Chapter IX: The South of Today (2)

The Legislature repassed the Riddleberger bill, which the creditors refused to accept, and an ingenious "coupon killer." Similar acts were passed in 1886 and 1887. The United States Supreme Court, before which these acts were brought, pronounced them unconstitutional in that they impaired the obligation of contracts, but the Court also stated that there was no way in which the State could be coerced. Meanwhile the credit of the State was nonexistent, and all business suffered. In 1890 a commission reported in favor of compromising the debt on the lines of the Riddleberger Act and, in 1892, $19,000,000 in new bonds were exchanged for about $28,000,000 of the older issue. Interest was to be 2 per cent for ten years and then 3 per cent for ninety more.

West Virginia steadfastly refused to recognize the share of the debt assigned to her on the ground that the principal part had been incurred for internal improvements in Virginia proper, and that one-third was an excessive proportion. The matter dragged along until the Supreme Court of the United States decided in March, 1911, that the equitable proportion due by West Virginia was 23.5 per cent instead of one-third. West Virginia, however, made no move to carry out the decision, and in 1914 Virginia asked the Court to proceed to a final decree. A special master was appointed to take testimony, and on June 14, 1915, the Supreme Court announced that the net share of West Virginia was $12,393,929 plus $8,178,000 interest. The State, by a compromise with Virginia in 1919, assumed a debt amounting to $14,500,000.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE.

Many of the references for the period of Reconstruction are also valuable for the subject of this volume, as it is impossible to understand the South today without understanding the period which preceded it. Much enlightening material is to be found in W. L. Fleming's Documentary History of Reconstruction (2 vols., 1906-07) and in the series of monographs on Reconstruction published by the students of Professor W. A. Dunning of Columbia University, among which may be mentioned J. W. Garner's Reconstruction in Mississippi(1901); W. L. Fleming's Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama (1905); J. G. de R. Hamilton's Reconstruction in North Carolina (1914); C. M. Thompson's Reconstruction in Georgia, Economic, Social, Political, 1865-1872 (1915).

GENERAL WORKS

Some of the older books are interesting from the historical standpoint, but conditions in the South have changed so rapidly that these works give little help in understanding the present. Among the most interesting are A. W. Tourgée's Appeal to Caesar (1884), based upon the belief that the South would soon be overwhelmingly black. Alexander K. McClure, in The South; its Industrial, Financial and Political Condition (1886), was one of the first to take a hopeful view of the economic development of the Southern States. W. D. Kelley's The Old South and the New (1887) contains the observations of a shrewd Pennsylvania politician who was intensely interested in the economic development of the United States. Walter H. Page's The Rebuilding of Old Commonwealths (1902) is a keen analysis of the factors which have hindered progress in the South.

No recent work fully covers this period. Most books deal chiefly with individual phases of the question. Some valuable material may be found in the series The South in the Building of the Nation, 13 vols., (1909-13) but not all of this information is trustworthy. The Library of Southern Literature (16 vols., 1907-1913), edited by E. A. Alderman and Joel Chandler Harris, contains selections from Southern authors and biographical notes. Albert Bushnell Hart's The Southern South (1910) is the result of more study and investigation than any other Northerner has given to the sociology of the South, but the author's prejudices interfere with the value of his conclusions. The late Edgar Gardner Murphy in Problems of the Present South (1904) discusses with wisdom and sanity many Southern questions which are still undecided. A series of valuable though unequal papers is The New South in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 35 (1910). Another coöperative work which contains material of value is Studies in Southern History and Politics, edited by J. W. Garner (1914). Why the Solid South, edited by H. A. Herbert (1890), should also be consulted. A bitter arraignment of the South as a whole is H. E. Tremain's Sectionalism Unmasked (1907). The best book on the Appalachian South is Horace Kephart's Our Southern Highlanders (1913). William Garrott Brown's The Lower South in American History (1902) contains some interesting matter.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

There are several excellent works on cotton and the cotton trade, chief among which are M. B. Hammond's The Cotton Industry (1897) and C. W. Burkett and C. H. Poe's Cotton, its Cultivation, Marketing, Manufacture, and the Problems of the Cotton World (1906). D. A. Tompkins, in Cotton and Cotton Oil (1901), gives valuable material but is rather discursive. J. A. B. Scherer, in Cotton as a World Power (1916), attempts to show the influence of cotton upon history. Holland Thompson in From the Cotton Field to the Cotton Mill (1906) deals with the economic and social changes arising from the development of manufacturing in an agricultural society. With this may be mentioned A. Kohn's The Cotton Mills of South Carolina (1907). M. T. Copeland's The Cotton Manufacturing Industry of the United States (1912) has some interesting chapters on the South. T. M. Young, an English labor leader, in The American Cotton Industry (1903), brings a fresh point of view. The files of the Manufacturer's Record (Baltimore) are indispensable to a student of the economic progress of the South.

THE NEGRO QUESTION

The number of books, pamphlets, and special articles upon this subject, written by Northerners, Southerners, negroes, and even foreigners, is enormous. These publications range from displays of hysterical emotionalism to statistical studies, but no one book can treat fully all phases of so complex a question. Bibliographies have been prepared by W. E. B. Du Bois, A. P. C. Griffin, and others. W. L. Fleming has appended a useful list of titles to Reconstruction of the Seceded States (1905).

F. L. Hoffman, a professional statistician of German birth, in Race Traits and Tendencies of the American Negro (1896), has collected much valuable material but all his conclusions cannot be accepted without question. Special Bulletins on the negro are published by the United States Census Bureau, of which the issues for 1904 and 1915 should especially be consulted. Some of the Publications of Atlanta University contain valuable studies of special localities or occupations.

Several negroes have written histories of their race. George W. Williams's History of the Negro Race in America from 1619 to 1880, 2 vols. (1883), is old but contains material of value. William H. Thomas, in The American Negro (1901), is pessimistic as to the future because of the moral delinquencies of his people. Booker T. Washington's The Story of the Negro, the Rise of the Race from Slavery (1909), on the other hand, emphasizes achievements rather than deficiencies and is optimistic in tone. Of this writer's several other books, the Future of the American Negro (1899) is the most valuable. Kelly Miller has written Race Adjustment (1908) and An Appeal to Conscience (1918), besides many articles and monographs all marked by excellent temper. On the other hand, W. E. B. Du Bois, in The Souls of Black Folk (1903) and in his other writings, voices the bitterness of one to whom the color line has proved an "intolerable indignity."

Ray Stannard Baker in Following the Color Line (1908) gives the observations of a trained metropolitan journalist and is eminently sane in treatment. William Archer, the English author and journalist expresses a European point of view in Through Afro-America (1910). Carl Kelsey's The Negro Farmer (1903) is a careful study of agricultural conditions in eastern Virginia. A collection of valuable though unequal papers is contained in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science under The Negro's Progress in Fifty Years, No. 138 (1913) and America's Race Problem (1901).

One of the first Southerners to attack the new problem was A. G. Haygood, later a Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, who published Our Brother in Black, His Freedom and His Future (1881). P. A. Bruce, in The Plantation Negro as a Freeman (1888), has done an excellent piece of work. Thomas Nelson Page, in The Negro, The Southerner's Problem (1904), holds that no good can come through outside interference. William B. Smith's The Color Line (1905) takes the position that the negro is fundamentally different from the white. Alfred Holt Stone, in Studies in the American Race Problem (1908), has given a record of his experiences and reflections as a cotton planter in the delta region of Mississippi, while Patience Pennington (pseud.) in A Woman Rice-Planter (1913) gives in the form of a diary a naïve but fascinating account of life in the lowlands of South Carolina. Edgar Gardner Murphy, whose Problems of the Present South has already been mentioned, discusses in The Basis of Ascendancy (1909) the proper relations of black and white. The title of Gilbert T. Stephenson's Race Distinctions in American Law (1910) is self-explanatory.

EDUCATION

No complete history of education in the South has been written. The United States Bureau of Education published years ago several monographs upon the separate States. Edgar W. Knight has written an excellent history of Public School Education in North Carolina (1916). Carter G. Woodson, The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861 (1915), E. A. Alderman's J. L. M. Curry, a Biography (1911), and R. D. W. Connor and C. W. Poe's Life and Speeches of Charles Brantley Aycock (1912) are illuminating. J. L. M. Curry's A Brief Sketch of George Peabody and a History of the Peabody Education Fund through Thirty Years (1898) gives an excellent idea of the situation after Reconstruction. The General Education Board; an Account of its Activities, 1902-1914 (1915) contains interesting facts on the educational situation of today. The reports of the state Departments of Education, of the United States Bureau of Education, of the Conference for Education in the South, and of the Peabody, Slater, and Jeanes Funds should be consulted. The two volumes on Negro Education, United States Bureau of Education Bulletins Nos. 38 and 39 (1916) are invaluable. There are also histories of some of the state universities and of the church and private schools.

FICTION

Some of the best historical material on the changing South is in the form of fiction. A number of gifted writers have pictured limited fields with skill and truth. Mary Noailles Murfree (pseud., Charles Egbert Craddock) has written of the mountain people of Tennessee, while John Fox, Jr. has done the same for Kentucky and the Virginia and West Virginia mountains. George W. Cable and Grace King have depicted Louisiana in the early part of this period, while rural life in Georgia has been well described in the stories of Joel Chandler Harris, better known from his Uncle Remus books. In The Voice of the People (1900) Ellen Glasgow has produced, in the form of fiction, an important historical document on the rise of the common man. In The Southerner (1909) Nicholas Worth (understood to be the pseudonym of a distinguished editor and diplomat) has made a careful study of conditions in North Carolina between 1875 and 1895, while Thomas Dixon in The Leopard's Spots (1902) has crudely but powerfully drawn a picture of the campaign for negro disfranchisement in that State.

In his Old Judge Priest stories, Irvin S. Cobb has described the rural towns of Kentucky; and Corra Harris from personal experience has given striking pictures of the rural South principally in relation to religion. The short stories of Harris Dickson portray the negro of the Mississippi towns. The stories of Thomas Nelson Page and of Ruth McEnery Stuart should also be mentioned. Owen Wister has drawn a striking picture of Charleston in Lady Baltimore (1906), while Henry Sydnor Harrison in Queed (1911) and his later stories has done something similar for Richmond.

INDEX

A.

Agricultural Wheel, 34. Agriculture, farmers' revolt, 31 et seq.; farmer and the land, 60 et seq.; county demonstrators, 75-77, 184; Farm Loan Act, 84; influence on labor, 116; economic future of South in, 198-199. Alabama, Conservative party in, 12; Kolb in, 37-38; Populist party, 42; suffrage amendments, 54-55; boys' corn club, 79; cotton mills, 97; iron industry, 101; mines, 102; bituminous coal, 102; school fund, 158 (note); Catholics in, 214; repudiation of debt, 227. American Tobacco Company, 103. Archer, William, Through Afro-America, quoted, 141. Arkansas, hill men of, 6; Agricultural Wheel in, 34; election (1896), 44; lumbering, 100; mixed schools, 161; industrialism, 193; migration to, 194; woman suffrage, 202; Catholics in, 214; repudiation of debt, 230-231. Atlanta (Ga.), Cotton Exposition (1881), 89. Aycock, C. B., Governor of North Carolina, 57.

B.

Badeau, General Adam, and expression "New South," 7. Baptist Church, 214, 215-216. Bayard, T. F., of Delaware, 28. Birmingham (Ala.), steel center, 101-102. Blair Bill, 27. Blease, C. L., of South Carolina, 122, 150. Boys' and girls' clubs, 76, 78-81. Brothers of Freedom, 34. Bryan, W. J., presidential nomination, 44. Buck. S. J., The Agrarian Crusade, cited, 25 (note), 44 (note). Butler, Marion, of North Carolina, 43. Butler, M. C., of South Carolina, 13, 41.

C.

Calhoun, J. C., agricultural college founded on plantation of, 42. Carlisle, J. G., of Kentucky, 29. Carnegie Foundation and college standards, 189. Carolinas, differing economic conditions, 6; Scotch-Irish in, 6; see also North Carolina, South Carolina. Carpetbaggers' rule overthrown, 9, 12. Catholic Church, 214. Charleston (S. C.), party management in, 39; Tillman and, 40. Child labor, state restrictions, 97, 118; in cotton mills, 109, 114-115, 117; Federal Child Labor Act, 118. Civil service, Cleveland and, 29. Civil War, blockade as reason for South's defeat, 3; effect on South, 196. Cleveland, Grover, election (1884), 28; and the South, 29. "Cleveland Democracy," 40. Congregational Church, 216 (note). Congress, ex-Confederate soldiers in, 13, 26; negroes in, 20; reëlection of Senators, 28; "Force Bill" (1890), 48; Southern representation, 200-201. Congressional Record, cited, 13. Constitution, Fourteenth Amendment, 22. Corn, price in South, 35; as crop in South, 64; boys' corn clubs, 78-79. Cotton, price and production, 35; favorite crop, 63, 197; mills, 88-98, 108-121, 195; cottonseed products, 99-100; "linters," 100; need of cotton-picking machine, 197-198. Coxe, Tench, Statement of Arts and Manufactures, cited, 86. Curry, Dr. J. L. M., 27, 169-170.

D.

Daughters of the Confederacy, 210. Debt, see Finance. Delaware as Southern State, 5; Grange in, 32; school fund (1796), 157-158 (note); foreign born in, 194; surplus of wheat (1917), 199; Catholics in, 214; churches, 214. Democratic party, at end of Reconstruction period, 9; called Conservative party, 11-12; and political consolidation, 12; Farmers' Alliance and, 36; Georgia convention (1890), 37; controlling influence of, 38; Populist party and, 42-43, 47, 201; nature of, 201; split in Arkansas, 231. Disciples' Church, 216 (note). Durham (N. C.), tobacco industry in, 103.

E.

Education, Blair Bill, 27; in South Carolina, 42; Populist attitude toward, 46; negro schools, 57; agricultural colleges and experiment stations, 75; county demonstrators, 75-77, 184; boys' and girls' clubs, 76, 78-81; General Education Board, 76-77, 183-184, 186, 189; college students, 83; mills aid schools, 119; progress, 157 et seq.; country schools, 164; academies, 164-165, 171; colleges, 165-166, 187; graded schools, 166; taxation for, 170, 172, 185, 186; opposition to public schools, 171-172; normal schools, 172; better buildings, 172; small districts, 173; length of school term, 173, 184; funds for negro, 182-183; secondary schools, 186; preparation for college, 188; bibliography, 240-241; see also Negroes. Education, Bureau of, Report on Negro Education, 174, 178. Elections, intimidation of negroes, 18-19; frauds, 19-20; North threatens Federal control, 21; (1896), 44; (1900), 45-46; primaries, 47, 199; "Force Bill" (1890), 48. Episcopal Church, 215.

F.

Farm Loan Act, 84. Farmers' Alliance, 30, 33. Farmers' Union of Louisiana, 34. Fiction on the South, bibliography of, 241-242. Field, Marshall, and Company own mills in North Carolina, 95. Finance, problem in South, 22; repudiation of state debts, 22, 227-233; economies of new state governments, 24-25; platform of National Alliance and Knights of Labor on, 34; subtreasury plan, 34-35; merchants as bankers, 61-65; crop lien, 62-63; Farm Loan Act, 84; see also Tariff, Taxation. Fisk University, 179. Fleming, W. L., The Sequel of Appomattox, cited, 2 (note), 27 (note); Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama, cited, 227 (note). Florida, end of carpetbag rule in, 9; mines, 102; cigar industry, 104; bonds as part of Peabody Fund, 167; migration to, 194; debt, 227. Freedmen's Aid Societies, schools for negroes opened by, 173. Freedmen's Bureau, 27. French in Louisiana, 6. Friends, Society of, influence in South, 16.

G.

Garland, A. H., of Arkansas, 28. General Education Board, 76-77, 183-184, 186, 189. Georgia, Democratic convention (1890), 37; Populist party (1892), 42; cotton mills, 88, 97; knitting industry, 98; cottonseed oil industry, 100; fertilizer industry, 100; lynchings in, 155; school fund (1817), 158 (note); imports, 195; Catholics in, 214; repudiation of debt, 229. Girls' canning clubs, 80. Gordon, J. B., 13, 37. Grady, H. W., uses expression "New South," 7-8; editor of Atlanta Constitution, 223. Grange movement, 29, 31-33. Great War, negroes in knitting mills during, 126; migration of negroes to North during, 132-133; negro women in Red Cross work, 149; and capital in South, 196; South and, 201; and nationalism, 210-211. Greenback movement, 25, 29-30.

H.

Hamilton, J. G. de R., Reconstruction in North Carolina, cited, 228 (note). Hampton, Wade, 13, 41. Hampton Institute, 174, 177, 178. Hookworm disease, 73-74. Howard University, 179. Hughes, C. E., North Carolina vote for (1916), 57.

I.

Industries, vegetable growing, 84; industrial development, 86 et seq.; textile, 88-98, 106-121, 126-127; manufacture of cottonseed products, 99-100; fertilizers, 100; lumbering, 100, 123-124; iron, 101; wood, 101; steel, 101-102; mining, 102; tobacco, 102-104, 124-126; roller mills, 104; close to raw material, 194-195; see also Agriculture, Cotton.

J.

Jeanes, Anna T., 183. Jeanes Fund, 183, 184.

K.

Kelley, O. H., 31. Kellogg, W. P., Governor of Louisiana, 229. Kentucky, as Southern State, 5; Grange in, 38; mines, 102; bituminous coal, 102; tobacco industry, 103; free from lynchings, 155; school fund, 158 (note); Catholics in, 214; Disciples in, 216 (note). Knapp, Bradford, son of S. A., 78. Knapp, Dr. S. A., 76-77, 78. Knights of Labor, meeting at St. Louis (1889), 34. Kolb, R. F., 37-38.

L.

Labor, conditions in South, 106 et seq.; native, 106, 194; negro, 106-107, 126-127; in textile industry, 106-121; state restrictions, 118; in furniture factories, 122-123; in lumber mills, 123-124; contract, 123-124; tobacco manufacture, 124-126; organization of, 127-128; recent problem, 197; see also Child labor. Lamar, L. Q. C., of Missouri, 28, 29. Land, demand for restriction to settlers, 34; tenant system, 60 et seq., 219; different plans of landholding, 65-69; relation between landlord and tenant, 70; white tenancy, 73; tilled by owners, 74-75; cultivation, 81; food crops, 81-82. Liquor traffic, made State monopoly, 41-42; problem after Reconstruction, 57-59; see also Prohibition Louisiana, negro majority in, 10; Farmers' Union of, 34; election (1892), 42; election (1896), 44; "grandfather clause" in constitution, 51-52; lumbering, 100; mines, 102; tobacco industry, 103; cigar industry, 104; lynchings in, 155; mixed schools, 160-161; Catholics in, 214; churches, 214; repudiation of debt, 229-230. Lumbering, 100, 123-124. Lutheran Church, 216 (note).

M.

Mahone, General William, 234. Manufactures, see Industries. Maryland, as Southern State, 5; Grange in, 32; fertilizer industry, 100; manufactures, 104; free from lynchings, 154-155; school fund (1813), 158 (note); foreign born in, 193; surplus of wheat (1917), 199; Catholics in, 214; churches, 214. Massachusetts leads in cotton products, 98. Meharry Medical College, 179. Methodist Church, 214, 215-216. Mills, R. Q., of Texas, 29. Mining, 102. Minnesota, manufactures, 104-105. Mississippi, negro majority in, 10; new constitution (1890), 49; suffrage, 49-50; lumbering, 100; lynchings in, 155; school fund, 158 (note); mixed schools in, 160-161; bonds as part of Peabody Fund, 167; industrialism, 193; foreign born in, 193-194; Catholics in, 214; debt, 227. Missouri, not included in South, 5; Grange in, 32; election (1896), 44; tobacco industry, 103; woman suffrage, 202. Missouri Compromise and sectionalism, 16. Morrison, W. R., 29. Mountaineers. 14-16.

N.

Nashville (Tenn.), Peabody Normal College, 169; Meharry Medical College, 179; Vanderbilt University, 188. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Thirty Years of Lynching (1919), 154 (note). National Farmers' Alliance and Coöperative Union of America, 34. Negroes, suffrage, 2, 18-19, 21, 45, 48, 49, 50-55, 202-203; distribution of, 10; in mountain counties, 15; support Federal officials, 17; sent to Congress, 20; relation of races, 22, 129 et seq.; fear of domination wanes, 30; not admitted to Grange, 32; politics in North Carolina, 45; segregation, 57; use of drugs, 59; as share tenants, 67; opportunity for, 71; in furniture factories, 122; in tobacco factories, 124-125; in textile industry, 126-127; personal characteristics, 126-127, 135; occupations, 127, 133-137; unorganized, 127-128; increase in numbers, 130-132; migration to North, 132-133, 156, 197; farm owners, 134; illiteracy, 137-139, 166; treatment in North, 139-140; treatment in South, 140 et seq.; "old-time negro," 142-143; "new negro," 142, 143-144; educated, 144-147; and Great War, 149; mulattoes, 150; and lower classes of whites, 150-151; lynchings, 151-155; plans for solution of problem, 155-156; problem in South Africa, 156; education, 160-163, 164, 171-172, 173-184; criminals and dependents, 204-205, 220-223; bibliography, 238-240. New England, mill machinery from, 90; mills build Southern branches, 92; Southern wages compared with, 110-111. New Orleans, Exposition (1884), 89; tobacco industry, 103. New York, election frauds, 20. Newspapers, 223-224. North, negroes in, 139; migration of negroes to, 132-133, 156, 197; treatment of negroes in, 139-140. North Carolina, Friends in, 16; negroes sent to Congress from, 20; gives up local self-government, 21; Populist party, 42; revolt from Democratic party, 43; election (1896), 44; election (1900), 45; fusion government, 45; suffrage, 52-54; Republican opposition in, 56-57; textile products (1810), 86; first cotton mill (1810), 88; Marshall Field and Company owns mills in, 95; cotton mills, 97; knitting industry, 98; lumbering, 100; furniture manufacture, 101; minerals, 102; tobacco production, 103; Republican party, 122; free from lynchings, 155; school fund, 158-159; public schools, 163, 184-185; school term, 173; negro education, 179-181; school expenditures, 179-181; foreign born in, 193-194; chairmanship of committees in 65th Congress, 200 (note); Catholics in, 214; school libraries, 224; repudiation of debt, 227-229. North Carolina, University of, 168.

O.

Ocala (Fla.), Alliance convention, 34. Oklahoma, as Southern State, 5-6; disfranchising amendment, 55-56; mines, 102; disproportionate number of lynchings in, 155; migration to, 194; surplus of wheat (1917), 199; woman suffrage, 202; Catholics in, 214.

P.

Page, Thomas Nelson, and "typical Southerner," 203. Patrons of Husbandry, see Grange movement. Peabody, George, 167. Peabody Fund, 167. Peabody Normal College, 169. People's party, 36; see also Populist party. Phelps Stokes, Caroline, 183. Phelps Stokes Fund, 183. Philadelphia election frauds, 20. Plantations, system discontinued, 60; in the Old South, 87. Politics, consolidation of South, 10-12; Confederate soldiers in, 13; see also names of parties. Pope, General John, prediction as to negro development, 130. Populist party in South, 42 et seq.; see also People's party. Presbyterian Church, 214, 215. Prices, decline, 25, 31; of cotton, 35; Populist party and rising, 46; Southern credit system and, 72; rise of, 84; (1890-1900), 107. Pritchard, J. C., 43, 45. Prohibition, South and, 58, 202; see also Liquor traffic.

Q.

Quakers, see Friends, Society of.

R.

Railroads, government ownership, 34. Ransom, M. T., 13, 43. Readjusters, political party in Virginia, 231-232. Reconstruction, 2-4; end of, 9; Union element makes possible, 17; debt, 22-23; and schools, 157, 159-161; bibliography, 235. Red Cross, 149, 211. Religion, 213 et seq. Republican party, and end of Reconstruction, 9; called Radical party, 11; and mountaineers, 16; Quakers and, 16; Union element in South, 16-17; organization discontinued, 21; failures, 26; success (1893-95), 43. Richmond (Va.), tobacco industry, 103, 104. Riddleberger, H. H., 231-232. Roads, 107. Rockefeller Foundation, researches, 73-74. Roosevelt, Theodore, Mississippi vote (1912), 50. Rosenwald, Julius, and negro education, 183.

S.

St. Louis, session of National Alliance at (1889), 34; tobacco industry, 103. Scalawags, Confederate soldiers against, 12. Scotch-Irish in South, 6; and Presbyterianism, 215. Scott, W. A., The Repudiation of State Debts, cited, 227 (note). Sears, Barnas, General Agent of Peabody Fund, 167-168. Secession, past issue, 192. Sewall, Arthur, candidate for Vice-President, 44. Silver, free coinage, 43-44. Slater, John F., Fund, 182-183. Slavery among mountaineers, 15. Smith, F. Hopkinson, and "typical Southerner," 203. Social conditions, 82-83, 203 et seq.; in mill towns, 119-121. Sons of Veterans, 210. South, New as distinguished from Old, 1-8; geographical limits, 5-6; beginning of New, 10; political consolidation, 10-12; character of people, 11; Republicanism in, 13 et seq.; mountaineers, 14-16; election frauds, 19-20; debt, 22-24; and agrarian revolt, 26; participation in national affairs, 28; Grange in, 31-33; social conditions, 82-83, 119-121, 203 et seq.; Socialist vote in, 128; growing sense of responsibility for negro, 148; education, 157 et seq.; of today, 191 et seq.; population, 193-194; present political condition, 199-203; jails and almshouses, 204-205; orphanages, 205-206; juvenile delinquents, 206; democracy, 206-207; hospitality, 207; amusements, 208, 217; power of public opinion, 212-213; churches, 213-217; crimes, 220-221; leaders, 223; newspapers, 223-234; books and libraries, 224-225; contrasts in, 226; bibliography, 235-242. South Carolina, inhabitants, 6; negro majority, 10; "eight box law," 19; negroes sent to Congress from, 20; political revolt, 39; representation in Senate, 41; suffrage amendments, 50-51; boys' corn club, 79; cotton mills, 97; Blease in, 122; school fund, 158 (note); mixed schools, 160-161; foreign born in, 193-194; Catholics in, 214; repudiation of debt, 229. Stokes, see Phelps Stokes. Stone, A. H., on Mississippi negro, 71-72. Suffrage, see Negroes, Women. Supreme Court, Oklahoma disfranchisement amendment, declared unconstitutional, 55-56, 203; Bailey vs. Alabama, 123-124; South Dakota vs. North Carolina, 228; cases against Louisiana, 230; and Virginia debt, 231, 232; debt of West Virginia, 232.

T.

Taft, W. H., Mississippi vote (1912), 50; North Carolina vote (1908), 56. Tariff, South and Cleveland agree on, 29; platform of National Alliance calls for reform of, 34. Taxation, Mississippi, 49; for education, 170, 172, 185, 186. Tennessee, Grange in, 31-32; Populist party in, 42; girls' canning club, 80; cotton mills, 98; knitting industry, 98; iron industry, 101; bituminous coal, 102; mines, 102; school fund (1806), 157 (note); woman suffrage, 202; Catholics in, 214; Disciples in, 216 (note) Texas, Farmers' Alliance, 33, 34; Populist party (1892), 42; boll weevil, 76; encouragement of food crops in, 82; cottonseed oil industry, 100; mines, 102; lynchings in, 155; foreign born in, 193; migration to, 194; woman suffrage, 202; Catholics in, 214; no attempt made to repudiate debt, 227. Tillman, Benjamin R., 39-41. Tobacco, a favorite crop, 63; industry, 102-104; labor conditions in factories, 124-126. Tompkins, D. A., on cotton production, 108. Toombs, Robert, and New South, 192. Tourgée, A. W., 2; Appeal to Caesar, 131. Tuskegee Institute, 174, 177, 178; statistics on lynching, 154 (note).

V.

Vance, Z. B., of North Carolina, 13, 43; and teaching of pedagogy, 174-175. Vanderbilt University, 188. Vardaman, James K., of Mississippi, 150. Virginia, differing economic conditions, 6; cotton mills, 98; knitting industry, 98; iron industry, 101; mines, 102; tobacco production, 103; school fund (1810), 157-158 (note); surplus of wheat (1917), 199; Catholics in, 214; repudiation of debt, 231-232.

W.

Wages, in cotton mills, 109, 110, 113; in tobacco factories, 126. Washington, Booker T., cited, 143; "intellectuals" enemies of, 146; and Tuskegee, 177. Washington (D. C.), Howard University, 179. Watson, T. E., 44. Watterson, Henry, of the Louisville Courier-Journal, 223. West Virginia, as Southern State, 5; Grange in, 32; iron industry, 101; bituminous coal, 102; mines, 102; free from lynchings, 154-155; Catholics in, 214; Virginia assigns debt to (1871), 231; settlement of controversy, 232-233. Wheat, winter, 63-64; roller mills, 104. Whig party dislikes name Democrat, 12. Wiley, C. H., superintendent of education in North Carolina, 159. Wilmington (N. C.), uprising of whites in, 45. Wilson, Woodrow, North Carolina vote (1916), 57. Winston-Salem (N. C.), tobacco industry, 103. Winthrop, R. C., of Massachusetts, and Peabody Fund, 167. Women, in mills, 97; suffrage, 202, 213; position in South, 208-210; and Great War, 211-212; independence, 213; and churches, 213-214.

Y.

Young, T. M., The American Cotton Industry, quoted, 112.

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6. The Fathers of New England
by Charles McLean Andrews
7. Dutch and English on the Hudson
by Maud Wilder Goodwin
8. The Quaker Colonies
by Sydney George Fisher
9. Colonial Folkways
by Charles McLean Andrews
10. The Conquest of New France
by George McKinnon Wrong
11. The Eve of the Revolution
by Carl Lotus Becker
12. Washington and His Comrades in Arms
by George McKinnon Wrong
13. The Fathers of the Constitution
by Max Farrand
14. Washington and His Colleagues
by Henry Jones Ford
15. Jefferson and his Colleagues
by Allen Johnson
16. John Marshall and the Constitution
by Edward Samuel Corwin
17. The Fight for a Free Sea
by Ralph Delahaye Paine
18. Pioneers of the Old Southwest
by Constance Lindsay Skinner
19. The Old Northwest
by Frederic Austin Ogg
20. The Reign of Andrew Jackson
by Frederic Austin Ogg
21. The Paths of Inland Commerce
by Archer Butler Hulbert
22. Adventurers of Oregon
by Constance Lindsay Skinner
23. The Spanish Borderlands
by Herbert Eugene Bolton
24. Texas and the Mexican War
by Nathaniel Wright Stephenson
25. The Forty-Niners
by Stewart Edward White
26. The Passing of the Frontier
by Emerson Hough
27. The Cotton Kingdom
by William E. Dodd
28. The Anti-Slavery Crusade
by Jesse Macy
29. Abraham Lincoln and the Union
by Nathaniel Wright Stephenson
30. The Day of the Confederacy
by Nathaniel Wright Stephenson
31. Captains of the Civil War
by William Charles Henry Wood
32. The Sequel of Appomattox
by Walter Lynwood Fleming
33. The American Spirit in Education
by Edwin E. Slosson
34. The American Spirit in Literature
by Bliss Perry
35. Our Foreigners
by Samuel Peter Orth
36. The Old Merchant Marine
by Ralph Delahaye Paine
37. The Age of Invention
by Holland Thompson
38. The Railroad Builders
by John Moody
39. The Age of Big Business
by Burton Jesse Hendrick
40. The Armies of Labor
by Samuel Peter Orth
41. The Masters of Capital
by John Moody
42. The New South
by Holland Thompson
43. The Boss and the Machine
by Samuel Peter Orth
44. The Cleveland Era
by Henry Jones Ford
45. The Agrarian Crusade
by Solon Justus Buck
46. The Path of Empire
by Carl Russell Fish
47. Theodore Roosevelt and His Times
by Harold Howland
48. Woodrow Wilson and the World War
by Charles Seymour
49. The Canadian Dominion
by Oscar D. Skelton
50. The Hispanic Nations of the New World
by William R. Shepherd

Transcriber's Notes

Introduction

Welcome to Project Gutenberg's edition of The New South by Holland Thompson in the Chronicles of America series. A scanned copy of this book is available on Hathitrust courtesy of Cornell University.

We have made the following emendations to the text:

On Page 186, coordinate was hyphenated and split between two lines for spacing. This word is transcribed as coördinate, with an umlat. The same philosophy for transcribing coöperative holds for transcribing coördinate. See the notes for coöperative in the Bibliography for more details.

Bibliography:

Near the end of Page 236, cooperative was hyphenated and split between two lines for spacing. This word is transcribed as coöperative, with an umlat. See the transcription notes for The Agrarian Crusade by Solon Buck for a detailed explanation on the hyphenation and transcription of words with an umlat.

Index:

We are more willing to make changes to the Index than we are in the text when we believe the reader may be better served by doing so.

On Page 243, change hillmen to hill men in entry under Arkansas to match the spelling of hill men on Page 6 of the text.

On Page 250, Caesar is written with an aelig in the index entry under Tourgée, but the aelig is not used on Page 131. Therefore, we have removed the aelig from Caesar in the index entry so that the spelling matches what is written in the text.