Chapter VII: The Vigesimal System (2)

Abacus, 19. Abeokuta, 33. Abipone, 71, 72. Abkhasia, 188. Aboker, 148. Actuary, Life ins., 19. Adaize, 162. Addition, 19, 43, 46, 92. Adelaide, 108. Admiralty Islands, 45. Affadeh, 184. Africa (African), 9, 16, 28, 29, 32, 33, 38, 42, 47, 64, 66, 69, 78, 80, 91, 105, 120, 145, 170, 176, 184, 187. Aino (Ainu), 45, 191. Akra, 120. Akari, 190. Alaska, 157, 196. Albania, 184. Albert River, 26. Aleut, 157. Algonkin (Algonquin), 45, 92, 161. Amazon, 23. Ambrym, 136. American, 10, 16, 19, 98, 105. Andaman, 8, 15, 28, 31, 76, 174, 193. Aneitum, 154. Animal, 3, 6. Anthropological, 21. Apho, 133. Api, 80, 136, 155. Apinage, 111. Arab, 170. Arawak, 52-54, 135. Arctic, 29. Arikara, 46. Arithmetic, 1, 5, 30, 33, 73, 93. Aryan, 76, 128-130. Ashantee, 145. Asia (Asiatic), 28, 113, 131, 187. Assiniboine, 66, 92. Athapaskan,92. Atlantic, 126. Aurora, 155. Australia (Australian), 2, 6, 19, 22, 24-30, 57, 58, 71, 75, 76, 84, 103, 105, 106, 110, 112, 118, 173, 206. Avari, 188. Aymara, 166. Aztec, 63, 78, 83, 89, 93, 201, 207, 208.

Babusessé, 38. Babylonian, 208. Bagrimma, 148. Bahnars, 15. Bakairi, 111. Balad, 67. Balenque, 150. Bambarese, 95. Banks Islands, 16, 96, 153. Barea, 151. Bargaining, 18, 19, 32. Bari, 136. Barre, 174. Basa, 146. Basque, 40, 182. Bellacoola, see Bilqula. Belyando River, 109. Bengal, Bay of, 28. Benuë, 133. Betoya, 57, 112, 135, 140. Bilqula, 46, 164. Binary, chap. v. Binin, 149. Bird-nesting, 5. Bisaye, 90. Bogota, 206. Bolan, 120. Bolivia, 2, 21. Bongo, 143, 186. Bonzé, 151. Bororo, 23. Botocudo, 22, 31, 48, 71. Bourke, 108. Boyne River, 24. Brazil, 2, 7, 30, 174, 195. Bretagne (Breton), 120, 129, 181, 182. British Columbia, 45, 46, 65, 86, 88, 89, 112, 113, 195. Bullom, 147. Bunch, 64. Burnett River, 112. Bushman, 28, 31. Butong, 93.

Caddoe, 162. Cahuillo, 165. Calculating machine, 19. Campa, 22. Canada, 29, 53, 54, 86, 195. Canaque, 142, 144. Caraja, 23. Carib, 166, 167, 199. Carnarvon, 35, 36. Carrier, 86. Carthaginian, 179. Caucasus, 188. Cayriri (see Kiriri), 79. Cayubaba (Cayubabi), 84, 167. Celtic, 40, 169, 179, 181, 190. Cely, Mom, 9. Central America, 29, 69, 79, 121, 131, 195, 201, 208. Ceylon, 28. Chaco, 22. Champion Bay, 109. Charles XII., 132. Cheyenne, 62. Chibcha, 206. China (Chinese), 40, 131. Chippeway, 62, 159, 162. Chiquito, 2, 6, 21, 40, 71, 76. Choctaw, 65, 85, 162. Chunsag, 189. Circassia, 190. Cobeu, 174. Cochin China, 15. Columbian, 113. Comanche, 29, 83. Conibo, 23. Cooper's Creek, 108. Cora, 166. Cotoxo, 111. Cowrie, 64, 70, 71. Cree, 91. Crocker Island, 107. Crow, 3, 4, 92. Crusoe, Robinson, 7. Curetu, 111.

Dahomey, 71. Dakota, 81, 91, 92. Danish, 30, 46, 129, 183. Darnley Islands, 24. Delaware, 91, 160. Demara, 4, 6. Déné, 86. Dido, 189. Dinka, 136, 147. Dippil, 107. Division, 19. Dravidian, 104, 193. Dual number, 75. Duluth, 34. Duodecimal, chap. v. Dutch, 129.

Eaw, 24. Ebon, 152. Efik, 148, 185. Encabellada, 22. Encounter Bay, 108. Ende, 68, 152. English, 28, 38-44, 60, 81, 85, 89, 118, 123, 124, 129, 183, 200, 203, 208. Eromanga, 96, 136, 154. Eskimo, 16, 30, 31, 32, 36, 48, 51, 52, 54, 61, 64, 83, 137, 157, 159, 195, 196. Essequibo, 166. Europe (European), 27, 39, 168, 169, 179, 182, 183, 185, 204. Eye, 14, 97. Eyer's Sand Patch, 26. Ewe, 64, 91.

Fall, 163. Fate, 138, 155. Fatuhiva, 130. Feloop, 145. Fernando Po, 150. Fiji, 96. Finger pantomime, 10, 23, 29, 67, 82. Fingoe, 33. Fist, 16, 59, 72. Flinder's River, 24. Flores, 68, 152. Forefinger, 12, 15, 16, 54, 61, 91, 113. Foulah, 147. Fourth finger, 18. Frazer's Island, 108. French, 40, 41, 124, 129, 181, 182, 209. Fuegan, 22.

Gaelic, 180. Galibi, 138. Gaul, 169, 182. Georgia, 189. German, 38-43, 129, 183. Gesture, 18, 59. Gola, 151. Golo, 146. Gonn Station, 110. Goth, 169. Greek, 86, 129, 168, 169. Green Island, 45. Greenland, 29, 52, 80, 158. Guachi, 23, 31. Guarani, 55, 138. Guatemala, 205. Guato, 142. Guaycuru, 22. Gudang, 24.

Haida, 112. Hawaii, 113, 114, 116, 117. Head, 71. Heap, 8, 9, 25, 70, 77, 100. Hebrew, 86, 89, 95. Heiltsuk, 65, 88, 163. Herero, 150. Hervey Islands, 118. Hidatsa, 80, 91. Hill End, 109. Himalaya, 193. Hottentot, 80, 92. Huasteca, 204. Hudson's Bay, 48, 61. Hun, 169. Hunt, Leigh, 33.

Ibo, 185. Icelandic, 129, 183. Illinois, 91. Index finger, 11, 14. India, 96, 112, 131. Indian, 8, 10, 13, 16, 17, 19, 32, 36, 54, 55, 59, 62, 65, 66, 79, 80, 82, 83, 89, 90, 98, 105, 112, 171, 201. Indian Ocean, 63, 193. Indo-European, 76. Irish, 129, 180. Italian, 39, 80, 124, 129, 203.

Jajowerong, 156. Jallonkas, 146. Jaloff, 146. Japanese, 40, 86, 89, 93-95. Java, 93, 120. Jiviro, 61, 136. Joints of fingers, 7, 18, 173. Juri, 79.

Kamassin, 130. Kamilaroi, 27, 107, 112. Kamtschatka, 75, 157. Kanuri, 136, 149. Karankawa, 68. Karen, 112. Keppel Bay, 24. Ki-Nyassa, 150. Kiriri, 55, 138, 139, 167. Kissi, 145. Ki-Swahili, 42. Ki-Yau, 150. Klamath, 58, 59. Knot, 7, 9, 19, 40, 93, 115. Kolyma, 75. Kootenay, 65. Koriak, 75. Kredy, 149. Kru, 146. Ku-Mbutti, 78. Kunama, 151. Kuri, 188. Kusaie, 78, 80. Kwakiutl, 45.

Labillardière, 85. Labrador, 29. Lake Kopperamana, 107. Latin, 40, 44, 76, 81, 86, 124, 128, 168, 169, 181, 182. Lazi, 189. Left hand, 10-17, 54. Leper's Island, 16. Leptscha, 193. Lifu, 143. Little finger, 10-18, 48, 54, 61, 91. Logone, 186. London, 124. Lower California, 29. Luli, 118. Lutuami, 164.

Maba, 80. Macassar, 93. Machine, Calculating, 19, 20. Mackenzie River, 157. Macuni, 174. Madagascar, 8, 9. Maipures, 15, 56. Mairassis, 10. Malagasy, 83, 95. Malanta, 96. Malay, 8, 45, 90, 93, 170. Mallicolo, 152. Manadu, 93. Mandingo, 186. Mangareva, 114. Manx, 180. Many, 2, 21-23, 25, 28, 100. Maori, 64, 93, 122. Marachowie, 26. Maré, 84. Maroura, 106. Marquesas, 93, 114, 115. Marshall Islands, 122, 152. Massachusetts, 91, 159. Mathematician, 2, 3, 35, 102, 127, 210. Matibani, 151. Matlaltzinca, 166. Maya, 45, 46, 199, 205. Mbayi, 111. Mbocobi, 22. Mbousha, 66. Melanesia, 16, 22, 28, 84, 95. Mende, 186. Mexico, 29, 195, 201, 204, 208. Miami, 91. Micmac, 90, 160. Middle finger, 12, 15, 62. Mille, 122. Minnal Yungar, 26. Minsi, 162. Mississaga, 44, 92. Mississippi, 125. Mocobi, 119. Mohegan, 91. Mohican, 172. Mokko, 149. Molele, 164. Moneroo, 109. Mongolian, 8. Montagnais, 53, 54, 175. Moree, 24. Moreton Bay, 108. Mort Noular, 107. Mosquito, 69, 70, 121. Mota, 95, 153. Mpovi, 152. Multiplication, 19, 33, 40, 43, 59. Mundari, 193. Mundo, 186. Muralug, 17. Murray River, 106, 109. Muysca, 206.

Nagranda, 207. Nahuatl, 141, 144, 177, 201, 205. Nakuhiva, 116, 130. Negro, 8, 9, 15, 29, 184. Nengone, 63, 136. New, 128-130. New Caledonia, 154. New Granada, 195. New Guinea, 10, 152. New Hebrides, 155. New Ireland, 45. New Zealand, 123. Nez Perces, 65, 158. Ngarrimowro, 110. Niam Niam, 64, 136. Nicaragua, 80. Nicobar, 78, 193. Nightingale, 4. Nootka, 163, 198. Norman River, 24. North America, 28, 82, 171, 173, 176, 194, 201. Notch, 7, 9, 93. Numeral frame, 19. Nupe, 149, 186. Nusqually, 96.

Oceania, 115, 176. Octonary, chap. v. Odessa, 34. Ojibwa, 84, 159. Okanaken, 88. Omaha, 161. Omeo, 110. Oregon, 58, 195. Orejone, 23. Orinoco, 54, 56, 195. Ostrich, 71, 72. Otomac, 15. Otomi, 165, 199. Ottawa, 159. Oyster Bay, 79.

Pacific, 29, 113, 116, 117, 131. Palm (of the hand), 12, 14, 15. Palm Island, 156. Pama, 136, 155. Pampanaga, 66. Papaa, 148. Paraguay, 55, 71, 118, 195. Parana, 119. Paris, 182. Pawnee, 91, 121, 162. Pebble, 7-9, 19, 40, 93, 179. Peno, 2. Peru (Peruvian), 2, 22, 61, 206. Philippine, 66. Philology (Philologist), 128, 209, 210. Phoenician, 90, 179. Pigmy, 69, 70, 78. Pikumbul, 57, 138. Pines, Isle of, 153. Pinjarra, 26. Plenty, 25, 77. Point Barrow, 30, 51, 64, 83, 137, 159. Polynesia, 22, 28, 118, 130, 170. Pondo, 33. Popham Bay, 107. Port Darwin, 109. Port Essington, 24, 107. Port Mackay, 26. Port Macquarie, 109. Puget Sound, 96. Puri, 22, 92.

Quappa, 171, 172. Quaternary, chap. v. Queanbeyan, 24. Quiche, 205. Quichua, 61.

Rapid, 163. Rarotonga, 114. Richmond River, 109. Right hand, 10-18, 54. Right-handedness, 13, 14. Ring finger, 15. Rio Grande, 195. Rio Napo, 22. Rio Norte, 136, 199. Russia (Russian), 30, 35.

Sahaptin, 158. San Antonio, 136. San Blas, 79, 80. Sanskrit, 40, 92, 97, 128. Sapibocone, 84, 167. Saste (Shasta), 165. Scratch, 7. Scythian, 169. Seed, 93. Semitic, 89. Senary, chap. v. Sesake, 136, 155. Several, 22. Sexagesimal, 124, 208. Shawnoe, 160. Shell, 7, 19, 70, 93. Shushwap, 88. Siberia, 29, 30, 187, 190. Sierra Leone, 83. Sign language, 6. Sioux, 83. Slang, 124. Slavonic, 40. Snowy River, 110. Soussou, 83, 147. South Africa, 4, 15, 28. South America, 2, 15, 22, 23, 27-29, 54, 57, 72, 76, 78, 79, 104, 110, 173, 174, 194, 201, 206. Spanish, 2, 23, 42. Splint, 7. Stick, 7, 179. Stlatlumh, 88. Streaky Bay, 26. String, 7, 9, 64, 71. Strong's Island, 78. Subtraction, 19, 44-47. Sunda, 120. Sweden (Swedish), 129, 132, 183.

Tacona, 2. Taensa, 44. Tagala, 66. Tahiti, 114. Tahuata, 115. Tama, 111. Tamanac, 54, 135. Tambi, 120. Tanna, 154. Tarascan, 165. Tariana, 174. Tasmania, 24, 27, 79, 104, 106. Tawgy, 130. Tchetchnia, 188. Tchiglit, 157, 196. Tembu, 33. Temne, 148. Ternary, chap. v. Terraba, 172. Teutonic, 40, 41, 43, 179, 181, 208. Texas, 69. Thibet, 96. Thumb, 10-18, 54, 59, 61, 62, 113, 173. Thusch, 189. Ticuna, 168. Timukua, 165. Tlingit, 136, 163, 197. Tobi, 156. Tonga, 33, 85. Torres, 17, 96, 104, 105. Totonaco, 205. Towka, 78. Triton's Bay, 152. Tschukshi, 156, 191. Tsimshian, 86, 164, 198. Tweed River, 26.

Uainuma, 122. Udi, 188. Uea, 67, 153. United States, 29, 83, 195. Upper Yarra, 110. Ureparapara, 153.

Vaturana, 96. Vedda, 28, 31, 76, 174. Vei, 16, 147, 185. Victoria, 156. Vilelo, 60.

Waiclatpu, 164. Wales (Welsh), 35, 46, 141, 144, 177, 180. Wallachia, 121. Warrego, 107, 109. Warrior Island, 107. Wasp, 5. Watchandie, 29, 77. Watji, 120. Weedookarry, 24. Wimmera, 107. Winnebago, 85. Wiraduroi, 27, 108. Wirri-Wirri, 108. Wokke, 112. Worcester, Mass., Schools of, 11.

Yahua, 168. Yaruro, 139. Yengen, 154. Yit-tha, 109. Yoruba, 33, 47, 64, 70, 185. Yucatan, 195, 201. Yuckaburra, 26.

Zamuco, 55, 60, 138, 139. Zapara, 111. Zulu, 16, 62. Zuñi, 13, 14, 48, 49, 53, 54, 60, 83, 137.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Brinton, D.G., _Essays of an Americanist_, p. 406; and _American Race_, p. 359.

[2] This information I received from Dr. Brinton by letter.

[3] Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, Vol. I. p. 240.

[4] _Nature_, Vol. XXXIII. p. 45.

[5] Spix and Martius, _Travels in Brazil_, Tr. from German by H.E. Lloyd, Vol. II. p. 255.

[6] De Flacourt, _Histoire de le grande Isle de Madagascar_, ch. xxviii. Quoted by Peacock, _Encyc. Met._, Vol. I. p. 393.

[7] Bellamy, Elizabeth W., _Atlantic Monthly_, March, 1893, p. 317.

[8] _Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft_, Bd. III. Abt. i., p. 94.

[9] Pruner-Bey, _Bulletin de la Société d'Anthr. de Paris_, 1861, p. 462.

[10] "Manual Concepts," _Am. Anthropologist_, 1892, p. 292.

[11] Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, Vol. I. p. 245.

[12] _Op. cit._, _loc. cit._

[13] "Aboriginal Inhabitants of Andaman Islands," _Journ. Anth. Inst._, 1882, p. 100.

[14] Morice, A., _Revue d'Anthropologie_, 1878, p. 634.

[15] Macdonald, J., "Manners, Customs, etc., of South African Tribes," _Journ. Anthr. Inst._, 1889, p. 290. About a dozen tribes are enumerated by Mr. Macdonald: Pondos, Tembucs, Bacas, Tolas, etc.

[16] Codrington, R.H., _Melanesians, their Anthropology and Folk-Lore_, p. 353.

[17] _E.g._ the Zuñis. See Cushing's paper quoted above.

[18] Haddon, A.C., "Ethnography Western Tribes Torres Strait," _Journ. Anth. Inst._, 1889, p. 305. For a similar method, see _Life in the Southern Isles_, by W.W. Gill.

[19] Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, Vol. I. p. 246.

[20] Brinton, D.G., Letter of Sept. 23, 1893.

[21] _Ibid_. The reference for the Mbocobi, _infra_, is the same. See also Brinton's _American Race_, p. 361.

[22] Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, Vol. I. p. 243.

[23] _Op. cit._, _loc. cit._

[24] Hyades, _Bulletin de la Société d'Anthr. de Paris_, 1887, p. 340.

[25] Wiener, C., _Pérou et Bolivie_, p. 360.

[26] Marcoy, P., _Travels in South America_, Vol. II p. 47. According to the same authority, most of the tribes of the Upper Amazon cannot count above 2 or 3 except by reduplication.

[27] _Op. cit._, Vol. II. p. 281.

[28] _Glossaria Linguarum Brasiliensium_. Bororos, p. 15; Guachi, p. 133; Carajas, p. 265.

[29] Curr, E.M., _The Australian Race_, Vol. I. p. 282. The next eight lists are, in order, from I. p. 294, III. p. 424, III. p. 114, III. p. 124, II. p. 344, II. p. 308, I. p. 314, III. p. 314, respectively.

[30] Bonwick, J., _The Daily Life and Origin of the Tasmanians_, p. 144.

[31] Latham, _Comparative Philology_, p. 336.

[32] _The Australian Race_, Vol. I. p. 205.

[33] Mackenzie, A., "Native Australian Langs.," _Journ. Anthr. Inst._, 1874, p. 263.

[34] Curr, _The Australian Race_, Vol. II. p. 134. The next four lists are from II. p. 4, I. p. 322, I. p. 346, and I. p. 398, respectively.

[35] Curr, _op. cit._, Vol. III. p. 50.

[36] _Op. cit._, Vol. III. p. 236.

[37] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_. II. i. p. 23.

[38] _Op. cit._, II. i. p. 31.

[39] Bonwick, _op. cit._, p. 143.

[40] Curr, _op. cit._, Vol. I. p. 31.

[41] Deschamps, _L'Anthropologie_, 1891, p. 318.

[42] Man, E.H. _Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Andaman Islands_, p. 32.

[43] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, I. ii. p. 29.

[44] Oldfield, A., Tr. Eth. Soc. Vol. III. p. 291.

[45] Bancroft, H.H., _Native Races_, Vol. I. p. 564.

[46] "Notes on Counting, etc., among the Eskimos of Point Barrow." _Am. Anthrop._, 1890, p. 38.

[47] _Second Voyage_, p. 556.

[48] _Personal Narrative_, Vol. I. p. 311.

[49] Burton, B.F., _Mem. Anthr. Soc. of London_, Vol. I. p. 314.

[50] _Confessions_. In collected works, Edinburgh, 1890, Vol. III. p. 337.

[51] Ellis, Robert, _On Numerals as Signs of Primeval Unity_. See also _Peruvia Scythia_, by the same author.

[52] Stanley, H.M., _In Darkest Africa_, Vol. II. p. 493.

[53] Stanley, H.M., _Through the Dark Continent_, Vol. II. p. 486.

[54] Haumontè, Parisot, Adam, _Grammaire et Vocabulaire de la Langue Taensa_, p. 20.

[55] Chamberlain, A.F., _Lang. of the Mississaga Indians of Skugog. Vocab._

[56] Boas, Fr., _Sixth Report on the Indians of the Northwest_, p. 105.

[57] Beauregard, O., _Bulletin de la Soc. d'Anthr. de Paris_, 1886, p. 526.

[58] Ray, S.H., _Journ. Anthr. Inst._, 1891, p. 8.

[59] _Op. cit._, p. 12.

[60] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, IV. i. p. 136.

[61] Brinton, _The Maya Chronicles_, p. 50.

[62] Trumbull, _On Numerals in Am. Ind. Lang._, p. 35.

[63] Boas, Fr. This information was received directly from Dr. Boas. It has never before been published.

[64] Bancroft, H.H., _Native Races_, Vol. II. p. 753. See also p. 199, _infra_.

[65] Mann, A., "Notes on the Numeral Syst. of the Yoruba Nation," _Journ. Anth. Inst._, 1886, p. 59, _et seq._

[66] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, IV. i. p. 202.

[67] Trumbull, J.H., _On Numerals in Am. Ind. Langs._, p. 11.

[68] Cushing, F.H., "Manual Concepts," _Am. Anthr._, 1892, p. 289.

[69] Grimm, _Geschichte der deutschen Sprache_, Vol. I. p. 239.

[70] Murdoch, J., _American Anthropologist_, 1890, p. 39.

[71] Kleinschmidt, S., _Grammatik der Grönlandischen Sprache_, p. 37.

[72] Brinton, _The Arawak Lang. of Guiana_, p. 4.

[73] Petitot, E., _Dictionnaire de la langue Dènè-Dindjie_, p. lv.

[74] Gilij, F.S., _Saggio di Storia Am._, Vol. II. p. 333.

[75] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, II. i. p. 389.

[76] _Op. cit._, p. 395.

[77] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, II. i. p. 438.

[78] Peacock, "Arithmetic," in _Encyc. Metropolitana_, 1, p. 480.

[79] Brinton, D.G., "The Betoya Dialects," _Proc. Am. Philos. Soc._, 1892, p. 273.

[80] Ridley, W., "Report on Australian Languages and Traditions." _Journ. Anth. Inst._, 1873, p. 262.

[81] Gatschet, "Gram. Klamath Lang." _U.S. Geog. and Geol. Survey_, Vol. II. part 1, pp. 524 and 536.

[82] Letter of Nov. 17, 1893.

[83] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, II. i. p. 439.

[84] Hale, "Indians of No. West. Am.," _Tr. Am. Eth. Soc._, Vol. II. p. 82.

[85] Brinton, D.G., _Studies in So. Am. Native Languages_, p. 25.

[86] _Tr. Am. Philological Association_, 1874, p. 41.

[87] Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, Vol. I. p. 251.

[88] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, IV. i. p. 27.

[89] See _infra_, Chapter VII.

[90] Ellis, A.B., _Ewe Speaking Peoples_, etc., p. 253.

[91] Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, Vol. I. p. 256.

[92] Stanley, _In Darkest Africa_, Vol. II. p. 493.

[93] Chamberlain, A.F., _Proc. Brit. Ass. Adv. of Sci._, 1892, p. 599.

[94] Boas, Fr., "Sixth Report on Northwestern Tribes of Canada," _Proc. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci._, 1890, p. 657.

[95] Hale, H., "Indians of Northwestern Am.," _Tr. Am. Eth. Soc._, Vol. II. p. 88.

[96] _Op. cit._, p. 95.

[97] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, II. ii. p. 147.

[98] Schoolcraft, _Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge_, Vol. IV. p. 429.

[99] Du Chaillu, P.B., _Tr. Eth. Soc._, London, Vol. I. p. 315.

[100] Latham, R.G., _Essays, chiefly Philological and Ethnographical_, p. 247. The above are so unlike anything else in the world, that they are not to be accepted without careful verification.

[101] Pott, _Zählmethode_, p. 45.

[102] Gatschet, A.S., _The Karankawa Indians, the Coast People of Texas_. The meanings of 6, 7, 8, and 9 are conjectural with me.

[103] Stanley, H.M., _In Darkest Africa_, Vol. II. p. 492.

[104] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, II. i. p. 317.

[105] Toy, C.H., _Trans. Am. Phil. Assn._, 1878, p. 29.

[106] Burton, R.F., _Mem. Anthrop. Soc. of London_. 1, p. 314. In the illustration which follows, Burton gives 6820, instead of 4820; which is obviously a misprint.

[107] Dobrizhoffer, _History of the Abipones_, Vol. II. p. 169.

[108] Sayce, A.H., _Comparative Philology_, p. 254.

[109] _Tr. Eth. Society of London _, Vol. III. p. 291.

[110] Ray, S.H., _Journ. Anthr. Inst._, 1889, p. 501.

[111] Stanley, _In Darkest Africa_, Vol. II. p. 492.

[112] _Op. cit._, _loc. cit._

[113] Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, Vol. I. p. 249.

[114] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, IV. i. p. 36.

[115] Martius, _Glos. Ling. Brasil._, p. 271.

[116] Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, Vol. I. p. 248.

[117] Roth, H. Ling, _Aborigines of Tasmania_, p. 146.

[118] Lull, E.P., _Tr. Am. Phil, Soc._, 1873, p. 108.

[119] Ray, S.H. "Sketch of Api Gram.," _Journ. Anthr. Inst._, 1888, p. 300.

[120] Kleinschmidt, S., _Grammatik der Grönlandischen Spr._, p. 39.

[121] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, I. ii. p. 184.

[122] _Op. cit._, I. ii. p. 18, and II. i. p. 222.

[123] Squier, G.E., _Nicaragua_, Vol. II. p. 326.

[124] Schoolcraft, H.R., _Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge_, Vol. II. p. 208.

[125] Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, Vol. I. p. 264.

[126] Goedel, "Ethnol. des Soussous," _Bull. de la Soc. d'Anthr. de Paris_, 1892, p. 185.

[127] Ellis, W., _History of Madagascar_, Vol. I. p. 507.

[128] Beauregard, O., _Bull. de la Soc. d'Anthr. de Paris_, 1886, p. 236.

[129] Schoolcraft, H.R., _Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge_, Vol. II. p. 207.

[130] Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, Vol. I. p. 249.

[131] _Op. cit._ Vol. I. p. 250.

[132] Peacock, _Encyc. Metropolitana_, 1, p. 478.

[133] _Op. cit._, _loc. cit._

[134] Schoolcraft, H.R., _Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge_, Vol. II. p. 213.

[135] _Op. cit._, p. 216.

[136] _Op. cit._, p. 206.

[137] Mariner, _Gram. Tonga Lang._, last part of book. [Not paged.]

[138] Morice, A.G., "The Déné Langs," _Trans. Can. Inst._, March 1890, p. 186.

[139] Boas, Fr., "Fifth Report on the Northwestern Tribes of Canada," _Proc. Brit. Ass. Adv. of Science_, 1889, p. 881.

[140] _Do. Sixth Rep._, 1890, pp. 684, 686, 687.

[141] _Op. cit._, p. 658.

[142] Bancroft, H.H., _Native Races_, Vol. II. p. 499.

[143] _Tr. Ethnological Soc. of London_, Vol. IV. p. 92.

[144] Any Hebrew lexicon.

[145] Schröder, P., _Die Phönizische Sprache, _p. 184 _et seq._

[146] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, II. ii. p. 147.

[147] _On Numerals in Am. Indian Languages._

[148] Ellis, A.B., _Ewe Speaking Peoples_, etc., p. 253. The meanings here given are partly conjectural.

[149] Pott, _Zählmethode_, p. 29.

[150] Schoolcraft, _op. cit._, Vol. IV. p. 429.

[151] Trumbull, _op. cit._

[152] Chamberlain, A.F., _Lang, of the Mississaga Indians_, Vocab.

[153] Crawfurd, _Hist. Ind. Archipelago_, 1, p. 258.

[154] Hale, H., _Eth. and Philol._, Vol. VII.; Wilkes, _Expl. Expedition_, Phil. 1846, p. 172.

[155] Crawfurd, _op. cit._, 1, p. 258.

[156] _Op. cit._, _loc. cit._

[157] Bancroft, H.H., _Native Races_, Vol. II. p. 498.

[158] Vignoli, T., _Myth and Science_, p. 203.

[159] Codrington, R.H., _The Melanesian Languages_, p. 249.

[160] _Op. cit._, _loc. cit._

[161] Codrington, R.H., _The Melanesian Languages_, p. 249.

[162] Wickersham, J., "Japanese Art on Puget Sound," _Am. Antiq._, 1894, p. 79.

[163] Codrington, R.H., _op. cit._, p. 250.

[164] Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, Vol. I. p. 252.

[165] Compare a similar table by Chase, _Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc._, 1865, p. 23.

[166] _Leibnitzii Opera_, III. p. 346.

[167] Pruner-Bey, _Bulletin de la Soc. d'Anthr. de Paris_, 1860, p. 486.

[168] Curr, E.M., _The Australian Race_, Vol. I. p. 32.

[169] Haddon, A.C., "Western Tribes of the Torres Straits," _Journ. Anthr. Inst._, 1889, p. 303.

[170] Taplin, Rev. G., "Notes on a Table of Australian Languages," _Journ. Anthr. Inst.,_ 1872, p. 88. The first nine scales are taken from this source.

[171] Latham, R.G., _Comparative Philology_, p. 352.

[172] It will be observed that this list differs slightly from that given in Chapter II.

[173] Curr, E.M., _The Australian Race_, Vol. III. p. 684.

[174] Bonwick, _Tasmania_, p. 143.

[175] Lang, J.D., _Queensland_, p. 435.

[176] Bonwick, _Tasmania_, p. 143.

[177] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, II. i. p. 58.

[178] _Op. cit._, II. i. p. 70.

[179] _Op. cit._, II. i. p. 23.

[180] Barlow, H., "Aboriginal Dialects of Queensland," _Journ. Anth. Inst._, 1873, p. 171.

[181] Curr, E.M., _The Australian Race_, Vol. II. p. 26.

[182] _Op. cit._, Vol. II. p. 208.

[183] _Op. cit._, Vol. II. p. 278.

[184] _Op. cit._, Vol. II. p. 288.

[185] _Op. cit._, Vol. I. p. 258.

[186] _Op. cit._, Vol. I. p. 316.

[187] _Op. cit._, Vol. III. p. 32. The next ten lists are taken from the same volume, pp. 282, 288, 340, 376, 432, 506, 530, 558, 560, 588, respectively.

[188] Brinton, _The American Race_, p. 351.

[189] Martius, _Glossaria Ling. Brazil._, p. 307.

[190] _Op. cit._, p. 148.

[191] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, II. i. p. 438.

[192] Peacock, "Arithmetic," _Encyc. Metropolitana_, 1, p. 480.

[193] Brinton, _Studies in So. Am. Native Langs._, p. 67.

[194] _Op. cit._, _loc. cit._

[195] Brinton, _Studies in So. Am. Native Langs._, p. 67. The meanings of the numerals are from Peacock, _Encyc. Metropolitana_, 1, p. 480.

[196] Mason, _Journ. As. Soc. of Bengal_, Vol. XXVI. p. 146.

[197] Curr, E.M., _The Australian Race_, Vol. III. p. 108.

[198] Bancroft, H.H., _Native Races_, Vol. I. p. 274.

[199] Clarke, Hyde, _Journ. Anthr. Inst._, 1872, p. clvii. In the article from which this is quoted, no evidence is given to substantiate the assertion made. It is to be received with great caution.

[200] Hale, H., _Wilkes Exploring Expedition_, Vol. VII. p. 172.

[201] _Op. cit._, p. 248.

[202] Hale, _Ethnography and Philology, _p. 247.

[203] _Loc. cit._

[204] Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_, Vol. IV. p. 341.

[205] Gill, W.W., _Myths and Songs of the South Pacific_, p. 325.

[206] Peacock, "Arithmetic," _Encyc. Metropolitana_, 1, p. 479.

[207] Peacock, _Encyc. Metropolitana_, 1, p. 480.

[208] _Sprachverschiedenheit_, p. 30.

[209] Crawfurd, _History of the Indian Archipelago_, Vol. I. p. 256.

[210] Pott, _Zählmethode_, p. 39.

[211] _Op. cit._, p. 41.

[212] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, II. i. p. 317. See also Chap. III., _supra_.

[213] Long, S.H., _Expedition_, Vol. II. p. lxxviii.

[214] Martius, _Glossaria Ling. Brasil._, p. 246.

[215] Hale, _Ethnography and Philology_, p. 434.

[216] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, II. ii. p. 82.

[217] The information upon which the above statements are based was obtained from Mr. W.L. Williams, of Gisborne, N.Z.

[218] _Primitive Culture_, Vol. I. p. 268.

[219] Ralph, Julian, _Harper's Monthly_, Vol. 86, p. 184.

[220] Lappenberg, J.M., _History of Eng. under the Anglo-Saxon Kings_, Vol. I. p. 82.

[221] The compilation of this table was suggested by a comparison found in the _Bulletin Soc. Anth. de Paris_, 1886, p. 90.

[222] Hale, _Ethnography and Philology_, p. 126.

[223] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, II. ii. p. 183.

[224] Bachofen, J.J., _Antiquarische Briefe_, Vol. I. pp. 101-115, and Vol. II. pp. 1-90.

[225] An extended table of this kind may be found in the last part of Nystrom's _Mechanics_.

[226] Schubert, H., quoting Robert Flegel, in Neumayer's _Anleitung zu Wissenschaftlichen Beobachtung auf Reisen_, Vol. II. p. 290.

[227] These numerals, and those in all the sets immediately following, except those for which the authority is given, are to be found in Chapter III.

[228] Codrington, _The Melanesian Languages_, p. 222.

[229] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, II. ii. p. 83.

[230] _Op. cit._, I. ii. p. 55. The next two are the same, p. 83 and p. 210. The meaning given for the Bari _puök_ is wholly conjectural.

[231] Gallatin, "Semi-civilized Nations," _Tr. Am. Eth. Soc._, Vol. I. p. 114.

[232] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, II. ii. p. 80. Erromango, the same.

[233] Boas, Fr., _Proc. Brit. Ass'n. Adv. Science_, 1889, p. 857.

[234] Hankel, H., _Geschichte der Mathematik_, p. 20.

[235] Murdoch, J., "Eskimos of Point Barrow," _Am. Anthr._, 1890, p. 40.

[236] Martius, _Glos. Ling. Brasil._, p. 360.

[237] Du Graty, A.M., _La République du Paraguay_, p. 217.

[238] Codrington, _The Melanesian Languages_, p. 221.

[239] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, II. i. p. 363.

[240] Spurrell, W., _Welsh Grammar_, p. 59.

[241] Olmos, André de, _Grammaire Nahuatl ou Mexicaine_, p. 191.

[242] Moncelon, _Bull. Soc. d'Anthr. de Paris_, 1885, p. 354. This is a purely digital scale, but unfortunately M. Moncelon does not give the meanings of any of the numerals except the last.

[243] Ellis, _Peruvia Scythia_, p. 37. Part of these numerals are from Martius, _Glos. Brasil._, p. 210.

[244] Codrington, _The Melanesian Languages_, p. 236.

[245] Schweinfurth, G., _Linguistische Ergebnisse einer Reise nach Centralafrika_, p. 25.

[246] Park, M., _Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa_, p. 8.

[247] Pott, _Zählmethode_, p. 37.

[248] _Op. cit._, p. 39.

[249] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, IV. i. p. 101. The Kru scale, kindred with the Basa, is from the same page.

[250] Park, in Pinkerton's _Voyages and Travels_, Vol. XVI. p. 902.

[251] Park, _Travels_, Vol. I. p. 16.

[252] Schweinfurth, G., _Linguistische Ergebnisse einer Reise nach Centralafrika_, p. 78.

[253] Park, _Travels_, Vol. I. p. 58.

[254] Goedel, "Ethnol. des Soussous," _Bull. Soc. Anth. Paris_, 1892, p. 185.

[255] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, I. ii. p. 114. The Temne scale is from the same page. These two languages are closely related.

[256] _Op. cit._, I. ii. p. 155.

[257] _Op. cit._, I. ii. p. 55.

[258] Long, C.C., _Central Africa_, p. 330.

[259] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, IV. i. p. 105.

[260] Pott, _Zählmethode_, p. 41.

[261] Müller, _op. cit._, I. ii. p. 140.

[262] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, IV. i. p. 81.

[263] Pott, _Zählmethode_, p. 41.

[264] Müller, _op. cit._, I. ii., p. 210.

[265] Pott, _Zählmethode_, p. 42.

[266] Schweinfurth, _Linguistische Ergebnisse_, p. 59.

[267] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, I. ii. p. 261. The "ten" is not given.

[268] Stanley, _Through the Dark Continent_, Vol. II. p. 490. Ki-Nyassa, the same page.

[269] Müller, _op. cit._, I. ii. p. 261.

[270] Du Chaillu, _Adventures in Equatorial Africa_, p. 534.

[271] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, III. i. p. 65.

[272] Du Chaillu, _Adventures in Equatorial Africa_, p. 533.

[273] Müller, _op. cit._, III. ii. p. 77.

[274] Balbi, A., _L'Atlas Eth._, Vol. I. p. 226. In Balbi's text 7 and 8 are ansposed. _Taru_ for 5 is probably a misprint for _tana_.

[275] Du Chaillu, _op. cit._, p. 533. The next scale is _op. cit._, p. 534.

[276] Beauregard, O., _Bull. Soc. Anth. de Paris_, 1886, p. 526.

[277] Pott, _Zählmethode_, p. 46.

[278] _Op. cit._, p. 48.

[279] Turner, _Nineteen Years in Polynesia_, p. 536.

[280] Erskine, J.E., _Islands of the Western Pacific_, p. 341.

[281] _Op. cit._, p. 400.

[282] Codrington, _Melanesian Languages_, pp. 235, 236.

[283] Peacock, _Encyc. Met._, Vol. 1. p. 385. Peacock does not specify the dialect.

[284] Erskine, _Islands of the Western Pacific_, p. 360.

[285] Turner, G., _Samoa a Hundred Years Ago_, p. 373. The next three scales are from the same page of this work.

[286] Codrington, _Melanesian Languages_, p. 235. The next four scales are from the same page. Perhaps the meanings of the words for 6 to 9 are more properly "more 1," "more 2," etc. Codrington merely indicates their significations in a general way.

[287] Hale, _Ethnography and Philology_, p. 429. The meanings of 6 to 9 in this and the preceding are my conjectures.

[288] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, IV. i. p. 124.

[289] Aymonier, E., _Dictionnaire Francaise-Cambodgien_.

[290] Müller, _Op. cit._, II. i. p. 139.

[291] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, II. i. p. 123.

[292] Wells, E.R., Jr., and John W. Kelly, Bureau of Ed., Circ. of Inf., No. 2, 1890.

[293] Pott, _Zählmethode_, p. 57.

[294] Müller, _Op. cit._, II. i. p. 161.

[295] Petitot, _Vocabulaire Française Esquimau_, p. lv.

[296] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, II. i. p. 253.

[297] Müller, _Op. cit._, II. I. p. 179, and Kleinschmidt, _Grönlandisches Grammatik_.

[298] Adam, L., _Congres Int. des Am._, 1877, p. 244 (see p. 162 _infra_).

[299] Gallatin, "Synopsis of Indian Tribes," _Trans. Am. Antq. Soc._, 1836, p. 358. The next fourteen lists are, with the exception of the Micmac, from the same collection. The meanings are largely from Trumbull, _op. cit._

[300] Schoolcraft, _Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge_, Vol. II. p. 211.

[301] Schoolcraft, _Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge_, Vol. V. p. 587.

[302] In the Dakota dialects 10 is expressed, as here, by a word signifying that the fingers, which have been bent down in counting, are now straightened out.

[303] Boas, _Fifth Report B.A.A.S._, 1889. Reprint, p. 61.

[304] Boas, _Sixth Report B.A.A.S._, 1890. Reprint, p. 117. Dr. Boas does not give the meanings assigned to 7 and 8, but merely states that they are derived from 2 and 3.

[305] _Op. cit._, p. 117. The derivations for 6 and 7 are obvious, but the meanings are conjectural.

[306] Boas, _Sixth Report B.A.A.S._, 1889. Reprint, pp. 158, 160. The meanings assigned to the Tsimshian 8 and to Bilqula 6 to 8 are conjectural.

[307] Hale, _Ethnography and Philology_, p. 619.

[308] _Op. cit._, _loc. cit._

[309] Hale, _Ethnography and Philology_, p. 619.

[310] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, II. i. p. 436.

[311] _Op. cit._, IV. i. p. 167.

[312] _Op. cit._, II. i. p. 282.

[313] _Op. cit._, II. i. p. 287. The meanings given for the words for 7, 8, 9 are conjectures of my own.

[314] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, II. i. p. 297.

[315] Pott, _Zählmethode_, p. 90.

[316] Müller, _op. cit._, II. i. p. 379.

[317] Gallatin, "Semi-Civilized Nations of Mexico and Central America," _Tr. Am. Ethn. Soc._, Vol. I. p. 114.

[318] Adam, Lucien, _Congres Internationale des Americanistes_, 1877, Vol. II. p. 244.

[319] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, II. i. p. 395. I can only guess at the meanings of 6 to 9. They are obviously circumlocutions for 5-1, 5-2, etc.

[320] _Op. cit._, p. 438. Müller has transposed these two scales. See Brinton's _Am. Race_, p. 358.

[321] Marcoy, P., _Tour du Monde_, 1866, 2ème sem. p. 148.

[322] _Op. cit._, p. 132. The meanings are my own conjectures.

[323] An elaborate argument in support of this theory is to be found in Hervas' celebrated work, _Arithmetica di quasi tutte le nazioni conosciute_.

[324] See especially the lists of Hale, Gallatin, Trumbull, and Boas, to which references have been given above.

[325] Thiel, B.A., "Vocab. der Indianier in Costa Rica," _Archiv für Anth._, xvi. p. 620.

[326] These three examples are from A.R. Wallace's _Narrative of Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro_, vocab. Similar illustrations may be found in Martius' _Glos. Brasil_.

[327] Martius, _Glos. Brasil._, p. 176.

[328] Adam, L., _Congres International des Americanistes_, 1877, Vol. II. p. 244. Given also _supra_, p. 53.

[329] O'Donovan, _Irish Grammar_, p. 123.

[330] Armstrong, R.A., _Gaelic Dict._, p. xxi.

[331] Spurrell, _Welsh Dictionary_.

[332] Kelly, _Triglot Dict._, pub. by the Manx Society.

[333] Guillome, J., _Grammaire Française-Bretonne_, p. 27.

[334] Gröber, G., _Grundriss der Romanischen Philologie_, Bd. I. p. 309.

[335] Pott, _Zählmethode_, p. 88.

[336] Van Eys, _Basque Grammar_, p. 27.

[337] Pott, _Zählmethode_, p. 101.

[338] _Op. cit._, p. 78.

[339] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, I. ii. p. 124.

[340] _Op. cit._, p. 155.

[341] _Op. cit._, p. 140.

[342] _Op. cit._, _loc. cit._

[343] Schweinfurth, _Reise nach Centralafrika_, p. 25.

[344] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, IV. i. p. 83.

[345] _Op. cit._, IV. i. p. 81.

[346] _Op. cit._, I. ii. p. 166.

[347] Long, C.C., _Central Africa_, p. 330.

[348] Peacock, _Encyc. Met._, Vol. I. p. 388.

[349] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, III. ii. p. 64. The next seven scales are from _op. cit._, pp. 80, 137, 155, 182, 213.

[350] Pott, _Zählmethode_, p. 83.

[351] _Op. cit._, p. 83,--Akari, p. 84; Circassia, p. 85.

[352] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, II. i. p. 140.

[353] Pott, _Zählmethode_, p. 87.

[354] Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, II. ii. p. 346.

[355] _Op. cit._, III. i. p. 130.

[356] Man, E.H., "Brief Account of the Nicobar Islands," _Journ. Anthr. Inst._, 1885, p. 435.

[357] Wells, E.R., Jr., and Kelly, J.W., "Eng. Esk. and Esk. Eng. Vocab.," Bureau of Education Circular of Information, No. 2, 1890, p. 65.

[358] Petitot, E., _Vocabulaire Française Esquimau_, p. lv.

[359] Boas, Fr., _Proc. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci._, 1889, p. 857.

[360] Boas, _Sixth Report on the Northwestern Tribes of Canada_, p. 117.

[361] Boas, Fr., _Fifth Report on the Northwestern Tribes of Canada_, p. 85.

[362] Gallatin, _Semi-Civilized Nations_, p. 114. References for the next two are the same.

[363] Bancroft, H.H., _Native Races of the Pacific States_, Vol. II. p. 763. The meanings are from Brinton's _Maya Chronicles_, p. 38 _et seq._

[364] Brinton, _Maya Chronicles_, p. 44.

[365] Siméon Rémi, _Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl_, p. xxxii.

[366] An error occurs on p. xxxiv of the work from which these numerals are taken, which makes the number in question appear as 279,999,999 instead of 1,279,999,999.

[367] Gallatin, "Semi-Civilized Nations of Mexico and Central America," _Tr. Am. Ethn. Soc._ Vol. I. p. 114.

[368] Pott, _Zählmethode_, p. 89. The Totonacos were the first race Cortez encountered after landing in Mexico.

[369] _Op. cit._, p. 90. The Coras are of the Mexican state of Sonora.

[370] Gallatin, _Semi-Civilized Nations_, p. 114.

[371] Humboldt, _Recherches_, Vol. II. p. 112.

[372] Squier, _Nicaragua_, Vol. II. p. 326.

[373] Gallatin, _Semi-Civilized Nations_, p. 57.

End of Project Gutenberg's The Number Concept, by Levi Leonard Conant