rights of discoverers, inventors, and artists, shall be under the care and protection of the Realm.

International agreements shall secure validity and protection in foreign countries for German intellectual, artistic, and technical creations.

ARTICLE 159.

Freedom of association with the object of guaranteeing and improving conditions of work and of employment shall be secured to all individuals and all professions. All compacts or measures which seek to limit or obstruct this freedom are illegal.

ARTICLE 160.

Any person occupying the position of employee or worker is entitled to have such free time as is necessary to avail himself of his rights as citizen, and, in so far as serious injury is not thereby done to his employment, such free time as is necessary to discharge honorary public offices conferred on him. His claims to compensation shall be determined by legislation.

ARTICLE 161.

The Realm, with the controlling co-operation of insured persons, shall create a comprehensive system of insurance for the maintenance of health and efficiency, for the protection of motherhood, and for provision against old age, infirmity, and change of circumstances.

ARTICLE 162.

The Realm shall support the principle of international regulation of the legal rights of workers, with the object of securing a uniform minimum of social rights to the working classes of mankind.

ARTICLE 163.

Every German is morally bound, without prejudice to his personal liberty, to make such use of his intellectual and physical capacities as shall be required by the common good.

Every German shall be given the possibility of earning his living by economic labour. In so far as suitable employment cannot be found for him, provision shall be made for his necessary maintenance. Acts of the Realm shall make further provision.

ARTICLE 164.

Legislative and administrative measures shall be taken to encourage the independent middle class in agriculture, industry, and commerce and protect it against exploitation and extortion.

ARTICLE 165.

Workers and employees are called on to co-operate with the employers on a basis of equality, in regulating wage and work conditions and in furthering the general economic development of the forces of production. The organisations of either side and their agreements shall be recognised.

Workers and employees shall, for the prosecution of their social and economic interests, receive legal representation in Works Councils, and also in District Workers' Councils organised by economic spheres, and in a Central Workers' Council.

District Workers' Councils and the Central Workers' Council shall be combined with the employers' representatives and local representatives in District Economic Councils and in a Central Economic Council, for the execution of their economic functions and for joint enforcement of the Socialisation Laws. District Economic Councils and the Central Economic Council shall be so constituted as to include representatives of all important professional groups in proportion to their economic and social importance.

Bills on social and economic questions of fundamental importance must be submitted by the Government of the Realm to the Central Economic Council for consideration before being introduced. The Central Economic Council is entitled itself to initiate such bills, and if the Government of the Realm objects, it must, nevertheless, submit such draft to the Reichstag with an explanation of its views. The Central Economic Council may appoint one of its members to support the bill in the Reichstag.

Functions of control and of administration may be transferred to Workers' and Economic Councils within the spheres assigned to each.

The organisation and objects of the Workers' and Economic Councils, and their relations to other social autonomous bodies, are exclusively in the jurisdiction of the Realm.[43]

TEMPORARY CLAUSES AND FINAL CLAUSES.

ARTICLE 166.

Until the Supreme Administrative Court has been constituted, the Supreme Court shall appoint to the Court of electoral revision.

ARTICLE 167.

The provisions of Clauses 3 to 6 of Article 18 shall only come into force two years after proclamation of the constitution.

ARTICLE 168.

Until the act of the Realm referred to in Article 63 is promulgated, but at most for one year, the Prussian votes in the Reichsrat may be exercised by members of the Government.

ARTICLE 169.

The Government of the Realm shall determine at what date the regulation laid down in Clause 1 of Article 83 shall come into force.

Collection and administration of customs and excise may, on their demand, be left to the Lands for a reasonable transition period.

ARTICLE 170.

The postal and telegraph departments of Bavaria and Wuertemberg shall be transferred to the Realm at latest on April 1st, 1921.

In so far as agreement concerning the terms of the transfer has not been reached by October 1st, 1920, the Supreme Court of Judicature shall decide.

Existing rights and responsibilities of Bavaria and Wuertemberg shall remain in force until the transfer. Nevertheless, postal and telegraphic communication with foreign countries shall be exclusively regulated by the Realm.

ARTICLE 171.

State railways, waterways, and marine lights shall be transferred to the Realm at latest on April 1st, 1921.

In so far as agreement concerning the terms of transfer has not been reached by October 1st, 1920, the Supreme Court of Judicature shall decide.

ARTICLE 172.

Until the law constituting a Supreme Court of Judicature comes into force its functions shall be carried out by a Senate of seven members, of whom four shall be chosen from among their own members by the Reichstag and three by the Supreme Court. It shall regulate its own procedure.

ARTICLE 173.

Until promulgation of the act of the Realm referred to in Article 138, existing grants of the State to the religious associations in virtue of laws, contracts, or deeds shall continue.

ARTICLE 174.

Until the act of the Realm above referred to in Clause 2 of Article 146 is promulgated, previous legislation shall remain in force. The act shall pay special regard to those districts where a school which makes no religious distinction is established by law.

ARTICLE 175.

The provisions of Article 109 do not affect orders and insignia bestowed for service during the years 1914-1919.

ARTICLE 176.

All public officials and those on military service must take the oath to this constitution. The President of the Realm shall make further provision.

ARTICLE 177.

Where the existing law prescribes the formula of oath in a religious form, an individual may also be legally sworn so as to omit the religious form by saying the words: I swear. In all other respects the legal oath remains unaffected.

ARTICLE 178.

The constitution of the German Realm, dated April 16th, 1871, and the act for the Provisional Government, dated February 10th, 1919, are repealed.

The remaining laws and ordinances of the Realm remain in force, in so far as consonant with this constitution. The conditions of the Peace Treaty signed at Versailles on June 28th, 1919, are not affected by this constitution.

Orders legally issued by the public authorities in virtue of previously existing laws remain valid until replaced by further orders or legislation.

ARTICLE 179.

In so far as reference is made in laws or ordinances to regulations or institutions abolished by this constitution, there shall be substituted therefor the corresponding regulations or institutions of this constitution. In particular the Reichstag shall be substituted for the National Assembly, the Reichsrat for the States' Committee, and for the President of the Realm, elected under the act for the Provisional Government, a President of the Realm elected in virtue of this Constitution.

The function of issuing ordinances pertaining to the States' Committee in virtue of previous regulations shall pass to the Government of the Realm; in issuing ordinances the Government of the Realm shall require the consent of the Reichsrat as laid down in this constitution.

ARTICLE 180.

Until the first Reichstag, the National Assembly shall count as Reichstag.[44] Until the first President of the Realm shall enter upon office, his functions shall be carried out by the President elected under the act for the Provisional Government.

ARTICLE 181.

The German nation has pronounced upon and passed this constitution through its National Assembly. It comes into force on the day of its proclamation.

(Signed) PRESIDENT EBERT.
Ministers ERZBERGER, MULLER, DAVID NOSKE,
SCHMIDT, SCHLICKE, GIESBERTS, MAYER, BELL.

_Schwarzburg, 11th August, 1919._

NOTES.

[1] ART. 1.--The whole character of this Constitution is contained in this provision that the "Reich" is a republic. It was introduced in order to convey that new Germany, while retaining the ancient title and tradition of "Reich," had given it a new significance, and that thereby no concession was intended either to Monarchists or Imperialists or Militarists.

Therefore "Reich" is not to be translated Empire. Commonwealth would perhaps be the best rendering, but Realm will be used here as more convenient.

[2] This clause is of crucial importance. Henceforward all sovereignty is of the German people and not of the princes or principalities. The German Bund of 1815 was a mere confederation between sovereigns or Staaten Bund. The North German Bund of 1866 was a federation of semi-sovereigns, or Bundes Staat. The present German Republic is still a Federal State, but sovereignty is inherent in the people, not in the constituent governments.

[3] ART. 2.--The transformation of this Constitution from a centralised republic into a confederation and back to a federation has been reviewed already. The word "lander" is literally translated for this and other reasons.

[4] ART. 3.--"Whether these colours black-red-gold, are really the colours of the ancient Reich, which historians dispute, or are those of the Lutzow Free Company, we look rather to the political ideals and aims associated with them during the nineteenth century. It was the idea of political freedom and of national unity that kept the black-red-gold, an honoured symbol in German Austria long after the black-white-red had flown over the German Empire. As the historian Constantine Franz has said, in mediaeval times there was an Austro-Germany, in modern times a Prusso-Germany, and now there must be a German Germany."--Dr. Preuss, introductory speech, 24th February, 1919.

The clause as it stands is a compromise between the "Right," who wished to retain the black, white, and red, and the "Left," who wanted the red flag. A compromise in which the Right have as elsewhere had the best of it--as the red flag is not allowed.

[5] ART. 4.--"German Democracy can only welcome a League of Nations that has itself a really democratic constitution and that recognises without reserve or restriction the liberty and equality of all its members. We shall have no members of inferior status in our commonwealth, but neither will we be of inferior status in the League of Nations."--Dr. Preuss, speech introducing the Draft Constitution, February, 1919. The phases of this clause have been reviewed above, see p. 236.

[6] ART. 6.--See Art. 78 as to the rights in foreign relations retained by the Lands.

[7] See Art. 80.

[8] This simple attribution of military matters to the Reich replaces the complicated recognitions of the "reserved rights" of the southern States in the early drafts. See p. 257 for the importance of this clause.

[9] The first draft gave the Reich exclusive jurisdiction over railways, canals, and air traffic, which it now shares with the Lands.--See Art. 7, Sec. 19.

[10] ART. 7.--This, with Sec. 12, represents a gain to Socialism, as the transfer of "Socialisation" to the Reich prevents indefinite obstruction by a Conservative Landtag. See Art. 153.

[11] See Art. 171.

[12] ART. 8.--See Art. 85 for rights retained by a Landtag; also p. 254 for the general effect of this provision.

[13] ART. 10.--The earlier drafts formulated such principles as an integral part of the Constitution.

[14] ART. 17.--What a "free State" Constitution means was not defined by the authors of the Constitution. Its opponents argued that it might admit of a monarchist restoration in Prussia, but this has since been barred constitutionally by the provision that the Reich is a Republic (Art. 1).

[15] The first draft established a single chamber legislation in the Lands.

[16] This sentence was added apparently to bar the setting up of further unparliamentary Raete republics in opposition to the Chambers, as in Bavaria, Brunswick, etc.

[17] This residential qualification was added to meet objections that otherwise Landtag elections might be influenced by an influx of outside voters.

[18] ART. 18.--This, the most contentious article in the Constitution, embodies the concessions made by the centralising purists--its authors--to the federalising particularists--its critics. The history of its phases has been given above, see p. 243. Its form in the first draft follows:--

"It is open to the German people to establish new Free States within the Realm, irrespective of the previous frontiers, in so far as the racial character of the population, economic conditions, and historical traditions favour their formation. Such new Free States should have at least two million inhabitants.

"The union of two or more constituent States into a new Free State is effected by governmental convention between them, subject to the approval of the Legislatures and the Government of the Realm.

"If the population of a district wish to secede from their allegiance and join one or more German Free States, or form a Free State, a plebiscite is necessary. The plebiscite will be initiated by the Government of the Land or of one or more autonomous bodies comprising at least a quarter of the population concerned. It will be instituted by the Government of the Realm and enforced by the local authority."

The general effect of the Constitution combined with present political conditions is that there will be no change of any importance in the composition of the countries constituting the Realm. See also Art. 167 suspending operation of pars. 3 to 6 of this article for two years.

[19] ART. 20.--In the first draft the Sovereign Reichstag consisted, not, as here, of the popular Chamber only, but of the Volkshaus--the popular Chamber, and the Staatenhaus--the representatives of the States. The latter, now known as the Reichsrat (see Art. 60), is no longer part of the sovereign body and has merely a suspensory veto against it (see Art. 74).

[20] ART. 25.--The President's power of dissolution was unrestricted in the early drafts.

[21] ART. 34.--This article, a late addition, constitutionalises a procedure that strengthens democracy as against bureaucracy.

[22] ART. 35.--The institution of a permanent Committee on Foreign Affairs for which our advocates of democratic diplomacy have laboured in vain for twenty years has been commented on above, see p. 253.

[23] ART. 48.--It was in virtue of the article corresponding to this in the provisional constitution that Berlin attacked and suppressed the Council Governments set up in Munich, Brunswick, Bremen, and elsewhere.

[24] Art. 55.--The Chancellor is consequently no longer the sole responsible Minister, but merely as elsewhere in democratic constitutions _primus inter pares_, the Premier. Moreover, he has, of course, lost his special authority from the Crown and his special association with Prussia. It would have been better in the circumstances to have dropped the title of Chancellor.

[25] Art. 60.--The Reichsrat is the much reduced remains of the Bundesrat. (See p. 252 and Arts. 1 and 20.)

[26] Art. 61.--For the importance of this restriction in respect of Prussia, see p. 251.

[27] This clause as to German Austria was objected to by the Supreme Council at Paris as contrary to Art. 80 of the Treaty of Versailles: "Germany acknowledges and will respect strictly the independence of Austria.... She agrees that this independence shall be inalienable except with the consent of the Council of the League of Nations." The exchange of notes on the subject is not worth appending, as it expresses an ephemeral phase of diplomacy and not any essential principle of international law. In so far as the German Constitution is concerned, the objection seems unimportant in view of Art. 178, par. 2.

[28] Art. 63.--A compromise between the former Bundesrat, where the delegates were plenipotentiaries representing semi-sovereign States, and the centralising draft of Preuss, where they were no more than politicians chosen on party, not on particularist, grounds.

[29] Art. 71.--A curious little example of provincial jealousy, which substituted "capital" for "Berlin."

[30] Art. 76.--"It is an essential of democratic constitutions that they be difficult of amendment" (Preuss). On the other hand, such difficulties have their danger, as in 1851, when Louis Napoleon obtained a simple majority but not a two-thirds majority for an amendment; which led eventually to a _coup d'etat_ and a complete overthrow of the Constitution.

[31] See Art. 169.

[32] See Art. 170.

[33] See Art. 171.

[34] These principles were formerly mostly provided for in the German Code; though some, and they the most important, were previously only guaranteed by State Law.

[35] See Art. 175.

[36] Art. 109.--Equality of the sexes and abolition of titles, is of course, an innovation.

[37] Art. 112.--This has no effect as against demands for extradition made under the Treaty of Versailles, in view of Art. 178, Sec. 3.

[38] Art. 124.--This repeals a provision of the Prussian Constitution that religious associations can only be incorporated by special legislation.

[39] Art. 137.--This article is a much-contested compromise in which the Socialists have secured in the end a striking success over the Roman Catholic Centrum and Right. The latter entered the fight with the full intention of maintaining State Churches everywhere. Probably the set-back suffered in the South from the Communist capture of Munich reconciled them to disestablishment without disendowment. That par. 7 would give "Bolshevism" a claim to equal treatment with Protestantism is not of immediate importance.

[40] See Art. 173.

[41] Art. 146.--The separation of church and school effected in this and preceding articles was bitterly opposed by the Roman Catholics. Defeated in this article, they secured a respite in Art. 174 which postpones its application until further legislation. See Art. 174.

[42] This chapter breaks new ground, as might be inferred from the abstract character of its provisions and constant reference to special legislation.

[43] Art. 165.--An Act regulating these councils has already been introduced (Aug., 1919). For the importance of this article, see above, pp. 69, 172, 184.

[44] On the strength of this clause the Government have transformed the National or Constituent Assembly into a Reichstag, without the election certainly contemplated when it was first convoked.

INDEX

INDEX

A

Adlon-Hotel, demonstrations, 208

Advertisements, as documents, 56, 79, 131

Aeroplanes, German, 91

Alsace-Lorraine, cession, 46, 150, 202, 215, 220, 223

Anhalt, 250

Army, v. Frei-Corps, Prussia, Constitution

"Atrocities," v. Lichtenberg, Munich, Halle

Augsburg, fighting, 143

Austria, German, union, 108, 217 _et seq._ 323

---- and Council movement, 174

---- and Treaty, 213, 221

Author, personal experiences v. Berlin, Halle, Munich, Brunswick,
Augsburg, Bamberg, etc.

B

Bamberg, temporary Bavarian Capital, 109, 113

---- visit to, 145 (v. Hoffmann, Munich)

Bauer, minister, 33;
premier, 211

Berlin, visit to, 2;
appearance, 41, 48, 62, 73;
strike, 68;
fighting, 51, 63, 64, 71 _et seq._

Berlin and Brunswick, 97 _et seq._

---- and Munich, 107 _et seq._

Bernstein, speech, 45

Bethmann-Hollweg, reference, 237

Bismarck, references, 237, 246

Blockade, effect, 121 _et seq._;
breaches, 134, 151

Bohemia, German, 222, 223

---- coal, 145

Bolshevism, Berlin, 60, 78, 82;
Brunswick, 93;
Munich, 109, 113;
failure, 22, 114;
peace, 213, 224, 227, v. Sovietism

Bombardment, Berlin, 72, 79

Bread, quality, 128

Breitscheidt, politician, 169, 208

Bremen, fighting, 81;
and Hamburg, 250

Brentano, reference, 169

Brockdorff-Rantzau, personality, 29, 32

Brunswick, fighting, 92 _et seq._;
and Anhalt, 250

Bryce, Lord, reference, 2

Bujakowski, demagogue, 7

Butter, price of, 132

C

Catholic, v. Centrum, Clericals, Southern States

Cavell, Miss, 203, 214

Central Council, origin, 15;
abdication, 23, 169, (v. Council movement)

Centrum, party, elections, 22;
policy, 34, 69, 96, 166, 173, 206 (v. Clericals)

Chancellor, powers, 253, 323

Children, starvation, 122

Circus Busche, scene in, 44

Clemenceau, reference, 230

Clericals, and French, 24;
education, 257

Coal, production, 154, 215;
nationalisation, 158

Coalition Government, 33 (v. Centrum, Scheidemann)

Coburg, 250

Commissioners, Peoples, 13, 160, 262

Communal Councils, 166

Communist party, 51, 53, 55, 68, 173

---- ---- at Munich, 107 _et seq._, 219

---- ---- at Brunswick, 99, 104

Congress of Councils, 17, 160, 173 _et seq._

Constituent Assembly, v. National Assembly

Constitution, new, 32, 243 _et seq._, 267;
for text, v. Appendix.

Cotton production, 135

Council movement, nature, 66, 166, 186, 191;
failure, 13, 14, 181;
necessity, 153, 225;
history, 164, 166, 174;
and Constitution, 172, 184, 243, 247, 325;
and Entente, 186;
and League of Nations, 239

D

_Daily News_, articles, 1, 2

Danzig, cession, 212, 213

Dauemig, labour leader, 51, 169

Debt, German, 149, 151, 152

Dolbrueck, Conservative leader, 246

Democrats, party, elections, 22;
policy, 34, 163;
in Councils, 51, 54;
at Halle, 84;
and Treaty, 205

Diplomacy, failure, 3, 228, 241

Duke William of Brunswick, 96

E

East Prussia, severance, 212

Ebert, President, policy, 18;
personality, 31

Eden Hotel, influence, 78, 258;
interview, 99

Education, constitutional provisions, 256, 324

Eichhorn, revolutionary, 19

Eight-hour day, 65, 165

Eisner, Bavarian premier, 111, 246

Election, National Assembly, 21, 196, 244

Erfurt, proclamation, 243

Erzberger, Centrum leader, policy, 47, 210;
personality, 44, 147, 148

Executive Council, Berlin, 51, 68, 170, 183

F

Finance, German, 137, 147, 220;
in constitution, 254

Flag, German, 321

Food, scarcity, 71, 100, 122 _et seq._, 133;
importation, 28, 82, 131;
production, 130, 138;
organisation, 131

Foreign Affairs, Committee and Control, 254

---- ---- of Federal States, 321

Frankfort Assembly, 36

Frei-Corps, 22, 54, 67, 70, 92, 98, 257;
recruiting, 56, 59;
fighting, 73 _et seq._, 83;
character, 74, 76, 78, 80, 167, 209;
expenses, 148, 155;
peace treaty, 210, 225

G

Germans, political incapacity, 66, 133, 181, 200, 208, 209

Germany, collapse, 120, 138, 147;
ignorance of, 67, 198

Gerstenberg, General, 82

Gotha, 250

Guild Socialism, 93, 191, 238

H

Haase, policy, 18, 169

Halle, fighting, 82;
personal experiences, 40, 84;
"atrocities," 90;
council conference, 185

Hamburg, 250

Hartmann, Austrian envoy, 47,;
interview, 222

Hoffmann, Bavarian premier, 113, 118;
interview, 118

I

Independents, 12, 16, 17, 31;
club, 54;
foreign policy, 18, 203;
policy, 169, 173, 177;
failure, 21, 69, 169;
Berlin, 68;
Halle, 8, 88, 185;
Brunswick, 94, 97;
Munich, 111;
and Treaty, 203, 207, 209, 216

Industry, German, 128 _et seq._;
and Treaty, 214

International Council, 239

Internationalism, 43, 207;
and Treaty, 226, 234

Ireland and League, 233

J

Joffe, Bolshevist agent, 90

Junkers, 10, 253;
example, 57;
in industry, 160;
in land, 216

K

Kaiser, 9, 214

Kaiserism, 5, 9, 13, 48, 58, 253;
in elections, 22

Kaiserschloss, sack, 5

Kautsky, politician, 18

Koenen, Halle Independent, 29, 88

Kohn, Independent leader, 169

L

Labour, 65, 165;
international 239

Land socialisation, 161

Landsberg, Coalition minister, personality, 32, 97, 206;
Polish policy, 17;
Brunswick, 97;
Berlin, 19, 181;
peace, 210

League of Nations, 35, 227, 230, 233, 261, 321

Ledebour, Independent leader, 169, 176

Legien, Majoritarian, 165, 169

Leipzig, 119

Levien, Communist, character, 110, 114;
policy, 111;
fate, 118, 144

Levine, do., do.

Liberalism, German, failure, 36, 38, 63, 66, 248;
peace, 214

Lichtenberg, fighting, 53, 75 _et seq._;
"atrocities," 52, 77

Liebknecht, revolutionary, 7, 18;
policy, 38;
death, 20

Lloyd George, 230

Locomotives, surrender, 138

Ludendorff, General, 48

Luxemburg, Rosa, policy, 38;
death, 20

M

Maerker, General, Weimar, 64, 83;
Halle, 85 _et seq._;
Brunswick, 101 _et seq._

Magdeburg, 97, 102

Majority Socialists, origin, 16, 17;
policy, 22, 51, 65, 168, 175;
foreign policy, 18;
peace, 203, 207 (v. Halle, Brunswick, Munich, etc.)

Marine Division, 39, 81, 165;
Berlin, 19, 70;
Halle, 86;
Brunswick, 93, 105

Marriage, Constitutional provisions, 255

Max von Baden, Government, 12, 16

Merges, revolutionary, 29, 95, 106

Monarchists, 9, 48, 231, 322

Mueller, Richard, revolutionary, 51, 169, 184

Munich, fighting, 64, 107 _et seq._, 176;
"atrocities," 115;
journey to, 144

N

National Assembly, 30, 245, 260, 267 (v. Weimar)

Nationalism, 42, 208;
peace, 211, 217, 223, 237

Naumann, democratic leader, 34

Noske, 19, 74, 78, 181, 258;
personality, 33;
interview, 84

P

Pabst, Captain, 80, 99

Paris Conference, 43 (v. Treaty of Versailles)

Passes, game of, 73, 101

Paulskirche Assembly, 246

Pauncefote, Lord, reference, 2

Poles, dispute, 17, 23, 24, 56, 212, 223

Population, decrease, 125, 150, 226

President, powers, 253 (v. Ebert)

Press misrepresentations, 4, 5, 67, 208

Preuss, Minister,; personality, 32;
views, 40;
Constitution, 243, 245, 249, 250, 258, 263

Proportional representation, 21

Prussia, sentiment, 24, 108, 219, 250;
partition, 249, 250, 251;
hegemony, 248, 251, 255, 257

Prussianism, fall, 10, 253, 259;
guarantees, 218, 223;
revival, 160, 252

Pyrmont, 250

R

Railways, German, 84, 138, 147;
"underground", 102;
collapse, 139;
central, 255

Red Guard, Berlin, 78, 167;
Munich, 117, 140

Reich, 23, 320

Reichsrat, 247

Reichstag, 247, 252, 323

Reparation Commission, 152, 215

Republic, 260, 320

Reuss, Prince, 106

Revolution, German, meaning, 3, 5, 10;
history, 12 _et seq._, 20, 38, 63, 80, 83, 166, 204, 247, 250;
failure, 15, 66, 168, 185, 243;
peace, 211;
Constitution, 244, 258 (v. Independents, Communists)

Revolutionary Corps, character, 67, 70 (v. Marine Division)

Rhodes scholars, 55

Richthofen, nationalist, speech, 48

Russian revolution, 19, 82, 161, 243;
and British, 199, 216

S

Saar, cession, 150, 215, 223

Saxony, revolution, 64, 82, 93, 97

Scheidemann, premier, personality, 27, 29, 31, 181;
government, 12, 16, 24, 33, 64;
policy, 19, 34, 35, 64, 108, 174

Schuecking, Professor, 47

Secret treaties, 232

Silesia, cession, 215

"Sneak trade," 132

Social Democrats, v. Majoritarians

Socialisation, Commission, 23, 159;
interview, 155;
policy 65, 101, 188, 153;
acts, 156, 162;
Constitution, 256, 321 (v. Land)

Soldiers' Councils, 15, 39, 88, 165, 167, 190

Southern States, 24, 32, 96, 108, 219, 243, 245, 247, 251, 258, 322;
finance, 254;
foreign affairs, 321;
army, 257

Spartacists, ideals, 18, 58;
fighting, 12, 19, 72 _et seq._

Stampfer, editor _Vorwaerts_, _q.v._

Strikes, origin, 67;
effect, 170;
statistics, 154

Students, 59

T

Taxes, 149

Trade, 135, 151, 215

Treaty of Versailles, 43, 150, 201 _et seq._, 209;
economic effect, 134, 137, 151, 214, 215, 226;
extraditions, 213, 324;
signature, 205, 207;
Conservatives, 211;
Liberals, 214;
Labour, 216

Turkey, reference, 29

Tyrol, cession, 223

U

Unemployment benefit, 159;
Council, 190

V

Vienna, 221

_Vorwaerts_, 19, 64, 206, 240

W

Waldeck, 250

Washington Conference, 240 (v. Wilson)

Weimar, Assembly, 23, 267;
failure, 36, 40, 63, 65, 82, 83, 164, 182, 195;
peace, 207, 210;
Court, 26;
theatre, 28, 84

West Prussia, cession, 212

"Whitley Councils," 65, 165, 172, 187, 193

Wilson, "points," 47, 55, 232;
failure, 229, 230, 237

Wissal, Minister, 33

Wittelsbach Palais, 109

Wolff, Theodore, 205

Wuertemberg, fighting, 107 _et seq._, 143

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY
RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED,
BRUNSWICK STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E. 1,
AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK.

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| Page 68: Clara Zietken replaced with Clara Zetkin |
| Page 93: "Chroniken. der Deutschen Staedte." |
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| Page 109: Wurtemberg replaced with Wuertemberg |
| Page 112: Nikisch replaced with Niekisch |
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