Chapter VIII: The Lordship of Jesus (2)

But even if the early prevalence of the conception of a dying and rising god, with its religious significance, were better established than it is, the dependence of Paul upon that conception would by no means be proved. For the Pauline conception is totally different. One difference, of course, is perfectly obvious and is indeed generally recognized--the Pauline Christ is represented as dying voluntarily, and dying for the sake of men. He "loved me," says Paul, "and gave himself for me." There is absolutely nothing like that conception in the case of the pagan religions. Osiris, Adonis, and Attis were overtaken by their fate; Jesus gave His life freely away. The difference is stupendous; it involves the very heart of the religion of Paul. How was the difference caused? Whence was derived the Pauline conception of the grace of Christ? Was it derived from Jesus Himself? Was it derived from the knowledge which Paul had of the character of Jesus? The supposition might seem to be natural. But unfortunately, from the point of view of Bousset, it must be rejected. For if Paul had had any knowledge of Jesus' real character, how could he ever have supposed that Jesus, a mere man, was the heavenly Lord?

Another difference is even more fundamental. The death and resurrection of the pagan gods was a matter of the cult; the death and resurrection of the Pauline Christ was a fact of history. It has been observed in the review of Hellenistic religion that the cults in the pagan religions were much more firmly fixed than the myths; in the opinion of modern scholars, the myths were derived from the cults rather than vice versa. So in the case of the "dying and rising gods," one is struck above all things with the totally fluid character of the myths. The story of Attis, for example, is told in many divergent forms, and there does not seem to have been the slightest interest among the Attis worshipers for the establishment of any authentic account of the death and resurrection of the god. Particularly the "resurrection" of the god appears in the myths of Attis, Adonis, and Osiris scarcely at all. The real death and resurrection occurred only in the cult. Every year in March, the Attis-worshipers at Rome first saw the god lying dead as he was represented by the fir-tree, and then rejoiced in his resurrection. The death and resurrection were hardly conceived of as events which had happened once for all long ago. They were rather thought of as happening at every celebration of the festival.

The Pauline treatment of the death and resurrection of Christ is entirely different. By Bousset, indeed, the difference is partly obscured; Bousset tries to show that the Pauline conception of the dying and rising of the believer with Christ was derived from the celebration of the sacraments. But there could be no more radical error. What is plainest of all in the Epistles is the historical character of the Pauline message. The religion of Paul was rooted in an event, and the sacraments were one way of setting forth the significance of the event. The event was the redemptive work of Christ in His death and resurrection.

Here lies the profoundest of all differences between Paul and contemporary religion. Paulinism was not a philosophy; it was not a set of directions for escape from the misery of the world; it was not an account of what had always been true. On the contrary, it was an account of something that had happened. The thing that had happened, moreover, was not hidden in the dim and distant past. The account of it was not evolved as a justification for existing religious forms. On the contrary, the death and resurrection of Jesus, upon which Paul's gospel was based, had happened only a few years before. And the facts could be established by adequate testimony; the eyewitnesses could be questioned, and Paul appeals to the eyewitnesses in detail. The single passage, 1 Cor. xv. 1-8, is sufficient to place a stupendous gulf between the Pauline Christ and the pagan saviour-gods. But the character of Paulinism does not depend upon one passage. Everywhere in the Epistles Paul stakes all his life upon the truth of what he says about the death and resurrection of Jesus. The gospel which Paul preached was an account of something that had happened. If the account was true, the origin of Paulinism is explained; if it was not true, the Church is based upon an inexplicable error.

This latter alternative has been examined in the preceding discussion. If Jesus was not the divine Redeemer that Paul says He was, how did the Pauline religion of redemption arise? Three great hypotheses have been examined and have been found wanting. Paulinism, it has been shown, was not based upon the Jesus of modern naturalism; if Jesus was only what He is represented by modern naturalistic historians as being, then what is really distinctive of Paul was not derived from Jesus. The establishment of that fact has been a notable achievement of Wrede and Bousset. But if what is essential in Paulinism was not derived from Jesus, whence was it derived? It was not derived, as Wrede believed, from the pre-Christian apocalyptic notions of the Messiah; for the apocalyptic Messiah was not an object of worship, and not a living person to be loved. It was not derived from pagan religion, in accordance with the brilliant hypothesis of Bousset; for pagan influence is excluded by the self-testimony of Paul, and the pagan parallels utterly break down. But even if the parallels were ten times closer than they are, the heart of the problem would not even have been touched. The heart of the problem is found in the Pauline relation to Christ. That relation cannot be described by mere enumeration of details; it cannot be reduced to lower terms; it is an absolutely simple and indivisible thing. The relation of Paul to Christ is a relation of love; and love exists only between persons. It is not a group of ideas that is to be explained, if Paulinism is to be accounted for, but the love of Paul for his Saviour. And that love is rooted, not in what Christ had said, but in what Christ had done. He "loved me and gave Himself for me." There lies the basis of the religion of Paul; there lies the basis of all of Christianity. That basis is confirmed by the account of Jesus which is given in the Gospels, and given, indeed, in all the sources. It is opposed only by modern reconstructions. And those reconstructions are all breaking down. The religion of Paul was not founded upon a complex of ideas derived from Judaism or from paganism. It was founded upon the historical Jesus. But the historical Jesus upon whom it was founded was not the Jesus of modern reconstruction, but the Jesus of the whole New Testament and of Christian faith; not a teacher who survived only in the memory of His disciples, but the Saviour who after His redeeming work was done still lived and could still be loved.

INDEX

I NAMES AND SUBJECTS

Acts, Book of, 32-40
should be allowed to help in interpreting the Pauline
Epistles, 125

Adonis, 314f.
religion of, 234f.

Adoptionist Christology, not found in Pauline Epistles, 118

Agabus, 33f., 78

Agræ, mysteries of, 217

Alexander the Great, 220

Alexandria, Church at, 16

Ananias (in Acts), 71

Ananias (in Josephus), 12

Andronicus and Junias, 140f.

Anrich, 212

Antioch, 29f., 77ff., 122ff;
Apostolic Decree addressed to, 94ff.;
Peter at, 97-106;
Church at, 16

Antioch, pre-Pauline Christianity of:
not channel by which pagan religion influenced Paul, 257ff.;
how investigated, 257-259;
not essentially different from that of Jerusalem, 259f.;
did it originate application of term "Lord" to Jesus, 299, 303-307

Apocalypses, Jewish, not used by Paul, 192f.

Apocrypha, Old Testament, 182f.

Apollo's, 109

Apostles, the original:
attitude toward Paul at the Apostolic Council, 86f.;
relation with Paul, 120-137;
observed Mosaic Law, 126-128;
were inwardly free from Law, 127f.;
agreed with Paul about the person of Christ, 135-137;
contact with Paul, 139

Apostolic Council, the, 39, 80-100

Apostolic Decree, the, 87-98, 110;
was accompanied by Judas and Silas, 140

Apostolic Fathers, the, 6

Apuleius, 222f., 233f., 241

Arabia, Paul's journey to, 71-74

Aretas, 74

"Asclepius," the, 242

Atargatis, 235

Athenodorus, 45

Athletic games, use of figures regarding the, by Paul, 260

Attis, 314-316;
religion of, 227-231;
mysteries of, 283

Baals, the Syrian, 235

Bacchanalian rites in Italy, 250

Bacon, B. W., 91, 139, 181, 197

Baldensperger, 178, 192, 204

Baptism, in pagan religion, 280f.

Baptism for the dead, 288

Barnabas, 16, 78ff., 83f., 99;
was carried away with Peter at Antioch, 102;
dispute with Paul, 105-107;
relations with Paul, 106f.;
was member of Jerusalem Church, 137f.;
contact with Paul, 137f.

Barnabas, Epistle of, 18

Baruch, Second Book of, 180, 191

Baur, F. C, 6, 31, 37, 85, 105, 107, 119ff., 124f., 128f.

Beecher, 182

Bengel, 103

Beyschlag, 60, 63, 65

Bible, introduction of the, into Indo-European civilization, 20

Blass, 90

Böhlig, 45, 141, 300

Bousset, W., 28-30, 47, 49, 52, 67, 72, 78, 156, 161, 172-199,
204-207, 244, 257-262, 267f., 270, 274, 278, 293-317

Brückner, 27, 185, 191, 194ff., 205f., 211, 234, 313, 315

Buddhism, early, 274

Burton, E. D., 267f., 271

Byblos, 231, 234f.

Charles, 180, 186, 188, 190

"Christ," the term, 297f.

Christianity, origin of:
importance of the question, 3f.;
two ways of investigating, 4f.;
testimony of Paul to, 4f.

Christianity, monotheism of, 306

"Christians," first application of the name, 78

Christology, the Pauline:
not derived from pre-Christian Jewish doctrine of the Messiah,
173-207;
not derived from pre-Christian Jewish doctrine of Wisdom, 199-204;
not derived from pagan religion, 293-317

Christ-party, the, at Corinth, 120

Circumcision, 17

Clemen, 262

Clement of Alexandria, 230, 281

Clement of Rome, 105

Colossæ, errorists in, 129f.

Colossians, Epistle to the, 31, 104

Corinthian Church, parties in the, 107-109

Corinthians, Epistles to the, 31

Cornelius, 16, 19, 83

Cross of Christ, the, 19, 63f.

Cult, Bousset's exaggeration of the importance of the, 303ff.

Cumont, 212, 227ff., 232, 236, 243f., 247, 281f.

Cybele, religion of, 8, 227-231

Cybele and Attis, mysteries of, 229-231

Cynics, the, 225

Dalman, 187

Damascus, 71ff., 76;
preaching of Paul at, 72f.;
escape of Paul from, 74

Damascus, pre-Pauline Christianity of:
how investigated, 257-259;
not channel by which pagan religion influenced Paul, 257ff.;
not essentially different from that of Jerusalem, 259f.;
did it originate application of the term "Lord" to Jesus, 299

Date, question of, with reference to pagan ideas and practices,
237-41

Death of Christ, the, was voluntary, 315

Death and resurrection of Jesus:
historicity of, 312f.;
not derived from the cult, 315f.

Death and resurrection of pagan gods, the myths concerning, thought
to have been derived from the cults, 315f.

Deification: in pagan religion, 245, 263;
not found in Paul, 263-265

Demeter, 217f.

Denney, James, 155, 304

Dieterich, 246f., 251

Dionysus, 215f.;
religion of, 282f.

Dispersion, Judaism of the:
was it "liberal," 175-177;
did not produce Gentile mission of Paul, 175ff.

Drews, 294

Dualism of Hellenistic age, different from Paulinism, 276

Dying and rising god, the, 211, 234f., 237, 312-316

Ebionites, the, 125f.

Ecclesiasticus, 200

Eleusis, mysteries of, 217-219, 281

Emmet, 81, 176, 180

Emperors, worship of the, 221

Enoch, First Book of, 181, 184, 186-189, 193, 198f., 203

Epicureans, the, 225

Ephesians, Epistle to the, 31, 104

Erman, 314

Eschatology, consistent, 156f.

Essenes, 177

Ethics, same teaching about, in Jesus and in Paul, 164f.

Eusebius, 139

Ezra, Fourth Book of, 176, 180, 187, 189f., 196

Faith in Jesus, did not originate at Antioch, 303ff.

"Famine visit," historicity of the, 84-86

Farnell, 212, 217

Fatherhood of God, same teaching about, in Jesus and in Paul,
161-164

Firmicus Maternus, 229, 237, 241, 251, 281, 314

"Flesh," Pauline use of the term: without parallel in pagan usage,
275f.;
based on Old Testament, 276

Future life, interest in the, stimulated by worship of Dionysus and
by Orphism, 216f.

Galatians, Epistle to the:
genuineness, 31;
addressees, 81;
date, 81ff.;
must be interpreted in the light of I Cor. xv. 1-11, 144f.

Gamaliel, 47, 52

Gautama, 274

Gentile Christianity:
in what sense founded by Paul, 7-21;
in what sense founded by Jesus, 13-15;
part in the founding of, taken by missionaries other than Paul,
15f.

Gentiles, reception of, according to the Old Testament, 17

Gischala, 44

Gnosis, 262-265:
idea of, in Paul, 263-265;
not a technical term in Paul, 263

Gnosticism, 247-251, 268f.:
pagan basis of, 247;
can it be used as a witness to pre-Christian paganism, 247-250;
Christian elements in, 249f.;
use in, of terms "Spirit" and "spiritual" due to dependence on
the New Testament, 268f.

"God," the term, 306f.

Golden Rule, negative form of the, 88f.

Gospel, the Pauline, was a matter of history, 264f.

Gospels, the:
contain an account of Jesus like that presupposed in the Pauline
Epistles, 153f.;
were they influenced by Paul, 154f., 159

Grace, doctrine of, both in Jesus and in Paul, 164

Grace of God according to Paul, 279

Greece, religion of:
influenced Rome, 212f.;
moral defects of, 214;
was anthropomorphic polytheism, 214f.;
was connected with the state, 214f.;
mystical elements in, 215ff.;
was undermined by philosophy, by the fall of the city-state, and
by the influence of the eastern religions, 219f.

Greek language:
in Palestine, 53, 302;
Paul's use of, 44, 46, 53

Gressmann, 181

Hadad, 235

Harnack, A. von, 6f., 26, 33-36, 98, 119, 263, 273

"Hebrew," meaning of the word, 46

Heinrici, 265

Heitmüller, 47, 49, 52, 76-78, 157, 243f., 257-261, 265, 282f.

Helbig, 46

"Hellenist," meaning of the word, 46

Hellenistic age, the:
cosmopolitanism in, 220;
individualism in, 221;
religious propaganda in, 221f.;
syncretism in, 222f.;
longing for redemption in, 223f.

Hellenists, the, 302

Hepding, 227-231, 283

Hermas, Shepherd of, 242

Hermes Trismegistus, 242-245, 248f., 261f., 265-267, 285:
was it influenced by Christianity, 242f., 247f.;
importance of, 243f.;
places soul higher than spirit, 248f.;
terminology different from Paul's, 265-270

Hermetic Corpus, 242-245, 277

Herod Agrippa I, death of, 79

Hilgenfeld, 90

Hippolytus, 218, 249f.

Holstein, 63-65, 76

Holtzmann, H. J., 22

Homer, 213f.

"Illumination," the term, 273

Initiated, to be, use of the verb by Paul, 271f.

Irenæus, 89

Isis, religion of, 8f.

Isis, mysteries of, 232ff.,
had sacramental washings according to Tertullian, 281

Isis and Osiris, religion of, 231-234

Izates of Adiabene, 12

James, 94, 98:
contact of with Paul, 75, 109-113, 137;
men who came from, 101;
attitude of, toward Paul, 111f.;
attitude of Paul toward, 120ff.;
called "the brother of the Lord," 299f.

Jerome, 44

Jerusalem Church, the, 293-303:
attitude of, toward the Law, 19;
relief of the poor of, 99f., 104, 112f.;
new principle of the life of, 127;
community of goods in, 138;
contact of, with Paul, 139;
treasured tradition about Jesus, 139;
direct influence of, upon Paul, 258f.;
use of the term "Lord" by, 294-303

Jesus Christ:
historicity of, 5;
in what sense founder of the Gentile mission, 13-15;
Pauline conception of, 22;
deification of, according to modern liberalism, 22-24;
Messiahship of, according to the liberal hypothesis, 25;
consciousness of sonship, according to the liberal hypothesis, 25;
importance of, in the liberal explanation of the origin of
Paulinism, 25;
Messiahship of, according to Bousset, 29;
Lordship of, according to Bousset, 29f.;
divinity of, disputed by no one in the Apostolic Age, 129-137;
knowledge of, according to Paul, 142-144;
words of, in Pauline Epistles, 147-149;
details of the life of, known to Paul, 149f.;
character of, appreciated by Paul, 150f.;
comparison of, with Paul, 153-169;
presented Himself as Messiah, 155-158;
personal affinity of, with Paul, 165;
regarded by Paul as a Redeemer, not as a mere teacher, 167-169

Jesus Christ, the liberal account of:
attested by none of the sources, 155;
involves psychological contradiction, 155-158;
cannot explain the origin of the belief in the divine Redeemer,
158f.

John, 98, went to Ephesus, 128

Jones, Maurice, 81

Josephus, 79, 177, 183

Judæa, Churches of, 50-52, 75f.

Judaism:
missionary activity of, 9-11;
prepared for Pauline mission, 10f.;
did not produce Christian universalism, 11-13;
had no doctrine of the vicarious death of the Messiah, 65, 196ff.;
divisions within, 175-177;
did not serve as medium for pagan influence upon Paul, 255f.

Judaism, rabbinical, 176

Judas, 140

Judaizers, the, 19, 86, 98, 121, 125f., 128, 131, 135, 278:
activity of, subsided during the third missionary journey, 104,
107;
did not dispute Paul's doctrine of the person of Christ, 129-137

Judgment, teaching about, both in Jesus and in Paul, 164

Justification, Pauline idea of:
can find no analogy in Hermes Trismegistus, 277;
importance of, in Paul's thinking, 277-279;
not produced merely as weapon against the Judaizers, 278f.;
intimately connected with the doctrine of the new creation, 279

Justin Martyr, 185, 196, 236, 273, 281

Juvenal, 227

Kabeiri, the, 219

Kennedy, H. A. A., 118, 233, 262, 281

Kingdom of God, same teaching about, in Jesus and in Paul, 160f.

Knowling, 104, 109, 147, 299

Koiné, the, 220

Krenkel, 44f., 59

Kroll, J., 242, 244, 249, 269

Kroll, W., 242, 245

Kykeon, the, 218, 281

Laborers in the vineyard, parable of the, 164

Lake, Kirsopp, 12f., 81f., 89, 98

Lake and Jackson, 186

Law, the ceremonial, attitude of Jesus toward, 14f.

Law, the Mosaic:
function of, according to Paul, 18;
attitude of the early Jerusalem Church toward, 19;
observance of, by Jewish Christians, 92f., 101f.;
Jewish Christians zealous for, 110;
added to, by the Jews, 178;
Paul's early zeal for, 256

Legalism, Jewish, 178-181

Lexical method of determining questions of dependence, 262

Liberalism, was not the method of Paul in founding Gentile
Christianity, 17

Liberal Judaism, was not the atmosphere of Paul's boyhood home, 47,
256

Lietzmann, 127

Lightfoot, J. B., 47, 119

Lipsius, 72

Livy, 250

Loisy, 47, 76, 229, 262

Lord, the, connected by Paul with the Spirit, 311ff.

"Lord," the term:
applied by Paul to the Jesus who was on earth, 117f.;
use of, in primitive Jerusalem Church, 294-303;
occurrence of, in the Gospels, 295-298;
the Aramaic basis of, 301;
received Greek form in Jerusalem, 301f.;
not for the first time applied to Jesus at Antioch, 303ff.;
use of, in pagan religion, 305f.;
use of, in the Septuagint, 307f.

Lord's Supper, the:
account of institution of, 148f., 151f.;
was thought by Justin Martyr to be imitated in religion of
Mithras, 236;
comparison of, with pagan rites, 281-283;
not dependent upon pagan notion of eating the god, 282f.

Lucian, 225, 234f., 241

Luke, 36f.

Lycaonia, Apostolic Decree extended into, 94

Maccabees, Fourth Book of, 196

Magic: affinity of, for the mysteries, 246;
difference of, from religion, 246

Magical papyri, the, 246f.

"Mar," the term, 300f.

Maranatha, 300f.

Marcion, 18

Marcus Aurelius, 226

Mark, John, 105, 106, 107;
relations of, with Paul and with Peter, 138f.

Marriage, the sacred, 230

"Master," the term, applied to Jesus, 308

Mead, 244

Meals, sacred, in the mystery religions, 281-283

Menander, 271

Ménard, 244

Messiah, the:
doctrines of, in Old Testament, 181f.;
doctrine of, in Judaism, 182ff.;
Old Testament basis for later doctrine of, 191;
pre-Christian doctrine of, exalted by identification with
Jesus, 204

Messiah, the apocalyptic:
was different from the Pauline Christ, 194-199;
had no part in creation, 194;
had no intimate relation to the believer, 194-197;
was not divine, 197-199;
what could have led to his identification with Jesus, 205f.

"Mind," the term, in Hermes Trismegistus, 267f., not produced by
philosophical modification of the term "Spirit"

Mind, not the same thing as Spirit in I Cor. ii. 15, 16, 269

Miracles:
objection drawn from accounts of, against Lucan authorship of
Acts, 33-37;
cannot be separated from the Gospel account of Jesus, 154f.

Mithras, mysteries of, 236, 256:
had sacramental washings according to Tertullian, 281;
bread and cup in, 281f.

Mithras, religion of, 8f., 235-237

Mithras-liturgy, the so-called, 247, 251, 267

Mnason, 112

Mommsen, 46f.

Montefiore, 176f.

Morgan, W., 118, 164

Moulton and Milligan, 281

Murray, Gilbert, 223

"Mystery," the term, in Paul, 272f.

Mystery religions, the, 227ff.:
did not produce Gentile Christianity, 8f.;
were tolerant of other faiths, 9;
information about, in a Naassene writing, 249f.;
technical vocabulary of, 262ff.;
idea of gnosis in, 262-265;
not the source of Paul's doctrine of the Spirit, 270;
probably had not dominated many converts of Paul, 273;
produced no strong consciousness of sin, 276;
did not produce the Pauline teaching about the sacraments, 279-290

Mysticism, pagan, 239ff.

Naassenes, sect of the, 249f.

Neutral text, the, 87ff.

Oepke, 264f., 273

Old Catholic Church, 6, 119f.:
founded on unity between Peter and Paul, 104f.

Olschewski, 194

Oracula Chaldaica, the, 245f.

Orphism, 216f.

Osiris, 229, 231ff., 314f.

Pagan religion:
through what channels could it have influenced Paul, 255-261;
did it influence Paul directly, 260f.

Papias, 139

Parthey, 244.

Particularism, in the Old Testament, 17

Pastoral Epistles, the, 31f.

Paul:
testimony of, as to origin of Christianity, 4f.;
influence of, 6-21;
geographical extent of the labors of, 16f.;
importance of the theology of, in foundation of Gentile mission,
17-20;
in what ways a witness about the origin of Christianity, 21;
the genius of, not incompatible with the truth of his witnessing,
21;
monotheism of, 23;
sources of information about, 31-40;
birth of, at Tarsus, 43f.;
Roman citizenship of, 45f.;
Pharisaism of, 46f.;
was not a liberal Jew, 47, 175ff.;
was in Jerusalem before conversion, 47-53;
rabbinical training of, 52f.;
did he see Jesus before the conversion, 54-57;
knew about Jesus before the conversion, 57f., 66f.;
conversion of, 58-68, 145-147, 205, 305;
malady of, 58f.;
did he have the consciousness of sin before his conversion, 64-66;
the conversion of, involved meeting with a person, 67f.;
baptism of, 71;
at Damascus, 71ff.;
went to Arabia, 71-74;
escaped from Damascus, 74;
rebuked Peter, 97, 102;
division of labor with Peter, 99f.;
first visit of, to Jerusalem, 74-77;
in Syria and Cilicia, 77;
at Antioch, 78;
famine visit of, to Jerusalem, 78ff.;
agreed with Peter in principle, 102, 123f.;
relations of, with Peter, 102-105, 137;
dispute of, with Barnabas, 105-107;
relations of, with Barnabas, 106f., 137f.;
relations of, with James, 109-113;
participation of, in a Jewish vow, 110f.;
has been regarded by the Church as a disciple of Jesus, 117;
regarded himself as a disciple of Jesus, 117f.;
was regarded as a disciple of Jesus by Jesus' friends, 118-137;
attitude of, toward Peter, 120ff.;
attitude of, toward James, 120ff.;
rebuked Peter, 122-124;
had abundant sources of information about Jesus, 137-142;
relations of, with Mark, 138f.;
contact of, with the original apostles and with the Jerusalem
Church, 139;
contact of, with Silas, 140;
the gospel of, in what sense did he receive it directly from
Christ, 145-147;
meaning of the conversion of, for him, 145-147;
shows knowledge of words of Jesus, 147-149;
shows knowledge of details of Jesus' life, 149f.;
shows appreciation of Jesus' character, 150f.;
knew more about Jesus than he has told in the Epistles, 151-153;
comparison of, with Jesus, 153-169;
personal affinity of, with Jesus, 165;
was not a disciple of "the liberal Jesus," 166-169;
his pre-conversion belief about the Messiah, 192-194;
was not dependent upon the Jewish apocalypses, 192f.;
personal relation of, to Christ, was not derived from mere
reflection on the death of the Messiah, 194-197;
similarity of, to Jesus, not explained by common dependence on
Judaism, 206;
the gospel of, was a matter of history, 264f.;
how far did he use a terminology derived from the mysteries,
271-273

Pauline Epistles, the genuineness of, 31f.

Paulinism:
required exclusive devotion, 9;
was a religion of redemption, 22, 167-169;
doctrine of the person of Christ in, was not disputed even by
Judaizers, 129-137;
was supernaturalistic, 288f.;
was not external, 289f.;
was individualistic, 309ff.;
was not developed from the cult, 309ff.;
was personal, 311f., 317;
was historical, 316

Paulinism, the origin of:
four ways of explaining, 24ff.;
supernaturalistic explanation of, 24;
liberal explanation of, 24-26;
radical explanations of, 26ff.;
found in pre-Christian Judaism by Wrede and Brückner, 27f.;
found in paganism by Bousset, 30;
not really explained by development from the liberal Jesus,
117-169;
not really explained by Judaism, 173-207;
not really explained by paganism, 211-317

Persephone, 218

Personality, idea of, 202f.

Peter:
received Cornelius, 16;
with Paul in Jerusalem, 75-77;
at Antioch, 97-106;
rebuked by Paul, 97, 102, 122-124;
division of labor with Paul, 99f.;
relations of, with Paul, 102-105;
attitude of Paul toward, 120ff.;
agreed with Paul in principle, 123f.;
not in harmony with Ebionism, 125f.;
went to Rome, 127f.;
contact with Paul, 137;
relations of, with Mark, 139

Pharisaism, not influenced by pagan religion, 255f.

Pharisees, the, 177

Philemon, Epistle to, 31

Philippians, Epistle to the, 31, 104

Philo, 183, 250f.:
use of term "Spirit" by, due to Old Testament, 268

Philosophy:
undermined the religion of Greece, 219;
practical interest of, in the Hellenistic age, 224ff.

Plato, 224f., 275

Plooij, 81

Plutarch, 231, 236

Poimandres, the, 242-245

Posidonius, 225, 250

Princeton Biblical Studies, 7, 17, 37, 117

_Princeton Theological Review_, 37, 78, 155

Psalms of Solomon, 190, 193

Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, 182

Ptolemy 1, 231

Pythagoreanism, 217

Ramsay, 45, 56, 81

Rationalizing, revived by Torrey and others, 34

Redemption:
Paulinism a religion of, 22, 167-169;
was desired in the Hellenistic age, 223f.;
value of, 224;
in pagan religion and in Paul, 255-279;
idea of, in Hellenistic age, 274ff.;
idea of, not an abnormal thing, 275;
Pauline conception of, was not derived from pagan cults, 274ff.;
Pauline idea of, involves salvation from sin, 276f.

Regeneration:
in pagan religion, 230, 233, 240f., 244f.;
associated, in Paul, with justification, 279

Reitzenstein, R., 242-244, 246, 248ff., 274, 277, 262-280

Religion and theology:
union of, according to Wrede, 27;
separation of, according to the liberal hypothesis, 25f.;
not to be separated in Paul, 166ff.

Revelation, Book of, 120

Ritschl, A., 6, 38f., 119f., 125

Ritschlian theology, the, 23

Rohde, 212, 223

Romans, Epistle to the:
genuineness of, 31;
date of, 81f.;
can it be used in the reconstruction of the pre-Pauline
Christianity of Damascus and Antioch, 259

Rome, Church at, 16

Rome, the native religion of, 212f.

Sabazius, 215

Sacraments, the Pauline:
were not derived from the mystery religions, 279-290;
did not convey blessing _ex opere operato_, 283-288;
were outward signs of an inner experience, 286f.

Sadducees, the, 177

Samothrace, the mysteries of, 219

Schürer, 23, 65, 79, 156, 180, 183, 186, 190, 196

Seneca, 226

Septuagint, importance of the, 307f.

Serapis, religion of, 232ff.

Servant coming in from the field, parable of the, 164

Sethe, 281

Showerman, 227, 231

Sieffert, 72

Silas, 16:
contact of, with Paul, 140;
was member of the Jerusalem Church, 140

Sin, consciousness of: in Judaism, 178-181;
in Paul, 276f.

Smith, W. B., 294

Solomon, Psalms of, 184

Son of Man, the:
in I Enoch, 181, 186ff.;
origin and meaning of the title, 187ff.;
idea of, dominated the early Jerusalem Church, according to
Bousset, 293f., 298

Soul:
placed higher than spirit in Hermes Trismegistus and lower than
Spirit in Paul, 248f., 267f.;
conception of the, in Paul, 266ff.

Spirit:
placed lower than soul in Hermes Trismegistus and (when the word
designates the Spirit of God) higher than soul in Paul,
248f., 267f.;
no evidence of popular pagan use of the term analogous to Pauline
usage, 267-270;
Greek materialistic use of the term, 267;
use of the term in Philo shows influence of the Old Testament, 268;
use of the term in Gnosticism due to dependence on New Testament,
268f.;
use of the term in Menander, 270

Spirit, Pauline conception of the, 265-271:
different from that in mystery religions, 265, 270;
does not make the divine Spirit take the place of the human soul,
266;
has roots in the Old Testament, 270f.;
brings enrichment of Old Testament teaching, 270;
not derived from paganism, 310;
Bousset's view of, 310ff.

"Spiritual man:"
contrast with "psychic man," 265-270;
the term not in accord with the terminology of Hermes
Trismegistus, 266ff.

Stephen, 16, 19, 66

Stobæus, 242

Stoics, the:
humanitarian achievements of, 225f.;
humanitarian ideal of, differed from Christian ideal, 225f.

Strauss, 34

Supernaturalism in Paul's religion, 288f.

Syncretism, 222f., 237ff., 262

Syria:
religion of, 77;
use of the term "Lord" in, 300

Syria and Cilicia, 77:
the Apostolic Decree addressed to, 94ff.

Tammuz, 234

Tarsus, 43f., 77:
did not bring pagan influences effectively to bear upon Paul,
256f.;
Christianity of, did it originate application of the term "Lord"
to Jesus, 299

Taurobolium, 230f., 240f., 251

"Teleios," the term, in Paul, 272f.

Terminology, not necessarily important as establishing dependence in
ideas, 272

Terminology of the mysteries, the technical, does not appear in the
New Testament, 273

Tertullian, 281

Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, 190

Thessalonians, Epistles to the, 31, 82

Thrace, religion of, 215f.

Titus, 83

Torrey, C. C., 34

Townshend, 196

Tradition, Paul not indifferent toward, 142-153

Trypho, Dialogue with, 185, 196

Tübingen School, the, 31, 37, 99, 108f., 110

Vegetation gods, 235

Vespasian, 183

Volz, 190

Vos, Geerhardus, 266, 295

Warfield, B. B., 198, 306

Weber, 81

Weiss, B., 72

Weiss, J., 40, 56, 85, 107, 125, 152, 154, 156, 314

Wellhausen, 52, 138

Wendland, 212

Wendt, 94f.

Wernle, 312

Westcott and Hort, 89

Western text, the, 88ff.

Wicked husbandmen, parable of, 15

Windisch, H., 199-204, 243

Wisdom, in Pauline Epistles, not identified with Christ, 203f.

Wisdom, in pre-Christian Judaism:
will not account for the Pauline Christology, 199-204;
is active in creation, 200;
enters into the wise men, 200;
is not expected to appear at a definite time, 200f.;
is not identified with the Messiah, 201-204;
is not fully personal, 202f.

Wisdom of Solomon, 200

Witkowski, 280

Wrede, W., 26-28, 67, 156, 166, 172-199, 204-207, 278, 317

Zahn, Th., 44, 53, 72, 90, 119, 302

Zeller, E., 37

Zielinski, 242

II BIBLICAL PASSAGES

OLD TESTAMENT

Psalms--
li. 11, 270f.
cx. 1, 296
cx. 3 (lxx), 201

Proverbs--
viii, 199f.

Isaiah--
ix, 191
xi, 191
liii, 63, 65, 181
lxv. 17, 191

Ezekiel--
viii. 14, 234

Daniel--
vii. 13, 188, 191
vii. 18, 191

Micah--
v. 2 (lxx), 201

NEW TESTAMENT

Matthew--
v. 45, 162
vii. 21, 296
xxi. 41, 15
xxviii. 19, 20, 14

Mark--
iii. 7, 8, 51
vii. 15, 15
x. 45, 154, 159
xi. 3, 297
xii. 35-37, 296

Luke--
iii. 15, 184
vi. 35, 162
vi. 46, 296

John--
i. 19-27, 184
vi, 282

Acts--
ii. 36, 295
iv. 36, 37, 137f.
vi. 1, 46, 302
vii. 56, 298
vii. 58-viii. 1, 47
ix. 1, 47
ix. 10-19, 71
ix. 19, 72
ix. 22, 72
ix. 23, 72
ix. 26-30, 73, 74-76
ix. 27, 75
ix. 28, 51
x. 41, 35
xi. 19-30, 79
xi. 26, 78
xi. 30, 78ff.
xii, 78
xii. 1-17, 138
xii. 25, 78ff.
xiii-xiv, 97
xv, 39, 140
xv. 1-29, 80-100, 139
xv. 19, 20, 87
xv. 21, 92
xv. 23, 94
xv. 27, 140
xv. 28, 29, 87-98
xvi. 4, 94
xxi. 17, 109, 112
xxi. 20-26, 11Of.
xxi. 20-22, 113
xxi. 20, 110
xxi. 25, 87, 91
xxi. 26, 110
xxii. 3, 47
xxii. 12-16, 71
xxii. 17-21, 49, 74
xxiii. 6, 46f.
xxiii. 16-22, 49
xxiv. 17, 112
xxvi. 14, 60-62

Romans--
i. 7, 82
vi, 284, 286f.
vi. 4, 286
vi. 7, 277
vii, 63ff.
vi. 7-25, 65f.
viii. 16, 266
viii. 30, 277
ix. 5, 198
xiv, 93
xiv. 17, 161
xv. 2, 3, 150
xv. 8, 149
xv. 31, 112f.
xvi, 141
xvi. 7, 140f.

1 Corinthians--
i-iv, 108
i. 12, 107f., 109, 120
i. 17, 285
i. 23, 314f.
i. 24, 203
i. 30, 203
ii. 6, 7, 272f.
ii. 8, 117f.
ii. 14, 15, 265-267
ii. 15, 16, 269
iii. 21, 22, 109
iii. 22, 104
vi. 9, 160
vii. 10, 147
vii. 12, 147
vii. 25, 147
viii, 93
viii. 5, 6, 305f.
viii. 6, 194
ix. 5, 104
ix. 6, 106
ix. 14, 147
ix. 19-22, 92f., 110
ix. 20, 111
ix. 22, 260
x. 16, 282
x. 20, 283
x. 21, 282f.
x. 32-xi. 1, 151
xi. 1, 150
xi. 23ff., 148f., 151f.
xi. 23, 149
xi. 30, 288
xii. 8, 263
xiii, 66
xiv. 37, 147
xv. 1-11, 104, 124f., 144f.
xv. 1-8, 316
xv. 1-7, 258f.
xv. 3-8, 35
xv. 3-7, 76
xv. 3, 144f., 149
xv. 4, 149
xv. 5, 77, 104
xv. 11, 77, 104, 109
xv. 29, 288
xv. 50, 161
xvi. 22, 300f.

2 Corinthians--
iii. 1, 108
iii. 17, 311
v. 16, 54-56, 130f., 142-144
viii. 9, 150
x-xiii, 107, 109, 131f.
x. 1, 150
xi. 4-6, 131-135
xi. 5, 108f., 133
xi. 13, 109
xi. 19, 20, 134
xi. 22, 46
xi. 25, 45
xii. 1-8, 59f.
xii. 2-4, 264
xii. 11, 108f.

Galatians--
i-ii, 144-147
i. 1, 199
i. 14, 47
i. 16, 17, 74
i. 16, 71
i. 17, 50
i. 18, 19, 74-76, 84, 300
i. 18, 79
i. 19, 75, 299f.
i. 22, 50-52, 75
i. 23, 52
ii. 1-10, 78-100, 104, 121f., 139
ii. 1, 84, 137
ii. 2, 120ff.
ii. 6, 87, 95, 120ff.
ii. 9, 100, 104, 120ff.
ii. 10, 99f.
ii. 11-21, 87, 93, 100-106, 122-124
ii. 11-13, 97
ii. 14-21, 123f.
ii. 19, 103
ii. 20, 150
ii. 21, 279
iii. 1, 149f.
iii. 2, 287
iii. 5, 271f.
iii. 27, 287
iv. 14, 59f.
v. 19-21, 160
vi. 3, 121

Philippians--
ii. 5ff., 150
ii. 10, 11, 118
iii. 2ff., 104
iii. 5, 46, 47
iv. 12, 271f.

Colossians--
i. 16, 194
ii. 12, 284
iv. 10, 11, 107
iv. 10, 105f., 138

1 Thessalonians--
i. 6, 151
iv. 15, 147f.

1 Timothy--
i. 13, 61

2 Timothy--
iv. 11, 106

Philemon--
24, 105, 107, 138

1 Peter--
v. 13, 105, 139

* * * * *

Transcriber's note:

Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).

Small capital text has been replaced with all capitals.

Variations in spelling, punctuation and hyphenation have been retained except in obvious cases of typographical error.

The cover for the eBook version of this book was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.

Page 24: "customary and then use it in distinction"-- The transcriber has replaced "than" with "then".

Page 307: In footnote 233 the transcriber has replaced the scrambled Greek letters "otêsdesp" with "despotês".

End of Project Gutenberg's The Origin of Paul's Religion, by J. Gresham Machen