Chapter VIII: The Norman Kingdom of Sicily 218 (8)

[9] H. W. C. Davis, _England under the Normans and Angevins_, p. 3.

[10] _Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres_, p. 4.

[11] II, 14, as translated by Keary, _Vikings_, p. 136.

[12] _Corpus Poeticum Boreale_, I, p. 257.

[13] _Corpus Poeticum Boreale_, I, pp. 236–40.

[14] _Corpus Poeticum Boreale_, I, p. 265 _f._

[15] _Corpus Poeticum Boreale_, I, pp. 268–70.

[16] _Ibid._, I, p. 281 _f._

[17] _Germanic Origins_ (New York, 1892), p. 305 _f._

[18] _Corpus Poeticum Boreale_, I, p. 373.

[19] _Ibid._, II, p. 345.

[20] “Primitive Iceland,” in his _Studies in History and Jurisprudence_ (Oxford, 1901), pp. 263 _ff._

[21] Pollock and Maitland, _History of English Law_, I, p. 66.

[22] _History of the Norman Conquest_ (third edition), II, pp. 164–67.

[23] _Norman Conquest_, II, p. 166.

[24] Translated by Giles (London, 1847), pp. 461–63.

[25] Fulk Rechin, in _Chroniques des comtes d’Anjou_ (ed. Marchegay), p. 378 _f_; (ed. Halphen and Poupardin, Paris, 1913), pp. 235–37.

[26] Luchaire, _Les quatre premiers Capétiens_, in Lavisse, _Histoire de France_ (Paris, 1901), II, 2, p. 176.

[27] W. S. Ferguson, _Greek Imperialism_, p. 1.

[28] Salzmann, _Henry II_, where the continental aspects of Henry’s reign are dismissed in a brief chapter on “foreign affairs.” The heading would be more appropriate to the account of Henry’s campaigns in Ireland.

[29] _Benedict of Peterborough_, II, p. xxxiii.

[30] _Benedict of Peterborough_, II, p. xxxi.

[31] _Recueil des actes de Henri II_, Introduction, p. 1; cf. p. 151.

[32] Delisle, p. 166, from Madox, _Exchequer_, I, p. 390.

[33] _The English Constitution_, p. 3.

[34] _Origin of the English Constitution_ (London, 1872), p. 20 _f._

[35] Stubbs, _Benedict of Peterborough_, II, p. xxxv.

[36] Poole, _The Exchequer in the Twelfth Century_, pp. 42–57; Haskins, “The Abacus and the King’s Curia,” in _English Historical Review_, XXVII, pp. 101–06.

[37] Salzmann, _Henry II_, p. 176.

[38] Pollock and Maitland, _History of English Law_, I, p. 142.

[39] Pollock and Maitland, I, p. 141.

[40] Giraldus Cambrensis (Rolls Series), VIII, p. 283.

[41] Salzmann, _Henry II_, p. 214.

[42] _Constitutional History_, I, p. 551.

[43] See the extracts from the chroniclers translated in T. A. Archer, _The Crusade of Richard I_ (London, 1888), pp. 285 _ff._

[44] Guillaume le Breton, _Philippide_, V, lines 316–27.

[45] _Le Château-Gaillard_, in _Mémoires de l’Académie des Inscriptions_, XXXVI, 1, p. 330.

[46] _The Loss of Normandy_, p. 449.

[47] _General View of the Political History of Europe_ (translated by Charles Gross), p. 64.

[48] _William the Conqueror_, p. 2.

[49] Armitage, _Early Norman Castles of the British Isles_, p. 359.

[50] _The Loss of Normandy_, pp. 298 _ff._

[51] Printed by Delisle, _Études sur la classe agricole_, pp. 668 _ff._

[52] _Kirche und Staat_, p. 41.

[53] Robert of Torigni (ed. Delisle), I, p. 344.

[54] The text is printed in the _Bibliothèque de l’École des Chartes_, XXI, pp. 120 _ff._

[55] Ordericus Vitalis (ed. Le Prévost), III, p. 431.

[56] Guillaume de Jumièges, _Gesta Normannorum Ducum_ (ed. Marx), Société de l’Histoire de Normandie, 1914.

[57] _La littérature normande avant l’annexion_, p. 22.

[58] _Gallia Christiana_, XI, instr., coll. 219–23; Mortet, _Recueil de textes relatifs à l’histoire de l’architecture_ (Paris, 1911), pp. 71–75.

[59] _Norman Conquest_, III, p. 109.

[60] _Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres_, p. 4.

[61] Delarc, _Les Normands en Italie_, p. 35.

[62] Bertaux, _L’art dans l’Italie méridionale_, p. 15.

[63] Aimé, _Ystoire de li Normant_, p. 124.

[64] William of Malmesbury, _Gesta Regum_, p. 322.

[65] Geoffrey Malaterra, II, p. 1.

[66] _Massachusetts Historical Society Collections_, fourth series, VI, p. 65.

[67] Laodicea ad mare, not the Phrygian Laodicea of the Apocalypse.

[68] The phrase is Amari’s: _Storia dei Musulmani di Sicilia_, III, p. 365.

[69] _Bilder aus der neueren Kunstgeschichte_, I, p. 159.

[70] _L’art dans l’Italie méridionale_, p. 344.

[71] His description is translated by Amari, _Biblioteca arabo-sicula_ (Turin, 1888), I, pp. 155 _ff._; and by Schiaparelli, _Ibn Gubayr_ (Rome, 1906), pp. 328 _ff._ Cf. Waern, _Mediæval Sicily_, pp. 64 _ff._

[72] “The Emperor Frederick the Second,” in _Historical Essays_, first series, p. 291.

INDEX

Abacus, 106 _f._

Abruzzi, 196, 204, 222 _f._

Adams, Henry, quoted, 12, 22, 188 _f._

Adelaide, countess, 210.

Adelard of Bath, 177, 179, 238.

Africa, 196 _f._, 222, 232.

Aimé of Monte Cassino, 13, 200 _f._

Alençon, 63, 178.

Alexander II, Pope, 74, 79, 165, 175.

Alfred, king, 34.

Alphonso VIII, king, 90.

Amalfi, 197 _f._, 204, 213, 232.

Amari, M., 216, 248;
quoted, 234.

Anacletus II, Pope, 210.

Andeli, 134.

Angers, 61–63.

Angoulême, 160.

Anjou, counts of, 61, 85;
relations with Normandy, 61–63, 85, 100, 112, 131, 136 _f._

Anna Comnena, quoted, 201.

Anselm, 175–78.

Antioch, 212;
principality, 214–16.

Apulia, 186, 197–211, 222 _f._, 228, 238, 246.

Aquitaine, 87 _f._, 90, 100, 120 _f._, 136.

Arabic elements in Sicilian state, 226–30, 235, 238–44.

Architecture, Norman, 9–12, 102, 186–89;
Sicilian, 189, 241–44.

Archives, Norman, 9, 66 _f._, 105, 178.

Argentan, 10, 71, 133, 139, 153.

Arlette, mother of William the Conqueror, 53, 166.

Arnulf of Chocques, patriarch, 212.

Arnulf, bishop of Lisieux, 167.

Arthur, duke of Brittany, 136–39.

Assizes, Anglo-Norman, 94, 100, 111 _f._, 161;
Sicilian, 230 _f._, 234.

Aversa, 200, 204, 206.

Avranches, 172, 175, 178.

Avranchin, 28.

Avre, 7.

_Bailli_, 103, 145.

Barfleur, 132, 160.

Bari, 189, 197, 202, 232, 241.

Baudri of Bourgueil, 76.

Bayeux, 10, 46, 49, 67, 76, 150 _f._, 162, 166, 172, 187;
_Black Book_, 111.
See Odo, Turold, Richard, Philip d’Harcourt.

Bayeux Tapestry, 76 _f._, 80, 84, 151, 167.

Bayonne, 161.

Bec, 171, 185;
schools, 175 _f._;
library, 177–80.

Becket, 4, 100, 118, 168.

Bellême, 154.

Benevento, 198, 203.

Benoît de Sainte-More, 184.

Bertaux, E., quoted, 197, 241.

Bessin, 10, 28.

Bibliographical notes, 24 _f._, 51, 83 _f._, 114 _f._, 147, 189–91,
216 _f._, 247–49.

Bisignano, 201.

Bocage, 10.

Boccaccio, 246.

Bocherville, Saint-Georges de, 169, 187.

Bohemond I, prince of Antioch, 207, 213–16.

Böhmer, H., quoted, 165.

Bonneval, 154.

Bordeaux, 88.

Boutmy, E., quoted, 101.

Breteuil, 154, 160.

Brittany, 6–8, 10, 57, 61, 75, 88, 136–39.

Bryce, James, Viscount, quoted, 43.

Buchanan, James, 17 _f._

Bury St. Edmund’s, 173.

Caen, 10 _f._, 71, 133, 139, 143, 153, 160, 166, 172, 184;
abbeys, 12, 58, 160, 163, 171, 174, 186–88, 213.

Calabria, 176, 198, 201–11, 222, 226, 237, 246.

Caliphs, Fatimite, 196, 230.

Campania, 197, 222.

Canada, Normans in, 3 _f._, 13, 16.

Canaries, Normans in, 4, 13.

Canne, 199.

Canosa, 214.

Canterbury, 56, 81, 175.

Canute, king, 52, 54, 74, 194.

Cappella Palatina, 242–44.

Capua, 198, 207, 223, 228.

Carentan, 172.

Carlyle, Thomas, quoted, 101, 173.

Castles, Norman, 68 _f._, 102, 133–35, 139, 150–53, 163, 209.

Castrogiovanni, 209.

Caux, 8.

Cefalù, 189, 241.

Cerisy, 187.

Chancery, of Henry II, 96–99;
of Sicilian kingdom, 226 _f._

Channel Islands, 144 _f._, 172, 184.

Charlemagne, 18, 31 _f._, 80, 86, 193 _f._

Charles VII, king of France, 144.

Charles of Anjou, king of Naples, 221.

Charles the Simple, 27, 45.

_Charte aux Normands_, 142.

Charter, Great, 140, 142.

Chartres, cathedral, 169–71, 186, 194;
school, 177.

Château Gaillard, 9, 134 _f._, 139.

Chaucer, his ‘povre persoun,’ 169.

Cherbourg, 4 _f._, 59, 162.

Chinon, 116.

_Chronicle_, Anglo-Saxon, quoted, 32, 34, 55–58.

Church, Norman, 67, 71 _f._, 81, 100, 164 _ff._;
the Greek, 198, 203, 209, 223, 225, 237, 241.

Civitate, 203.

Classics, Latin, in Norman libraries, 179;
at Monte Cassino, 235–37;
Greek, in Sicily, 239 _f._, 246.

Clermont, 211.

Clovis, 207.

Cluny, 164.

Colombières, 116.

Commerce, Norman, 4, 73, 81, 160–63;
Sicilian, 231–33, 242;
Viking, 37.

Compostela, 16, 193, 217.

Conan, 163.

Conches, 154.

Conquest, Norman, of England, 72–81;
its results, 81–83, 100 _ff._, 145 _f._;
of Italy, 198 _ff._;
the two compared, 223–25.

Constance, empress, 220.

Constantine the African, 236.

Constantinople, 194–96, 212, 214, 235 _f._, 240.

Corneille, 4, 12.

Cotentin, 28, 50.

Courcy, 154.

Coutances, 169, 172, 200;
cathedral, 10, 186 _f._
See Geoffrey de Mowbray.

_Coutume de Normandie_, 11, 48 _f._, 108, 142, 145.

Crusades, Normans in, 2, 89, 91, 100, 127–31, 184, 208, 211–17.

_Curia regis_, 103, 108, 227 _f._

Danegeld, 34, 104.

Danelaw, 31.

Daudet, Alphonse, quoted, 5.

Davis, H. W. C., quoted, 15.

Delarc, O., quoted, 196.

Delbrück, H., quoted, 77 _f._

Delisle, L., 4, 114, 189 _f._;
quoted, 97.

Dieppe, 4 _f._, 160.

Dieulafoy, quoted, 135.

Dives, 75.

Domesday, 66, 110, 172, 229.

Domfront, 63, 154, 172.

Dover, 166.

Downing, E., 208.

Drogo of Hauteville, 200–02.

_Duana_, 228 _f._

Dudo of Saint Quentin, 27, 47, 180.

Durham, 188.

Edrisi, 238–40.

Edward the Confessor, king, 73–75.

Eleanor of Aquitaine, queen, 89, 118, 120, 123, 184.

Emma, queen, 73.

Empire, Angevin, 85;
Eastern, 91, 94, 129, 197–99, 201 _f._, 206, 214–17, 222, 226–31,
243;
German, 87;
Holy Roman, 64, 86, 244;
Norman, 85–113;
its destruction, 116–39.

England, Normandy compared with, 5 _f._;
Northmen in, 32–34;
before the Normans, 101–03, 223;
Norman Conquest, 52, 72–83;
results, 22 _f._, 100–13, 145 _f._, 151 _f._;
loss of Normandy, 139–44.

Enna, 209.

Eryx, 208.

Escorial, 178.

Ethelred, king, 73.

Etna, 209, 239.

Eudes Rigaud, archbishop of Rouen, 168 _f._, 183.

Eugene of Palermo, emir, 239 _f._

Eure, 7.

Évreux, 184, 187.

Exchequer, 11, 103–08, 142, 229.

Exmes, 71.

Falaise, 10, 53, 59, 133, 139, 153.

Fécamp, 160, 164, 171, 178.

Feudalism, 60, 64, 93, 133, 136–38, 233;
Norman, 67–69, 82, 145, 149–57;
in southern Italy, 209, 223–31.

Finance, Anglo-Norman, 69–71, 103–08;
Sicilian, 225, 228 _f._, 232 _f._

Flanders, 61, 75.

Flaubert, G., 4, 8, 12;
quoted, 5.

Fontevrault, 117.

France, Normandy as a part of, 6 _f._, 16, 18–24, 48;
feudal relations with Normandy, 63–66;
government compared with that of Normandy, 64, 69–71;
geographical unity, 124–26;
how it conquered and absorbed Normandy, 126–44;
Norman influence on, 23, 144.

France, Anatole, quoted, 178.

Franks, Normandy under, 16, 20 _f._, 26.

Frederick Barbarossa, emperor, 86 _f._, 128 _f._

Frederick II, king of Sicily and emperor, 24, 215, 219–21, 240, 245
_f._

Freeman, E. A., 83;
on William the Conqueror, 53–56;
on the Norman Conquest, 73, 83, 101, 145 _f._;
on the battle of Hastings, 77;
on Norman castles, 151;
on the abbeys of Caen, 188;
on Frederick II, 245.

Fulk Rechin, quoted, 62 _f._

Gaeta, 197 _f._

Gaimar, 184.

Gascony, 88–91, 100, 139, 161.

Gavrai, 172.

Genoa, 232.

Geoffrey, duke of Brittany, 120.

Geoffrey Malaterra, quoted, 13, 207.

Geoffrey Martel, count of Anjou, 61–63.

Geoffrey de Mowbray, bishop of Coutances, 10, 186 _f._

Geoffrey Plantagenet, count of Anjou, 85, 89, 99, 112.

Geoffrey, illegitimate son of Henry II, 116.

George of Antioch, admiral, 226, 242.

Gilbert Crispin, abbot of Westminster, 175.

Giobair, Ibn, quoted, 243.

Giraldus Cambrensis, quoted, 117 _f._, 123.

Girgenti, 209.

Gisors, 132 _f._, 135 _f._

Glanvill, 108.

Goethe, 219, 243.

Greek influences in southern Italy and Sicily, 198, 209, 219, 223,
225–31, 235, 237–46.

Green, J. R., quoted, 122.

Gregory VII Pope, 72, 165 _f._, 202, 204 _f._

Grentemaisnil, 154.

Grimoud, 60.

Guernsey, 144 _f._

Gummere, F. B., quoted, 41.

Guy of Amiens, 76.

Hamburg, 33.

_Haro_, 145.

Harold, king of England, 73–80.

Harold Fairhair, 28, 38.

Hastings, battle of, 75–80, 84, 151, 166, 202.

Hastings, Viking leader, 33.

Hauteville, house of, 2, 200–02, 207, 209, 213. See Robert Guiscard,
Roger.

Havre, Le, 4 _f._

Henricus Aristippus, 239 _f._

Henry I, king of England, 89, 94, 105 _f._, 133, 160, 162 _f._, 181,
184, 229.

Henry II, king of England, 49, 85, 133, 219;
empire, 86–90;
European position, 87, 90 _f._;
character, 92–94, 114, 117 _f._;
government, 93–113, 153, 227–30;
death, 116 _f._, 154;
sons, 118–23;
relations with Philip Augustus, 127 _f._;
privileges to Rouen, 161–63.

Henry V, king of England, 142.

Henry VI, king of England, 143.

Henry the Young King, 119–21, 123, 127, 154–57.

Henry I, king of France, 62 _f._, 65.

Henry III, emperor, 201.

Henry IV, emperor, 205.

Henry VI, emperor, 220.

Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, 90.

Historians, Norman, 47, 154, 180–84.

Hohenstaufen, in Sicily, 220 _f._

Honorius II, Pope, 210.

Hugh Capet, 65.

Hugh of Amiens, archbishop of Rouen, 179.

Hugo, Victor, quoted, 144.

Humphrey of Hauteville, 200–02.

Iceland, 3, 12, 31, 43 _f._

Ile-de-France, 7, 125.

Innocent III, Pope, 137.

Ireland, 22, 31, 33, 57, 85 _f._, 88, 90, 160, 162 _f._

Italy, influence on Normandy, 175;
Normans in, 181 _f._, 192, 198–211, 218–49;
political condition ca. 1000, 196–98;
relation to Renaissance, 246.

James, Henry, quoted, 6.

Jersey, 144 _f._, 184.

Jerusalem, Normans at, 128, 130, 167, 193–95, 198 _f._, 212, 214.

Jews, in Sicily, 225, 242.

Joan of Arc, 10, 19, 143 _f._

Jocelin of Brakelonde, 173.

John, king of England, 85 _f._, 116, 131 _f._, 154;
character, 122 _f._, 126 _f._;
struggle with Philip Augustus, 136–39;
loss of Normandy, 139 _f._

John VIII, Pope, 237.

John of Salisbury, 238.

John the Scribe, 232.

Jomvikings, 43 _f._

Joppa, 130.

Jumièges, 9, 171, 187.

Jury, Anglo-Norman, 23, 109–13, 142, 146.

Justices, Anglo-Norman, 108;
Sicilian, 227 _f._

Kensington rune-stone, 1.

Kent, 166 _f._

Knights’ fees, 68, 78, 100, 145, 150, 229, 231.

Krak, 134.

Lanfranc, 175–78.

Laon, school of, 107, 177.

Laplace, 4, 12.

La Rochelle, 161.

La Roncière, Bourel de, quoted, 49.

Lavisse, E., quoted, 143.

Law, Norman, 11, 20, 23, 48 _f._, 69, 82, 108–13, 145 _f._, 224;
Roman, 137, 175–77, 179, 230 _f._, 236;
canon, 137, 168, 175–77, 179, 230.

LeMans, 63, 88, 116 _f._, 125, 160, 172.

Leo IX, Pope, 203.

Lessay, 187.

Libraries, Norman, 177–81;
south-Italian and Sicilian, 236–40, 242, 246;
papal, 240.

Limerick, 37.

Lindisfarne, 33.

Lire, 178.

Loire, relation to Plantagenet empire, 125, 128, 139 _f._

Lombards, 175, 188, 192, 196–99, 222 _f._, 238.

London, 81, 162 _f._

Lorraine, schools of, 107, 167.

Louis VII, king of France, 89, 118 _f._, 127.

Louis X, king of France, 142.

Luchaire, A., quoted, 70.

Lugdunensis Secunda, 9, 21, 26.

Luna, 33.

Lusignan, 138.

Luther, 18.

Lyons, 125.

Magna Græcia, 197, 238.

Mahan, A. T., 30.

Maine, 7, 10, 57, 62 _f._, 85, 87, 136.

Maitland, F. W., quoted, 48, 110, 113.

Malta, 221.

Manfred, 221, 240.

Mantes, 58.

Margam, _Annals_ of, 139.

Margat, 134.

Marmoutier, 171.

Matilda, abbess of Caen, 174.

Matilda, empress, 85, 89, 163.

Matilda, queen, 11, 61, 77, 186–88.

Maupassant, 4, 8, 12.

Mediterranean, Northmen in, 33;
Normans in, 192 _ff._

Meles, 198 _f._

Melfi, council of, 204.

Messina, 129 _f._, 208, 237;
Straits of, 207, 210, 232.

Michelet, quoted, 11, 195.

Mileto, 210.

Millet, 4, 12.

Monasteries, plundered by Northmen, 35, 164;
Norman, 81, 164 _f._, 171–75;
their lands, 157 _f._, 171 _f._;
schools, 175–77;
libraries, 177–80;
as centres of historical writing, 180–83;
relation to mediæval epic, 185;
their churches, 186–89;
south-Italian, 176, 181, 225, 235–37.

Monreale, 189, 241 _f._

Mont-Saint-Michel, 10, 171;
peasants, 158;
property, 172;
buildings, 158, 173, 187, 189;
library, 173, 178.
See Robert of Torigni.

Monte Cassino, 178, 235–37.

Monte Gargano, 198, 216.

Montelius, O., quoted, 37.

Montfort, 133.

Montpellier, 177.

Mortemer, 65.

Mosaics, in Sicily, 241 _ff._

Nantes, 33.

Naples, 197 _f._, 222, 246.

Napoleon, 76.

Néel of Saint-Sauveur, 59.

Neilos Doxopatrios, 238, 240.

Nicæa, 52, 58, 195, 212.

Niccola Pisano, 246.

Nicholas II, Pope, 204.

Nietzsche, 18, 55.

Normandy, millenary of, 1–4, 25 _f._;
compared with England, 5 _f._;
general features, 6–8;
Upper and Lower, 8–11;
inhabitants, 11–16;
periods in its history, 17–22;
general importance, 22–24;
conquered by Northmen, 26–48;
how far Scandinavian, 48–51;
under William the Conqueror, 59–61, 66–72, 152 _f._;
its archives, 66 _f._;
relations with Anjou and Maine, 61–63;
with France, 63–65;
with England, 73–83;
centre of Plantagenet empire, 85–88;
influence on England, 100–13;
conquered by Philip Augustus, 131–41;
occupied by English in fifteenth century, 142–44;
final union with France, 17, 19, 144;
influence on France, 23, 141;
dialect, 49, 145, 224;
life of lords, 149–57;
of peasants, 157 _f._;
of towns, 159–64;
church, 71 _f._, 81, 164–71;
monasteries, 171–75;
their schools, 175–77;
libraries, 177–80;
historians, 12, 47, 180–84;
vernacular literature, 184–86;
architecture, 186–89;
the ‘greater Normandy,’ 147, 182.

Normans, characteristics, 11–16, 192, 225, 247;
conquest of England, 52, 72–83, 223 _f._;
in southern Italy and Sicily, 2–4, 13 _f._, 16, 22–24, 94, 150,
177, 181, 189, 192, 198–211, 218–49;
in Spain, 16, 181, 192, 195;
as pilgrims, 193–96, 198 _f._, 241;
on the Crusades, 2, 16, 91, 127–31, 182, 184, 211–17;
in Syria, 215 _f._
See Normandy.

Northmen, 12, 16 _f._;
invasion of Normandy, 26 _ff._;
causes and course of migrations, 29–31;
in Frankish empire, 31–35;
in England, 31–34;
their culture and organization, 35–44;
influence on Normandy, 48–51;
as Crusaders, 211.

Noto, 209.

Odo, bishop of Bayeux, 4, 57, 76, 166 _f._, 185 _f._, 212.

Ordericus Vitalis, his _History_, 154, 174, 178, 180–83;
quoted, 14, 176, 180, 199.

Orleans, schools of, 177.

Ouche, 181.

Palermo, Normans at, 189, 208, 210 _f._, 226, 231 _f._, 238 _ff._;
churches, 230, 241 _f._;
palace, 242–44.

Palestine, 128, 130 _f._, 134, 212–16.

Papacy, Normandy and the, 22, 72, 74, 79, 91, 136, 165, 168;
relations with southern Normans, 192, 200, 202–05, 210, 221, 238.

Paris, 33 _f._, 76, 96, 136–38, 140;
basin, 8, 125;
Parlement of, 141 _f._;
university of, 177.

Paris, Gaston, quoted, 185.

Peasants, Norman, 157 _f._

Peers, court of, 138 _f._

Perche, 7.

Peter the Hermit, 211.

Petrarch, 246.

Pevensey, 75.

Philip Augustus, 19, 24, 95, 116, 122;
character, 126;
struggle with Plantagenets, 127–29, 131–39;
on the Third Crusade, 128–30;
policy in Normandy, 142, 163.

Philip d’Harcourt, bishop of Bayeux, 167;
his library, 178–80.

Picardy, 7 _f._

Pilgrims, Normans as, 193–96, 198 _f._, 241.

Pisa, 221, 232.

Plantagenets, origin of, 61, 85, 89. See Henry II, Richard, John.

_Plateæ_, 228.

Poitiers, 88, 160.

Poitou, 62, 75, 88, 90, 100, 128, 138 _f._

Pontorson, 160.

Poole, R. L., 114;
quoted, 107.

Powicke, F. M., 147;
quoted, 139, 141, 153.

Prentout, H., 24, 51, 147.

Provence, 90.

Quevilly, 163.

Rabelais, 169.

Racine, 11.

Ragnar Lodbrok, 42.

Ranulf, _vicomte_, 59.

_Raven, Lay of the_, 38.

Renaissance, of twelfth century, 235–40, 245 _f._

Rhys, J., quoted, 49.

Richard the Lion-Hearted, king, 85, 95, 116, 153–55;
character, 120–22, 126, 129 _f._;
Crusade, 127–31, 215;
struggle with Philip Augustus, 127–29, 131–36;
death, 136.

Richard of Aversa, 204.

Richard, abbot of Préaux, 180.

Richard, bishop of Bayeux, 177.

Richard Fitz-Neal, author of _Dialogus_, 104, 106.

Richard the Good, duke, 52, 73, 195.

_Rigsmal_, quoted, 38.

Robert Crispin, 195.

Robert Curthose, duke, 89, 96, 154, 212 _f._

Robert the Devil, 52.

Robert Guiscard, 186, 200–08.

Robert the Magnificent, 52 _f._, 65, 195.

Robert of Selby, 229.

Robert of Torigni, 167, 172 _f._, 178, 180.

Roger I, the Great Count, 200, 202, 206–11, 225.

Roger II, king of Sicily, 24, 206, 210 _f._, 219–22, 225–34, 238–49.

Roger Borsa, duke of Apulia, 206 _f._, 213.

Roger of Toeni, 195.

Roland, _Song of_, 80, 184 _f._, 193.

Rollo, duke, 26–29, 42, 45 _f._, 184.

Romanesque, Norman, 12, 186–89.

Romans, Normandy under, 16, 20 _f._, 26;
southern Italy under, 197.

Rome, pilgrimages to, 194 _f._;
Normans at, 205.

Rossano, 237.

Rouen, 1 _f._, 9 _f._, 21, 26, 46, 60, 73, 88, 95, 117, 133 _f._,
136, 139, 142, 144, 153, 172, 175, 178, 200;
described, 9, 162 _f._;
churches, 2, 9, 12, 162 _f._, 169, 171, 187;
_Établissements_, 160–62;
commerce, 160, 162;
libraries, 178.
See Eudes Rigaud.

Round, J. H., 77, 83, 114.

Russia, 30.

_Saga, Burnt Njal_, 11;
of Harold Fairhair, 28;
of St. Olaf, 46.

Saint-Céneri, 154.

Saint-Évroul, 154, 171, 173, 176, 178, 181–83, 195, 206. See
Ordericus.

Saint-Lô, 10.

Saint-Pierre-sur-Dives, Abbot Haimo, 170.

Saint-Sauveur, convent, 169.

Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte, 59.

Saint-Valéry-sur-Somme, 75.

Saint-Wandrille, 9, 51, 171.

St. Alexis, _Life_ of, 184.

St. Francis, quoted, 11.

St. Gall, Monk of, quoted, 31.

St. Ives, 175, 179.

St. James, 193.

St. Michael, 198. See Mont-Saint-Michel.

Saintonge, 63.

Saladin, 128.

Salerno, 198–200, 205, 222, 232;
university, 177, 238.

Salutati, 246.

Salzmann, L. F., quoted, 91, 109, 118.

Saracens, of Syria, 128–31, 192, 212–14;
of Sicily, 192, 196, 198 _f._, 208 _f._, 223, 225;
of Spain, 192, 195.

Savigny, Congregation of, 171, 174.

Savoy, 90.

Schools, Norman, 175–77.

Seine, 7–9;
relation to Plantagenet empire, 125, 134 _f._, 139 _f._

Seville, 33.

Sheriff, Anglo-Norman, 103–05, 107.

‘Sicilian monarchy,’ 210.

Sicily, Normans in, 2–4, 13 _f._, 16, 22–24, 75, 127, 177, 181, 189,
192, 201 _f._, 204, 206–11;
Norman kingdom of, 94, 105, 150, 210 _f._, 216, 218–49.

Simon, count, 210.

Sorel, A., 4, 25;
quoted, 7.

Spain, 75, 181, 232;
schools of, 177, 180, 235;
Normans in, 192, 195, 211.

Spatz, Wilhelm, 77.

Springer, A., quoted, 239.

Stamfordbridge, 75.

State, beginnings of modern, 93, 233 _f._

Stephen, king, 69, 89, 162, 167.

Stubbs, William, 114;
quoted, 92 _f._, 102, 121.

Syracuse, 209.

Tagliacozzo, 221.

Taillefer, 79 _f._

Tancarville, 9, 155.

Tancred, Crusader, 2, 213–16.

Tancred of Lecce, king of Sicily, 220.

Taormina, 209.

Thibaud, count of Blois, 62.

Thierry, abbot of Saint-Évroul, 195.

Thomas Brown, 229.

Tiglath-Pileser, 17 _f._

Tinchebrai, 89.

Touraine, 62, 88, 131, 136.

Tournaments, 154–57, 189.

Tours, 62, 88, 116, 125, 132, 160, 177.

Towns, Norman, 81, 159–64.

Translators, Sicilian, 238–40, 246.

Trouville, 4.

Turks, 130 _f._

Turold, bishop of Bayeux, 185.

Urban II, Pope, 210 _f._

Val-des-Dunes, 54, 59.

Valognes, 10, 59 _f._

Varaville, 54, 65.

Vavassor, 150.

Venice, 206, 232.

Venosa, 206.

Verneuil, 132, 160.

Verson, _Conte des vilains_, 158.

Vexin, 7, 125, 134.

_Vicomte_, 69, 71, 103, 145.

Victor III, Pope, 236.

Vidal de la Blache, quoted, 7.

Vikings, see Northmen.

Vire, 10.

Vitalis, founder of Savigny, 174.

Voltaire, quoted, 86.

Wace, 76, 184;
quoted, 15.

Warfare, mediæval, 68 _f._, 77–79, 133–35, 152–54.

Westminster, 56, 95, 136.

William the Conqueror, 10, 14, 19, 163, 192;
descent, 52;
character, 53–59, 83, 85, 188;
early years, 59 _f._;
relations with Anjou and Maine, 61–63;
with France, 63–65;
Normandy under, 66–72, 106, 151 _f._;
relations with the church, 71 _f._, 165, 186–88;
invasion of England, 73–75;
battle of Hastings, 76–80;
crowned king, 81;
death, 58, 117.

William Rufus, king of England, 89, 212.

William I, the Bad, king of Sicily, 219, 221, 239 _f._, 246.

William II, the Good, king of Sicily, 90, 219, 221, 230, 241.

William III, king of Sicily, 220.

William, duke of Apulia, 207, 210.

William of Arques, 65.

William of Conches, 177.

William, prince, son of Henry I, 89.

William of the Iron Arm, 200 _f._

William of Jumièges, 180.

William Longsword, duke, 46, 49.

William of Malmesbury, quoted, 14.

William Marshal, 154–57.

Winchester, 56, 163.

Witan, 74, 102.

Writs, of Henry II, 98, 111 _f._;
of Sicilian kings, 227.

Xerxes, size of his army, 78.

Transcriber’s Notes

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced quotation marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left unbalanced.

Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs and outside quotations. In versions of this eBook that support hyperlinks, the page references in the List of Illustrations lead to the corresponding illustrations.

Footnotes, originally at the bottoms of pages, have been collected, sequentially renumbered, and repositioned between the end of the last chapter and the Index.

The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.