Chapter XXX: Appendix: A (3)

[67] _Ancient Monuments_, p. 143, the following general description is given: “The altars or basins found in these mounds are almost invariably of burned clay, although a few of stone have been discovered. They are symmetrical, but not of uniform size or shape. Some are round, others elliptical, and others square or parallelograms. Some are small, measuring barely two feet across, while others are fifty feet long by twelve or fifteen feet wide. The usual dimensions are from five to eight feet. All appear to have been modelled of fine clay brought to the spot from a distance, and they rest on the original surface of the earth. In a few instances a layer or small elevation of sand had been laid down, upon which the altar was formed. The height of the altars, nevertheless, seldom exceeds a foot or twenty inches above the adjacent level. The clay of which they are composed is usually burned hard, sometimes to the depth of ten, fifteen, and even twenty inches. This is hardly to be explained by any degree or continuance of heat, though it is manifest that in some cases the heat was intense. On the other hand, a number of these altars have been noticed which are very slightly burned; and such, it is a remarkable fact, are destitute of remains.”

[68] Charles Rau in _Smithsonian Report_, 1872, p. 357. _Baldwin’s Ancient America_, p. 41.

[69] _Squier and Davis_: _Op. Cit._, pp. 169–70. _Foster_: _Op. Cit._, pp. 188–196. Schoolcraft in vol. i, _Trans. Am. Ethnol. Soc._ M. C. Read in _American Antiquarian_, vol. i, p. 139, Jan. 1879. Dr. Clemens in Morton’s _Crania Americana_, p. 221. Mr. E. O. Dunning in _Foster_, p. 194.

[70] _Description of an Ancient Sepulchral Mound near Newark, Ohio_, by O. C. Marsh, F. G. S., in _American Journal of Science and Arts_ for July, 1866. Second Series, vol. xlii.

[71] See _Dr. Charles T. Jackson’s Geological Report to the United States Government_, 1849. _Foster and Whitney’s Report on the Geology of the Lake Superior Region_, Part I. Published by authority of Congress in 1850, and substantially reproduced in _Foster’s Pre-Historic Races of the U. S._, chap. vii, in 1873. The most elaborate treatment is by _Col. Charles Whittlesey_, _Ancient Mining on the Shores of Lake Superior_. Published in the _Smithsonian Contribution to Knowledge_ in 1863, vol. xiii. _Swineford’s History and Review of the Mineral Resources of Lake Superior_, Marquette, 1876. Containing _Ancient Copper Mines of Lake Superior by Jacob Houghton_.

[72] _Foster’s Pre-Historic Races_, p. 268. For a further account, see Mr. Henry Gillman in an article printed in _Appleton’s Journal_, August 9, 1873, and entitled _Ancient Works at Isle Royal_; also to a paper printed in the _Smithsonian Report_ for 1873, and in the _Proceedings of the Amer. Ass. for the Advancement of Science_, 1875 meeting, p. 330. Also A. C. Davis in _Smithsonian Report_ for 1874, p. 369.

[73] _Ancient Mining on the Shore of Lake Superior_, p. 2.

[74] “L’on trouve souvent au fond de l’eau, des pieces de cuivre tout formé, de la pesanteur de dix et vingt livres; i’en ay veu plusieurs fois entre les mains des Sauvages, et comme ils sont superstitieux, ils les gardent comme autant de divinités, ou comme des presents que les dieux qui sont au fond de l’eau leur ont faits pour estre la cause de leur bonheur; c’est pour cela, qu’ils conservent ces morceaux de cuivre envelopés parmi leurs meubles les plus pretieux, il y en a qui les gardent depuis plus de cinquante ans; d’autres les ont dans leurs familles de temps immemorial, et les cherissent comme des dieux domestiques.”—_Relations des Jésuites, en l’Année 1667_, p. 8. Quebec reprint, 1858. Tome iii.

[75] “En y entrant par son embouchure, que se décharge au Sault, le premier endroit que se présente où se retrouve du cuivre en abondance, est une Isle que est éloignée de quarante on cinquante lieuës, scituée vers le côté du Nord, vis a vis d’un endroit qu’on appelle Missipicoüatong. Les sauvages racontent que c’est une Isle flottante, que est quelquefois loing, quelquefois proche, selon les vents qui la poussent, et la promenent de côté et d’autre. Ils ajoûtent qu’il y a bien longtemps que quatre sauvages y furent par rencontre, s’etans égarez dans la brume, dont cette Isle est presque toujours environnée. C’étoit du temps qu’ils n’avoient point encore eu de commerce avec les François, et n’avoient aucun usage ny des chaudieres ny des haches. Ceux-cy donc voulans se preparer à manger, firent à leur ordinaire: prenant des pierres qu’ils trouvoient au bord de l’eau, les faisaient rougir dans le feu et les jettaient dans un plat d’ecorce plein d’eau pour la faire boüillir et faire cuire par cette industrie leur viande. Comme ils choisissoient ces pierres, ils trouvoient, que c’étoient presque tous morceaux de cuivre; ils se servirent donc des unes et des autres, et aprés avoir pris leur repas, ils songerent à s’embarquer au plustost, craignant les Loups Cerviers et les Lievres, qui sont en cét endroit grands comme des Chiens, et qui venoient manger leurs provisions et même leur Canot. Avant que de partir, ils se chargerent de quantité de ces pierres grosses et menuës, et même de quelques plaques de cuivre; mais ils ne furent pas bien éloignez du rivage, qu’une puissante voix se fit entendre à leurs oreilles, disant tout en colere: Qui sont ces voleurs qui m’emportent les berceaux et les divertissemens de mes enfans? Les plaques de cuivre sont les berceaux, parce que parmy les sauvages ils ne sont faits que d’un ou deux aix joints ensemble, sur lesquels ils couchent leurs enfans; et ces petits morçeaux de cuivre qu’ils enlevoient, sont les jouets et les divertissemens des enfans sauvages, qui joüent ensemble avec des petites pierres.” The voice which the savages heard was believed to be that of a spirit called Missibizi, a certain water-god. “Quoy qu’il en soit, cette voix étonnante jetta tellement la frayeur dans l’esprit de nos Voyageurs, qu’un des quatre mourut avant que d’arriver à terre; peu de temps aprés un second fut enlevé, puis le troisièma; de sorte qu’il n’en resta qu’un, lequel s’étant rendu en son Pays, raconta tout ce qui s’étoit passé, pues mourut fort peu apriés.” The Father adds that the savages never afterward could be induced to approach the island for fear of being seized by the Genii presiding over its treasures.—_Relations des Jesuités l’année 1670_, p. 84, tome iii. Quebec reprint, 1858.

[76] _Ancient Mining_, p. 22 _et seq._

[77] _Congrès International des Américanistes._ Luxembourg. 1877, tom. i, pp. 51–2.

[78] _Essai Politique_ (Paris, 1825–27), vol. iii, p. 114. Dr. Charles Rau has courteously furnished me the following references on ancient mining in Mexico: _Clavigaro’s History of Mexico_, Phil., 1817, vol. i., p. 20. _Prescott’s Mexico_, vol. i, p. 138; _Despatches of Hernando Cortés_ addressed to the Emperor Charles V (trans. by Folsom, New York, 1842), p. 412. _Memoirs of Bernal Diaz_ (trans. of Lockhart, London, 1844), vol. i, p. 36. Dr. Rau remarks: “We are forcibly led to the conclusion that the Mexicans obtained copper by the mining process.”—_Letter to the Author_, Aug. 24, 1878.

[79] Colonel Whittlesey in the _Report of the State Archæological Society_ to the Centennial Commission of Ohio, Chap. IV, pl. 10, has figured several symmetrical tubes of stone from Ohio Mounds. The most perfect of these he thinks may have served “as telescopic helps for distant views.” The most general use to which most of them were applied, it is believed, was the making of signals, or possibly rude music. One of the tubes taken from the Tippet Mound near Newark, Ohio, and figured in the report, has its upper end flattened like a whistle or flute, and has a hole penetrating it just below the mouthpiece, which indicates that it may have been a musical instrument. The Huron slates were most frequently employed in the manufacture of tubes, as they were in the production of the class of objects known as ceremonial relics.

[80] Baldwin’s _Ancient America_, p. 42, and Dupaix, quoted on pp. 122–3.

[81] Dr. Rau has shown that division of labor and its advantages was recognized among the aborigines; that certain individuals who were qualified to manufacture particular implements devoted themselves exclusively to that work. He bases his conjecture “on the occurrence of manufactured articles of a homogeneous character in mounds or in deposits below the surface of the soil. There is little doubt, for instance, that there were persons who devoted their time chiefly to the manufacture of stone arrow-heads and of other articles produced by chipping, among which may be mentioned those remarkable large digging tools described by me several years ago, and the oval or leaf-shaped implements made of the peculiar hornstone of ‘Flint Ridge’ in Ohio.” See Stock-in-trade of an Aboriginal Lapidary, by Charles Rau, _Smithsonian Report_ for 1877.

[82] Dr. S. S. Schoville, in the _Cincinnati Quarterly Journal of Science_, April, 1875, p. 164, describes the discovery of numerous mica plates in a mound on the east bank of the Little Miami River, about twenty-five miles east of Cincinnati. He states, that at the base of the mound, on a level with the surrounding country, the remains of several skeletons were found, placed with their heads together and lying in a horizontal position. “Lying upon or immediately over the cranial debris, were found plates of mica, some a foot in diameter. These plates were disposed in such a way as to cover an area somewhat larger than that occupied by the crania beneath. However, it could not definitely be determined whether the design had been to make a continuous or common roof over the faces as a group, or whether each face had a covering of its own.” The writer ventures the rather fanciful conjecture that the mica in this and many other cases served the purpose of exhibiting temporarily the features of the dead in the manner that glass is now used on caskets.

[83] See a most interesting and extensive memoir on _Aboriginal Trade in_ _North America_, by Charles Rau, first published in vol. iv of the _Archiv für Anthropologie_ (Braunschweig, 1872), and translated in _Smithsonian Report_ for 1872, pp. 249–394.

[84] Mr. A. J. Conant in the _Commonwealth of Missouri_, pp. 77–8 (St. Louis, 1877), refers to ancient canals fifty feet wide and twelve feet deep observed by Dr. G. C. Swallow. He quotes a pretty full account from Geo. W. Carleton, Esq. Mr. Conant considers some of the southern bayous of artificial origin.

[85] For further material on the Mound-builders, see the documents cited throughout the chapter. No less important is Dr. Foster’s admirable work so often quoted, and which we must add has been of great service in the preparation of this chapter. A very good paper on the Mound-builders is that by Robert S. Robertson of Fort Wayne, Indiana, in the _Congrès International des Américanistes Compte-Rendu de la Sec. Ses. Luxembourg_, 1877, tom. i, pp. 39–50, though we do not fully agree with the author’s views as to the colonization of the Mississippi valley from the south. The classification of Mound-works by Rev. Stephen D. Peet in the same document, p. 103, is very satisfactory, and corresponds to that adopted in this chapter. The learned article by Judge Force of Cincinnati in the same document, vol. i, pp. 121–156, is full of interest. For recent mound explorations, see Appendix.

[86] _Pre-Historic Times_, p. 425. Also cited by Foster. In this connection I refer the reader to the argument of Mr. John H. Becker of Berlin, in the _Congrès International des Américanistes_, Luxembourg, 1877, tom. i, pp. 345–6: “These northern nations * * * have not quite forgotten the former existence and the exodus of these Nahua Mound-builders in and from the western prairie country. Cusick’s remarkable history of the Iroquois (Schoolcraft, vol. v) states again and again that ‘their hunters were opposed by big snakes,’ that the ‘great horned snake appeared on Lake Ontario,’ that the ‘lake serpent traversed the country, and they were compelled to build fortifications in order to save themselves from the devouring monsters,’ that ‘a snake with a human head prevented the intercourse of their several villages, as it had settled near the principal path of communication,’ also ‘that it retreats,’ etc., etc. Now, in order to understand the force of these passages, it is necessary to remind the reader that the Nahua race were perhaps even more properly and generally designated as the ‘Culhua’ the ‘Snake’ race, and one branch, remotely connected with them in blood and language, though wofully degenerated, the Snakes or Shoshones of Oregon, etc., carry the name to this very day. * * * ‘An expedition was sent towards the Mississippi River; they crossed it, reached an extensive meadow; they discovered a _curious animal_, a _winged fish_; it flew about the tree, it moved like a _humming bird_’ * * * the _humming bird_ was the totem of the last tribe of Nahuas, arriving in Anahuac from Aztlan. The Cherokee tradition, told by Timberlake, is equally significant: ‘The prince of rattlesnakes lives in the glens of the mountains. His palace is guarded by obedient subjects. * * * And in the myth of the Algonquins, the god-hero Michabo is in conflict with the shining prince of serpents who lives in the lake; he destroys the reptile with a dart; clothes himself with the skin of his foe, and _drives the rest of the serpents to the south_.’”

[87] _J. D. Baldwin’s Ancient America_, p. 47.

[88] Foster, pp. 172–3, remarks: “Squier and Davis hastily stated that none of these works occupied the alluvial bottoms (an error which Mr. Squier subsequently corrected), and from this statement the most erroneous conclusions as to their antiquity have been drawn. There is nothing to indicate but that those works were constructed after the surface had assumed its present configuration, and that the climate had become essentially as it is now. That they should not occur as abundantly on the bottoms as on the river terraces is not to be wondered at, when we consider the great fluctuations of the Mississippi and its tributaries. The extreme range between low and high water of the Upper Mississippi at its mouth is thirty-five feet; that of the Missouri at its mouth about the same; and that of the Ohio at Louisville, forty-two feet. Hence, during the flood time a greater portion of the bottom lands are subject to overflow, and it would be natural for the Mound-builders to shun such situations. Where the immediate valleys lie above high water, we find their works. Of this the ‘American Bottom’ is a notable instance.”

[89] See Dr. Lapham’s communication in Foster’s _Pre-Historic Races_, pp. 373–5, in which he shows the possibility of finding the average increase of wood each year by measuring annual rings of growth.

[90] Sir Charles Lyell, _Antiquity of Man_, p. 41, says: “When I visited Marietta in 1842, Dr. Hildreth took me to one of the mounds, and showed me where he had seen a tree growing on it, the trunk of which when cut down displayed eight hundred rings of annual growth.”

[91] See Prof. Asa Gray in Foster’s _Pre-Historic Races_, p. 392; also Lyell’s _Antiquity of Man_, p. 41, where the opinion of President Harrison is quoted as follows: “We may be sure that no trees were allowed to grow so long as the earthworks were in use; and when they were forsaken, the ground, like all newly-cleared land in Ohio, would for a time be monopolized by one or two species of tree, such as the yellow locust and the black or white walnut. When the individuals which were the first to get possession of the ground had died out one after the other, they would, in many cases, instead of being replaced by other species, be succeeded, by virtue of the law which makes a rotation of crops profitable in agriculture, by other kinds, till at last, after a great number of centuries (several hundred years perhaps), that remarkable diversity of species characteristic of North America, and far exceeding what is seen in European forests, would be established.”

[92] Foster’s _Pre-Historic Races_, pp. 118, 119, 122, and M. Stronck, _Repères chronologiques de l’histoire des Mound-builders_ in _Congrès des Américanistes_, Luxembourg, tom. i, pp. 316–18, catalogues the record of the age of trees found on mounds.

[93] Foster’s _Pre-Historic Races_, p. 370.

[94] _American Naturalist_, Jan. 1868.

[95] _Second Visit to the United States_, vol. i, p. 252.

[96] Dr. Brinton’s _Notes on the Floridian Peninsula_.

[97] From the immense heaps distributed over an area of 150 miles between Pilatka and Salt Creek Dr. Wyman made some collections of interest. The banks were composed mostly of the _Ampullaria Depressa_, the _Paludina Multilineata_ and _Unio Buckleyi_. The bank at King Phillip’s Town, 450 feet long by 120 feet wide, and in some places eight feet thick, yielded fragments of pottery and decayed animal bones. At Black Hammock, on the St. Johns, a mound 900 feet long and from 100 to 150 in width, yielded the following: such marine shells as the strombus-gigos, pyrula carica and P. perversa. These had been shaped into hatchets, gouges and chisels. Scarcely any stone implements were found in any of the mounds examined. A chisel and twenty-five arrow-heads were collected in the vicinity of the above shell-bank. The following animal remains were found: bear, deer, raccoon, opossum, terrapin, turtle, alligator, cat-fish and garpike. But few bones of birds were found. Prof. Wyman can only explain the presence of so many of the now scarce species, the Ampullarius and Paludinas, on the supposition that they were much more plentiful and are now becoming extinct, or that the heaps where so abundantly found were made by slow accumulation, through the lapse of an indefinitely long period.—_American Naturalist_, vol. ii, Nos. 8 and 9, and _Fifth Annual Report of Peabody Museum_, pp. 22–25. Also _First Report of Peabody Museum_, pp. 11, 18.

[98] A small sand-mound near Cedar Keys yielded peculiarly massive skulls; the capacity being 1375 cubic centimetres, or nearly 84 cubic inches. They show no distortion, and the average thickness of eight of them through the parietal bones measured 10.5 millimetres, or 0.42 of an inch. The heaviest weighed 995 grams, and notwithstanding the loss of its organic matter, is heavier than any of the three hundred skulls in the collection (Peabody Museum).—_Fourth Annual Report of Peabody Museum_, p. 13. Also see Foster’s _Pre-Historic Races_, p. 170.

[99] Foster’s _Pre-Historic Races_, p. 159.

[100] Nott and Gliddon’s _Types of Mankind_, p. 272.

[101] C. C. Jones, Jr., _Antiquities of the Southern Indians_.

[102] Further consult, _Second Indiana Report_, p. iii; _Smithsonian Report_ for 1870; Humphreys and Abbot’s _Physics and Hydraulics of the Mississippi Valley_, p. 89, and Foster’s _Pre-Historic Races_, Chap. IV.

[103] Martius: _Von dem Rechtszustande unter den Ureinwohner Brasiliens_, p. 80, and reprinted in his _Beiträge zur Ethnographie_, etc., Leipzig, 1867, quarto. “Der dermalige Zustand dieser Naturwesen beurkundet, dass die amerikanische Natur schon seit Jahrtausenden den Einfluss einer verändernden und umgestaltenden Menschenhand erfahren hat. Auf den Antillen und dem Festlande fanden die ersten Conquistadores den stummen Hund als Hausthier und auf der Jagd dienend, ebenso das Meerschweinchen in St. Domingo in einem heimischen Zustande.... Das Llama war in Peru schon seit undenklicher Zeit als Lastthier benützt worden, und kam nicht mehr im Zustand der Freiheit vor; ja sogar das Guanaco und die Vicunna scheinen damals nicht ganz wild, sondern in einer beschränkten Freiheit den Urbewohnern befreundet, gelebt zu haben, da sie, um geschoren zu werden, eingefangen, so dann aber wieder freigelassen würden.... Die Cultur dieser Pflanze (Maize) aus welcher die Peruaner auch Zucker bereiteten, ist uralt; man findet sie, und die Banane, den Baumwollenstrauch, die Quinoa- und die Mandioca-Pflanze ebenso wenig wild in America als unsere Getreidearten in Asien, Europa und Africa. Die einzige Palme, welche von den Indianern angebaut wird, hat durch diese Cultur den grossen, steinharten Saamenkern verloren, der oft in Fasern zerschmolzen, oft gänzlich aufgelöst ist. Ebenso findet man die Banane, deren Einfuhr nach America geschichtlich nicht nachgewiesen werden kann, immer ohne Saamen. Man weiss aber aus anderen Erfahrungen, welch’ lange Zeit nothwendig ist, um den Pflanzen einen solchen Stempel von der umbildenden Macht menschlichen Einflusses aufzudrücken. Gewiss, auch in America sind die dort heimischen Nutz-Pflanzen der Menschheit seit undenklichen Zeiten zinsbar unterworfen.”

[104] Brinton’s _Myths of the New World_, p. 37.

[105] Nott and Gliddon’s _Types of Mankind_, p. 352.

[106] _Antiquity of Man_, p. 44.

[107] _Pre-Historic Man_, p. 12.

[108] _American Naturalist_, vol. ii, p. 434, 1868. Also quoted by Foster, _Pre-Historic Races_, p. 77.

[109] Daniel Wilson’s _Pre-Historic Man_, p. 12.

[110] Vol. i, p. 200.

[111] Meigs: _Trans. Am. Phil. Soc._, 1828, p. 285.

[112] _Antiquity of Man_, p. 42.

[113] Vol. ii, p. 197.

[114] _Antiquity of Man_, p. 203.

[115] _Extinct Mammalia of North America_, p. 365: “The specimen may have been contemporary with the remains of extinct animals, with which it is said to have been found, though it appears to me equally if not more probable that it may have fallen into the formation from an Indian grave above at a comparatively recent date, and become stained like the true fossils from ferruginous infiltration.”

[116] Foster: _Pre-Historic Races_, p. 61. “A dozen plantation burial places and Indian mounds and camps had been exposed above for centuries; and in recent years since uninhabited by the whites (for a hundred years), the drains had cut through the surface to the depth of twenty and even forty feet of the bluff loam-beds. The probabilities are a hundred to one that this bone was not of the bluff (mastodon) formation but of the recent era.”

[117] Foster in _Transactions of the Chicago Academy of Sciences_, vol. i, part ii.

[118] Fontaine’s _How the World was Peopled_, pp. 67–69. A book with many good points, but obscure as to this particular case.

[119] _On the Geology of Lower Louisiana and the Salt Deposit on the Petit Anse Island_, p. 14, in _Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge_, No. 248.

[120] Foster’s _Pre-Historic Races_, p. 58.

[121] Brinton’s _Myths of the New World_, p. 35.

[122] Vol. xxxvi, p. 198.

[123] Vol. xxxvii, p. 191.

[124] J. D. Dana: _Koch’s Evidence on the Contemporaneity of Man and the Mastodon in Missouri_, in the _Am. Jour. of Sci. and Arts_, Art. xxxv, May, 1875, gives the title of two of these pamphlets as follows: 1. _Description of the Missourium or Missouri Leviathan, together with its Supposed Habits; Indian Traditions Concerning the Location from which it was Exhumed; Also, Comparisons of the Whale, Crocodile, and Missourium with the Leviathan, as described in the Forty-first Chapter of the Book of Job_: by Albert Koch, 16 pp. octavo, St. Louis, 1841 (1840 on the cover, indicating that the copy is from a second edition). 2. _Description of the Missourium Theristocaulodon (Koch) or Missouri Leviathan (Leviathan Missouriensis), together with its Supposed Habits and Indian Traditions; Also, Comparisons of the Whale, Crocodile, and Missourium with the Leviathan, as described in the Forty-first Chapter of the Book of Job_: by Albert Koch. Fifth edition enlarged, 28 pp. octavo. Dublin, 1843. (A third edition of twenty-four pages appeared in London in 1841.)

[125] _American Journal of Science and Arts_, 1830, Art. xxxvi, p. 198, and copied by Mr. J. D. Dana, in his article before cited, May, 1875.

[126] Dr. Koch’s _Pamphlet_ of 1843, pp. 13, 14, 27, copied by J. D. Dana.

[127] _Transactions of St. Louis Academy of Sciences_, vol. i, 1857.

[128] Foster’s _Pre-Historic Races_, p. 62.

[129] _Smithsonian Report_, 1872, p. 396, in a note to his article on _North American Stone Implements_.

[130] J. D. Dana in _American Journal of Science and Arts_, May, 1875, p. 340.

[131] Article cited, p. 344.

[132] Though the above argument by so eminent a specialist must satisfy any one that Dr. Koch’s claim, as it now stands, is valueless to science; still, it is due to the memory of the latter, to admit that he was the most indefatigable and successful collector in his department in this country. Though unscientific himself, his service to science must ever be recognized. The great Mastodon in the British Museum is a monument to his persevering research. Perhaps the disposition to acknowledge his services, has unduly biased the judgment of many in favor of his groundless claim.

[133] _Pre-Historic Races_, p. 67.

[134] “But it is one of those isolated cases which require further investigation before full credence can be attached to it.”—_Foster’s Pre-Historic Races_, p. 71.

[135] _Antiquity of Man in the United States, Transactions of American Association for Advancement of Science_. Chicago, 1869.

[136] _Second Visit to the United States._

[137] Nott and Gliddon’s _Types of Mankind_, p. 336, and Lyell’s _Antiquity of Man_, p. 43.

[138] _Tableau of New Orleans_, 1852, cited by Foster, _Pre-Historic Races_, p. 73.

[139] _Antiquity of Man_, p. 43.

[140] _Surface Geology_, p. 92, _Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge_, vol. ix.

[141] _Physics and Hydraulics of the Mississippi_, pp. 150 _et seq._, and 435.

[142] _Pre-Historic Races_, p. 76.

[143] _Philadelphia Acad. of Natural Sciences. Proceedings_, Part I, 1872. Also Foster, pp. 69–71.

[144] This letter bears date December 24, 1876, written from Waynesville, Ohio, and signed by Robert F. Furnas, M. D.

[145] Prof. Orton in _Geology of Highland County_ in “_Progress of the Ohio_ _Geological Survey in 1870_,” published 1871, and in vol. i. of _State Geological Report_, p. 442.

[146] Prof. Winchell remarks: “The very general interest that is being excited in this country in the problems that invest the history of the drift is my only excuse for calling your attention to the prevalence of vegetable remains in the Drift of the North-west, and to the wide divergence of high authorities on the relative position of those remains in respect to the boulder clay.”—See _Proceedings_, p. 56, _Am. Ass. for Adv. Sci._, 1875, _24th Meeting_.

[147] _Eleventh Annual Report of the Peabody Museum_, p. 226, Cambridge, 1878. Dr. Abbott concludes his interesting report by citing a letter from Mr. Thomas Belt, dated Grant, Colorado, June 29, 1878, in which the writer reports the discovery of “a small human skull in undisturbed loess, in a railway cutting about two miles from Denver, near the watershed between the South Platte and Clear Creek. All the plains are covered with a drift deposit of granitic and quartzose pebbles, overlaid by a sandy and calcareous loam closely resembling the diluvial clay and the loess of Europe.” The skull was found at a point three and a half feet from the surface.—_Ibid._, p. 257.

[148] _Tenth Annual Report of Peabody Museum, Cambridge_, 1877, vol. ii, pp. 30–43; _American Naturalist_, June, 1876, p. 329.

[149] _Tenth Annual Report of Peabody Museum_, p. 47.

[150] Grote, _The Peopling of America_, _American Naturalist_, April, 1877.

[151] _Primitive Industry_, by C. C. Abbott, M.D., 1881, p. 551. A truly scientific work.

[152] _Sixth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, under Dr. Hayden in 1872_, p. 657.

[153] General Thomas gives the following account of this form of skull discovered by him, p. 657: “It is unlike that of any human being to-day alive on this continent; the frontal bone being low, receding, growing narrow and pinched from the brows up; the top of the head depressed in the centre. The cavity of the cranium is full seven inches long, and a scant four and a half inches wide. The orbital ridges or eyebrows are excessively developed, like those of the great Gibbon monkey. In fact the whole skull resembles that of the great Gibbon monkey. The malar or cheek bones run down very low and deep toward the lower jaw, are set very far to the front, and are not wide at top, but widen very much toward the bottom. The nose, and here is the anomaly, is much more aquiline than that of the Indian. The superior maxillary is one-third deeper and much more prominent than the Indian’s. The inferior maxillary is of uncommon prominence, depth, and power, far exceeding that of the Indian. The mouth is narrow and long, more dog-shaped than the Indian’s. The _foramen magnum_ or aperture at base of skull, where the spinal cord enters the head, is peculiarly small. The _condyloid processes_ are full, oblong, flat on the working surfaces, and at such an angle as to set the head upward and back more than any race we know to-day on this continent. Set one of these skulls, without the lower jaw, on the table, and a line drawn from the upper jaw perpendicularly upward would be a good inch and a half in front of the forehead. Set on the lower jaw and it would be two inches.” Mr. R. D. Guttgisal, formerly an engineer on the Mexican Central Railroad, in connection with some friends, opened a mound at Chihuahua, on the line of that railroad. The skulls resembled those I have described (so he informs me) in every particular. He especially remembers the somewhat bird-shaped head, and the excessively small _foramen magnum_. The bodies were not interred horizontally there, but leaning backward as if in a rocking-chair. Professor H. H. Smith, University of Pennsylvania, has one of the skulls.

[154] Professor James Orton, _The Andes and the Amazons_, third ed., p. 109, New York, 1876.

[155] Sir John Lubbock, alluding to the changes that have transpired in the condition of man from his first appearance in America, says: “But even if we attribute to these changes all the importance which ever has been claimed for them, they will not require an antiquity of more than three thousand years. I do not, of course, deny that the period may have been very much greater, but in my opinion, at least, it _need_ not be greater.”—_Pre-Historic Times_, p. 234, London, 1865.

Dr. Foster, after giving many of the reputed proofs of man’s antiquity here, sums up the argument in the following language: “The evidence, it must be confessed, rests, in most cases, upon the testimony of a single observer, and besides, there has not been a recurrence of ‘finds’ in the same deposit (except in the gravel beds of Colorado and Wyoming, which require further investigation to command an unqualified belief), as in the valley of the Somme and in the European caves, which is so conclusive as to the existence of man as contemporary with the great Pachyderms.”—_Foster’s Pre-Historic Races_, p. 71.

[156] _De Civitate Dei_, lib. xvi, cap. 9. Above I have availed myself of the admirable translation by Rev. Marcus Dods, vol. ii, p. 118. Edinburgh, 1871. On the subject of Antipodes we may refer the reader to the view of _Cosmas Indicopleustes_, an Egyptian of the middle of the 6th century. See Draper’s _Conflict between Religion and Science_, p. 65, and the opinion of the Venerable Bede, cited by the same author. See further Bancroft’s _Native Races of the Pacific States_, vol. v, pp. 1–8, and Ogilby’s _America_, pp. 6–7.

[157] R. H. Major’s _Prince Henry of Portugal_, chap. xxi. London, 1868, 8vo. Draper’s _Conflict_, pp. 163–5.

[158] The narrowness of the attainments of the “educated” in Spain in the 17th century is portrayed by Buckle: “Books, unless they were books of devotion, were deemed utterly useless; no one consulted them, no one collected them; and until the 18th century, Madrid did not possess a single public library. * * * De Torres, who was himself a Spaniard, and was educated at Salamanca early in the 18th century, declares that he had studied in the university for five years before he had heard that such things as the mathematical sciences existed. So late as the year 1771, the same university publicly refused to allow the discoveries of Newton to be taught; and assigned as a reason, that the system of Newton was not so consonant with revealed religion as the system of Aristotle.”—_History of Civilization in England_, vol. ii, pp. 72–3. New York, 1861. Of course these remarks apply to Spain’s period of misfortune and decline, but it must also be remembered that the spirit of intolerance which alone brought about that condition was at its height about the time of the discovery of America.

[159] Mr. Bancroft has illustrated the spirit of this latter class by quoting a passage from Garcia’s _Origen de Los Indios_, Madrid, 1729, p. 248. It is certainly one of the most venomous and narrow-minded utterances on record. See Bancroft’s _Native Races_, vol. v, p. 4.

[160] _Historia Antigua de la Nueva España con Noticias de los Ritos y Costumbres de los Indios y Explicacion del Calendario Mexicano, por F. Diego Duran_, Escrita en el año de 1585; MS. in three vols. folio of upwards of 1000 pp. each. On p. 507, tom. iii, we find notice of December, 1579, as the date at which that stage of the work was reached. Copy in the library of Congress at Washington. From Beristain’s _Biblioteca Hispano-Americana, Septentrional_, tom. i, p. 442, Mexico, 1816, we quote the following: “Duran (F. Diego) á quien el Illmõ. Eguara, p. 324, de su Biblioteca dá equivocadamente el nombre de Pedro, y á quien el Jesuita Clavigero llama Fernando con igual equivocacion. Fué natural de Tezcuco, antigua corte de los Emperadores Megicanos: y Profeso el Orden de Santo Domingo, en el Convento Imperial de Megico, á 8 de Margo de 1556. Era varon Docto en Theología, y de vasta erudicion en la historia antigua de los Indios; pero molestado de enfermedades en sus años ultimos, no pudo dar á luz publica los bellos libros, que tenia compuestos, los mas amenos y gustosos, que hasta entonces se habian escrito sobre las cosas de Indias, como se explica el Illmõ. Dáila Padilla, y repetieron despues los criticos franceses Querif y Echard. El referido Arzo-Bispo añade, que el P. Juan de Torar, Jesuita Megicano, en cuyo poder paraban los manuscritos de su paisano Duran, se los dió al P. José de Acosta á quien servieron mucho para su Historia Natural y Moral de las Indias, en lo qual convienen Pinelo y D. Nicolás Antonio. Los dichos MSS. eran:” _Historia de los Indios de la N. E. Antigüallas de los Indios de la N. E._

[161] “Cuanto á lo primero tendremos por principal fundamento el ser esta Nacion y Gente Indiana advenediza de estrañas y remotas regeiones, y que en su venida á poseer esta Tierra hizo un largo y prolijo camino, en el cual gastó muchos meses y años para llegar á ella, como de su relacion y pinturas se colige, y como de algunos viejos ancianos de muchos dias he procurado saber para sacar esta opinion en limpio; y dado caso que algunos cuenten algunas falsas fabulas conviene á saber, que nacieron de unas fuentes y manantiales de agua; otros, que nacieron de unas cuebas; otros, que su generacion es de los Dioses; lo cual clara y abiertamente se ve ser fabula, y que ellos mismos ignoran su origen y principio, dado caso que siempre confiessan havre venido de tierras; y asi lo he hallado pintado en sus antiguas pinturas, donde señalan grandes trabajos de hambre, sed, y desnudez, con otras innumerables afliciones que en él pasáron hasta llegar a esta tierra y poblada; con lo cual confirmo mi opinion y sospecha de que estos Naturales sean de aquellas diez Tribus de Isrrael que Salmanasar, Rey de los Asirios cautivó y transmigró de Asiria en tiempo de Ozeas, Rey de Isrrael, y en tiempo de Ozequias, Rey de Jerusalem, como se prodra ver en el cuarto Libro de los Reyes, capitulo diez y siete, donde dice que fue transladado Isrrael de su tierra á los Asirios hasta el dia de hoy, etc.; de las cuales dice Esdras en el Libro cuarto, capitulo trece, que se pasaron á vivir á una tierra remota y apartada que nunca habia sido habitada; á la cual habia largo y prolijo camino de año y medio, donde agora se hallan estas Gentes de todas las Islas y Tierra firma del mar oceano hacia la parte de occidente.”—_Historia Antigua de la Nueva España_, tom. i., pp. 1–2, MS.

[162] London, small quarto, 1650; we have both this and the edition of 1660 before us.

[163] Harmon L’Estrange, Kt., _Americans No Jewes; or Improbabilities that the Americans are of that Race_, p. 4. 1652; quarto, London.

[164] Id., p. 13.

[165] “De suerte que aviendose conservado este nombre Piru, que es lo mismo que Ophir, en aquellas tierras, y hallandose que los moradores dellas parecen a los Hebreos en muchas cosas, bien se signe que a quellos Indios, y los demas proceden de Ophir nieto de Heber de quien los Hebreos, y su lengua tomaron el nombre. Tambien se halla el nombre de Iectan padre de Ophir en la provincia que oy se llama Yucatan, en la Nueva España, que no es pequeño fundemento para provar que ya que no pusiesse aquel nombre Iectan, por no haver ido a aquella tierra, pudo ser que lo diesse su hijo Ophir.”—_Origen de los Indios_, p. 323. Ed., _Valencia_, 1607.

[166] _Origen de los Indios_, (_Valencia_, 1607), p. 485.

[167] _Hist. de la Nouvelle France_, lib. i, cap. iii, p. 25. Paris, 1611.

[168] _Historia General de los Hechos de los Castellanos_, Madrid, 1728–30, fol. decada 1, lib. i, cap. vi.

[169] _Historia de la Conquista Itza_, p. 27, Madrid, 1701, fol.

[170] Aunque la verdad es que ellos, por hablar mas propriamente y los otros de quien descendieron, por Generacion Natural, son de los Hijos de Noé * * * y segun lo que tenemos dicho, en otra parte, acerca de el color de estas gentes, no tendria por cosa descaminada, creer que son descendientes de los Hijos, u Nietos de Cham, tercero Hijo de Noé.—_Monarquia Ind._, tom. i, p. 30.

[171] Pineda in _Soc. Mex. Geog. Boletin_, 1852, p. 343; see tradition of Votan, this work, chap. v.

[172] _Storia Ant. del Messico_, tom. iv, p. 17; cited by Bancroft.

[173] _Historia del origen de pentes que poblaron la America Septentrional que llaman la Nueva España con noticia de los primeros que establecieron la Monarquia, que en ella florecio de la Nacion Tolteca, y noticias que alcanzaron de la creacion del Mundo_ (date at end of first vol. 1755, and end of third 1780), _por M. Fer. de Echevarria y Veitia_, pp. 24–30, chap, i, tom. i, MS. Three vols. folio, in Library of Congress at Washington. About one-fourth of the work is published in Kingsborough’s _Mex. Ant._, tom. viii.

[174] _Historia_, cap. xii, tom. i, p. 92, MS.; of Kingsborough’s _Mex. Ant._, tom. viii, p. 189.

[175] _Noticias Americanas_, pp. 391–5, 405–7. Cited by Bancroft, _Native Races_, vol. v, p. 10.

[176] _Native Races_, vol. v, p. 11.

[177] _Deserts_, vol. i, p. 26. But what else could be expected of the editor of that curiosity of Americo-Germanic literature executed by some German school-boy and unearthed in the Arsenal Library at Paris, entitled _Manuscript Pictographique Américain précédé d’une notice sur l’Ideographie des Peaux-Rouges_, par l’Abbé Em. Domenech, Paris, 1860. Published under the auspices of the Minister of State and of the Emperor Napoleon III. See also _Le Livre des Sauvages au Point de Vue de la Civilization Française_, Brussels, 1861. The internal evidences of this remarkable MS. being the work of a German boy are plain to any one having the slightest knowledge of the German language. How the Abbé and the Emperor could have been so blinded to its real character we cannot imagine; however, it would be unfair to leave the impression that, because of the theory of Ophir’s colonization and because of this literary blunder, the Abbé’s work entitled _Seven Years’ Residence in the Great Deserts of North America_ is without value. On the contrary, it contains much useful information. The following passage occurs on p. 66 of the above work: “The most careful study concerning the origin of the red-skins, made on the spot, has confirmed us in the belief that there is nothing in science to contradict the Bible, which represents Adam as the sole stock whence sprung the three great races which form the principal types of the human family.”

[178] _Storia Ant. del Messico_, tom. iv, p. 15. We quote the following from the translation by Cullan, London, 1807: “We do not doubt that the population of America has been very ancient, and more so than it may seem to have been to European authors: 1. Because the Americans wanted those arts and inventions, such, for example, as those of wax and oil for light, which on the one hand being very ancient in Europe and Asia, are on the other most useful, not to say necessary, and when once discovered are never forgotten. 2. Because the polished nations of the new world, and particularly those of Mexico, preserve in their traditions and in their paintings the memory of the creation of the world and of the building of the Tower of Babel, the confusion of languages and the dispersion of the people, though blended with some fables, and had no knowledge of the events which happened afterwards in Asia, in Africa, or in Europe, although many of them were so great and remarkable that they could not easily have gone from their memories. 3. Because neither was there among the Americans any knowledge of the people of the old continent, nor among the latter any account of the passage of the former to the new world.” He then cites Votan. See further on early views, Gottfried Wagner’s _De Originibus Amer. Disertatio Lipsiæ_, 1669; Hugo Grotius’s _Dissertatio de Origine Gentium Americanorum Amstelodami_, 1642; Jean De Laet’s _Notæ ad Diss. H. Grotii de Originine Gent. Americ._, 1643; Jean De Laet’s _Responsio ad H. Grotii Diss. de Origine Gent. Americ._, 1644; Poisson’s _Animadrersiones in Originem Peruvianorum et Mexicanorum_, Parisiis, 1644; Georgius Hornius’s _De Originibus Americanis Hagæ_, 1652; Rocha’s _Tratado Unico y Singulare del Origin de los Indios Occidentales, del Peru, Mexico, Santa Fe, y Chile_; Lima, 1681; Engel’s _Essai sur Cette Question: Comment l’Amérique est-elle été Peuplée d’Hommes et d’Ammaux_, Amsterdam, 1767; Corn. De Pauw’s _Recherche sur l’Amérique et les Americans_, Berlin, 1774; Vater’s _Untersuchungen über America’s Bevölkerung aus dem alten Continent_, Leipzig, 1810.

[179] D. B. Warden’s _Recherches sur les Antiquités de l’Amérique du Nord_, in _Antiquités Mexicaines_, tom. ii, div. ii. Paris, 1834, quarto.

[180] _Native Races_, vol. v, chap. i. The literary apparatus contained in the notes accompanying the chapter is remarkably full and valuable.

[181] “I know of no man better qualified than was Brasseur de Bourbourg, to penetrate the obscurity of American primitive history. His familiarity with the Nahua and Central American languages, his indefatigable industry and general erudition, rendered him eminently fit for the task, and every word written by such a man on such a subject is entitled to respectful consideration. Nevertheless there is reason to believe that the Abbé was often rapt away from the truth by the excess of enthusiasm, and the reader of his wild and fanciful speculations cannot but regret that he has not the opportunity or the ability to criticise by comparison the French savant’s interpretation of the original documents.”—_Bancroft’s Native Races_, p. 127.

[182] The work in which he repudiates his first interpretation of the Codex Chimalpopoca, and in which he advocates the allegorical meaning together with the theory of Atlantis, is entitled _Quatre Lettres sur le Mexique_, Paris, 1868.

[183] This work, p. 135.

[184] Among these we may cite Adair’s _History of the American Indians_; Jones’ _History of Ancient America_; Giordan’s _Tehuantepec_; Rossi’s _Souvenirs d’un Voyage en Orégon_, pp. 276–7; Ethan Smith’s _Views of the Hebrews_; Thorowgood’s _Jewes in America_; Domenech’s _Deserts_, vol. i, and Simon’s _Ten Tribes_.

[185] _Mexican Antiquities_, London, 1831–48, 9 vols. imperial folio.

[186] The tablets remained in their place of concealment until discovered by Joseph Smith, September 22, 1827. Mr. Bancroft, _Native Races_, p. 97 _et seq._ (from which we draw the above), has translated a full account of this wonderful claim from Bertrand’s _Memoirs_, pp. 32 _et seq._

[187] Pineda’s _De Rebus Solomonis_, but especially Horn’s _De Origine Gentium Americanarum_.

[188] Some of these features will receive attention in a following chapter.

[189] Hudson’s _Geographiæ Veteris Scriptores Græci Minores_, 1698–1712, 8vo, and Rev. Thos. Falconer’s _Voyage of Hanno_, translated, etc., Oxford, 1797, 8vo.

[190] _Native Races_, p. 66.

[191] Chap. V.; see Tradition and Literature.

[192] By George Jones, R. S. I.; M. F. S. V., etc.; dedicated by permission to the Archbishop of Canterbury and to Frederick William the Fourth, King of Prussia. London, 1843.

[193] Mr. Jones states in his preface that to furnish a list of the works from which he drew his material would be pedantic, and adds: “Yet being professedly an original work, the volume of the brain has been more largely extracted from than any writer whose works are already before that public—to whose final judgment (upon its merits or demerits) the present author submits the first history of ancient America with all humility; but he will yield to none in the conscientious belief in the truth of the startling propositions and the consequent conclusions.” With such convictions there is no opportunity for unbiased investigation.

[194] _Traditions of Decoodah and Antiquarian Researches_, p. 16. New York, 1858, 8vo.

[195] _Mœurs des Sauvages Amériquains Comparées aux Mœurs des Premiers Temps._ Paris, 1724.

[196] See Bancroft’s _Native Races_, p. 122; the Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg’s discovery of the Greek Gods in America (_Landa, Relacion_, pp. lxx–lxxx) will be considered further on.

[197] Bancroft’s _Native Races_, pp. 55 _et seq._; M’Culloch’s _Researches_, pp. 171–2; Mayer’s _Mexico as it Was_, p. 186; Humboldt’s _Vues_, tom. i, pp. 120–4, and Stephen’s _Central America_, vol. ii, p. 441; Jones’ _Hist. Anc. Am._, pp. 122 _et seq._

[198] Delafield’s _Inquiry into the Origin of the Antiquities of America_, Cincinnati, 1839, quarto.

[199] _Native Races_, vol. v, p. 54. In a note an excellent collection of authorities is quoted.

[200] Colonel Kennon in Leland’s _Fusang_, pp. 65 _et seq._ Also C. W. Brooks on Japanese Race in Bancroft’s _Native Races_, vol. v, p. 51.

[201] In _Mémoires de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres_, vol. xxviii, 1761.

[202] English by Chas. G. Leland: _Fusang, or the Chinese Discovery of America_, 1875. New York.

[203] Bancroft, _Native Races_, vol. v, p. 34, note, says: “A Chinese _li_ is about one-third of a mile”—English, we suppose, but upon what authority we are unable to say. Klaproth adopted 850 _li_ to a degree, while D’Eichthal fixes it at 400 to a degree in the sixth century, though at present it is 250 _li_ to a degree. Deguignes’ _Mémoires de l’Académie des Inscriptiones et Belles Lettres_, vol. xxviii, 1761, and Leland’s _Fusang_, pp. 128 and 140.

[204] Leland’s _Fusang_, pp. 25 _et seq._ This translation was revised by Professor Neumann himself, and is more literal than that by Klaproth.

[205] Klaproth’s _Recherches_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voyages_, 1831, tom. li, pp. 57 _et seq._ Humboldt’s _Examen Critique_, tom. xi, pp. 65–6.

[206] Sr. Jose Perez in _Revue Orientale et Américaine_, No. 4, pp. 189–195.

[207] Dr. E. Bretschneider in the fifth number of the _Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal_, vol. iii, published at Foochow, October 1870. The article entitled _Fusang, or Who Discovered America_, is copied in full in Leland’s _Fusang_, pp. 165 _et seq._ See also Dr. Neumann’s _Ost-Asien und West Amerika_; in _Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Erdkunde_ for April, 1864. See _D’Eichthal_ in _Revue Archéologique_, 1862, vol. ii, and Bancroft’s _Native Races_, vol. v, pp. 33 _et seq._

[208] The strongest proof upon which the Chinese theory rests is that of physical resemblance, which on the extreme north-western coast of America is very marked. Bancroft’s _Native Races_, vol. v, p. 37.

[209] John Ranking’s _Historical Researches on the Conquest of Peru, Mexico, etc., by the Mongols_, London, 1827.

[210] Bancroft’s _Native Races_, vol. v, pp. 44–50, contains a good review, but Ranking himself must be examined to be appreciated.

[211] _Native Races_, vol. v, pp. 40 _et seq._, gives a brief review. The subject will be fully treated in its proper place.

[212] In the Landnama-book, No. 107, is found a narrative of ARE MARSON, in Hvitramanna Land. Prof. Rafn (_Antiquitates Americanæ_, pp. 210 _et seq._), translates it as follows: “Ulvus Strabo, filius Högnii Albi, totum occupavit Reykjanesum inter Thorskafjördum et Hafrafellum; uxorem habuit Bjargam, filiam Eyvindi Œstmanni, sororem Helgii Marci. Eorum filius Atlius Rufus, qui uxorem habuit Thorbjargam, sororem Steinolvi Humilis; horum filius erat Mar de Reykholis, qui uxorem habuit Thorkatlam, filiam Hergilsis Hnapprassi (natibus globosis). Eorum filius fuit Arius, qui tempestate delatus est ad Hvitramannalandiam (Terram alborum hominum), quam nonnulli Irlandiam Magnum appellant, qui in oceano occidentali jacet prope Vinlandiam Bonam, sex dierum navigatione versus occidentem ab Irlanda.” On Hvitramannaland, see _Antiquitates Americanæ_, pp. 162, 163, 183, 210, 212, 214, 447, 448, and De Costa’s _Pre-Columbian Discovery of America_, pp. lii, 86, 63, 70, 87, 88.

[213] _Monastikon Britannicum_, pp. 131–2, 187–8. Cited by De Costa, _Pre-Col. Dis. of Am._, p. xviii.

[214] On this subject see Brasseur de Bourbourg in the 16th vol. of the sixth series of _Nouvelles Annales des Voyages_, pp. 263, 281–9; also 3d vol. of same work, sixth series, 1855, pp. 156–7, and in _New York Tribune_ for November 21, 1855.

[215] _Découverte de l’Amérique par les Normands an Xᵉ siècle, par Gabriel Gravier_, Paris, 1864, 4to.

[216] _America Not Discovered by Columbus_, by R. B. Anderson, Chicago, 1874, 16mo.

[217] Gravier, _Découverte de l’Amérique_, p. 235, quotes Dr. Schuck as authority, _Société Royale des Antiquaires du Nord_, 1840–43, pp. 26–7; also 1844, p. 181.

[218] Hakluyt’s _Principal Navigations, Voyages, etc._, vol. iii, pp. 1 _et seq._; see a good discussion of the Welsh claim in Bancroft’s _Native Races_, vol. v, pp. 116 _et seq._

[219] “I think, therefore (as mentioned before), we do not at all derogate from God’s greatness, nor in any ways dishonor the sacred evidence given us by His servants, when we think that there were as many Adams and Eves (every one knows these names to have an allegorical sense), as we find different species of the human genus * * * * God has created an original pair here as well as elsewhere.”—_Roman’s Concise Nat. Hist. of E. and W. Florida_, p. 55, New York, 1775. “We will candidly confess that we could never understand why philosophers have been so pre-disposed to advocate the theory which peoples America from the Eastern hemisphere. We think the supposition that the Red man is a primitive type of a family of the human race, originally planted in the Western Continent, presents the most natural solution of the problem; and that the researches of physiologists, antiquaries, philologists and philosophers in general, tend irresistibly to this conclusion.”—_Norman’s Rambles in Yucatan_, p. 251, New York, 1843, 8vo. “My own belief is that, whatever was the origin of the different tribes or families, the whole race of American Indians are native and indigenous to the soil. There is no proof that they are either the lost tribes of Israel or emigrants from any part of the old world. They are a separate and as distinct a race as either the Ethiopian, Caucasian, or Mongolian. In the absence of all proof to the contrary, it seems to me to be both rational and consistent to assume that the Creator placed the Red race on the American Continent as early as He created the beasts and reptiles that inhabit it.”—_Swan’s North-west Coast_, p. 206, New York, 1857. “Dieu a créé plusieurs couples d’êtres humains différant les uns des autres intérieurement et extérieurement; chacun de des couples a été placé dans le climat approprié à son organisation.”—_Lord Kames in Warden’s Recherches_, p. 203.

[220] The reader who has not given special attention to this phase of the subject, will be surprised to learn how generally received has been the autochthonic theory among writers in this field. Mr. Bancroft has given several quotations to illustrate this fact. See Morelet’s _Voyage_, vol. i, p. 177, Paris, 1857; Evens’ _Our Sister Republic_, p. 332; Catlin’s _North American Indians_, vol. ii, p. 232. We prepared extracts for insertion at this point, but the limit of our space will not permit a full consideration of the question.

Mr. Bancroft says of the theory, “If we may judge by the recent results of scientific investigation, [it] may eventually prove to be scientifically correct. To express belief, however, in a theory incapable of proof, appears to me idle. Indeed such belief is not belief, it is merely acquiescing in or accepting a hypothesis or tradition until the contrary is proved.”—_Native Races_, vol. v, pp. 130–1.

[221] _Crania Americana_, p. 260. Philadelphia, 1839. Folio.

[222] Dr. Morton gives the following comparative table showing the internal capacity and dimensions of the crania of different races:

+-----------+------------+-------------+---------+---------+
| | | _Mean | | |
| | _Number | Internal | _Largest|_Smallest|
| RACES. | of Skulls._| Capacity | in the | in the |
| | |in cubic in._| Series._| Series._|
+-----------+------------+-------------+---------+---------+
|Caucasian | 52 | 87 | 109 | 75 |
|Mongolian | 10 | 83 | 93 | 69 |
|Malay | 18 | 81 | 89 | 64 |
|American | 147 | 82 | 100 | 60 |
|Ethiopian | 29 | 78 | 94 | 65 |
+-----------+------------+-------------+---------+---------+