Chapter XXII: Appendix: A.--True and False Evolution (4)

[Footnote 131: Grammatical structure is no doubt more permanent than vocabulary, yet we find great changes in the latter, both in tracing cognate languages from one region to another, and from period to period. The Indo-Germanic languages in Europe furnish enough of familiar instances.]

[Footnote 132: It is fair, however, to observe that the Bible refers the first great divergence of language to a divine intervention at the Tower of Babel. The precise nature of this we do not know; but it would tend to diminish the time required.]

[Footnote 133: Lecture in the Royal Institution, March 24, 1876.]

[Footnote 134: "Antiquity of Man," 4th ed.]

[Footnote 135: Southall, _Op. cit._]

[Footnote 136: The Mentone skeleton described by Dr. Riviere gives evidence of these facts.]

[Footnote 137: Mr. Pengelly declines to admit this; but assigns no cause for the breaking up of portions of the old floor, which he merely refers in general terms to "natural causes."]

[Footnote 138: This whole subject of supposed preglacial or interglacial men is still in great confusion and uncertainty, and is complicated with questions, still debated, as to the ages of the supposed glacial and postglacial deposits.]

[Footnote 139: _Quarterly Journal of Science_, April, 1875.]

[Footnote 140: Lyell's "Manual of Elementary Geology."]

[Footnote 141: For a full discussion of this subject, see the "Story of the Earth and Man."]

[Footnote 142: Such a table, with an admirable exposition of the entire succession, as at present known, is given in the Appendix to Lyell's "Students' Manual of Geology."]

[Footnote 143: Lyell, basing his calculations on the surveys of Messrs. Humphreys and Abbott, but others give very different estimates.]

[Footnote 144: A perfectly parallel example is that of the growth of the peninsula of Florida in the modern period, by the same processes now adding to its shores; and this has afforded to Professor Agassiz a still more extended measure of the Post-tertiary period.]

[Footnote 145: Reade, of Liverpool, has recently given a much slower rate--one foot in 13,000 years--as a result of recent English surveys; but I have not seen his precise data, and the result certainly differs from those of all other observations.]

[Footnote 146: I am quite aware that it may be objected to all this that it is based on merely negative evidence; but this is not strictly the case. There are positive indications of these truths. For example, in the Mesozoic epoch the lacertian reptiles presented huge elephantine carnivorous and herbivorous species--the Megalosaurus, Iguanodon, etc.; flying species, with hollow bones and ample wings--the Pterodactyles; and aquatic whale-like species--Pliosaurus, Ichthyosaurus, etc. These creatures actually filled the offices now occupied by the mammals; and, though lacertian in their affinities, they must have had circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems far in advance of any modern reptiles even of the order of Loricates.]

[Footnote 147: "Story of the Earth"--concluding chapters.]

[Footnote 148: This was written in 1860 for the first edition of "Archaia." I see no reason to change it now, and its vindication will be, found in the Appendix.]

[Footnote 149: Heb. iv., 9; 2 Peter iii., 13.]

[Footnote 150: Hamilton.]

[Footnote 151: In the manner illustrated by Hyatt and Cope.]

[Footnote 152: Report on Fossil Plants of the Upper Silurian and Devonian, 1871.]

[Footnote 153: Drysdale's "Protoplasmic Theories of Life."]

[Footnote 154: Lecture before the Royal Institution of London.]

[Footnote 155: _Leisure Hour_, 1876.]

[Footnote 156: See critique in _International Review_, January, 1877.]

[Footnote 157: Reported in _Nature_, 1876.]

[Footnote 158: "History of Creation."]

[Footnote 159: See also Hunt, "Chemical and Geological Essays," p. 35.]

[Footnote 160: Except, perhaps, Job xxxi., 27.]

[Footnote 161: "Animals and Plants under Domestication," p. 406.]

[Footnote 162: Prichard. This is admitted by Darwin, who gives other examples, though he insists much on the climatal variations which still remain in feral pigs.]

[Footnote 163: "North American Indians."]

[Footnote 164: Haliburton's "Nova Scotia;" Gilpin's Lecture on Sable Island.]

[Footnote 165: "Principles of Geology;" "Natural History of Man." See also a very able article on the "Varieties of Man," by Dr. Carpenter, in Todd's Cyclopaedia.]

[Footnote 166: "The Races of Men," etc. Boston, 1848.]

[Footnote 167: Browne, of Philadelphia, quoted by Kneeland and others.]

[Footnote 168: Todd's Cyclopaedia, art. "Varieties of Man."]

[Footnote 169: "Prehistoric Man."]

[Footnote 170: Carpenter in Todd's Cyclopaedia.]

[Footnote 171: For an interesting inquiry into the origin of the dog, see the article in Todd's Cyclopaedia already referred to; and the subject is fully discussed by Darwin, who leans to the theory of the diversity of origin in dogs.]

[Footnote 172: Prichard, Bachman, Cabell.]

[Footnote 173: A curious note, by Dr. John Rae, on the change of complexion in the Sandwich Islanders, consequent on the introduction of clothing, may be found in the "Montreal Medical Chronicle," 1856, and the "Canadian Journal" for the same year.]

[Footnote 174: Latham's "Descriptive Ethnology."]

INDEX.

Abraham, 25, 270.

Abrahamic Genesis, 18.

Abyss, 104.

"Accommodation," theory of, 61.

Adaptation in nature, 78.

AEons of creation, 132.

Agassiz on prophetic types, 350.
on species, 342.

Animals, higher, creation of the, 230.
lower, creation of the, 211.

Antediluvians, 253.

Antiquity of man, 263, 386.
of man, geological evidence of the, 294.
of man, history in relation to the, 271.
of man, language in relation to the, 285.
of the earth, 154, 331.

_Aretz_ (earth), 94, 175.

Argyll, Duke of, on creation by law, 373.
Duke of, on the origin of civilization, 391.

Aryan race, 16, 267.

Assyrian Genesis, 19, 108.
Texts, 412.

Astronomy of the Bible, 207.

Atmosphere, constitution of the, 157.
creation of the, 160.

Augustine on creative days, 134.

_Aur_ (light), 115.

Babel, 258, 266.

_Bara_ (create), 90.

Beaumont, De, on continents, 184.

Bede on creative days, 133.

Beginning, the, 87, 95.

_Behemoth_, 233.

_Bhemah_ (herbivores), 231, 406.

Birds, creation of, 216, 219.

Bronn on the origin of species, 339.

Bronze, age of, 279.

Bunsen's chronology, 273.

Cainozoic period, 331.

Carnivora, creation of, 232.

Caverns, human remains in, 298.

Centres of creation, 238.

Chaos, 100, 107.
chemistry of, 112.

Chinese language, 288.

Comparisons and conclusions, 322.

"Conflict of the Bible with science," 44.

Continents, their origin, 182.

Cosmogony, Assyrian, 108.
Egyptian, 106, 198.
Greek, 109.
Hebrew, its character, 70.
Hebrew, its objects, 35.
Hebrew, its origin, 46.
Indian, 110, 148.
Persian, 147.
Phoenician, 107.

Cranial characters of primitive men, 298.

Creation, 90.
by law, 373.
centres of, 238.
days of, 115.
modes of, 375, 377.
of birds, 216, 219.
of carnivora, 232.
of great reptiles, 213.
of herbivora, 231.
of higher animals, 230.
of lower animals, 211.
of man, 235.
of plants, 186.

Croll, calculations of erosion, 334.
glacial theory of, 396.

Dana on creation of plants, 196.
on creative days, 144.
on tertiary fauna, 234.

Darwin on species, 338.

Day of creation, first, 115.
of creation, second, 157.
of creation, third, 174.
of creation, fourth, 199.
of creation, fifth, 211.
of creation, sixth, 230.
of creation, seventh, 249.

Days of creation, 115.
of creation compared with geological periods, 155.
prophetic, 65.

Death before the fall, 355.

"Deep," the, 104.

Deluge, the, 256.

_Deshe_ (herbage), 186.

Design in nature, 78.

Desolate void, 100.

Drysdale on theories of life, 383.

Dupont on Belgian caves, 308.

Earth, the, 94, 102, 175.
its foundations, 177.

Ecclesiastes, chap. i., 74.

Eden, conditions of, 237, 252.
site of, 237-252.

Edkins on the Chinese language, 286, 288.

Egypt, early history of, 272.

Egyptian Cosmogony, 106, 198.
Texts, 412.

_Elohim_, 89, 97.

Evans on the erosion of valleys, 313.

Evening of creative days, 138.

Evolution as applied to animals, 226, 363.

Excavation of valleys, 315.

Exodus xxiv., 10, 163.

Fall of man, 250.

Final causes, 355.

Firmament, the, 162.

Fluidity, original, of the earth, 110.

Forbes on creation of man, 250.

Foundations of the earth, 177.

Frontal, cave of, 308.

Genesis, chap. i., translated, 66.
chap. i., 1, 87.
chap. i., 2, 100.
chap. i., 3 to 5, 115.
chap. i., 6 to 8, 157.
chap. i., 10 to 11, 174.
chap. i., 14 to 19, 199.
chap. i., 20 to 23, 211.
chap. i., 24 to 31, 230.
chap. ii., 1 to 3, 299.
chap. iv., 23, 46.
chap. x., 22, 263.
the Abrahamic, 18.
the Assyrian, 20.
the Mosaic, 27.
the Quiche, 22.

Geology, principles of, 325.

Glacial periods, theories of, 395.

God, personality of, 11.

"Grass" in Genesis i., 186.

Greek myths, 109.

Green on the forms of continents, 184.

Haeckel on the affiliation of races, 289.
on man and apes, 389.

Hamite races, 268.

Harmony of revelation and science, 342.

Havilah, productions of, 255.

_Hay'th-eretz_ (wild beast), 232.

Heavens, the, 92, 165.

Herbivora, creation of, 231.

Hindoos, cosmogony of the, 149.

Hitchcock on creative days, 141.

Horner on the alluvium of the Nile, 274.

Hughes on the excavation of valleys, 315.
on interglacial periods, 295.
on stalagmite, 388.
on the Victoria Cave, 387.

Humboldt on Hebrew poetry, 39.

Hunt on the chemistry of the primeval earth, 400.

Hurakon, 107.

Hut of Sodertelge, 386.

Ice-freshets in America, 314

Incandescence of the earth, 110, 119.

India, cosmogony of, 149.

Japhetic races, 267, 268.

Jehovah, 96.

Job ix., 5, 176.
ix., 9, 206.
xxii., 15, 257.
xxviii., 179.
xxviii., 26, 73.
xxxvi., 166.
xxxvii., 14, 161.
xxxviii., 166, 177, 206.

Jones, Sir W., on Indian cosmogony, 149.

Kent's Cavern, 302.

Kurtz on days of vision, 49.

Lamech, his poem, 46.

Land, its creation, 174.
geological history of, 182.

Languages, unity of, 285, 291.

La Place, nebular hypothesis of, 119.

Latham on African languages, 288.
on the radiation of languages, 289.

Laws of nature, in the Bible, 73.

Lemuria, 289.

Leviticus xi., 212.

Life, succession of, 331, 337.
theories of, 383.

Light, 115, 121.

Logos, 96.

Luminaries, 199.

Lyell on the cause of the glacial period, 397.
on the delta of the Mississippi, 333.
on the pleistocene period, 297.

Mammals, creation of, 231.

Mammoth age, 299.

Man, antiquity of, 386.
creation of, 235.
neocosmic, 285.
palaeocosmic, 285, 319.

Man, unity of, 263, 414.

Manetho, chronology of, 273.

Margite, cave of, 308.

Menes, his epoch, 273.

Mesozoic period, 218, 331.

Miller on creative days, 135.

Mining noticed in the Bible, 179.

Mississippi, delta of the, 333.

Mist watering the ground, 189.

Modern period of geology, 251.

Modes of creation, 377.

Moffatt on African languages, 292.

Morse on the evolution of man, 391.

Mosaic Genesis, 27.

Mueller's classification of religions, 14.

Mythology, ancient, its origin, 408.
of the atmosphere, 171.
as related to the Bible, 109, 261.

Nature, study of, 244.

Neocosmic man, 285.

"Neolithic" men, 278.

Niagara, excavation of, 312.

Nimrod, 259.

Noah, sons of, 266.

Palaeocosmic men, 285, 319.

"Palaeolithic" men, 278.

Palaeozoic animals, 217.
period, 231.

Parallelism of Scripture and geology, 343.

Pattison on the antiquity of man, 318.

Pengelly on Kent's Cavern, 302.
on stalagmite, 387.

Periods, creative, 126.
geological, 330.

Persians, cosmogony of the, 147.

Philological evidence of the antiquity of man, 285.

Pictet on the origin of species, 339.

Pierce on the forms of continents, 184.

Pillars of the earth, 177.

Plants, creation of, 186.

Plastids and plastidules, 377.

Pratt, Archdeacon, on _bhemah_, 406.

Prayer and law, 171.

Progress in nature, 75, 337.

Proverbs, viii., 74, 96, 176.

Psalm viii., 208.
viii., 1, 94.
xviii., 178.
xix., 208.
xc., 108.
civ., 164, 175, 178, 224.
cxix., 90, 74.
cxix., 20, 176.
cxxxix., 84.
cxlvii., 208.
cxlviii., 6, 73.

Purpose in nature, 78.

Quiche Genesis, 22, 107.

_Rakiah_ (the expanse), 162.

Rawlinson on historical dates, 390.

Reconciliation of the Bible and geology, 342.

Reindeer age, 299.

Religion, Aryan, 16.
Turanian, 15.
Semitic, 16.

_Remes_ (creeping things), 215.

_Rephaim_, 257.

Reptiles, 213, 215.

Revelation, idea of, 12.

River valleys, excavation of, 314.

Ruach Elohim, 106.

Rutimeyer on interglacial men, 386.

Sabbath, the, as related to ages of creation, 130.
of the Creator, 249.

Schliemann on Troy, 282.

_Shamayim_ (heavens), 92.

Shemite races, 16.

_Sheretz_ (swarming creature), 211.

Somme, gravels of the, 313.

Song of creation, 66.

Species, Agassiz on, 61.
Bronn on, 339.
distinct from varieties, 414.
in Genesis i., 215.
origin of, 368, 378.

Spirit of God in creation, 106.

Stalagmite, deposition of, 310, 385.

_Stereoma_, 162.

Stone, ages of, 281.

Table of Biblical periods, 352.
of geological periods, 330.

Tait, Prof., on the age of the earth, 154.

_Tannin_ (great reptile), 213, 405.

Tennyson on types in nature, 222.

Theories of the origin of genesis, 51.

Thomson, Sir Wm., on the age of the earth, 154.

Time, geological, 321, 332.

Torel on the Sodertelge hut, 386.

Troy, as described by Schliemann, 282.

Type in nature, 82, 222.

Unity of man, 263, 414.
of nature, 36.

Universe, the unseen, 11.

Variation, laws of, 414.

Veda, its cosmogony, 110.

Vegetation, its creation, 186.
of Eozoic period, 192.

Victoria Cave, 386.

Vision of creation, 65.

Void, the, 100.

Wallace on evolution, 373.
on primitive man, 389.

Waters above the heavens, 159.

"Whales, great," 213.

Wilson on American skulls, 427.
on ancient pottery, 283.

THE END.

By PRINCIPAL DAWSON.

EARTH AND MAN. The Story of the Earth and Man. By J. W. DAWSON, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., Principal and Vice-Chancellor of McGill University, Montreal. With Twenty Illustrations. 12mo, Cloth, $1 50.

An admirable book. It is a clear and interesting _resume_ of
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