Chapter I: Front Matter

THE HOME UNIVERSITY LIBRARY OF MODERN KNOWLEDGE

A COMPREHENSIVE SERIES OF NEW
AND SPECIALLY WRITTEN BOOKS

EDITORS:

Prof. GILBERT MURRAY, D.Litt., LL.D., F.B.A.
The Rt. Hon. H. A. L. FISHER, M.A., F.B.A., LL.D.
Prof. J. ARTHUR THOMSON, M.A., LL.D.
Prof. WILLIAM T. BREWSTER, M.A.

256 pages. In cloth binding.

_HISTORY_

3. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. By HILAIRE BELLOC, M.A. (Maps.)

4. A SHORT HISTORY OF WAR AND PEACE. By G. H. PERRIS.

13. MEDIÆVAL EUROPE. By H. W. C. DAVIS, M.A. (With Maps.)

14. THE PAPACY AND MODERN TIMES (1303-1870). By WILLIAM
BARRY, D.D.

23. HISTORY OF OUR TIME (1885-1913). By G. P. GOOCH, M.A.

25. THE CIVILISATION OF CHINA. By H. A. GILES, LL.D., Professor
of Chinese at Cambridge.

29. THE DAWN OF HISTORY. By J. L. MYRES, M.A., F.S.A.

33. THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND. By Prof. A. F. POLLARD.

34. CANADA. By A. G. BRADLEY.

37. PEOPLES AND PROBLEMS OF INDIA. By Sir T. W. HOLDERNESS,
G.C.B.

42. ROME. By W. WARDE FOWLER, M.A.

48. THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR. By F. L. PAXSON.

51. WARFARE IN ENGLAND. By HILAIRE BELLOC, M.A.

55. MASTER MARINERS. By J. R. SPEARS.

61. NAPOLEON. By the Rt. Hon. H. A. L. FISHER, M.A.

66. THE NAVY AND SEA POWER. By DAVID HANNAY.

71. GERMANY OF TO-DAY. By CHARLES TOWER.

82. PREHISTORIC BRITAIN. By ROBERT MUNRO, M.A., M.D., LL.D.,
F.R.S.E. (Illustrated.)

97. THE ANCIENT EAST. By D. G. HOGARTH, M.A. (Maps.)

98. WARS BETWEEN ENGLAND AND AMERICA. By Prof. T. C. SMITH, M.A.

100. HISTORY OF SCOTLAND. By Prof. R. S. RAIT.

101. BELGIUM. By R. C. K. ENSOR. (Maps.)

105. POLAND. By Prof. W. ALISON PHILLIPS. (With Maps.)

107. SERBIA. By L. F. WARING.

108. OUR FORERUNNERS. By M. C. BURKITT, M.A., F.S.A.
(Illustrated.)

113. WALES. By W. WATKIN DAVIES, M.A., F.R.Hist.S.

114. EGYPT. By Sir E. A. WALLIS BUDGE, M.A., Litt.D., F.S.A.

118. THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE. By NORMAN H. BAYNES.

125. ENGLAND UNDER THE TUDORS AND STUARTS. By KEITH FEILING, M.A.

_RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY_

15. MOHAMMEDANISM. By Prof. D. S. MARGOLIOUTH, M.A., D.Litt.

40. THE PROBLEMS OF PHILOSOPHY. By the Hon. BERTRAND
RUSSELL, F.R.S.

47. BUDDHISM. By Mrs RHYS DAVIDS, M.A.

50. NONCONFORMITY: ITS ORIGIN AND PROGRESS. By Principal W.
B. SELBIE, M.A.

54. ETHICS. By G. E. MOORE, M.A.

56. THE MAKING OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. By Prof. B. W. BACON,
LL.D., D.D.

60. MISSIONS: THEIR RISE AND DEVELOPMENT. By Mrs CREIGHTON.

68. COMPARATIVE RELIGION. By Prof. J. ESTLIN CARPENTER,
D.Litt.

74. A HISTORY OF FREEDOM OF THOUGHT. By J. B. BURY, Litt.D.,
LL.D.

84. LITERATURE OF THE OLD TESTAMENT. By Prof. GEORGE MOORE,
D.D., LL.D.

90. THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND. By Canon E. W. WATSON.

94. RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN THE OLD AND NEW
TESTAMENTS. By Canon R. H. CHARLES, D.D., D.Litt.

102. HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY. By CLEMENT C. J. WEBB.

_POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE_

1. PARLIAMENT. Its History, Constitution, and Practice. By
Sir COURTENAY P. ILBERT, G.C.B., K.C.S.I.

6. IRISH NATIONALITY. By Mrs J. R. GREEN.

10. THE SOCIALIST MOVEMENT. By J. RAMSAY MACDONALD, M.P.

11. CONSERVATISM. By LORD HUGH CECIL, M.A., M.P.

21. LIBERALISM. By L. T. HOBHOUSE, M.A.

30. ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH LAW. By W. M. GELDART, M.A., B.C.L.

38. THE SCHOOL: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF EDUCATION.
By J. J. FINDLAY, M.A., Ph.D.

81. PROBLEMS OF VILLAGE LIFE. By E. N. BENNETT, M.A.

83. COMMON-SENSE IN LAW. By Prof. Sir P. VINOGRADOFF, D.C.L.

96. POLITICAL THOUGHT IN ENGLAND: FROM BACON TO HALIFAX. By
G. P. GOOCH, M.A.

104. POLITICAL THOUGHT IN ENGLAND: FROM SPENCER TO THE
PRESENT DAY. By ERNEST BARKER, M.A.

106. POLITICAL THOUGHT IN ENGLAND: THE UTILITARIANS FROM
BENTHAM TO J. S. MILL. By W. L. DAVIDSON, M.A., LL.D.

121. POLITICAL THOUGHT IN ENGLAND: FROM LOCKE TO BENTHAM. By
HAROLD J. LASKI.

_ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS_

5. THE STOCK EXCHANGE. By F. W. HIRST, Editor of _The
Economist_.

16. THE SCIENCE OF WEALTH. By J. A. HOBSON, M.A.

24. THE EVOLUTION OF INDUSTRY. By D. H. MACGREGOR, M.A.

26. AGRICULTURE. By Prof. W. SOMERVILLE, F.L.S.

59. POLITICAL ECONOMY. By Sir S. J. CHAPMAN, K.C.B.

69. THE NEWSPAPER. By G. BINNEY DIBBLEE, M.A. (Illustrated.)
The best account extant of the organisation of the
newspaper press, at home and abroad.

80. CO-PARTNERSHIP AND PROFIT-SHARING. By ANEURIN WILLIAMS.

85. UNEMPLOYMENT. By Prof. A. C. PIGOU, M.A.

109. COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY. By MARION I. NEWBIGIN, D.Sc.

117. ADVERTISING. By Sir CHARLES HIGHAM.

121. BANKING. By WALTER LEAF, D.Litt.

_GEOGRAPHY_

7. MODERN GEOGRAPHY. By MARION I. NEWBIGIN, D.Sc.

8. POLAR EXPLORATION. By Dr W. S. BRUCE, F.R.S.E., Leader
of the _Scotia_ Expedition. (With Maps.)

12. THE OPENING-UP OF AFRICA. By Sir H. H. JOHNSTON,
G.C.M.G., F.Z.S. (With Maps.)

36. CLIMATE AND WEATHER. By Prof. H. N. DICKSON, D.Sc.Oxon.,
M.A., F.R.S.E. (With Diagrams.)

53. THE MAKING OF THE EARTH. By Prof. J. W. GREGORY, F.R.S.
(With 38 Maps and Figures.)

88. THE GROWTH OF EUROPE. By Prof. GRENVILLE COLE.
(Illustrated.)

91. THE ALPS. By ARNOLD LUNN. (Illustrated.)

92. CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA. By Prof. W. R. SHEPHERD.
(Maps.)

101. BELGIUM. By R. C. K. ENSOR. (Maps.)

105. POLAND. By Prof. W. ALISON PHILLIPS. (With Maps.)

107. SERBIA. By L. F. WARING.

113. WALES. By W. WATKIN DAVIES, M.A., F.R.Hist.S.

114. EGYPT. By Sir E. A. WALLIS BUDGE, M.A., Litt.D., F.S.A.

118. THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE. By NORMAN H. BAYNES.

_LITERATURE_

2. SHAKESPEARE. By JOHN MASEFIELD.

25. THE CIVILISATION OF CHINA. By H. A. GILES, LL.D.,
Professor of Chinese at Cambridge.

27. ENGLISH LITERATURE: MODERN. By G. H. MAIR, M.A.

35. LANDMARKS IN FRENCH LITERATURE. By G. L. STRACHEY.

43. ENGLISH LITERATURE: MEDIÆVAL. By Prof. W. P. KER, M.A.

45. THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. By L. PEARSALL SMITH, M.A.

52. GREAT WRITERS OF AMERICA. By Prof. J. ERSKINE and Prof.
W. P. TRENT.

64. DR JOHNSON AND HIS CIRCLE. By JOHN BAILEY, M.A.

65. THE LITERATURE OF GERMANY. By Prof. J. G. ROBERTSON,
M.A., Ph.D.

70. THE VICTORIAN AGE IN LITERATURE. By G. K. CHESTERTON.

73. THE WRITING OF ENGLISH. By W. T. BREWSTER, A.M.,
Professor of English in Columbia University.

76. EURIPIDES AND HIS AGE. By GILBERT MURRAY, D.Litt., LL.D.

77. SHELLEY, GODWIN, AND THEIR CIRCLE. By H. N. BRAILSFORD.

87. CHAUCER AND HIS TIMES. By GRACE E. HADOW.

89. WILLIAM MORRIS: HIS WORK AND INFLUENCE. By A. CLUTTON
BROCK.

95. ELIZABETHAN LITERATURE. By J. M. ROBERTSON, M.P.

99. AN OUTLINE OF RUSSIAN LITERATURE. By Hon. MAURICE BARING.

103. MILTON. By JOHN BAILEY, M.A.

111. PATRIOTISM IN LITERATURE. By JOHN DRINKWATER, M.A.

_SCIENCE_

9. THE EVOLUTION OF PLANTS. By Dr D. H. SCOTT, M.A., F.R.S.
(Illustrated.)

17. HEALTH AND DISEASE. By W. LESLIE MACKENZIE, M.D.

18. INTRODUCTION TO MATHEMATICS. By A. N. WHITEHEAD, Sc.D.,
F.R.S. (With Diagrams.)

19. THE ANIMAL WORLD. By Prof. F. W. GAMBLE, F.R.S. With
Introduction by Sir Oliver Lodge. (Many Illustrations.)

20. EVOLUTION. By Prof. J. A. THOMSON, M.A., and Prof. P.
GEDDES.

22. CRIME AND INSANITY. By Dr C. A. MERCIER.

28. PSYCHICAL RESEARCH. By Sir W. F. BARRETT, F.R.S.

31. ASTRONOMY. By A. R. HINKS, M.A., Chief Assistant,
Cambridge Observatory.

32. INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE. By Prof. J. ARTHUR THOMSON, M.A.

41. ANTHROPOLOGY. By R. R. MARETT, M.A.

44. PRINCIPLES OF PHYSIOLOGY. By Prof. J. G. MCKENDRICK, M.D.

46. MATTER AND ENERGY. By F. SODDY, M.A., F.R.S.

49. PSYCHOLOGY, THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOUR. By Prof. W.
MCDOUGALL, F.R.S., M.B.

57. THE HUMAN BODY. By Prof. Sir A. KEITH, M.D., LL.D.
(Illustrated.)

58. ELECTRICITY. By GISBERT KAPP, D.Eng. (Illustrated.)

62. THE ORIGIN AND NATURE OF LIFE. By Dr BENJAMIN MOORE,
Professor of Bio-Chemistry, University College,
Liverpool.

67. CHEMISTRY. By RAPHAEL MELDOLA, F.R.S.

72. PLANT LIFE. By Prof. J. B. FARMER, D.Sc., F.R.S.
(Illustrated.)

78. THE OCEAN. A General Account of the Science of the Sea.
By Sir JOHN MURRAY, K.C.B., F.R.S. (Colour Plates and
other Illustrations.)

79. NERVES. By Prof. D. FRASER HARRIS, M.D., D.Sc.
(Illustrated.)

86. SEX. By Prof. PATRICK GEDDES and Prof. J. ARTHUR
THOMSON, LL.D.

110. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF HEREDITY. By Prof. E. W.
MACBRIDE, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S. (Illustrated.)

115. BIOLOGY. By Prof. PATRICK GEDDES and Prof. J. ARTHUR
THOMSON, M.A., LL.D. (Illustrated.)

116. BACTERIOLOGY. By Prof. CARL H. BROWNING. (Illustrated.)

119. MICROSCOPY. By ROBERT M. NEILL. (Illustrated.)

120. EUGENICS. By A. M. CARR-SAUNDERS.

122. GAS AND GASES. By Prof. R. M. CAVEN. (Illustrated.)

126. TREES. By Dr MACGREGOR SKENE.

127. MOTORS AND MOTORING. By E. T. BROWN. (Illustrated.)

_ART_

39. ARCHITECTURE. By Prof. W. R. LETHABY. (Illustrated.)

63. PAINTERS AND PAINTING. By Sir FREDERICK WEDMORE. (With
16 half-tone Illustrations.) From the Primitives to the
Impressionists.

75. ANCIENT ART AND RITUAL. By JANE E. HARRISON, LL.D.,
D.Litt.

93. THE RENAISSANCE. By EDITH SICHEL.

112. MUSIC. By Sir W. H. HADOW.

123. DRAMA. By ASHLEY DUKES.

_Many other volumes in preparation._

LONDON: WILLIAMS AND NORGATE, LTD.

_And of all Bookshops and Bookstalls._

HOME UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
OF MODERN KNOWLEDGE

THE NEWSPAPER

BY
G. BINNEY DIBBLEE, M.A.
LATE FELLOW OF ALL SOULS COLLEGE, OXFORD

LONDON
WILLIAMS & NORGATE

HENRY HOLT & CO., NEW YORK
CANADA: WM. BRIGGS, TORONTO
INDIA: R. & T. WASHBOURNE, LTD.

HOME
UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
OF
MODERN KNOWLEDGE

_Editors_:
HERBERT FISHER, M.A., F.B.A.
PROF. GILBERT MURRAY, D.LITT.,
LL.D., F.B.A.
PROF. J. ARTHUR THOMSON, M.A.
PROF. WILLIAM T. BREWSTER, M.A.
(COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, U.S.A.)

NEW YORK
HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY

THE BRITISH TAXES ON KNOWLEDGE

The Newspaper Duty Stamps were imposed in 1712.
The Newspaper Duty Stamps were repealed in 1855.
The Advertisement Duty of 3s. 6d. was imposed in 1712.
The Advertisement Duty of 1s. 6d. was imposed in 1833.
The Advertisement Duty was repealed in 1853.
The Paper Duty was repealed in 1861.]

THE
NEWSPAPER

BY
G. BINNEY DIBBLEE, M.A.
Late Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford

LONDON
WILLIAMS AND NORGATE

PRINTED BY
THE LONDON AND NORWICH PRESS, LIMITED
LONDON AND NORWICH

CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

I THE FUNCTION OF A NEWSPAPER 9

II NEWSCOLLECTING AND REPORTING 25

III THE GREAT NEWSAGENCIES 74

IV THE NEWSPAPER AS AN ORGAN OF OPINION 87

V THE NEWSPAPER AS A BUSINESS ORGANIZATION 112

VI THE MECHANICAL PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION
OF A NEWSPAPER 139

VII THE LONDON DAILY AND PERIODICAL PRESS 162

VIII NEWSPAPERS IN THE PROVINCES AND IN
THE EMPIRE 204

IX CONTINENTAL AND AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS 216

X JOURNALISM AND JOURNALISTS 226

BIBLIOGRAPHY 253

INDEX 255

THE NEWSPAPER