Chapter XXVI: Appendix: C (2)

[209] This is almost exactly the weight of the _örtug_, into 3 of which the _ora_ (ounce) of 410 grs. was divided. The _örtug_ of gold being 136·7 grs., and the value of a cow being 128 grs. of gold, it is hard not to believe that there was a connection between them. (See App. C.)

[210] See above, p. 24.

[211] J. Silvestre, “Notes pour servir à la recherche et au classement des monnaies et des médailles de Annam et de la Cochin-Chine Française.” _Excursions et Reconnaissances_, No. 15 (1883), p. 395.

[212] H. C. Millies, _Recherches sur les monnaies des Indigènes de l’Archipel Indien et de la péninsule Malaie_ (La Haye, 1871).

[213] Sir Thomas Wade’s _Colloquial Chinese Course_, I. p. 213 (2nd ed.).

[214] J. Silvestre, _Op. cit._ p. 308 seqq.

[215] J. Mours, _Le Royaume du Cambodge_, I. p. 323 (Paris, 1883).

[216] This coin bears on one side the sacred bird Hangsa, on the other a picture of an ancient palace of the kings.

[217] E. Aymonier, _Notes sur le Laos_. Saigon, 1885.

[218] For an account of the various kinds of Siamese coins of the bullet shape cf. Msg. Pallegoix, _Description du royaume Thai ou Siam_, I. 256 (Paris, 1854).

[219] E. Aymonier, _Cochin-Chine Française. Excursions et Reconnaissances_, Vol. X. No. 24 (1885), p. 317.

[220] Aymonier, _ibid._

[221] This mode of estimating the age of the buffalo by the length of its horns may throw some light on the young ox _suis cornibus intructus_ of the Marseilles inscription (p. 143).

[222] XXIII. 850 _sq._

[223] OD. XXI. 76.

[224] E. Aymonier, _Notes sur le Laos_, p. 33.

[225] _History of the Indian Archipelago_ by John Crawfurd, F.R.S. Vol. I., p. 271.

[226] P. 275.

[227] _History of Sumatra_ by William Marsden, F.R.S. (London, 1811), p. 171.

[228] R. W. Felkin, ‘Notes on the Madi or Moon tribe of Central Africa.’ _Proceedings of Royal Society of Edinburgh_, Vol. XII. pp. 303, _seqq._

[229] H. T. Colebrooke, _On Indian Weights and Measures_ (Miscellaneous Essays edited by Prof. E. B. Cowell, 1873), Vol. I. 528-543.

[230] _Numismatic Chronicle_, IV. 131 (N. S.).

[231] Thomas, _Initial Coinage of Bengal_, II. p. 6 (_Royal Asiatic Journal_, Vol. VI.).

[232] Algebra with Arithmetic and Mensuration translated from the Sanskrit of Brahmegupta and Bhascara by H. T. Colebrooke (London, 1817).

[233] Down almost to the present day a system of currency, similar to that shown in the _Līlāvati_ prevailed in Assam. “Gold continues to pass current in small uncoined round balls, usually weighing one _Tola_,” there was a silver coinage also, and cowries passed as money. W. Robinson, _Descriptive Account of Assam_, pp. 249 and 267 (London, 1841).

[234] Martini, _Metrologia_, p. 770. Formerly the _nashod_ = 3 _habbi_ of ·063 gram which is just the weight of the barley grain, whereas ·047 the weight assigned to the _gendum_ is that of a grain of wheat.

[235] Queipo, _Essai sur les Systèmes Métriques et Monétaires des anciens peuples_ I. 360 (Paris, 1859).

[236] _Ancient Laws of Ireland_, Vol. IV. 335, (Book of Aicill), O’Donovan’s Supplement, s.v. _pingiun_.

[237] Ruding, _Annals of the Coinage of Great Britain_, II. 58.

[238] Ruding, _op. cit._ I. 369.

[239] Marquardt, _Röm. Staatsverwaltung_, II. p. 30.

[240] _Fragm._ ap. Hultsch, _Metrol. Script._ I. 248, ἡ δὲ δραχμὴ κέρατα ιη͵. ἄλλοι δὲ λέγουσιν· ἔχει γραμμὰς τρεῖς ... τὸ γράμμα ὀβολοὺς β͵. ὁ δὲ ὀβολὸς κέρατα γ͵. τὸ δὲ κερὰτιον ἔχει σιτάρια δ͵.

[241] Hultsch, _Op. cit._ II. 128.

[242] _Recueil de travaux relatifs à la Philologie et l’Archéologie Egyptienne et Assyrienne_, Vol. X. fasc. 4, p. 157.

[243] Bosman, _Guinea, Letter VI._ (_Pinkerton’s Voyages_, Vol. XVI. p. 374).

[244] Although I have made many enquiries and Dr Thiselton Dyer of Kew has taken much trouble in the matter, I am unable to give the reader the botanical names of the Taku and Damba. Dr Dyer thinks the Damba is our old friend the _Abrus precatorius_, the Indian _ratti_, confirming the opinion I had previously formed from its weight. These seeds are commonly known as crabs’ eyes.

[245] _Op. cit._ 373. “The fetiches they cast in moulds made of a black and heavy earth into what form they please.” (p. 367.)

[246] Ellis, _History of Madagascar_, I. p. 335.

[247] _Op. cit._ I. p. 6.

[248] Prescott, _Conquest of Mexico_, p. 44.

[249] Prescott, _Peru_, p. 56.

[250] Nissen, “Griechische und römische Metrologie” (Iwan Müller’s _Handbuch der classischen Alterthumswissenschaft_ I. 663 _seq._ or separately, Nordlingen, 1886).

[251] “_Das älteste Gewicht_,” 1889, pp. 1-9, 34-43.

[252] The whole series of these ancient weights was some years ago subject to a careful process of weighing in a balance of precision by an officer of the Standard Department and the result was published by Mr W. H. Chisholme in the _Ninth Annual Report of the Warden of the Standards_ 1874-5, where a complete list of all of them may be found.

All the more important pieces had however been weighed many years before, and it need only be stated that the results of the process of re-weighing under more favourable conditions are in the main identical with those formerly arrived at by Queipo and the late Dr Brandis.

[253] _Metrologie_², p. 393.

[254] _Étalons pondéraux primitifs et lingots monétaires_ (Bucharest, 1884), p. 49.

[255] Soph. _Antig._ 1038 _seqq._

κερδαίνετ’, ἐμπολᾶτε τόν πρὸς Σάρδεων
ἤλεκτρον, εἰ βούλεσθε, καὶ τὸν Ἰνδικὸν
χρυσόν.

[256] I. 94.

[257] Pollux, IX. 83.

[258] _Histoire de la Monnaie Romaine_, I. 15.

[259] Herod. I. 14.

[260] Hultsch, _Metrol._² 579.

[261] Head, _op. cit._ XXXVI.

[262] Head, _op. cit._ XXXVI.

[263] Thuc. II. 13.

[264] _Ol._ I. 75: _Nem._ IV. 46.

[265] VIII. 375, ὠνομάζετο δ’ Οἰνώνη πάλαι, ἐπῴκησαν δὲ αὐτὴν Ἀργεῖοι καὶ Κρῆτες καὶ Ἐπιδαύριοι καὶ Δωριεῖς.

[266] VI. 22. 2, Ὀλυμπιάδι μὲν τῇ ὀγδοῃ τὸν Ἀργεῖον ἐπήγαγον Φείδωνα τυράννων τῶν ἐν Ἔλλησι μάλιστα ὑβρίσαντα κ.τ.λ.

[267] Φείδωνος δὲ τοῦ τὰ μέτρα ποιήσαντος τοῖς Πελοποννησίοισι καὶ ὑβρίσαντος κ.τ.λ.

[268] Ἔφορος δ’ ἐν Αἰγίνῃ ἄργυρον πρῶτον κοπῆναί φησι ὑπὸ Φείδωνος, ἐμπόριον γὰρ γενέσθαι, διὰ τὴν λυπρότητα τῆς χώρας τῶν ἀνθρώπων θαλαττουργούντων ἐμπορικῶς, ἀφ’ οὖ τὸν ῥῶπον Αἰγιναίαν ἐμπολὴν λέγεσθαι.

[269] Strabo VIII. 358, Φείδωνα δὲ τὸν Ἀργεῖον, δέκατον μὲν ὄντα ἀπὸ Τημένου, δυνάμει δὲ ὑπερβεβλημένον τοὺς κατ’ αὐτόν, ἀφ’ ἧς τήν τε λῆξιν ὅλην ἀνέλαβε τὴν Τημένου διεσπασμένην εἰς πλείω μέρη, καὶ μέτρα ἐξεῦρε τὰ Φειδώνια καλούμενα καὶ σταθμοὺς κὰι νόμισμα κεχαραγμένον τό τε ἄλλο καὶ τὸ ἀργυρον.

[270] Pollux _Onom._ X. 179, εἴη δ’ ἂν καὶ Φείδων τι ἀγγεῖον ἐλαιηρόν, ἀπὸ τῶν Φειδωνίων μέτρων ὠνομασμέον, ὑπὲρ ὧν ἐν Ἀργείων πολιτείᾳ Ἀριστοτέλης λέγει.

[271] This enables us to understand why it was that in the truce at Pylus it was stipulated (probably by the Spartans) that they should be allowed to send in 2 _Attic_ (not Peloponnesian) _choenikes_ of barley meal for each of their men daily. By this arrangement the beleaguered men got a larger ration.

[272] πάντων δὲ πρῶτος Φείδων Ἀργεῖος νόμισμα ἕκοψεν ἐν Αἰγίνῃ· καὶ δοὺς τὸ νόμισμα καὶ ἀναλαβὼν τοὺς ὀβελίσκους, ἀνέθηκε τῇ ἐν Ἄργει Ἥρα, ἐπειδὴ δὲ τότε οἰ ὀβελίσκοι τὴν χεῖρα ἐπλήρουν, τουτέστι, τὴν δράκα, ἡμεῖς, καίπερ μὴ πληροῦντες τὴν δράκα τοῖς ἓξ ὀβόλους δραχμὴν αὐτὴν λέγομεν παρὰ τὸ δράξασθαι.

[273] Φείδων ὁ Ἀργεῖος ἐδήμευσε τὰ μέτρα ... καὶ ἀνεσκεύασε καὶ νόμισμα ἀργυροῦν ἐν Αἰγίνῃ ἐποίησεν (l. 30).

[274] Head _op. cit._ XXXVIII.

[275] _Op. cit._ 153.

[276] _Op. cit._ XXXVIII.

[277] Of course it is quite possible that the Persians issued coins in Egypt after their conquest, but these coins cannot be regarded as really Egyptian.

[278] Herod. I. 62.

[279] Head, _op. cit._ p. XL. Professor Percy Gardner (_Types of Greek Coins_, p. 2), regards the Euboic standard as 130, which he thinks was raised to 135 grs. by Solon when the latter introduced (as he supposes) the Euboic system at Athens.

[280] Head, _Coinage of Syracuse_, p. 71.

[281] Arist. _Oeconomica_, II. 21.

[282] Head, _op. cit._ p. 26.

[283] Chautard, _Imitations des monnaies au type esterling_ (Nancy, 1871).

[284] Mr D. B. Monro, _Historical Review_, January, 1886.

[285] _Il._ II. 867.

[286] _Od._ XV. 460.

[287] _Od._ XV. 470.

[288] It is more probable however that _Chalkos_ copper got its name from the place (Chalcis) where it was first found in Greece. The name Chalcis may itself be connected with χαλκίς, an _owl_.

[289] Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, Vol. I. p. 219.

[290] Schliemann, _Tiryns_, pl. II. Helbig, _Das homerisches Epos_², p. 79.

[291] _Report of the British Association_, 1883, p. 21.

[292] Νάφε καὶ μέμνασ’ ἀπιστεῖν, ἄρθρα ταῦτα τῶν φρενῶν, Epicharmus.

[293] Boeckh, _Metrol. Untersuch._ p. 32.

[294] Head, _op. cit._ XXVIII.

[295] “Griech. und röm. Metrologie” (in Iwan Müller’s _Handbuch der klass. Altertumswissenschaft_, Vol. I. p. 684).

[296] Head, _op. cit._ XXIX. Madden’s _Jewish Coinage_, p. 277.

[297] Horapollo I. 11, παρ’ Αἰγυπτίοις μονάς ἐστιν αἱ δύο δραχμαί. μονὰς δὲ παντὸς ἀριθμοῦ γένεσις. εὐλογῶς οὖν τὰς δύο δραχμὰς βουλόμενοι δηλῶσαι γύπα γράφουσι, ἐπεὶ μήτηρ δοκεῖ καὶ γένεσις εἶναι, καθάπερ καὶ ἡ μονὰς.

[298] W. M. Flinders Petrie, _Naukratis_, p. 75. It is with extreme reluctance that I must refuse to follow Mr Petrie, who for careful accuracy and scientific method stands at the head not only of metrologists but of archaeologists in general. But it seems to me that in his method of arriving at his weight-units from the weighing of weight-pieces he has overlooked one very important factor. False weights and balances have prevailed in all ages and countries, and we can hardly wrong the ancient Egyptians if we suppose that a certain number of their nation were not as honest as they might have been in their dealings. The variations in the weights of his specimens given by Mr Petrie may very well be due to false weights. And it must be carefully noted that frauds were not only perpetrated by means of light but also by means of too heavy weights. Whether the Jews learned to cheat when they sojourned in the land of Goshen or not, we cannot say, but that they used too heavy as well as too light weights is plain from the denunciations of the prophets: thus Amos (viii. 5), “When will the new moon be gone that we may sell corn? and the sabbath that we may set forth wheat, making the ephah small, and the shekel great, and falsifying the balances by deceit?” See also Ezekiel xlv. 10. But the practice of cheating with too heavy as well as with too light weights is best seen in Deuteronomy xxv. 13; “Thou shalt not have in thy bag divers weights, a great and a small; thou shalt not have in thine house divers measures, a great and a small. Thou shalt have a perfect and just weight, a perfect and just measure shalt thou have.” It seems hardly likely that of the 516 weights found by Mr Petrie at Naukratis all were “perfect and just” weights. It is thus quite possible that the variations from what there is evidence to suppose is the normal standard, whether they be those of excess or deficiency, may be accounted for, at least in part, by this consideration. Mr Petrie’s method, if applied to natural products such as certain kinds of seeds, will of course give the truest possible result, but when the factor of human knavery enters, his method is at once open to serious drawbacks.

[299] Erman, _Aegypten und Aegypt. Leben_, p. 611.

[300] We also find mention of a weight called the _pek_, which weighed ·71 grammes (11 grains), and was the ⅟₁₂₈ part of the uten. Hultsch, _Metrol._² p. 37, regards it as a provincial Ethiopian weight. Its awkward relation to the kat and uten seem to show that it did not form part of the genuine Egyptian system.

[301] The large copper coins of the Ptolemies of 1450-1350 grs. Troy (the _flans_ of which were turned in a lathe) were almost certainly struck on the native uten.

[302] This weight (in my own possession) said to have come from India, and almost perfect, weighed 4·29 grammes.

[303] III. 89, τοῖσι μὲν αὐτῶν ἀργύριον ἀπαγινέουσι εἴρητο Βαβυλώνιον σταθμὸν τάλαντον ἀπαγινέειν, τοῖσι δὲ χρυσίον ἀπαγινέουσι Εὐβοϊκόν· τὸ δὲ Βαβυλώνιον τάλαντον δύναται Εὐβοΐδας ἑβδομήκοντα μνέας.

[304] If, as is held by some of the best critics, this is a late passage, there is an _a fortiori_ argument against the early use of the _mina_.

[305] Is it possible that the so-called _Ducks_ are only degraded forms of bull-head weights? The ears and horns were dropped as being inconvenient (see bull-head weight, p. 283), and at a later time when the tradition of their origin had been lost, the shapeless lump was adorned with a bird’s head to serve as a handle. All the large weights from Nineveh are without any head; and it is but very rarely even on the small haematite weights that the duck’s head is found fully formed.

[306] As no better selection of these weights could be made than that of Mr Head, I have followed his description. Cf. R. S. Poole, in Madden’s _Jewish Coinage_, p. 261 seqq., and the Report of the Warden of the Standards, 1874-5, for a full account of these weights.

[307] The _Manah_ is of course the _Meneh_ so familiar from Belshazzar’s vision, _mene, mene tekel upharsin_ (Daniel v. 25), which the best scholars follow M. Clermont-Ganneau (_Journal Asiatique_, 1886) in interpreting as _a mina, a mina, a shekel, and the parts of a shekel_.

[308] Prof. Sayce (_Academy_, Dec. 19th, 1891) publishes a weight from Babylonia inscribed “One maneh standard weight, the property of Merodach-sar-ilani, a duplicate of the weight which Nebuchadrezzar, king of Babylon, the son of Nabopolassar, king of Babylon, made in exact accordance with the weight [prescribed] by the deified Dungi, a former king.” This confirms my contention that the _mina_ is prior in _date_ to the talent.

[309] Cf. Plautus, _Persa_.

[310] Brandis, 20-38.

[311] Head, XXIX.

[312] Berosus. Synkellos 30, 6 (Eusebii chronic, ed. Alfr. Schoene vol. I. col. 8): ἀλλ’ ὁ μὲν Βηρωσσὸς διὰ σάρων καὶ νήρων καὶ σώσσων ἀνεγράψατο· ὦν ὁ μὲν σάρος τρισχιλίων καὶ ἑξακοσίων ἐτῶν χρόνον σημαίνει, ὁ δὲ νῆρος ἐτῶν ἑξακοσίων, ὁ δὲ σῶσσος ἑξήκοντα. _Fragm. Script. Hist. Graec._

[313] Hultsch, _op. cit._ p. 407.

[314] _Recueil des travaux relatifs à la Philologie et l’Archéologie Egyptiennes et Assyriennes_, Vol. x. fasc. 4, p. 157.

[315] Kaeji in Fleckeisen’s _Jahrbücher_, 1880, first calls attention to this word.

[316] Hultsch, _Metrol._², p. 131.

[317] Rig Veda, _Mandala_, VI. 47, 23-4.

[318] Herod. III. 96.

[319] For 20 pieces of _gold_ (εἴκοσι χρυσῶν) LXX.

[320] Gen. xx. 16.

[321] Judges xvi. 5.

[322] Judges ix. 4.

[323] Judges xvii. 2-4.

[324] Joshua vii. 21.

[325] Cf. Buxtorf and Gesenius _sub voce_.

[326] _A_ is from Beirut, in the Greville Chester Collection in the Ashmolean Museum, of white and yellow crystalline stone; wt. 32·160 gram. (a very slight chip from the base); on the base is engraved a rude ibex and another figure. _B_ is from Persia, slightly chipped on side of head, yellowish white stone, veined with red, like jasper; wt. 22·450 gram.; on the base are two ibexes. I am indebted for this information to Mr A. J. Evans, Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, by whose kindness I am likewise enabled to give representations of the weights.

[327] Madden’s _Jewish Coinage_, p. 7.

[328] Exod. xxx. 13. Levit. v. 15, etc.

[329] The question of the date at which certain documents were written or took their final shape is of course important. But it does not at all follow that a document written at a later period cannot contain traditions of real historical value. Thus here we find Chronicles, placed quite late by the critics, gives the weight in _shekels_, whilst Kings, supposed to be far earlier, gives it in _minas_.

[330] The mere question as to whether the 200 shekels is far more than the average crop of hair can weigh, does not concern us. If the writer wished to exaggerate the amount of Absalom’s hair he would naturally make the shekel as heavy as possible, and say that the weight was in the _heavy_ or _royal_ shekels, employed for merchandize.

[331] Exod. XXX. 23-4.

[332] _Antiq._ III. 8, 10.

[333] Pollux, IX. 59, observes that when χρυσοῦς stands alone, στατήρ is always to be understood.

[334] Exod. XXX. 13.

[335] _Hist._ V. 3.

[336] Hultsch, _Metr. Scrip._ _s.v._ Lupinus.

[337] In Gesenius’ _Lexicon_, II. 88; II. 144, it is suggested that the _gerah_ is the lupin.

[338] _Antiq._ III. 6, § 7, λυχνία ἐκ χρυσοῦ ... σταθμὸν ἔχουσα μνᾶς ἑκατὸν, ἂς Ἑβραῖοι μὲν καλοῦσι κίγχαρες, εἰς δὲ τὴν Ἑλληνικὴν μεταβαλλόμενον γλῶσσαν σημναίνει τάλαντον.

[339] Even granting that the parts of Exodus (the priestly Code) took their present form in post-Exile times it is perfectly possible that the metrological data contained therein are based on a genuine old tradition, just as Homer, although in its present shape differing much in linguistic forms from what must have been its original, gives us an archaic talent quite different from those in use when it took its final shape.

[340] 2 Kings v. 5.

[341] LXX. τρίτον τοῦ διδράχμου.

[342] We are unfortunately unable to gain any definite knowledge from Ezekiel xlv., as _v._ 12, which gives the weight system, is confused, and there is a great discrepancy between the Hebrew and Greek texts. Though it is a prophetic passage, there is no reason for supposing that the prophet did not clearly understand the standard weight system of his time (600 B.C.), for his account of the metric system is singularly clear. It is best to give the whole passage as it appears in the Revised Version: “Thus saith the Lord God: Let it suffice you, O princes of Israel: remove violence and spoil, and execute judgment and justice; take away your exactions from my people, saith the Lord God. Ye shall have just balances, and a just ephah, and a just bath. The ephah and the bath shall be of one measure, that the bath may contain the tenth part of an homer, and the ephah the tenth part of an homer: the measure thereof shall be after the homer. And the shekel shall be twenty gerahs; twenty shekels, five and twenty shekels, fifteen shekels shall be your maneh.” (vv. 9-12.) One thing is clear at least, and that is that the passage is a protest against over-exaction, and we may infer that the weight system here mentioned is for precious metals, seeing that there is no mention made of the talent. The shekel is to be 20 gerahs, that is, the shekel of the Sanctuary. If the princes had sought to exact payment in _royal_ shekels instead of the old shekel, and also to make the maneh of silver contain 60 shekels instead of 50, we can see every reason for the cry of the oppressed being loud.

The confusion in the Hebrew text may be due to the fact that there were two manehs in use, that of 50 shekels for gold and silver, and that of 60 shekels for other commodities. The Septuagint version is perfectly capable of explanation on the principles which I have indicated. The LXX. runs thus: καὶ τὰ στάθμια εἴκοσι ὀβολοί, πέντε σίκλοι, πέντε καὶ σίκλοι, δέκα καὶ πεντήκοντα σίκλοι ἡ μνᾶ ἔσται ὑμῖν. So Tischendorf.

There is a MS. (Cod. Al.) reading οἱ πέντε σίκλοι, καὶ πέντε καὶ οἱ δέκα σίκλοι. Tischendorf’s text can hardly be right, πέντε καὶ σίκλοι, δέκα καὶ πεντήκοντα contain two most unnatural collocations. δέκα καὶ πεντήκοντα is absolutely absurd as a way of expressing 60. εἶς καὶ πεντήκοντα up to ἐννεα καὶ πεντήκοντα to express 51 to 59 are reasonable and found universally, but to add on 10 to one of the main multiples of 10 in the decimal system is a method unknown, and is just as absurd in Greek as it would be if in English we were to say 10 and 50, meaning thereby 60. Again in the previous clause, the words πέντε καὶ point to some other numeral such as 10, or 20, as necessarily following. This is obtained by taking the MS. reading πέντε καὶ δέκα σίκλοι, καὶ πεντήκοντα, κ.τ.λ. Now the LXX. gives the plural στάθμια for “_shekel_”: στάθμια means the actual weights employed in weighing the amounts of gold or silver so weighed. Ezekiel is describing the various weight-units to be employed: “And the weights are 20 gerahs (lupins), _the_ five shekel weight, _the_ fifteen shekel weight, and fifty shekels shall be your maneh.” The article οἱ is very rightly used before πέντε, for it refers to the well known multiple of the shekel, of which we spoke above when dealing with the Bull’s-head weight. The same explanation may probably be given of _the_ fifteen shekel weight. The maneh of 50 shekels of 20 gerahs each is the old maneh of the Sanctuary (Period II.), not the royal maneh which contained 100 light shekels.

Now turning to the Hebrew version we find “twenty shekels, five and twenty shekels and fifteen shekels,”the sum of which makes a maneh of 60 shekels, or the royal Assyrian and Hebrew _commercial_ maneh. It is also to be observed that the position of _fifteen_ is unnatural; it ought to come in the series before “twenty” and “five and twenty.” Fifty stands in the corresponding place in LXX. Has the Hebrew text altered 50 into 15 so as to obtain a total of 60? But there is another question; Why do we find “five” and “fifteen” stand first in LXX., and “twenty” and “twenty five” in Hebrew? On the theory, that of the Septuagint translators, that the prophet is describing a series of weight-pieces, it is quite simple. Combine the numbers of both versions, and place them in order thus: 1 shekel, 5 shekels, 15 shekels, 20 shekels, 25 shekels (½ maneh), 50 shekels (maneh). This gives a rational explanation of how the discrepancy arose. The LXX. translated from a text which probably ran thus, 5 shekels, 10 shekels, 15 shekels, and went no further with the series. For it is not at all improbable that the reading οἱ δέκα is due to the fact that after οἱ πέντε σίκλοι stood οἱ δέκα, which was followed by οἱ πεντεκάιδεκα σίκλοι. The Jews of a later date, knowing only of the commercial mina of 60 shekels, left out some of the numerals, and altered 50 into 15 to make up 60 shekels.

[343] Herod. III. 89, _seqq._

[344] _Metrol._², p. 420.

[345] _Metrol._², p. 153.

[346] Head, _op. cit._ p. 789.

[347] The amount of gold in electrum varies greatly. Pliny, _H. N._ XXXIII. 4. 23, ubicumque quinta argenti portio est, et electrum uocatur. The Carthaginian electrum probably came from Spain (cp. p. 94).

[348] Head, _op. cit._ p. 2.

[349] Pliny, _H. N._ XXXIV.

[350] Herod. I. 94, πρῶτοι δὲ ἀνθρώπων, τῶν ἡμεῖς ἴδμεν, νόμισμα χρυσοῦ καὶ ἀργύρου κοψάμενοι ἐχρήσαντο.

[351] Julius Pollux, IX. 83.

[352] Head, _op. cit._ p. 544.

[353] _H. N._ XXXIII. 4. 23, ubicumque quinta argenti portio est, et electrum uocatur.

[354] _River of Golden Sand_, II. p. 78.

[355] Head, _op. cit._ p. 545.

[356] _Ibid._ p. 503.

[357] Pollux, III. 87, εὐδόκιμος δὲ καὶ ὁ Γυγάδας χρυσὸς καὶ οἱ Κροίσειοι στατήρες: ix. 84 _sq._, ἴσως δὲ ὀνομάτων καταλόγῳ προσήκουσιν οἱ Κροίσειοι στατῆρες καὶ Φιλίππειοι, καὶ Δαρεικοὶ, καὶ τὸ Βερενικεῖον νόμισμα καὶ Ἀλεξανδρεῖον, καὶ Πτολεμαικὸν καὶ Δημαρετεῖον, κ.τ.λ.

[358] _Annuaire de Numismatique_, 1884, p. 119.

[359] _Zeitschr. für Assyriologie._ Vol. II. 48 (1887).

[360] _Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology_, 1883-4, p. 87.

[361] IV. 166, Δαρεῖος μὲν γὰρ χρυσίον καθαρώτατον ἀπεψήσας ἐς τὸ δυνατώτατον νόμισμα ἐκόψατο.

[362] _Or._ XII. 70 τρία τάλαντα ἀργυρίου καὶ τετρακοσίους κυζικηνοὺς καὶ ἑκατὸν δαρεικοὺς καὶ φιάλας ἀργυρίου τέσσαρας.

[363] Thuc. VIII. 28; Xen. _An._ I. 1. 9; I. 3. 21; I. 7. 18; V. 6. 18; VII. 6. 1; _Cyrop._ V. 27; Dem. XXIV. 129; Aristoph. _Eccl._ 602; Arrian _Anab._ IV. 18. 7; Diod. XVII. 66, etc.

[364] Plutarch, _Cimon_, X. 11, φιάλας δύο, τὴν μὲν ἀργυρείων ἐμπλησάμενον Δαρεικῶν, τὴν δὲ χρυσῶν.

[365] _Thes._ XXV., ἔκοψε δε νόμισμα βοῦν ἐγχαράξας.

[366] p. 27 (ch. 10) (Kenyon’s ed.), ἐν μὲν οὖν τοῖς νόμοις ταῦτα δοκεῖ θεῖναι δημοτικά, πρὸ δὲ τῆς νομοθεσίας ποιησάσθαι τὴν χριῶν ἀποκοπήν, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα τήν τε τῶν μέτρων καὶ τῶν σταθμῶν καὶ τὴν τοῦ νομίσματος αὔξησιν. ἐπ’ ἐκείνου γὰρ ἐγένετο καὶ τὰ μέτρα μείζω τῶν Φειδωνείων, καὶ ἡ μνᾶ πρότερον ἔχουσα παραπλήσιον ἐβδομήκοντα δραχμὰς ἀνεπληρώθη ταῖς ἑκατόν. ἦν δ’ ὁ ἀρχαῖος χαρακτὴρ δίδραχμον. ἐποίησε δὲ καὶ σταθμὸν πρὸς τὸ νόμισμα τρεῖς καὶ ἑξήκοντα μνᾶς τὸ τάλαντον ἀγούσας, καὶ ἐπιδιενεμήθησαν αἱ μναῖ τῷ στατῆρι καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις σταθμοῖς.

[367] I have translated the παρὰ [μικρὸν] of Kaibel and Wilamowitz instead of Kenyon’s παραπλήσιον. According to Plutarch (Solon. 15) the old (silver) mina contained 73 drachms. The apparent discrepancy is easily explained. In the prae-Solonian mina there were 70 drachms of 92 grs. each. Plutarch writing at a later time took the number of drachms of 92 grs. in the post-Solonian mina of 6750, which is just 73. The information supplied by the _Polity_ is evidently older and better.

[368] The. Reinsch needlessly regards ἦν δὲ ὁ ἀρχαῖος κ.τ.λ. as an interpolation.

[369] Kaibel and Wilamowitz read σταθμὰ instead of σταθμὸν.

[370] Pollux IX. 59.

[371] Pollux IX. 58 ἔχων στατῆρας χρυσίου τρισχιλίους.

[372] Thuc. (I. 27) speaks of Corinthian drachms not _staters_; and (V. 47) of Aeginetic _drachms_.

[373] Cp. p. 214.

[374] P. Gardner, _Types of Greek Coins_, _passim_.

[375] Comparetti, _Leggi antiche della città di Gortyna in Creta_, 1885; _Museo Italiano_ II. 195, no. 39: _ibid_, II. 222. Roberts, _Greek Epigraphy_, p. 53.

[376] _Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique_, 1888, p. 405 seqq. (where he gives an engraving of a stater so countermarked). Mr B. V. Head (_Numism. Chron._ 3rd ser. IX. 242) in a notice of this paper lends his great authority to the support of Svoronos’ view.

[377] Head, _op. cit._ 450, who quotes Marquardt’s _Cyzicus_, p. 45.

[378] Fishermen offered to Poseidon the first tunny they caught (Athen. p. 346), but this was simply an offering of first fruits and not because the tunny was sacred.

[379] _Zeitschrift f. Numismatik_, X. 144 _seqq._

[380] The tunny is a very large fish, usually four feet long, and is hardly likely to have been sold by the basketful.

[381] _Apud Stephanum Byzant._ s.v. Τένεδος.

[382] X. 14. 1.

[383] _Iliad_, XXIII. 850-1,

Αὐτὰρ ὁ τοχευτῇσι τίθει ἰόεντα σίδηρον,
κὰδ δ’ ἐτίθει δέκα μὲν πελέκεας, δέκα δ’ ἡμιπέλεκκα.

[384] No doubt the axe was often used as a religious emblem; double-headed axes borne in procession are seen on Hittite sculptures (Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art dans l’antiquité_, IV. p. 637). It was also the symbol of Dionysus at Pagasae. So amongst the Polynesians we find processional axes as well as real ones like our sword of state as contrasted with real swords.

[385] _Ib._ 882-3,

ἀν δ’ ἄρα Μηριόνης πελέκεας δέκα πάντας ἄειρεν,
Τεῦκρος δ’ ἡμιπέλεκκα φέρεν κοίλας ἐπὶ νῆας.

[386] Although Mr Frazer (_Golden Bough_, I. 8) has given abundant evidence to show that kings were in some places worshipped as gods, no one can maintain that the Persians, who were Zoroastrians, would have treated their king as a god.

[387] The electrum coins with the lion’s head with open jaws formerly ascribed to Miletus are now assigned to the Lydian king Alyattes by M. J. P. Six, _Num. Chron._ N. S. Vol. x. 185 _seqq._ (1890).

[388] Head, _Op. cit._ 6. 88.

[389] Lindsay, _Survey of the Coinage of Ireland_, p. 6 _seqq._

[390] _Il._ VII. 468 _seqq._

[391] A. Dobbs, _Account of Hudson’s Bay_ (1744).

[392] _Politics_ II. 1257 B ὁ γὰρ χαρακτὴρ ἐτέθη τοῦ πὸσου σημεῖον.

[393] Plutarch, _Solon_ 18.

[394] _Ibid._ 23 Εἰς μὲν γε τὰ τιμήματα τῶν θυσιῶν λογίζεται πρόβατον καὶ δραχμὴν ἀντὶ μεδίμνου· τῷ δ’ Ἴσθμια νικήσαντι δραχμὰς ἔταξεν ἑκατὸν δίδοσθαι, τῷ δ’ Ὀλύμπια πεντακοσίας· λύκον δὲ τῷ κομίσαντι πέντε δραχμὰς ἔδωκε, λυκιδέα δὲ μίαν, ὧν φησιν ὁ Φαληρεὺς Δημήτριος τὸ μὲν βοὸς εἶναι, τὸ δὲ προβάτου τιμήν.

[395] Lysias, _de Sacra oliva_, 6.

[396] Strabo, XVII. 836.

[397] Diodorus Siculus V. 26. 2 διδόντες γὰρ τοῦ οἴνου κεράμιον ἀντιλαμβάνουσι παῖδα κτλ.

[398] Baumeister, _Denkmäler_, s.v. Silphium. Studicyna, _Kyrene_, p. 22. Birch, _Ancient Pottery_ (frontispiece). The vase is in the Paris Bibliothèque.

[399] The only evidence to show that Demeter was worshipped at Metapontum is that a female head on certain of her coins is accompanied by the legend Σωτηρία. It has been inferred that this is an epithet of Demeter, but this is most unlikely, for in that case we should expect Σὼτειρα, as on the coins of Hipponium, Syracuse, Agrigentum, Corcyra, Cyzicus, and Apamea, not Σωτηρία, as the adjective. Thus we always find Ζεὺς Σωτήρ, not Σωτήριος: cf. Σώτειρα Εὐνομία, Pind. _Ol._ IX. 16, Σώτειρα Τύχα, _Ol._ XII. 2, Σώτειρα Θέμις, _Ol._ VIII. 21. Σωτηρία is rather _Safety_ (Lat. _Salus_), who, as my friend Mr J. G. Frazer points out to me, was worshipped at Patrae and Aegeum, two of the chief towns of Achaea (Pausan. VII. 21. 7; VII. 24. 3). We also find such names of divinities as Ὑγιεία, Ὁμόνοια and Νίκα on the coins of Metapontum. As Metapontum was an Achaean colony, it is likely that _Salus_ was worshipped there also. Besides it was to Apollo, and not to Demeter, that they dedicated their golden ear as a harvest thank-offering. Θέρος is the ear cut from the stalk after the ancient way of reaping, cf. θέρη σταχύων, Plut.

[400] Athenaeus XIII. p. 589 ab; Schol. on Aristophanes, _Plutus_, 179; Suidas, _s.v._ χελώνη.

[401] _Voyage of the Sunbeam_, p. 276 (London, 1880). [L.M.R.]

[402] We learn from Strabo, 773, that the Greeks were familiar with the employment of tortoise shells, for a tribe called Tortoise-eaters on the north coast of Africa used the shells of these animals, which were of large size, for roofing purposes. Pausanias (VIII. 23. 9) tells us that there were large tortoises well suited for making lyres in Arcadia, but the people would not touch them as they were under the protection of Pan. As Pan was lord of the forest and mountain, the tortoise being especially large would naturally be regarded as his special property.

[403] Mansfield Parkyn, _Abyssinia_, Vol. I. p. 407.

[404] Pausan. IX. 34.

[405] Pausan. I. 25.

[406] _Iliad_ XVII. 381.

[407] _Iliad_ XXII. 158.

[408] Strabo 192, ὅθεν οἱ ἄρισται ταριχεῖαι τῶν ὑείων κρεῶν εἰς τὴν Ῥώμην κατακομίζονται. Hucher, _Art Gaulois_, Pl. 78. The swine is also found on coins of Bellovaci, Pictones and Armorican Gauls.

[409] On the plastron of the sea-tortoise eight triangular patches are made very conspicuous by pigmentation.

[410] Photius _Lex._ _s.v._ Λάμβδα. Eustathius on Homer p. 293. 39 seqq. Xenophon _Hell._ IV. 4. 10 (which shows that the letter was on the front, cf. Pausan. IV. 28. 5).

[411] Pollux, V. 66.

[412] Xenoph. _De Vectigalibus_, iv. 10, εἰ δὲ τις φήσειε καὶ χρυσίον μηδὲν ἧττον χρήσιμον εἶναι ἢ ἀργύριον, τοῦτο μὲν οὐκ ἀντιλέγω, ἐκεῖνο μέντοι οἶδα ὅτι καὶ χρυσίον ὅταν πολὺ παραφανῇ, αὐτὸ μὲν ἀτιμότερον γίγνεται, τὸ δὲ ἀργύριον τιμιώτερον ποιεῖ.

[413] Strabo, IV. 208, συνεργασαμένων δὲ σὺν βαρβάροις τῶν Ἱταλιωτῶν ἐν διμήνῳ, παραχρῆμα τὸ χρυσίον εὐωνότερον γενέσθαι τῷ τρίτῳ μέρει καθ’ ὅλην τὴν Ἰταλίαν.

[414] Pindar, _Olymp._ VII. 58 _sq._

[415] _Numismatic Chron._ VII. 185. That the Cyzicene staters were at some time and at some places (Cyzicus itself?) less in value than a Daric is made possible from the new-found Mimiambi of Herondas (VII. 96 _seqq._); where 4 Darics seem worth more than 5 staters:

ταύτηι δὲ δώσεισ κε[ῖ]νο τὸ ἕτερον ζεῦγοσ
κόσου; πάλιν πρήμηνον ἀξίαν φωνὴν
σεω<υ>τοῦ.

Κ. στατήρασ πέντε ναὶ μὰ θεοὺσ φο[ι]τᾶι
ἡ ψάλτρι’ <Εὐ>έτηρισ ἡμέρην πᾶσαν
λαβεῖν ἀνώγουσ’· ἀλλ’ ἐγώ μιν [ἐχθα]ίρω
κἢν τέσσαράσ μοι δαρεικοὺσ ὑπόσχηται
ὁτεύνεκέν μευ τὴν γυναῖκα τωθάζει
κακοῖσι δέ[ν]νοισ. ει ... χρείη.

[416] Xen. _Anab._ V. 6. 23; VII. 3. 10. Dem. _Phorm._ p. 914.

[417] _Op. cit._ p. 449.

[418] _Corp. Inscr. Graec._ 125, ἀγέτω ἡ μνᾶ ἡ ἐμπορικὴ Στεφανηφόρου δραχμὰς ἑκατὸν τριάκοντα καὶ ὀκτὼ πρὸς τὰ σταθμία τὰ ἐν τῷ ἀργυροκοπείῳ.

[419] Cf. Wharton, _Etyma Latina_, s.v. _litra_.

[420] Pollux, IX. 80.

[421] Cf. Shakespeare, _I. Henry IV._ II. 4, 590, in Falstaff’s tavern bill: “Item, Anchovies and sack, 6_d._ Item, bread, Ob. O monstrous! But one halfpenny worth of bread to such an intolerable deal of sack!”

[422] Head, _op. cit._ p. 105.

[423] The forms _scripulum_, _scrupulum_, _scrupulus_ are all due to its simply being regarded in later times as a _weight_, and thus falsely identified with _scrupulus_, a small pebble.

[424] Book of Aicill, p. 335.

[425] Caesar, _B. G._ III. 13.

[426] _Blacas_, Mommsen, I. p. 177.

[427] It is worth noticing that Plutarch (_Poplicola_ 11) translates the _libral asses_ of early Rome by the Greek _obolos_; ἦν δὲ τιμὴ προβάτου μὲν ὀβολοὶ δέκα, βοὸς δὲ ἑκατόν· οὔπω νομίσματι χρωμένων πολλῷ τότε τῶν Ῥωμαίων, ἀλλὰ προβατείαις καὶ κτηνοτροφίαις εὐθηνούντων. It is quite possible that Plutarch embodies a genuine tradition that the original _as_ and _obol_ were the same. Otherwise like Dionysius of Halicarnassus he would have represented the asses by the value in Greek money of his own time. For he can hardly have supposed that at any time an ox was worth only 100 of the obols of his own time.

[428] So the word _mark_ means not only a weight but is also used as a linear measure = 48 _alen_, and also as a measure of _area_, as in the term _arable mark_ etc. See Appendix.

[429] Many of the Roman unciae in the British Museum are under 410 grs.

[430] ὁ δὲ νοῦμμος δοκεῖ μὲν εἶναι Ῥωμαίων τοὔνομα τοῦ νομίσματος, ἔστι δὲ Ἑλληνικὸν καὶ τῶν ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ καὶ ἐν Σικελίᾳ Δωριέων.

[431] Pollux IX. 84.

[432] Evans, _Horsemen of Tarentum_, pp. 9-11.

[433] _Tabulae Heracleenses_ (Boeckh _Corp. Inscrip. Graec._ 5774-5; Cauer, _Delectus_ 40, 41) I, 122. αἱ δέ κα μὴ πεφυτεύκωντι κατὰ γεγραμμένα, κατεδικέσθεν πὰρ μὲν τὰν ἐλαίαν δέκα νόμως ἀργυρίω πὰρ τὸ φυτὸν ἕκαστον, πὰρ δὲ τὰς ἀμπέλως δύο μνᾶς ἀργυρίω πὰρ τὰν σχοῖνον ἑκάσταν.

[434] Boeckh, _Metrol. Unters._ 160, takes the _Sicilicus_ as originally the Silician _quadrans_ in the Roman silver reckoning. Cf. Mommsen, _Blacas_, I, 243. Hultsch, _Metrol._ p. 145.

[435] _Étude des monnaies de l’Italie antique._ Première partie, pp. 8 and 16.

[436] _Ibid._ p. 29.

[437] _Ibid._ p. 30.

[438] Soutzo, _ibid._ p. 31.

[439] If we take the καινὸν κόμμα of Aristophanes (_Ranae_ 720) to refer, as the scholiast _ad loc._ asserts on the authority of Hellanicus and Philochorus, to a gold issue in B.C. 407, which was much alloyed. As Mr Head says it is quite possible that Aristophanes alludes to the new bronze coinage issued the year before the Frogs was acted (_Hist. Num._ 314). No such base gold coins of Athens are known, and as her gold coins are of excellent quality, it is better to refer them with Head to 394 B.C., the period of her restored prosperity, when Conon and Pharnabazus brought aid from the great king.

[440] Varro ap. Non. p. 356 nam lateres argentei atque aurei primum conflati atque in aerarium conditi. _Lateres_ is used in this sense by Tacitus, _Annals_, XVI. 1.

[441] Gaius I. 122. This passage is unhappily corrupt. The Verona MS. runs asses librales erant et dupondii——unde etiam dupondius. As _dupondius_ is really a masculine adjective used as a noun, a masculine noun must be understood, this can only be _as_. Dupondius then is simply a two-pound bar.

[442] XXXIII. 3. 13.

[443] Before striking silver at Rome the Romans had struck silver coins with type of quadriga and ROMA in Campania. Hence it is that Pliny regarded these the _quadrigati_ and _bigati_ as the oldest issue instead of the coins with the Dioscuri (Fig. 54). The _biga_ came next, after it the genuine Roman _quadriga_.

[444] Varro, _R. R._ II. 1, 9.

[445] Varro ap. Non. p. 189 _aut bovem aut ovem aut vervecem habet signum_. Probably _uerrem_, not _ueruecem_, is the true reading, since Plutarch says that the coins were marked with an ox, a sheep or a _swine_ (βοῦν ἐπεχάραττον ἢ πρόβατον ἢ ὗν). _Popl._ 11.

[446] Festus fragm. p. 347 Müller _s.v._ _Sextantari asses_.

[447] V. 173 Müller.

[448] Deux. Partie p. 41. “Le poids normal de l’as oncial est de 27 gr. 25, mais il alla en s’affaiblissant progressivement du commencement à la fin de la periode.”

[449] _Ancient Laws of Ireland_, Vol. I. p. 61. O’Curry, _Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish_, Vol. I. pp. 100 seq.

[450] _Survey of the Coinage of Ireland_, p. 3.

[451] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Ireland_, p. 213 seqq.

[452] Folio 24 c.

[453] The bracketed words are interlined in a recent hand; but the final word shows that they were a portion of the text.

[454] Near Croghan Hill, in the north of King’s Co.

[455] See note on Irish text.

[456] O’Donovan has omitted _caerach_ of the MS.

[457] _Norges Mynter_, IV-V.

[458] I am indebted to Mr E. Magnússon for the translation of Holmboe.

[459] Polybius XXXIV. 8.

[460] _Solon_ 23, see p. 324 _supra_.

[461] Wasserschleben, _Die Bussordnungen d. Abendländisch. Kirchen_ (De disputatione Hibernensis Sinodi et Gregori Nasaseni sermo), p. 137.

[462] Beside the difficulty about _numo aureo_ there is a further variant between _anulis ferreis_ and _taleis ferreis_ (bars of iron). Can Caesar have in reality written both? May the original reading have been: utuntur aut aere aut numo aureo, aut aureis anulis, aut taleis ferreis etc.? Caesar speaks of the Britons having iron of their own, and it is highly probable that they employed ingots or bars of it as money, as the wild tribes of Annam and Africa do at present. They probably used their gold or bronze rings and armlets as money also.

[463] These are taken from Sir W. Wilde’s Catalogue, but for the weights of articles acquired since 1862 I am indebted to the kindness of the Curator, Major Macenery.

[464] My friend Mr F. Seebohm has shown me that as a _weight_ the Swedish _Jungfrau_ is equal to the Irish _Cumhal_.

INDEX.

Abdera, 340

Abraham, 112, 113, 197

Abrus, 172

Absalom’s hair, 120, 275

Abyssinian gold in beads, 82

Actus, 365

Aegina, 211, 328

Aeginetan measures, 306

⸺ obol, 366

⸺ standard, 9, 21, 311

⸺ ⸺ its origin, 217

⸺ ⸺ used for copper, 345

⸺ system, 307

Aelian, 144

Aes, 86

Aes grave, 378

Aes rude, 355, 376

Agariste, 212

Agathocles, 138

Agerept, 150

Agonistic types, 337

Agrigentum, 347, 350

Aicill, Book of, 353

Airgid, 63

Alalia, 130

Alamanni, 140

Alaska, 47

Alexander, 29, 198, 342

Alexandrine talent, 244

Alfred’s penny, 180

Al-li-ko-chik, 15

Alphabet, the, 227

Alps, gold of, 88

Altun (= gold), 70

Alyattes, 71

Amber, 227

⸺ beads, 46

⸺ golden, 110; red, 110

Anaxilas, 336

Angala, 354

Annals of Four Masters, 31

Annam, 23

⸺ barter system of, 164

Ant coins, 22

Ants, gold-digging, 66

Apis, worship of, 50

Apollo, 107

Apulia, 370

Aquileia, 87

Arab weights, 179, 182

Arabia, gold of, 75

Archimedes, 36, 100

Argippaei, 68

Argos, 215, 335

Arimaspians, 66, 68

Aristaeus, 314

Aristeas, 108

Aristotle, 96, 106, 131, 138, 213, 318, 323, 336

⸺ Polity of Athenians, 305

Armlets, 42

Arpi, 367

Arrows, 24, 43

Arrugia, 101

Artabri, 97

Arverni, 90

As, 350

⸺ derivation of, 353

⸺ divisions, 351

⸺ land measure, 351

⸺ linear measure, 351

⸺ of empire, 362

⸺ reduction of, 380

⸺ sextantal, 362

⸺ symbol of, 369

⸺ used only of bronze, 351

As libralis, 135

Assam coinage, 177

Asser, 354

Asses, sacrifice of, 107

Assis, 354

Assurbanipal, 201

Assyrian weights, 183, 199, 249

Astronomy, 199

Asturia, 101

Astyra, 71

Aternian law, 134

Athene, statue of, 211, 220

Athenian coinage, 124, 306, 372

Athens, Polity of, 214, 305

Attic choenix, 214

⸺ didrachm, 5

Aulus Gellius, 135

Aura (old Norse), 63

Aurès, 183, 254

Aurum, 87

Ausum (aurum), 61

Axe, 318

Axes, Tenedos, 50

⸺ West African, 40

Aymonier, 23, 161

Aztec money, 192

⸺ numerals, 192

Aztecs, 17, 59

Babylonian metric system, 251

⸺ standard, 78, 163, 206, 261, 387

⸺ system, 197

Bactria, coins of, 126

Baetis, 97

Bag of rice, 162

Bahnars, 23

Ball, V., 68

Balux, 101

Bamboo-joint, 163, 171

Bar, 39, 158

⸺ (Assyrian), 185, 285

⸺ of silver, 25

Barley, 178

Barleycorn, 177, 179

⸺ = Troy grain, 181

Barrel, 115, 175

Bars, 371

Barter, age of, 11, 114, 196

Bassak, 161

Baug-brotha, 37

Baugr, 37

Beaver, 314

⸺ skin, 12, 153, 323

Beag, 37

Bear skins, 16

Bee, 320

Bekah, 277

Belgic tribes, 94

Bells, 43

Bereniceum, 297

Bermion, 71

Bes, 351

Betzer, 36

Bhascara, 177

Bigae, 377

Bigati, 377

Bimetallism, 338

Bisaltae, 340

Blanket currency, 17

Bo, 33

Boar, 332

Boeckh, 1, 238, 365

Boeotia, 77

Boeotian shield, 331

Bonny River, 40

Boroimhe, 32

Bortolotti, 241

Bosman, 185

βοῦς ἐπὶ γλώσσῃ, 8

Boyd Dawkins, 110

Bracelets, 35

Brahmegupta, 177

Brandis, 129, 195, 294

Brandy, 323

Brass rods, 41

Brassey, Lady, 330

Britain, gold coins, 93

‘Britons’’ money-system, 179

Bronze in Italy, 368

⸺ in Northern Europe, 86

Brugsch, 122, 195, 196

Buffalo, 24, 164

⸺ value of, 154

⸺ worth a stick of gold, 168

Buffaloes, 25

Bull, 322

⸺ on coins, 321

Bull’s-head weight, 282

Burgundians, 141

Bushel, 115

⸺ how fixed, 191

Cacao seeds, 17, 193

Cadmus, 71, 227

Caesar, 179

Calculus, 192

Caldron, 25

Caldrons, Irish, 32

Caldwell, W. H., 152

Calf, 374

Calves’ heads, 322

Camarina, 347

Cambodia, 25, 160

Cambridge, 182

Camirus, 339

Campania, 216

Candarin, 158

Cappadocae, 78

Carchemish, 202

Carmania, gold in, 74

Carob, 181

Carthage, 288

Carthaginian coinage, 131, 289

⸺ gold unit, 130

⸺ trade in gold with West Coast of Africa, 83

Cartload, 175

Cash, 157

Cat’s eyes, 21, 27

Cattle at Rome, 31

⸺ chief wealth of Britons, Gauls, Italians, etc., 51

⸺ in Avesta, 27

Catty, origin of, 162, 174

Cauer, 365

Cayley, Prof., 231

Centupondium, 136, 360

Centussis, 370

Ceramus, 82

Chabas, M., 239

Chabinus, 76

Chalci, 346

Chalcis, 227, 361

Χαλκός, 86

Chariot of Hera, 116

Chariots in Veda, 26

Charlemagne, 34

Charutz, 60

Chautard, 225

Chauter, 45

Chinese coinage, 10

⸺ shell-money, 21

⸺ weight-system, 156

Chios, 322, 343

Chisholme, 199

Χρυσός, 60

Chrysûs, 277

Cicero, 134

Cilicia, silver of, 286

Cloth, 35

⸺ silken, 22

Cnidus, 321, 322

Cocoanut, 162, 171

Coinage, invention of, 203

⸺ of gold, 125

⸺ of silver at Rome, 136

Coins, early Lydian, 293

⸺ normal weight of, 218

Coin-standards, 210

Colaeus, 62, 96

Colchis, 70

Colebrooke, 176

Colpach, 33

Commercial weights, 344

Comparetti, 314

Compensation for wounds, 30

Concha, 328

Conchylion, 329

Constantine, 384

Constantine’s solidus, 181

Conti, Nicolo, 27

Convention, 47

Coomb, 115

Copper coins in Greece, 361

⸺ ⸺ in Britain, 94

⸺ in Greece, 312

⸺ in Meroe, 78

⸺ in relation to gold, 77

⸺ native, 58

⸺ of Haidas, 17

⸺ rings, 22

⸺ standards, 348

⸺ wire, Calabar, 40

Corcyraean wine jars, 106

Corinthian standard, 362

⸺ system, 311

Corn sold by measure, 115

Cotton as money, 45

Counters, 192, 228

Coventry tokens, 336

Cow, 2 seqq., 370

⸺ among Ossetes, 30

⸺ at Delos, 5

⸺ at Syracuse, 31

⸺ equal centumpondium, 360

⸺ Hebrew, value of, 148

⸺ in Avesta, 26

⸺ in Rig Veda, 25

⸺ in Scandinavia, 35

⸺ in Welsh Laws, 32

⸺ names for, Sanskrit, Zend, etc., 51

⸺ on coins of Eretria, 5

⸺ suckling calf, 321

⸺ unit of assessment at Rome and Syracuse, 393

⸺ value of, in Gaul and Germany, 140

⸺ ⸺ in Greece, Italy, 133

⸺ ⸺ at Rome, 135

⸺ ⸺ in Scandinavia, 141

⸺ ⸺ in Sicily, 137

⸺ ⸺ Persian, 151

⸺ ⸺ Phoenician, 143

⸺ ⸺ (Table), 153

⸺ ⸺ the same over wide area, 52

Cowell, Prof., 176

Cowries, 13, 177

⸺ as counters, 229

Cows among Madis, 43

⸺ in Darfour, 44

Crab’s claw, 350

Crab’s eyes, 186

Crawfurd, John, 170

Crenides, 74, 341

Croesus, 204, 297

Crosoch, 36; crosóg, 396

Croton, 328

Cubit, royal, 265

Cucurbita, 258

Cumhal, 33

Cunningham, 55, 117, 127

Curtius, E., 201, 212

Cuttle-fish, 327

Cyathus, 258

Cyrene, 326

Cyzicene staters, 342

Cyzicenes, 301

Cyzicus, 316, 342

Damba, 186

Damleg, 45

Danes, 321

Danube, 106

⸺ flows into Adriatic, 107

⸺ source of, 107

Dapper, 43

Darfour, 44

Daric, 126, 277, 297

⸺ as talent, 6

⸺ derivation of, 300

⸺ = Homeric talent, 7

Datum, gold mines, 74

Debae, 75

Decalitron, 362

Decimal system, 203, 228, 371

⸺ ⸺ in Homer, 308

Decussis, 356, 369, 370

Deecke, 130

Degradation, 226

⸺ of coin weights, 223

⸺ of weight, 338

Delian priests, 108

Delphium, 106

Delos, 215

Demareteion, 297

Demeter, 327

Denarius, 357, 363

Deunx, 351

Dewarra, 20

Dextans, symbol of, 369

Dhalac, 330

Digitus, 353

Dinar, 63

Diodorus, 81

Dionysius, 31, 225

⸺ of Halicarnassus, 134

⸺ of Syracuse, 224

Dioscuri, 377

Dirham, 148, 182

Dodona, 215

Dodrans, 351

Dogs, 94

Dollar, Maria Theresa, in Soudan, 56

⸺ Mexican, 24; Spanish, 44

Double Unit, 267

Doukha, 45

Drachm at Athens, 324

⸺ Corinthian, 311

⸺ origin of, 214, 310

Draco, 5

Dragon’s eye, 22

Dublin, 321

Duck weight, 83

⸺ ⸺ suggested origin, 247

Duck weights, 199, 245

Dungi, 248

Duodecimal system, 371

Dupondius, 376

Dyer, Dr Thiselton, 186

Dyrrachium, 322

Earring, 35

Ebusus, coinage of, 290

Echinus, 328

Egypt, coinage of, 219

⸺ gold in, 78

Egyptian gold-mines, described by Diodorus, 79

⸺ measures, 122

⸺ Monad, 129

⸺ records, 236

⸺ weights, 122

Egyptian weight system, 237

Electrum, 98, 204, 290

⸺ at Carthage, 289

⸺ Lydian, 70, 294

⸺ why coined, 207

Elephant, price of, 24

Elephant’s tusk, 25

Ellis, 187

Emporiae, 290

English coinage, 224

⸺ Imperial weights and measures, 266

⸺ penny, 225

⸺ weights, 186

Ephorus, 211

Epicharmus, 137, 364

Eretria, 322

Erman, 146, 242

Erythia, 110

Eryx, 144

Esterlings, 225

Etruria, 374

Etruscan gold coins, 130

⸺ gold unit, 359

⸺ silver, 363

⸺ standard, 130

Etruscans, 64

Etymology, danger of, 65

Euboic-Attic system, 311

Euboic standard, 9, 210

⸺ ⸺ origin of, 222

Eustathius, 125

Evans, A. J., 271, 365, 366

⸺ Dr J., 94

Exagion, 183

Ezekiel, 121, 282

Falgo, 45

Fanam, 173

Fee, 4, 34

Felkin, 43, 263

Fen Ditton, 182

Fertyt tribe, 46

Festus, 134

Fetiches, 187

Fibulae, 41

Fifteen-stater standard, 286

Fiji, 21

Fines, 135

Fiorino, 385

Fish-hooks, 28

Florin, 385

Foot, Roman, 359

Foucart, 219

Fractions, 357

Frankincense, 6

Frazer, J. G., 30, 320

French metric system, 1

Fuel sold by bulk, 115

Gades, coinage of, 290

Gaius, 8, 376

Galetly, A., 30

Gallaecia, 101

Gardner, Dr, 126, 342

⸺ P., 222, 313, 364

Gaul, 325

Gaulish gold unit, 131

Gauls, 332

⸺ in Italy, 61

⸺ value of cow with, 140

Gaus, 51

Gelon, 142

Gerah, 277

Germans, 131

Geryon, 110

Gill, 23, 296

Gold, 57 seqq.

⸺ alone weighed in Homer, 117

⸺ among Salassi, 89

⸺ at Vercellae, 88

⸺ bat, 163

⸺ Coast, 105

⸺ coinage, 372

⸺ coinage, Athens, 124; Macedon, 125; Thasos, 125; Cyzicus, 125

⸺ coinage, Roman, 362

⸺ coins, Athens, 372

⸺ distribution of, 65

⸺ equal distribution of, 114

⸺ first coinage at Rome, 378

⸺ first of all articles weighed, 114

⸺ from India, 257

⸺ in Bactria, 67

⸺ in California, 58

⸺ in China, 22

⸺ in Gaul, 90

⸺ in Meroe, 78

⸺ in Noricum, 87

⸺ in quills, 17, 186, 192

⸺ in Rig Veda, 25

⸺ in rings from Sennaar, 82

⸺ in Swiss lake-dwellings, 85

⸺ in Thibet, 66

⸺ in Wales, 94

⸺ measured, 168

⸺ measured by quills, 186

⸺ mining, methods of, 101

⸺ not weighed, 187

⸺ nuggets of, 75

⸺ of Tolosa, 92

⸺ ornaments of Gauls, 92

⸺ Irish, 402

⸺ placer, 98

⸺ poured into jars, 259

⸺ relation of, to silver in Etruria, 140

⸺ relation of, to silver and copper in Italy, 139

⸺ relative value, and silver, 75

⸺ scarce in Greece, 221

⸺ standard, 211

⸺ Talent of, 3

⸺ unit, the same everywhere, 133

⸺ unit of Attopoeu, 163

⸺ units, table of, 132

⸺ Ural-Altai, 67

⸺ wedge of, 270

⸺ weighed in Veda, 122

⸺ weighing, 167, 172

⸺ white, 97

Golden Bough, 320

⸺Fleece, legend of, 70

Goliath, 120

Gortyn, 314

Gourds, 43, 258

Greek (old) standard, 306

⸺ standard (table), 310

⸺ system, 304

⸺ weights, 181

Griffins, 68, 70

Guadalquivir, 97

Gunjá, 176, 178

Gygadas, 206

Gyges, 71, 201, 204, 293

Hachâchah, 45

Haddon, 105

Hair weighed, 275

Hakon the Good, 34

Haliartus, 334

Hamilcar, 289

Handfuls of rice, 170

Hanno, voyage of, 83

Hare, 336

⸺ hunting of, 337

Hares at Carpathus, 337

Hare-skin, 13

Harich, 45

Harpoon, 105

Harris papyrus, 239

Hasdrubal, 289

Haxthausen, 4

Head, 130, 138, 196, 314, 316

Hebrew system, 269

⸺ system, tables, 283

Hectae, 342

Hectare, 1

Helbig, 36, 84

Helix, 36

Helvetii, 90

Heraclea, 365

Herakles, 107, 227

⸺ road of, 111

Hercynian forests, 106

Herodotus, 107, 258, 260

Herondas, 342

Hexâs, 348

Hide (of land), 391

Hides, 51

⸺ as money, 332

Hierapolis, 202

Himera, 142, 347

Hindu weights, 177

Hiranya-pindas, 26, 258

Hissarlik, 73

Hittites, 202

Hoe money, China, Annam, 22

Hoes, 45, 165, 312, 371

Hoffmann, 36

Homeric Greeks, analogy of, to modern barbarians, 50

⸺ Poems, 2

⸺ Trial Scene, 8, 389

Honey, 34, 122

Horapollo, 129

Horse, value of, 147

Hottentots, 42

Hucher, 131

Hultsch, 95, 129, 202

Hyksos, 50

Hyperborean maidens, 109

Hyperboreans, 107

Hyperoché, 109

Ialysus, 339

Iceland, 18

Icelandic proclamation, 18

Illyria, 378

Incas, weight, 193

Incuse on coins of Magna Graecia, 334

⸺ square, 333

India, mediaeval, 27

Indian weight standards, 176

Ireland, gold in, 95

Irish currency, early, 31

⸺ weights, 180, 401

Iron in Homer, 117

⸺ ingots, 25, 163

⸺ money, 373

⸺ needles of, 27

⸺ plates, 43

⸺ rings, 40

Issedones, 68

Istir, 148

Istropolis, 107

Italian system, 350

Ivory tusks, 42

Jade, 48, 105

Janiform head, 318

Japanese Bean money, 295

Jars in Annam, 24

Jersey torque, 405

Job, 35

Jol, 288

Jones, Quayle, 186

Jordan, 112

Josephus, 277

Jugerum, 358

Juno Moneta, 215

Kaibel, 306

Karnak, 239

Kat, 238

Keller, Dr, 85

Kelts, 31

⸺ their early knowledge of gold, 104

Kenrick, 143

Kenyon, 306

Keseph, 270

Kesitah, 270

Kettle, 31

Kettles, 24

Kid, 33

Kikkar, 264, 279, 309

King’s weight, 275

Klaproth, 69

Knife money, 156

Knives, 312

Koehler, 219, 317

Kolben, 43

Lacedaemonian shield, 334

Lachish, 258

Lady Godiva, 336

Lais, 330

Lake dwellings, 84

Lamb, 271

Laodicé, 109

Laos, weight system of, 161

Larins, 28

Lassen, 66

Lateres, 375

Latham, R. G., 57

Laurium, 99

⸺ mines of, 59

Layard, Sir A. H., 85

Leake, Col., 313

Lebetes, 314

Lehmann, 195

Leinster, king of, 32

Lelantum, 222

Lemnos, 323

Lenormant, 129, 242

Leocedes, 212

Lex Flaminia, 378

⸺ Tarpeia, 31

Libella, 357, 374

Libra, 347, 358

Lindus, 339

Linguistic Palaeontology, 60

Lingurium, Greek derivation of, 110

Lion and Bull, 296

⸺ on coins, 321

⸺ weights, 199, 245

Litra, 347

⸺ its subdivisions, 348

⸺ silver, 361

⸺ translation of libra, 360

Litre, 1

L. M. R., 330

Load, 173, 263

⸺ as unit, 172

⸺ Greek, 309

Lupinus, 278

Lusitania, 97

Lycia, 332

Lydia, 201

Lydian coinage, 299

⸺ coins, 321

⸺ electrum, 296

⸺ system, 293

Lynx, 110

Lyre, 329

Lysias, 301, 324

Macedonian standard, 346

⸺ talent, 125, 304

Machpelah, 246

Madagascar, 187

Madden, 240

Madi tribe, 43, 263

Maine, Sir H. S., 8

Maize, grain of, 166

Makrizi, 182

Malay weights, 171

Malays, 309

Manā of gold, 26, 122

Mancipatio, 121, 358, 376

Mancus (of silver), 34

Maneh, its origin, 256

Mansous, 46

Manu, 177

Maris, 203

Mark, 358, 397

Marquardt, 181

Marsden, W., 172

Marseilles, inscription at, 142

Massilia, 62

⸺ court of, 111

Mathematical hangmen, 231

Measure of corn or oil, 324

Medbh, 36

Medimnus, 324

Melitaea, 323

Melkarth, 227

Men, 327

Mene, mene, tekel, upharsin, 247

Meinnan, 33

Mentores, 106

Mermnadae, 205

Meroe, gold, copper, iron in, 78

Mesha, 272

Mesopotamia, cattle in, 50

Messana, 336

Metals, first objects to be weighed, 114

⸺ relations of, in Greece, 219

⸺ their discovery, 57

Metapontum, 319, 327

Metre, 1

Metric systems, 198

Midas, 71

Miletus, 205, 210, 226, 296

Milk of cow, 33

⸺ of goat, 33

⸺ of sheep, 33

Millies, 157

Mill-sail incuse, 334

Mina, Greek, 309

⸺ Hebrew, 274

⸺ in Ezekiel, 284

⸺ origin of, 258

⸺ use of, 309

Mines of Spain, 97

Mithkal, 183

Moda, 46

Modius, 121

Moeun, 162

Mohurs, 35

Moïs, 24

Mommsen, 88, 134, 205, 348, 364, 380

Money, development of, 48

Monro, D. B., 226

Moriae, 324

Moschos, 137

Moura, 160, 175

Movers, 143

Muk, in Annam, 24

Murex, 330

Mycenae, 72

⸺ rings at, 77

Mytilene, 322

Naaman, 280

Nails, 159, 312

Naucratis, 241

Naxos, 348

Nehemiah, 280

Nejd, 29

Nero, 378

New Britain, 20

New Carthage, 289

⸺ ⸺ mines of, 99

Niebuhr, 135

Nile, source of, 107

⸺ water, 242

Nineveh, 85

Nissen, 195, 239

Nomads, 75

Nomisma, 366

Nomos, 369

⸺ bronze, 367

⸺ of Heraclea, 364

⸺ Sicilian, 364

Noummos of Tarentum, 364

Nub (gold), 60

⸺ its derivation, 78

Nubia, 78

Numerals on coins, 130, 363

Nummus, 131, 137

Numus, 364

Oats, 34

Ob, 349

Obol, 346

⸺ Attic, Aeginetic, 346

⸺ copper coin, 361

⸺ its subdivisions, 349

⸺ origin of, 310

Oenone, 211

Olbia, 67, 316

Olive trees, 365

Olives, 324

Olympic victor, 324

Oncia, 348

Onesicritus, 74

Onions, 45

Oppert, 183

Oppian Law, 139

Or (gold in Irish), 61

Orang Glaï, 25

Orchomenus, 72

Ordlach, 353

Öre, 397

Ornan’s threshing-floor, 148

Örtug, 397

Ossetes, 4, 30

Ostiaks, 4

Ostracism, 329

Ostrakon, 329

Owls, 225