Chapter XIV: Section 2: =Tilmadoche= Fries (7)

The trichias are easily recognized among their kind by their beautiful spirally wound, elastic capillitial threads, the _elaters_; these are entirely free, about 3-4 mm. in length, simple or only rarely branched, and generally acute at each extremity. The spiral bands, sometimes called _taeniae_, are generally very uniform in thickness, distance from each other, and pitch, and in many species are further reenforced by minute longitudinal plications running from one spiral to the next. Furthermore, the spirals may be smooth or spinulose the elater uniform throughout or enlarged betimes by nodes and swellings. Taken altogether, the trichias with the species of the genus next following exhibit the highest degree of differentiation attained by the Myxomycetes.

Most of the earlier authors, including Haller, used the generic name _Trichia_ to cover a variety of forms. It is here used with the limits sketched by De Bary in 1859 and 1864 (_Die Myxomyceten_), and followed more exactly ten years later by his pupil, Rostafinski.

=Key to the Species of Trichia=

_A._ Sporangia, in typical cases at least, wholly sessile.

_a._ Gregarious; hypothallus none.

i. Peridium brown or reddish brown.

O Elaters smooth.

OO Spirals even, regular 1. _T. inconspicua_

+ Spirals irregular 2. _T. contorta_

++ Elaters rough, spinescent 3. _T. iowensis_

ii. Peridium olivaceous or yellow.

O Elaters smooth 4. _T. varia_

_b._ Hypothallus distinct; sporangia crowded;
spores reticulate, banded, or netted.

i. Spore-bands pitted 6. _T. persimilis_

ii. Spore-bands, narrow, plain 7. _T. favoginea_

iii. Spores covered by a delicate net 5. _T. scabra_

_B._ Sporangia stipitate.

_a._ Hypothallus distinct 8. _T. verrucosa_

_b._ Hypothallus none; peridium checkered with
pale reticulations.

i. Brownish red or black 10. _T. botrytis_

ii. Olivaceous.

O Elaters smooth 11. _T. subfusca_

OO Elaters rough 12. _T. erecta_

_c._ Peridium plain, shining 13. _T. decipiens_

_d._ Peridium plain, dull black 14. _T. lateritia_

1. TRICHIA INCONSPICUA _Rostafinski._

PLATE III., Figs. 5, 5 _a_, 5 _b_.

1875. _Trichia inconspicua_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 259.

Sporangia gregarious or crowded, small, spherical, ellipsoidal or arcuate, brown or reddish brown, sessile; hypothallus none; capillitium dull, dark, ochraceous, the elaters long, slender, even, about 3 mu wide, the spirals three or four rather closely wound, the apices attenuate, acute, sometimes turned to one side; spore-mass concolorous, spores pale ochraceous, minutely but distinctly warted, 10-12 mu.

One of the smallest of the _Trichiae_, not uncommon in the Mississippi valley on decaying fallen stems of _Populus_--sp. Distinguished at sight from all except No. 3 following, by its small size and brown color. Under the lens the long, delicate, finely sculptured capillitial threads, with fine tapering threads are distinctive.

New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska; Black Hills, South Dakota; Toronto.

2. TRICHIA CONTORTA (_Ditmar_) _Rost._

PLATE XIII., Figs. 7, 7 _a_.

1811. _Lycogala contortum_ Ditmar, Sturm, _Deutsch. Fl._, III.,
Tab. 5.
1872. _Trichia reniformis_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXVI., p. 74.
1875. _Trichia contorta_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 259.

Sporangia gregarious, or crowded, small, ellipsoid or reniform, arcuate, dark red brown, sessile; hypothallus none; capillitial mass ochraceous or dull yellow, the elaters few, irregular, the spirals uneven, irregular, often projecting and thin, though generally flat or obscure, the apices more or less swollen, ending in a curved tip; spore-mass concolorous, spores beneath the lens bright yellow, papillose, 10-12 mu.

This species resembles the preceding in color, but is of less aggregate habit, and the sporangia are more plasmodiocarpous, reniform, arcuate, etc. The capillitium is also distinctive, the sculpture irregular, uneven with general lack of symmetry. Our description is made up from specimens of _T. reniformis_ Peck, which appears to be the American form of Rostafinski's species.

Rare. New York, Montana?

3. TRICHIA IOWENSIS _Macbr._

PLATE III., Figs. 3, 3 _a_, 3 _b_; PLATE X., Fig. 5.

1892. _Trichia iowensis_ Macbr., I_a., Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist._, II.,
p. 133.

Sporangia sessile, gregarious, spherical or reniform, with no hypothallus, purple brown; spores and spore-mass yellow; elaters with three or four spiral bands unevenly distributed, and with occasional inflations, sparingly branched, spinulose, especially where inflated, spinules long, 3-6 mu, recurved, often bifid or trifid, especially at or near the acuminate tip; spores delicately warted, 9-11 mu.

This species occurs not rarely and is found on the bark of _Populus_, so far, exclusively. The sporangia are inconspicuous until opening by fissure they display the yellow spores and capillitial threads. The species is immediately recognized by its elaters, whose numerous and lengthened spinules are unlike those of any cognate form, reminding one of the capillitium of _Ophiotheca_. Related to the two preceding, but distinct by its spinulose capillitium.

Iowa, Missouri; Black Hills, South Dakota.

_Trichia andersoni_ Rex carefully described by Morgan, _Myx. Mi. Val._, p. 38, belongs with this first group, four small species, the inconspicuous. To the present writer in each the structure seems distinct. In the herbarium a small bit of Anderson's material has rested long; but it must not be lost to sight. The species is sure to be taken again in the cool mountains, somewhere abundant; as these stretch from Alberta to far Alaska. The capillitium is very even the taeniae closely wound, the elater-ends often furcate.

4. TRICHIA VARIA (_Pers._) _Rost._

PLATE IV., Figs. 3, 3 _a_, 3 _b_.

1791. _Stemonitis varia_ Pers., Gmel., _Syst. Nat._, II., 1470.
1794. _Trichia varia_ Pers., _Roem. Neu. Mag. Bot._, I., p. 90.
1829. _Trichia varia_ (Pers.) Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 188.
1875. _Trichia varia_ (Pers.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 251.

Sporangia gregarious or sometimes closely crowded, globose, obovoid, or irregularly globoid, yellowish or ochraceous, shining, sessile, or with a short black stipe; hypothallus none; capillitium of rather long, simple, or more rarely branched elaters, 4-5 mu, wide, marked by irregular spirals generally only two, prominent and narrow and in places remote, the apices acute, about twice the elater diameter; spore-mass yellow, spores by transmitted light dull yellow, 12-14 mu, delicately verruculose, guttulate.

A very common species, very variable in form, stipitate forms occuring anon beside those which are irregular and sessile. According to Rostafinski the stipitate phase constitutes the _T. nigripes_ of Persoon and other authors. The capillitium is, however, characteristic throughout. The two spiral bands wind loosely and irregularly and present an elater unlike anything else in the group except the same structure in _T. contorta_, but here the elater is narrow and the sculpture obscure. Since the specific distinctions are purely microscopic, the synonymy beyond Rostafinski is mainly conjectural. It is possible that Fries properly applied the name.

Common. Maine to Oregon and California, and south to Arkansas and Alabama.

5. TRICHIA SCABRA _Rost._

PLATE IV., Figs. 4, 4 _a_, 4 _b_.

1875. _Trichia scabra_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 258.

Sporangia closely crowded upon a well-developed hypothallus, regular, globose or turbinate-globose, orange or golden brown, smooth, shining; capillitial mass clear, golden yellow, or sometimes rusty orange, the elaters simple, long, 4-5 mu in width, the spirals three or four, closely wound, spinulose, even and regular, the apices short, acuminate; spore-mass concolorous, under the lens spores yellow, covered by a delicate fine-meshed network, or simply spinulose under low power, 10-12 mu.

Generally a well-marked species, easily recognized by its regular but roughened capillitial threads. Under a 1-12 objective the spores are also diagnostic. To the unaided eye it resembles the next species in both color and habit. Fructifications two inches or more in length and half as wide are not infrequent on the lower side of fallen stems in forests of deciduous trees. The plasmodium is white.

Not uncommon. Maine to Washington, Oregon, Alaska, and south to Missouri and Arkansas.

6. TRICHIA PERSIMILIS _Karst._

PLATE IV., Figs. 1, 1 _a_, 1 _b_, 1 _c_; 6, 6 _a_, 6 _b_, 6 _c_, 6 _d_.

1868. _Trichia persimilis_ Karst., _Not. Saellsk. Fenn. Foerh._ IX.,
p. 353.
1869. _Trichia affinis_ De Bary, _Fuckel, Sym. Myc._, p. 336.
1875. _Trichia jackii_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 258.
1877. _Trichia abrupta_ Cke., _Myxom. U. S._ p. 404.
1878. _Trichia proximella_ Karst., _Myc. Fenn._, IV., p. 139.

Sporangia globose or obovoid or irregularly spherical, shining, golden yellow to tawny, anon iridescent with metallic lustre, sessile; hypothallus thin, but usually very distinct; capillitial mass ochraceous or tawny yellow, the elaters long, even, about 4 mu wide, the spirals four, more or less spinulose, generally joined by longitudinal ridges, the apices short, tapering regularly, anon bifurcate; spore-mass concolorous, spores by transmitted light bright yellow, marked by an irregular or fragmentary banded reticulation, the bands broad, flat, and pitted, 10-12 mu. Plasmodium said to be white.

This species, common throughout the northern world, is distinguished from its congener, the following, not only by the episporic character, but generally by its different peridium and more sombre colors. It never shows at maturity the brilliant golden yellow fluff that hangs in masses about the open and empty vases of _T. favoginea_, a fact not unnoted by Batsch, and rendering his figure and description so far determinable.

The episporic network shows all degrees of perfection or imperfection, and the elater also varies somewhat both in the apices and distinctness of longitudinal striae. The several synonyms listed seem to have taken origin in a recognition of some of the more pronounced variations. In any event the American form _T. abrupta_ Cke., with bifid apices, belongs here, and European specimens seem to show the identity of forms described by Karsten and De Bary.

Not rare. New England, Canada, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Alabama, Missouri, and west.

7. TRICHIA FAVOGINEA (_Batsch_) _Pers._

PLATE IV., Figs. 5, 5 _a_, 5 _b_.

1786. _Lycoperdon favogineum_ Batsch, _Elench. Fung._, p. 257,
Fig 173, _a_, _b_.
1791. _Sphaerocarpus chrysospermus_ Bull., _Cham. de Fr._, Tab. 417,
Fig. 4.
1794. _Trichia favoginea_ (Batsch) Pers., _Roem. N. Mag. Bot._, I.,
p. 90.
1875. _Trichia chrysosperma_ (Bull.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 255.

Sporangia closely crowded, cylindric or prismatic by mutual pressure, obovoid, sessile, olivaceous yellow, smooth and shining; the peridium thin, opening above somewhat stellately, persistent; capillitium golden yellow, escaping entirely from the peridia, and forming woolly masses above them, the threads long, even, beautifully sculptured, bearing spirals about four, usually smooth and connected by light longitudinal ridges, the apices short tapering, about equal to the width of the elater, 6-7 mu; spores concolorous, by transmitted light paler, but still bright yellow, the episporic net conspicuous, the bands narrow and high, not pitted nor fragmentary, in form irregularly globose, 12-14 mu. Plasmodium yellow.

A common and beautiful species recognizable at sight, after the peridia break, by the aggregate capillitium constantly in evidence above the abandoned vasiform peridia. The figures of Bulliard are unsatisfactory, although the description he gives and the name he suggests, still current, may lead us to concede that he had our species before him. The spores are larger than in _T. persimilis_, and the episporic net different, the "border" wider. The plasmodium in the latitude of Iowa not uncommon in woods in June, after emerging passes into fruit in the laboratory in about forty-eight hours, and the rupture of the peridia follows presently. The hypothallus is quite distinct, extra-marginal, and in substance like to the peridial wall.

Not rare. Throughout the northern forests, Maine to Washington and Oregon, south to Alabama, Louisiana, Mexico.

8. TRICHIA VERRUCOSA _Berk._

1860. _Trichia verrucosa, Fl. Tasm._, II., p. 269.

Sporangia pyriform, or obovoid, shining, ochraceous from the color of the contents, stipitate, more or less botryoid or connate; stipe twice the height of the spore-case, reddish brown, simple or consolidated with others, weak, inclined, or procumbent; hypothallus distinct; spore-mass ochraceous yellow, the elaters simple, with smooth tapering points, with spirals three or four, the spores beautifully and strongly reticulate, after the manner of the spores in the species preceding, with the meshes generally complete and always large, quite variable in size 12-16 mu.

Rostafinski quotes the species (_teste_ Lister) from Chile. Specimens in the herbarium of the State University of Iowa are from Jalapa, Mexico, collected by Mr. C. L. Smith. The species may be therefore expected in the southern United States. Berkeley described it from Tasmania. _T. superba_ Mass, from description would seen to be the same thing.

9. TRICHIA PULCHELLA _Rex._

1893. _Trichia pulchella_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 366.

Sporangia solitary or in groups of four or five, bright vitelline yellow, sessile; the peridium thin, transparent, opening irregularly above; hypothallus none; capillitium bright yellow, not emergent, the threads narrow, 3-4 mu, wound with spirals three or four, more or less irregular, smooth, longitudinal ridges wanting, the apices rather long, acuminate, about twice the diameter of the elater, or anon clavate or even globose, bulbose at the tip and furnished with several stout spines; spore-mass concolorous; under the lens spores colorless, marked by a very feebly developed reticulation of _T. persimilis_ type, but the bands narrow and, as shown by the narrow "border," low, meshes few and often imperfect, globose or sub-globose, about 12 mu.

The episporic characters of this species ally it to _T. persimilis_ most nearly. The reticulations are possibly not more divergent from the typical form of that species than are the same features in some other forms there included. But in the present case, added to the episporic sculpture, we must reckon the peculiar capillitial thread, unlike that seen in either of the chrysospermatous forms, and the gregarious habit without hypothallus. These peculiarities seemed to Dr. Rex distinctive, and as they appear constant they may be left to separate the species.

10. TRICHIA BOTRYTIS _Persoon._

PLATE XIII., Figs. 8, 8 _a_.

1791. _Stemonitis botrytis_ Pers., Gmel., _Syst. Nat._, II., 1468.
1794. _Trichia botrytis_ Pers., _Roem. N. Mag. Bot._, I., p. 89.
1803. _Sphaerocarpus fragilis_ Sowerby, _Eng. Fung._, I., p. 279.
1829. _Trichia pyriformis_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 184.
1875. _Trichia fragilis_ (Sow.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 246.

Sporangia gregarious, scattered, sometimes combined in clusters, pyriform or turbinate, stipitate, red-purple or, ochraceous-brown the peridium breaking up irregularly, the dehiscence sometimes prefigured by pale reticulations on the surface; stipe solid, single, or united in clusters of five or more together, dark-colored, red or purple-brown, opaque; capillitium orange, ochraceous yellow, or even reddish brown, the threads simple or rarely branched, long-fusiform, about 4 mu thick at the centre, tapering gradually to the long accuminate, apiculate tips, spirals three or four, even, smooth, rather closely wound and traceable almost to the apex; spores concolorous in mass, under the lens pale, globose, more or less closely minutely warted but not reticulate, 10-12 mu.

A species remarkable for its variations in color. More commonly the unopened sporangia are opaque brown, by reason of a dense outer wall, and more frequently simple, or if compound, show but two or three united. The reddish variety, vinous or scarlet-black in color, is remarkably fasciate. Some clusters show twenty or more stipitate, globose sporangia, conjoined by their distinct but coherent stems. In such fruitings the sporangia are small, .5 mm. In the brown sporangia the dehiscence, as stated, is often definitely prefigured; in the multiple, red, obscurely, if at all. As presented in collections from the eastern United States, the two forms might well be disjoined. Persoon, however, discussed both together and so they remain.

Saccardo includes _Craterium floriforme_ Schw. here.

By the descriptions of the earlier authors it is impossible to distinguish this from _H. vesparium_ on the one hand, and _T. decipiens_ on the other. _T. botrytis_ Pers., _l. c._, gives us first secure foothold. Fries discards Persoon's appellation as unsuitable and improperly applied, and takes up what he deems an older specific designation, _T. pyriformis_ Leers. But Rostafinski is certain Leers had _A. punicea_ in mind, and that other early names are equally ill-applied. Rostafinski rejects Persoon's names simply as not pertinent in every case. Massee examined the specimens of Leveille, and finds them belonging here; but see our No. 14, _seq._

Not common, but with wide range. Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Colorado; Toronto.

11. TRICHIA SUBFUSCA _Rex._

1890. _Trichia subfusca_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 192.

Sporangia gregarious, scattered, dull tawny brown, shading to dark brown below, about 1/2 mm. in diameter, globose, stipitate; stipe short, about equal to the sporangium, stout, brown or brownish black, rugulose, solid; capillitial mass bright straw color; the elaters long cylindrical, 3-4 mu wide, adorned with spirals four, which wind unevenly, are perfectly smooth, and terminate in abrupt tips about twice the diameter of the elater; spores yellow, under the lens yellow, minutely and closely warted, globose, 12 mu.

The spores of this species resemble closely those of the preceding, but the sporangium is at sight different in appearance and proportions and the capillitium not the same at all. The elaters are never fusiform, the apices always abrupt in their acumination, and the sculpture irregular and uneven. In form the elater resembles that of _T. scabra_. The description is drawn from specimens, _N. A. F._, 2495, with which, however, specimens received from Dr. Rex and later collected exactly correspond.

The elaters of uniform diameter, the apices abruptly narrowed to a blunt point, turned to one side, will serve to distinguish this species from the whole _T. botrytis_ group, some forms of which it outwardly resembles.

We have beautiful specimens from the shores of Puget Sound.

New York.

12. TRICHIA ERECTA _Rex._

1890. _Trichia erecta_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 193.

Sporangia gregarious, often in clusters of two or three together, but generally single, nut-brown, checkered with broad, conspicuous yellow dehiscence bands, globose, 1/2 mm. wide, stipitate, stipe double the sporangium, dark brown, solid; capillitial mass bright yellow, the elaters cylindric, 3-4 mu wide, terminating in apices short and smooth, adorned with spirals, four, coarsely spinulose, winding unevenly or even branching and so united to one another! spore-mass yellow, spores by transmitted light pale, globose, minutely warted, 12 mu.

Distinguished at sight by the peculiarly mottled peridium. _T. botrytis_ in its ochraceous forms sometimes shows tendency to the same thing, but the checkered surface is here conspicuous. The elaters resemble those of the preceding form, but are remarkably rough.

Rare. Adirondacks, New York.

13. TRICHIA DECIPIENS (_Pers._) _Macbr._

PLATE IV., Figs. 2, 2 _a_, 2 _b_.

1793. _Lycoperdon pusillum_ Hedwig, _Abh._, I., p. 35, Tab. iii.,
Fig. 2.
1795. _Arcyria decipiens_ Pers., _Ust. Ann. Bot._, XV., p. 35.
1796. _Trichia fallax_ Pers., _Obs. Myc._, I., p. 59, etc.

Sporangia gregarious, sometimes closely so, sometimes scattered, turbinate, shining olive or olivaceous brown, stipitate; stipe generally elongate, concolorous above, dark brown below, hollow, _i. e._ filled with spore-like cells; capillitial mass yellowish or olivaceous yellow, the elaters perfectly smooth, long fusiform, tapering gradually to the long, slender taeniate apices, simple or often branched, adorned with spirals three, which wind evenly but somewhat distantly; spore-mass olivaceous or ochraceous, spores under the lens, pale, minutely delicately reticulate, 10-12 mu.

One of our largest and most common species, in form and size resembling _H. clavata_, but immediately distinguished by its color. The capillitium is like that of _T. botrytis_, but differs in the more open sculpture and the longer and smoother unwound tips. The episporic net is a constant character in all the specimens examined. This feature reminds of _T. scabra_.

This is, of course, our familiar _T. fallax_ of all authors from Persoon down. The earliest unmistakable reference to this species is Hedwig, _l. c._ But Batsch, in 1789, had used the same combination to describe a real puff-ball, so that Hedwig's name was already a synonym. The specific name here adopted is next in point of priority, although Persoon discarded it the year following, substituting _fallax_, because he had mistaken the genus.

Not rare. New England, Toronto; west to the Black Hills and Washington, Oregon, California, south to the Carolinas and Kansas; Jalapa, Mexico.

14. TRICHIA LATERITIA _Lev._

1846. _Trichia lateritia_ Lev., _Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot._, 3 V., p. 167.
1875. _Trichia lateritia_ Lev., Rost., _Mon._, p. 250.
1892. _Trichia fragilis_ (Sow.) Rost., Mass., _Mon._, p. 176.
1894. _Trichia botrytis_ Pers. var. _lateritia_ (Lev.) List., _Mon._,
p. 171.
1899. _Trichia botrytis_ Pers., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 216.
1911. _Trichia botrytis_ Pers. var. _lateritia_ (Lev.) List.,
_Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 217.

Sporangia more or less closely gregarious, (_a_) simple globose-turbinate, dull black when dry, when moist generally with a vinous tinge, 1 mm. in diameter, stipitate. The stipe concolorous, rigid, erect, simple even, 2-6 mm., or (_b_) multiple, several sporangia united by their pale brown or reddish-brown, striate, weak, closely adherent or united stems; hypothallus small or none; capillitial-mass bright brick-red cut-off from the stem-cavity, such as may be, and enclosed by a thick, firm opaque peridium, which opens above in fragmental or petaloid lobes, leaving a craterium-like cup below, to persist in flower-like fashion long after the contents have blown away; elaters fusiform, extremely long, to 50 mu; about 5 mu in width at the widest (middle) point, long acuminate, adorned with usually four clean-cut even, regular, taeniae, uniformly spaced and carried forward on the progressive acumination, almost to the smooth, straight spine-like point; spores in mass brick-red, by transmitted light, orange-brown almost smooth, 10-12 mu.

This showy and remarkable species is set out from _T. botrytis_ Pers. with which it has been more or less closely associated, for several reasons. In the first place, it is easily recognized in the field, by its size, color, and structure. Often simple throughout a colony entire, nevertheless where the vegetative development has been stronger, simple and multiple fructifications may stand side by side, but the odd fasciation is generally limited to few sporangia, perhaps three or four, or at most, half a dozen. These fasciate forms generally shorter, or less erect. The elaters, so far as our observation goes, are the longest in the genus notable for their beautiful symmetry. The spores are larger than in the red forms of _T. botrytis_ as usually presented, smoother and of different color.

We have also a geographic limitation. Taken to Paris first from southern Chile, it promises to be a Pacific coast species, found as it now has been in North America from San Diego, to Vancouver. In a deep forest near Monterey, California, a half-buried log showed one colony a meter in length and from six to twelve centimetres in width, hundreds of sporangia, each by gentlest explosion opening to display its tuft of bright-tinted wool, a patch of color visible from far.

=4. Oligonema.=

1875. _Oligonema_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 291.

Sporangia distinct, small, generally crowded together and superimposed; hypothallus none; capillitium scanty, the sculpture rudimentary and imperfect, scattered rings or mere roughenings, sometimes imperfect or faint spirals; spores yellow.

The oligonemas are simply degenerate _Trichiae_, and show the vagaries usually to be noted in a passing type. They are difficult to define, and the species are indeed variable. Those here listed seem to offer constant features throughout our range.

=Key to Species of Oligonema=

_A._ Spores reticulate.

_a._ Sporangia in broad effused patches 2. _O. brevifilum_

_b._ Sporangia in small heaped clusters.

i. Elaters roughened, no distinct rings
or spirals 1. _O. flavidum_

ii. Elaters with scattered rings; sometimes
faint spirals 3. _O. nitens_

B. Spores warted 4. _O. fulvum_

1. OLIGONEMA FLAVIDUM (_Peck_) _Mass._

1874. _Perichaena flavida_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, p. 76.
1892. _Oligonema flavidum_ (Peck) Mass., _Mon._, p. 171.

Sporangia crowded and superimposed, sessile in small masses or clusters 1 cm. or less, bright yellow, shining, the peridium thin but opaque, yellow; capillitium of long, slender tubules usually simple, anon branched, even, or with an occasional inflation, the sculpture confined to warts or small, distinct spinules, roughening more or less conspicuously the entire surface, the apices generally obtuse, anon apiculate; spore-mass yellow, spores under the lens pale yellow, irregularly globose, beautifully reticulate, the meshes large and few, as in _Trichia favoginea_, 12-14 mu.

This species is marked by its capillitium, which is abundant for the present genus. The threads are longer than in any other species, and not infrequently branched, smooth, or more commonly, very distinctly minutely spinulose throughout, no trace of rings or relief sculpture of any sort, the spirals, that are to be expected, very imperfect, if discernible at all. In habit the species resembles _O. nitens_, but the colonies are much larger, and the sporangia higher and larger, attaining 1 mm.

New England to Iowa and Nebraska; south to Alabama and Louisiana. Toronto; _Miss Currie._

2. OLIGONEMA BREVIFILUM _Peck._

PLATE XX., Figs. 5, 5 _a_.

1878. _Oligonema brevifila_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y, Mus._, p. 42.

Sporangia small, cylindric, dull ochraceous-yellow, sessile closely crowded, sometimes superimposed, forming large, effused patches several centimetres in extent; capillitium exceedingly scant, consisting of nothing more than a few minute threads, very short, only three or four times the diameter of the spore, smooth, or without any definable sculpture, ochraceous; spore-mass dark ochraceous, under the lens the spores are brighter, marked with reticulations much as in other species of the genus, 10-12 mu.

Probably a variety of our No. 1, but constantly collected.

Separate, however, from the following also in color and habit. To the naked eye the fructification suggests _Trichia persimilis_; the color much the same, and the sporangia similarly congested. The peculiarly rudimentary condition of the capillitium is apparently also constant. Iowa specimens accord perfectly with those from New York.

Rare. New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Iowa, Missouri, Oregon, Washington, California; Vancouver Island.

3. OLIGONEMA NITENS (_Lib._) _Rost._

PLATE II., Figs. 8, 8 _a_, 8 _b_.

1834. _Trichia nitens_ Lib. _Pl. Cr. Ard._, III., No. 227.
1875. _Oligonema nitens_ (Lib.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 291.
1883. _Trichia pusilla_ Schroet., _Kr. Fl. Schl._, III., p. 114.

Sporangia gathered in small, heaped clusters, irregularly spherical, bright straw-color, or yellow, sessile, superimposed, the peridium thin, smooth, shining; capillitium of short elaters, simple or branched, smooth, adorned with an occasional projecting ring, often with faint spiral sculpture spreading especially toward the apices, which are blunt or anon acute, the point sometimes flexed or bent to one side, never very long; spore-mass bright yellow, spores globose, beautifully reticulate, 12-14 mu.

Readily recognized at sight by its heaped, shining, or glistening sporangia. The capillitial threads are further definitive, and serve to distinguish it from everything else.

The range is wide, probably coextensive with the forests of the country. Specimens are before us from New England, Canada, Montana, and all intervening regions, and south to the Gulf of Mexico; California, Nevada,--_Prof. Bethel._ Yosemite, shores of Mirror Lake!

4. OLIGONEMA FULVUM _Morgan._

1893. _Oligonema fulvum_ Morgan, _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 42.

Sporangia large, sub-globose, sessile, or crowded, more or less regular; the peridium tawny yellow, or olivaceous, very thin and fragile, iridescent; mass of capillitium and spores tawny-yellow, elaters simple or sometimes branched, very short, sometimes with thicker swollen portions, the surface marked with low smooth spirals, in places faint and obsolete, the extremities rounded and obtuse, usually with a minute apiculus; spores globose, minutely warted, 10-13 mu.

This species may be recognized by its tawny, irregular, more or less crowded sporangia. Under the lens the warted, not reticulate, spores are diagnostic. The elaters are quite constantly marked by imperfect spirals.

Our specimens are from the author of the species, and so far there are none reported from outside Ohio.

FOOTNOTES:

[15] For other crucifers, see _Bull. Torr. Bot. Club_, xxi, pp. 76-8.

[16] See in reference to this whole matter, _Myxomycetenstudien_ by E. Jahn, No. 7, _Ceratiomyxa_, 1908. See also Olive, _Trans. Wis. Acad. of Sci. Arts and Letters_, Vol. xv, pl. II, p. 771.

[17] See Jahn, _Myxomyceten Studien_ No. 8, Berlin 1911.

[18] In discussing these species the reader may be referred to Professor Harper's study of cytology, _Bot. Gazette_, vol. XXX., p. 217. It is probable that in all these aethalioid forms the effect of disturbance, transfer to laboratory, is likely to be quite pronounced. Giant spores are often seen, doubtless due to arrested cleavage in the procedure described by Dr. Harper: a giant spore is penultimate or antepenultimate in series; should, on this theory, occasionally, at least, show more than one nucleus.

[19] Prior to Persoon the physarums were variously referred: _Lycoperdon_, _Sphaerocarpus_, _Trichia_, etc. It seems unnecessary to quote the synonymy further here.

[20] Persoon's first-named species is _P. aureum_; see _Roemer Neu. Mag. f. d. Bot._, I., p. 88. 1794.

[21] Fries (_Sum. Veg. Scand._, p. 454) described the new genus in the following words: Tilmadoche. Fr. Physari spec. S. M. Peridium simplex, tenerrimum (_Angioridii_) irregulariter rumpens. Capillitium intertexto-compactum, a peridio solutum liberum, sporisque inspersis fuscis. Columella o.

1. T. leucophaea. Fr.

2. T. soluta. (Schum.)

3. T. cernua. (Schum.)

[22] See also _Inaug. Diss._, H. Roenn, _Schr. d. Naturw. Ver. f. Schl. Holst._, XV., Hpt. I., p. 55, 1911.

[23] Inasmuch as there has been decided difference of opinion in reference to this particular species,--all judges readers of the same original description,--it has seemed wise to submit an English translation from the celebrated _Monograph loc. cit._

"24. Physarum diderma _Rfski._

"Sporangia sessile, globose, adnate by a narrow base, white. Peridium double; the outer thick, strongly calcareous, very distinctly set off from the thin inner one by an air-filled space; the calcareous nodules many, angular, loosely developed within to form a pseudo-columella; spores dark violet, spinescent, 9.2-10 in diameter.

"_Opis._ This physarum looks extremely like a diderma.

"The sporangia stand either aggregated or bunched together in heaps of five to twelve, adnate to the hypothallus by a narrow base, etc."

Massee, _Mon._, p. 304, translated this description, but misunderstood what is said of the columella and is inclined to think the author did not know a diderma when he saw one; which is pretentious, to say the least!

[24] See also, after all our trouble, _Jour. Bot._, LVII., p. 106.

[25] See Fries, _Syst. Myc._, Vol. III., pp. 130, 137, Rost., _Mon._, p. 127, and _Rep. N. Y. State Mus._, XXXI., p. 55.

[26] It would seem that M. Massee would have written _T. reniformis_, were this authentic.

[27] For further synonymy, see under _P. auriscalpium_, No. 49.

[28] Robt. E. Fries, _Ofvers. K. Vetens. Akad. Forh._, 1899, No. 3, p. 225.

[29] The Polish author wrote Tilmadoche instead of Physarum in each case cited.

[30] Forms cited are chiefly those likely to be found in our neighboring tropics, West Indies, etc.

[31] These little structures have a fairly architectural appearance and may be called trabecules,--trabeculae, little beams.

[32] Dr. Cooke, who used the microscope, applied the _Monograph_ description to British forms occurring on leaves; proceeded further and found the same situation in New York. Mr. Massee gives the species wide range with spores 8-10 mu; average 9 mu; only a fraction too large; evidently none 12-15 mu.

[33] If a sporangium of _L. tigrinum_ be mounted in water and treated to weak solution of hydro-chloric acid we may easily discover that the crystals, which so wonderfully adorn the outer wall in this and other species, consist, in part at least, of calcium carbonate. We may also discover that in the case before us the crystal or scale lies indeed enclosed in a filmy sac of organic origin, and that could we have seen the outer peridium as it came to form, we might probably have found it made up largely of an ectosarcous foam in whose cavities the excreted calcium found place for tabulate crystallization. In other species listed, conditions are different, and the crystals assume a different shape. The phrase "bicarbonate of lime" quoted in this connection in the former edition of this work from Mr. Massee's _Monograph_, etc., is not clear.

[34] Doubtless immature; _v. Mitteil. Naturwiss. Gesell. Wintert._, VI., p. 64, Lister quoted by Schinz.

[35] Vid. _Mycologia_, N. Y., Vol. IX., p. 328.

[36] See _Addenda, d_, p. 282 following.

[37] In the _Mycetozoa_, 2nd ed., p. 158, is cited _Stemonitis virginiensis_ Rex as a synonym of this variety. By reference to p. 163 of the present volume the Virginian stemonitis is left as Rex assigned it, and if the present variety be synonymous, it should be quoted there. The treatment of the species _C. nigra_ in the second edition does not establish such fact, nor with three varieties make for any increasing clearness.

[38] It had seemed less necessary to retain the classic orthography in this instance since De Bary and Rostafinski both use _Diachea_. But modern scholarship is nothing if not meticulous; it is the fashion in Latin still to keep the digraph, even to the vexation of all men. In the same way when Bulliard wrote _leucopodia_, 'white stockings', he doubtless meant to be exact.

[39] For this citation we are indebted to _Mr. Hugo Bilgram_.

ADDENDA

a. This volume is as we see, a descriptive list of the various forms of the Myxomycetes in so far as these have come to the personal notice of the writer.

Each form is designated, as is usual in discussing objects of the sort, by a particular binomial name, followed, in abbreviated form, by the name of the student or author who in describing the form in question used the combination. Thus _Stemonitis splendens_ was first described by Rostafinski, and the name he thus used is applicable to the form he described, wherever found, and to _nothing else_.

The proper naming of any specimen would thus appear to be a very simple matter. Such, however, is often not the case, particularly where we are concerned with species long familiar to science. Such often have received, at different times, and at the hands of the same author, or certainly of different authors, different names, given for various reasons; so that one who would refer to, or discuss, a single specimen to-day finds himself often in great uncertainty, confronted by a multitude of binomial combinations all thought to refer to the same particular thing.

By general consent, of course, we strive to ascertain the oldest name on the list; the first that is really and clearly applicable, and we write all other names down as synonyms. In this volume a list of synonyms often accompanies the description; precedes it, showing, year by year, the history of the case; an abstract in fact of the title, as at last approved. The preparation of such an abstract is very troublesome, but is believed to be worth the trouble; must be made, indeed, if we are ever in our discussions to be sure that when we speak or write in America, we are dealing with the same thing intended by the man who speaks or writes in England, or elsewhere.

The space occupied in synonymy, is therefore by no means wasted. By and by, if we succeed in establishing a nomenclature on which competent judges can agree, a thing not at all improbable, almost now attained, the lists may gradually disappear as having historical value only.

b. Taxonomy, in any field, is of necessity concerned with history. For his own sake, no student can ignore the thought and work of his predecessors. No man ever sees nature in completeness, nor even the small part of the world to which he devotes attention. He needs every possible assistance, especially the observations of intelligent men. The present author rejoices to acknowledge the assistance found in volumes written in Europe during the last two hundred years. Such men as Persoon, Bulliard, Schumacher, Schrader, Fries, are deservedly famous; they laid the foundations of mycologic taxonomy. No student can afford to miss _Elias Fries_; his genius, spirit and scholarship entitle him to the recognition and sympathy of every lover of the intellectual life.

c. The considerations just mentioned may, indeed do, sometimes act as a handicap to the American student, for the simple reason that he comes later to the field of time. He must naturally defer to the decision of men in Europe who are supposedly familiar with original types. An American specimen is presumably the same as one occurring elsewhere in similar latitude and environment. It becomes evident after while that only in certain instances is this undoubtedly the fact. The flora of the American continent has been sufficiently disjoined in space and time from Europe to permit extensive differentiation even in these minor forms, so that we have indeed in the groups we study many species, some genera, definitely autochthonous, more it is believed than are now suspected. An attempt to bring a specimen under the terms of a species described in Western Europe is not seldom an error. It becomes evident, as we go forward, that in eastern North America there are forms not only not described in European literature, but really not, part of European flora, not even adventitiously.

d. Many of the more minute species with which this volume has to do are very elusive, very difficult; for one reason,--perhaps in itself sufficient,--because of their minuteness, and consequent apparent paucity. They may be common, but none the less seldom seen. The comatrichas afford an illustration. There are several very small species. _C. pulchella_, _C. laxa_, _C. ellisii_ may be mentioned. _C. pulchella_ has been studied nearly a hundred years and has a synonymy accordingly. In 1875 Rostafinski in the material, and among the descriptions, thought he recognized two distinct forms, and went on to give them names; the first in honor of Persoon, _C. persoonii_, should show an ovate or ovate-cylindric outline with acuminate tip; the second should be truncate and represent a type first described by Berkeley under a name given by Babington, _C. pulchella_. Berkeley's drawing shows a sporangium with tip acuminate! Lilac or violaceous tints attracted attention in the spores of _C. persoonii_ only; in _C. pulchella_ all is ferruginous. Curtis is especially commended for noticing the fact in describing _S. tenerrima_, here included as we see.

_Comatricha gracilis_ Wing. is slender, cylindric and has small spores hardly reaching 6 mu; should perhaps be now set out as a separate species; it is evidently purely an American phase.

Our figures, Plate XII., 16 and 16 _a_, 18 and 18 _a_, show _C. pulchella_ and _C. gracilis_, respectively, extremes. Plate XIII., 4, shows an ovate form not very unusual. This and _C. gracilis_ occur on living leaves.

_C. ellisii_ is another of this minor series, very constant in its delicate beauty, but approaches _C. nigra_ rather than the others here discussed.

_C. laxa_, as the name implies, shows an open construction, suggested, perhaps, by Rostafinski's photographic print, but better brought out by Celakowsky, _Myx. Boehm._, Tab. 2, Figs. 7 and 8.

e. It has been shown[40] that the process of cell-division in the spore-plasm of the myxomycete is not dissimilar to that obtaining under the same conditions in higher plants. On this supposition we have explanation of spore-division in _Ceratiomyxa_ and can understand the adherence of spores now and again notable. Once the latter phenomenon was thought peculiar to the genus _Badhamia_; but the unsculptured epispore of the spores of reticularias, tubiferas, etc., suggest the same thing and more recently we find it in _Dianema_ and in the _Stemoniteae_; even _Stemonitis_ arrives with clustered spores in groups of four, and we are in sight of a generalization wide.

It is interesting to note that something of this sort was observed by at least one student long ago. Schumacher, _Enum. Pl. Sell._ 2, p. 215, describes _Arcyria atra_ with the characters of an enerthenema, and says "the capillitial threads are some of them diffuse and bear spermatic globules"! Did he anticipate _E. berkleyanum_? See the text under that species at p. 190, _supra_.

f. In a paper read December, 1920, before the _Mycological_ Division of Section G., _A. A. A. S._, the present writer discussed briefly the physical principles involved in some of the more striking peculiarities of the slime-moulds.

It is argued in that paper that the shaping of stipitate sporangia which is so surprising as relating to the ordinary behaviour of fluid masses, as usually observed, is, in part at least, referable to certain well known properties of fluids generally. For this discussion those interested are referred to the article itself in the November number of _Mycologia_ (N. Y.).

Sufficient to say here that it is a fact, in many cases, that in stipitate fructification, so far as observed, the stipe is first to take form, and, as viewed by the writer, in many cases, as it rises, becomes more and more a most delicate but definite ectosarcate capillary tubule, by which ascends the spore-plasm of the point concerned, to such level as may meet the immediate conditions of pressure, of whatsoever source.

It will be interesting in this view to note the resultant shapes as presented in the sporangia of various genera. One may examine for illustrations Figs. 1, 3, 4, 7, Pl. XX., with the thought in mind that the stipe in each case may have served as a capillary tubule to carry up the spore-plasm to the position in which the spores at length are found. In some species of _Hemitrichia_, for instance, there are spores or spore-like cells found at maturity in the hollow stipe. In other cases the stipe contains refuse matter.

The capillary theory may not, probably does not, play part in every case. It would seem that a stemonitis, for example, must owe the rise of the spore-plasm to the play of different machinery. _Brefeldia_, p. 154 above, may offer suggestion.

g. On page two of the introductory section of this volume mention is made of the variety of colors shown in the vegetative phases of the organisms we study. This fact is patent to all observers; but the identity of the plasmodium making the display must be ascertained by painstaking or prolonged and repeated observations. This for the reason that, as I am convinced, only in comparatively few cases is the color unchanged during the life-history of a given fructification. It may sometimes change from hour to hour as development proceeds. The color designated in the descriptive pages of this work is presumably, unless as otherwise set out, that immediately preceding that of the maturing fruit.

As suggestive, and as, it is hoped, contributory to better knowledge of this phase of our subject a list of species is here subjoined as presented by my colleague, Professor Morton E. Peck of Oregon, who has given unusual attention to this particular investigation.

SPECIES PLASMODIUM COLORS

_Physarum sinuosum_ light grey, nearly white, ivory white

_Physarum serpula_ greenish-yellow; yellow

_Physarum virescens_ pale greenish-yellow; yellow

_Physarum cinereum_ watery grey, becoming white; pallid

_Physarum didermoides_ watery grey, becoming white; blue-white

_Physarum notabile_ pure white

_Physarum globuliferum_ greenish-yellow; yellow

_Physarum leucopus_ light grey

_Physarum pulcherrimum_ dark red

_Physarum flavicomum_ greenish or brownish yellow

_Physarum viride_ clear yellow

_Physarum wingatense_ at first grey, then pure white

_Badhamia orbiculata_ pale yellow, passing to white

_Physarella oblonga_ brilliant yellow

_Mucilago spongiosa_ watery grey, then white

_Didymium crustaceum_ white

_Didymium squamulosum_ pale grey, watery white

_Diderma floriforme_ grey tinged with yellow

_Stemonitis fusca_ white passing through blue to black

_Stemonitis smithii_ green to yellow to reddish purple

_Comatricha longa_ white, cream-yellow, reddish purple
to dusky

_Comatricha irregularis_ white

_Comatricha nigra_ white

_Comatricha typhoides_ bluish white

_Diachaea splendens_ pure white

_Enerthenema papillatum_ colorless or greenish

_Reticularia lycoperdon_ white

_Dictydiaethalium plumbeum_ colorless, pink, salmon, rose, orange,
chocolate brown

_Lindbladia effusa_ brown, lead-colored

_Tubifera ferruginosa_ watery white, scarlet, brown, almost
black

_Cribraria dictydioides_ clear dark green

_Cribraria tenella_ watery, dark plumbeous, bronze

_Cribraria cuprea_ red

_Arcyria nutans_ white

_Arcyria denudata_ watery white, then flesh-color

_Arcyria cinerea_ grey, then white

_Trichia varia_ colorless, then white

h. In a few instances references to illustration do not find place in connection with the descriptive matter. One phase of _Physarum albescens_ is figured on Pl. III.; _Mucilago_ will be found portrayed on Pl. VII.; _Physarum viride_ on Pl. VIII.

j. The group before us has research possibilities not a few. The question of their nutrition and its limits in respect of variety, is yet to be solved. From present indications all that can be said is to the effect that a pabulum similar in variety, no doubt meets the needs of many species. Whether in artificial culture a single base as gelatin or agar would suffice for all or several is yet to be discovered.

Whether a species brought from spore to maturity on artificial diet would conform in any reasonable way to our dim concept of its identity is also, it would seem, a problem. The variation in the field would seem to make it doubtful.

From the table immediately preceding it is plain that there is place for doubt. Color it is surmised is of itself everywhere incidental; the structure, which maintains identity or the reverse, lies deeper, although color may be none the less, in some way a resultant, and therefore in so far a reliable taxonomic guide.

The treatment of our subject so far by no means exhausts the possibilities of even the simpler phases of microscopic study. We have endeavored to appreciate the work of those who hand us the literature of the group, and to recognize what such keen-eyed men have seen; but in our western and southern forests there are probably double as many species, as species go, as we have listed.

The entire group is, as it would seem, in highest measure worthy of investigation and comprehension, and should it at any time prove that to such accomplishment the present volume may have been in any smallest way contributory, the author's satisfaction will be complete indeed.

FOOTNOTES:

[40] Farr. _Cell-division in Pol. Mother-cells, Cobaea scandens, Bull. Tor. Bot. Cl._, Vol. 47, pp. 325-38.

INDEX

NATURAL ORDERS, etc.

CRIBRARIALES, 199

EXOSPOREAE, 18

LYCOGALALES, 232

PHYSARALES, 22

PHYTOMYXINAE, 17

STEMONITALES, 148

TRICHIALES, 236

GENERA

ALWISIA, 208
_Alwis_; personal.

AMAUROCHAETE, 148
[Greek: amauros], dusky, and [Greek: chaite], hair. Gr.

ARCYRIA, 247
[Greek: arkyon] a net. Gr.

BADHAMIA, 313
_C. D. Badham_; personal.

BREFELDIA, 154
_O. Brefeld_; personal.

CALONNEMA, 266
[Greek: kalos], beautiful, and [Greek: nema], a thread. Gr.

CERATIOMYXA, 18
[Greek: keration], a small horn, and [Greek: myxa], mucus. Gr.

CIENKOWSKIA, 110
_Leon Cienkowski_; personal

CLASTODERMA, 191
[Greek: klastos], broken, and [Greek: derma], dermis, skin or
covering. Gr.

COLLODERMA, 147
[Greek: kolla], glue, and [Greek: derma], dermis, covering.

COMATRICHA, 171
[Greek: kome], and [Greek: thrix], both words meaning hair. Gr.

CRATERIUM, 103
[Greek: krater], a vessel. Gr.

CRIBRARIA, 216
_cribrum_, a sieve. Lat.

DIACHAEA, 185
[Greek: diacheiu], to pour out; the application not patent. Gr.

DIANEMA, 238
[Greek: dia], through or across, and [Greek: nema], thread. Gr.

DICTYDIUM, 230
[Greek: diktyon], a net. Gr.

DICTYDIAETHALIUM, 215
Dictydium and aethalium; the latter from [Greek: aithalos], sooty.
Gr.

DIDERMA, 129
[Greek: dis], twice or twofold, and [Greek: derma], as above. Gr.

DIDYMIUM, 115
[Greek: didymos], double. Gr.

ECHINOSTELIUM, 198
[Greek: echinos], a sea-urchin, and [Greek: stelion], (?), a handle
or stem. Gr.

ENERTHENEMA, 189
[Greek: enerthe], below, and [Greek: nema], a thread.

ENTERIDIUM, 211
[Greek: enteron] the intestine. Gr.

FULIGO, 23
fuligo, soot. Lat.

_=Hemiarcyria=_, 259
[Greek: hemi], half, and Arcyria.

HEMITRICHIA, 259
[Greek: hemi], half, and Trichia.

HETEROTRICHIA, 256
[Greek: heteros], other, and Trichia.

LACHNOBOLUS, 245
[Greek: lachnos], woolly, and [Greek: bolos], a lump. Gr.

LAMPRODERMA, 191
[Greek: lampros], shining, and [Greek: derma], as above. Gr.

LEOCARPUS, 111
[Greek: leios], smooth, and [Greek: karpos], fruit. Gr.

LEPIDODERMA, 144
[Greek: lepis], a scale, and [Greek: derma], a covering. Gr.

LICEA, 199
said to be Latin; _licium_, a thrum, a girdle.

LINDBLADIA, 203
_A. Lindblad_; personal.

LYCOGALA, 233
[Greek: lykos], a wolf, and [Greek: gala], milk. Gr.

MARGARITA, 237
[Greek: margarites], a pearl. Gr.

MUCILAGO, 113
_mucilago_, musty juice. Lat.

OLIGONEMA, 278
[Greek: oligos], few, and [Greek: nema], a thread. Gr.

OPHIOTHECA, 240
[Greek: ophis], a serpent, and [Greek: theke], a case. Gr.

ORCADELLA, 203
[Greek: orka], a cask (?). Diminutive.

PERICHAENA, 242
[Greek: peri], around, and [Greek: chainein], to crack open. Gr.

PHYSARUM, 45
[Greek: physa], a bladder, something inflated.

PHYSARELLA, 71
Diminutive of _Physarum_.

PLASMODIOPHORA, 17
[Greek: plasma], something formed, and [Greek: phoros], that bears.
Gr.

PROTOTRICHIA, 257
[Greek: protos], first, and _Trichia_.

RETICULARIA, 209
_reticulum_, a small net. Lat.

STEMONITIS, 156
Like a stamen.

TILMADOCHE, 95
[Greek: tilma], lint, and [Greek: doche], containing. Gr.

TRICHIA, 267
[Greek: ophix], hair. Gr.

TUBIFERA, 205
_tubus_, a tube, and _fero_, I bear. Lat.

GENERA AND SPECIES

=_Aethaliopsis,_=, 26.
_stercoriformis_ Zopf., 27.

=_Aethalium_=, 23.
_flavum_ Link., 27.
_septicum_ Fr., 27.

ALWISIA, 208.
bombarda _Berk. & Br._, 208.

AMAUROCHAETE, 148.
_atra_ (Alb. & Schw.) Rost., 6, 149.
_cribrosa_ (Fr.) Macbr., 150.
fuliginosa (_Sow._) _Macbr._, 149.
tubulina (_Alb. & Schw._) _Macbr._, 150.
_minor_ Sacc. & Ell., 145.

=_Angioridium_=, 52.
_sinuosum_ Grev., 52.

ARCYRIA, 247.
_albida_ Pers., 245.
_bicolor_ Berk. & C., 255.
cinerea (_Bull._) _Pers._, 254.
conglobosa _Macbr._, 255.
_decipiens_ Pers., 276.
denudata (_L._) _Sheld._, 253.
digitata (_Schw._) _Rost._, 255.
ferruginea _Sauter._, 253.
_flava_ Pers., 249.
_gabriellae_ Rav., 257.
_globosa_ Schw., 245.
incarnata _Pers._, 6, 251.
insignis _Kalchbr. & Cke._, 256.
_leucocephala_ Pers., 105.
magna _Rex_, 248.
nodulosa _Macbr._, 252.
nutans (_Bull._) _Grev._, 249.
oerstedtii _Rost._, 249.
pomiformis (_Leers_) _Rost._, 255.
_punicea_ Pers., 253.
_stipata_, List., 262.
versicolor _Phill._, 250.
_vitellina_ Phill., 250.

BADHAMIA, 31.
affinis _Rost._, 35.
capsulifera (_Bull._) _Berk._, 38, 40.
chrysotricha _Berk. & C._, 34.
decipiens (_Curt._) _Berk._, 34.
_decipiens_ Berk., 49, 63.
foliicola _G. List._, 39.
gracilis _var. Macbr._, 37.
_hyalina_ (Pers.) Berk., 40.
iowensis _Macbr._, 36.
inaurata _Currey_, 34.
lilacina (_Fr._) _Rost._, 65.
macrocarpa (_Ces._) _Rost._, 37.
_macrocarpa_ Rost., 37.
magna _Peck_, 38.
nitens _Berk._, 34.
_nodulosa_ Mass., 51.
orbiculata _Rex_, 37.
ovispora _Racib._, 33.
panicea (_Fr._) _Rost._, 35, 51.
papaveracea _Berk. & R._, 42.
_penetralis_ Cke. & Ell., 177.
populina _List._, 41.
rubiginosa (_Chev._) _Rost._, 43.
subaquila _Macbr._, 44.
utricularis (_Bull._) _Berk._, 39.
_varia_ Mass., 38.
_verna_ Fries, 51.
versicolor _List._, 33.

BREFELDIA, 154.
maxima (_Fr._) _Rost._, 154.

=_Byssus._=
_fruticulosa_ Fl. Dan., 19.

CALONEMA, 266.
aureum _Morg._, 266.

CERATIOMYXA, 18.
arbuscula _Berk. & Br._, 20.
filiforma _Berk. & Br._, 20.
fruticulosa (_Muell._) _Macbr._, 19.
_mucida_ Schroet., 19, 21.
porioides (_Alb. & Schw._) _Schroet._, 19, 20, 21.

=_Ceratium_=,
_hydnoides_ Alb. & Schw., 19.
_porioides_ Alb. & Schw., 19, 20.

=_Chondrioderma_=, see Diderma.
_aculeatum_ Rex, 139.
_calcareum_ Rost., 95.
_crustaceum_ (Peck) Berl., 135.
_globosum_ (Pers.) Rost., 134.
_michelii_ (Lib.) Rost., 138.
_niveum_ Rost., 137.
_radiatum_ (L.) Rost., 141.
_reticulatum_ Rost., 131.
_roanense_ Rex, 141.
_rugosum_ Rex, 144
_sauteri_ Rost., 139.
_stromateum_ (Link.) Rost., 132.
_testaceum_ (Schrad.) Rost., 137.
_trevelyani_ (Grev.) Rost., 142.

CIENKOWSKIA, 110.
reticulata (_Alb. & Schw._) _Rost._, 49, 111.

=_Cionium_=,
_xanthopus_ Ditm., 123.

CLASTODERMA, 191.
debaryanum _Blytt._, 191.

=_Clathroptychium_=, 215.
_rugulosum_ (Wallr.) Rost., 215.

=_Clathrus._=
_adnatus_ Batsch, 251.
_denudatus_ L., 253.
_ramosus_ Retz., 193.

=_Clavaria_=, 19.
_byssoides_ Bull., 19.
_puccinia_ Batsch, 19.

COLLODERMA, 147.
oculatum (_Lipp._) _G. List._, 147.

COMATRICHA, 171.
aequalis _Peck_, 180.
caespitosa _Sturg._, 173.
_crypta_ Schw., 127.
cylindrica (_Bilgr._) _Macbr._, 173.
elegans (_Racib._) _G. List._, 182.
_ellisiana_ (Cke.) Ell. & Ev., 177.
ellisii _Morg._, 184.
flaccida (_List._) _Morg._, 174.
_friesiana_ (DBy.) Rost., 128.
_gracilis_ Wing, 183.
irregularis _Rex_, 176.
laxa _Rost._, 177, 184.
longa _Peck_, 175.
nigra (_Pers._) _Schroet._, 178, 184.
_obtusata_ (Preuss.) List., 179, 190.
_persoonii_ Rost., 183.
pulchella (_Bab._) _Rost._, 183.
rubens _List_., 183.
_shimekiana_ Macbr., 144.
_stemonitis_ (Scop.) Shel., 181.
subcaespitosa _Peck_, 132.
suksdorfii _Ell. & Ev._, 178.
_typhina_ (Pers.) Rost., 181.
typhoides (_Bull._) _Rost._, 163, 181.

=_Cornuvia_=, 240, 241.
_circumscissa_ (Wallr.) Rost., 241.
_wrightii_ (Berk. & C.) Rost., 241.

=_Crateriachaea._=
_crateriachaea mutabilis_ Rost., 99.

CRATERIUM, 73.
aureum (_Schum._) _Rost._, 104.
_citrinellum_ List., 37.
concinnum _Rex_, 107.
_confusum_ Mass., 79.
_convivale_ (Batsch) Morg., 105.
_cylindricum_ Mass., 106.
leucocephalum (_Pers._) _Ditm._, 105, 106.
_lilacinum_ Mass., 65.
_maydis_ Morg., 91.
minimum _Berk. & C._, 106.
minutum (_Leers_) _Fr._, 107, 108.
_mutabile_ Fr., 104.
_nodulosum_ (C. & B.) Morg., 51.
_obovatum_ Peck, 70.
_paraguayense_ (Speg.) List, 103.
_pedunculatum_ Trent., 58, 107, 108.
_rubescens_ Rex, 103.
_rubiginosum_ Mass., 70.
_vulgare_ Ditm., 107.

CRIBRARIA, 216.
argillacea Pers., 218.
aurantiaca _Schrad._, 221.
_cernua_ Pers., 230.
cuprea _Morg._, 229.
dictydioides _Cke. & Balf._, 222.
elegans _Berk. & C._, 228.
intricata (_Schrad._) _Rost._, 223.
languescens _Rex_, 229.
macrocarpa _Schrad._, 219.
microcarpa (_Schrad._) _Pers._, 226.
_microscopica_ _Berk. & C._, 220.
_minima_ Berk. & C., 220.
minutissima _Schw._, 220.
piriformis _Schrad._, 228.
purpurea _Schrad._, 228.
rufa (_Roth_) _Rost._, 220.
splendens (Schrad.) Pers., 221.
tenella _Schrad._, 225.
violacea _Rex_, 227.
_vulgaris_ Schrad., 222.

=_Cytidium._=
_melleum_ (Berk. & Br.) Morg., 65.
_ravenelii_ (Berk. & C.) Morg., 48.
_rufipes_ (Alb. & Schw.) Morg., 50.

=_Dermodium_=, 236.
_conicum_ (Pers.) Rost., 236.

DIACHAEA, 185.
bulbillosa (_Berk. & Br._) _List._, 188.
_caespitosa_ List., 173.
_cylindrica_ (Bilgr.) List., 173.
_elegans_ Fr., 186.
leucopodia (_Bull._) _Rost._, 186.
splendens _Peck_, 187.
subsessilis _Pk._, 187.
thomasii _Rex_, 173, 188.

DIANEMA, 238.
andersoni _Morg._, 239.
corticatum _List._, 238.
harveyi _Rex_, 238.

DICTYDIAETHALIUM, 215.
plumbeum (_Schum._) _List._, 215.

DICTYDIUM, 230.
cancellatum (_Batsch_) _Macbr._, 6, 230.
cancellatum cancellatum _Macbr._, 231.
cancellatum purpureum _Macbr._, 232, 173.
cancellatum prolatum _Macbr._, 232.
_cernuum_ Nees, 230.
_longipes_ Morg., 231.
_microcarpon_ Schrad., 226.
_splendens_ Schrad., 221.
_umbilicatum_ Schrad., 230.

DIDERMA, 129.
_albescens_ Phill., 137.
asteroides _List._, 143.
_brunneolum_ Phill., 58.
cinereum _Morg._, 138.
_citrinum_ Peck, 37.
_conglomeratum_ Fr., 57.
_contextum_ Pers., 31.
cor-rubrum _Macbr._, 140.
crustaceum _Peck_, 135.
_difforme_ (Pers.) Morg., 126.
effusum (_Schw._) _Morg._, 130.
floriforme (_Bull._) _Pers._, 143.
_geasteroides_ Phill., 142.
globosum _Pers._, 134.
_globuliferum_ Fr., 46.
_granulatum_ (Schw.) Fr., 31.
hemisphericum (_Bull._) _Horne._, 138.
_laciniatum_ Phill., 142.
lyallii _Mass._, 136.
_mariae-wilsoni_ Clinton, 137.
_minutum_ (Schum.) Fr., 31.
niveum (_Rost._) _Macbr._, 137.
_oblongum_ Fr., 40.
ochraceum _Hoffm._, 140.
_ochroleucum_ Berk. & C., 31.
_persoonii_ Macbr., 126.
radiatum (_L._) _Morg._, 141.
_reticulatum_ Fr., 111, 130.
reticulatum (Rost.) Morg., 131.
roanense (_Rex_) _Macbr._, 141.
_rufipes_ (Alb. & Schw.) Fr., 50.
rugosum (_Rex_) _Macbr._, 144.
sauteri (_Rost._) _Macbr._, 139.
simplex List., 132.
spumarioides _Fr._, 132.
_squamulosum_ Alb. & Schw., 119.
_stellare_ (Schrad.) Pers., 141.
testaceum (_Schrad._) _Pers._, 137.
trevelyani (_Grev._) Fr., 142.
_vernicosum_ Pers., 112.