Chapter VI: Part 6

This well-marked species is a portion of a premaxillary bone 1-1/4 inch long, fractured behind and in front. The palate is half an inch wide; its two halves are inclined to each other at a considerable angle, and where they meet form a more prominent keel. The tooth-sockets look more outward than downward, are nearly circular, separated by interspaces as long as the sockets; three sockets and two interspaces measure one inch. The jaw is about 5/8ths of an inch high in front, and about 1/16th of an inch higher behind. The sides are flat and converge like the sides of a wedge to a sharp rostral keel.

IX.

Ornithocheirus xyphorhynchus (Seeley).

I have seen but one example of this form. It has lost much of the outer layer of bone, and shows on the sides impressions like tooth-marks from an eater of Pterodactyles. A groove which has some appearance of being due to fracture traverses each side, but the specimen is symmetrical, and has its characters in no way changed by the accident.

It is a portion of a lower jaw of a long-beaked Pterodactyle of the _O. Sedgwicki_ type, with parallel sides, and the rounded basal ridge nearly parallel with the palate.

The fragment is two inches long, showing four large and obliquely set sockets in If inch. The tooth-sockets are on the outer two-thirds of the palate, and looked forward, upward, and outward The interspaces each measure 5/16ths of an inch.

Each half of the palatal surface which is 5/16 of an inch wide, inclines to the other half at a right angle, being parted by a narrow groove; the diameter of the jaw is half an inch.

The depth of the jaw is 5/8ths of an inch in front, and 3/4ths of an inch behind. The sides are flat and approximate below to a sharp keel. This species is one of many in the collection of W. Reed, Esq. of York, kindly placed in my hands for the elucidation of those in the Woodwardian Museum.

X.

Ornithocheirus Fittoni (Owen).

Case. Comp. Tablet. Specimen.
=J= _c_ 14 1, 2

The fragment is 1-1/2 inch long, with two large elliptical tooth-sockets on each side of the flattened palate, and one pair in front. The third socket is separated from the fourth by a considerable interspace. Between the third sockets arises the median palatal ridge, and from the inner margin of each socket a lateral ridge appears to be continued. Behind the third socket the jaw measures 11/16ths of an inch from side to side, and 10/16ths of an inch high. The sides converge and round convexly into each other. The jaws appear to have been long; It is only known by upper jaws. The type specimen shows the socket of another tooth in front of the last one figured by Prof. Owen. It is directed outward at a greater angle, and separated from the hinder one by a wall not 1/16th of an inch thick, and the teeth of this pair must have been parted from each other by a film equally thin. There is no truncation of the snout as in _O. Woodwardi_.

Another specimen shows some variations. This fragment of a premaxillary bone is fractured through the third pair of tooth-sockets in front and through the seventh pair behind. It is about 2-1/8th inches long; the palate is 11/16ths of an inch wide behind the great tooth, and maintains the same width. The jaw is 11/16ths of an inch high behind, and 10/16ths high in front. The sides are gently convex, and imperceptibly unite to form the well-rounded depressed mesial ridge of the beak. From the front of the third to the back of the fifth socket measures 1-3/8ths inch. The sockets are ovate, rather smaller, and closer together than in the type of _O. Fittoni_; margins elevated. The variations from types are so many, and often so considerable, as to suggest the idea that the fossil groups called species may in the living animals have often been genera.

In all the specimens the end of the palate is a little reflected upward.

XI.

_Ornithocheirus dentatus_ (Seeley).

Case. Comp. Series. Specimen.
=J= _c1_ 9 1

A fragment of premaxillary bone two inches long, fractured behind the socket for the seventh tooth. It most nearly resembles _O. Sedgwicki_ and _O. Cuvieri_. Behind the second tooth the palate is 1/2 an inch wide; behind the sixth socket it is 5/8ths of an inch wide; the distance between these points is nearly 1-1/2 inch. The palate is flattened, with a sharp slight mesial keel and a wide concave channel on each side which dies away in front. The first pair of teeth are in front of the snout, rather small, and look forward. In this specimen the large third tooth is not developed on the left side. The second and third sockets are large and close together; the succeeding teeth are parted from each other by interspaces equal to their own diameter. They are gibbously elliptical. The sides of the jaw are gently convex from above downward; they round into each other to form a narrow rostral keel. Behind the second socket the jaw is 1/2 an inch high; behind the sixth it is nearly 7/8ths of an inch high.

The grooved and relatively wider palate, and the relatively smaller teeth, abundantly distinguish this species from _O. Sedgwicki_ (Owen).

The smaller, more circular teeth, placed closer together, distinguish it from _O. Cuvieri_ (Bowerbank).

XII.

Ornithocheirus scaphorynchus (Seeley).

Case. Comp. Tablet.
=J= _c_ 22

This fragment of premaxillary bone is 1-1/2 inch long. The palate is 1/2 an inch wide behind, and the jaw is rather more than 1/2 an inch high; behind the second tooth it is nearly 5/8ths of an inch high. The sides converge superiorly to form a well-rounded keel. The palate is flattened, with a slightly elevated blunt median keel. There appears to be a pair of small teeth in front of the snout as usual, and six on the palate, with an indication of another at the posterior fracture. The teeth are of moderate size and almost circular. In the form of the bone it is readily distinguished from all the species enumerated.

XIII.

Ornithocheirus platystomus (Seeley).

Case. Comp. Series. Specimen.
=J= _c6_ 32 1

An ill-preserved fragment fractured in front and behind, yet indicating a distinct species. The palate is flat, with the faintest median ridge, and the sides are flat and round into a narrow rostral keel, which in front approximates rapidly towards the palate. The first pair of sockets are missing; what appears to be the second pair are about 1/8th of an inch long, separated from the pair behind by an interspace of 1/4th of an inch. These are ovate and less than 1/4th of an inch long, and separated from the next pair by an interspace of not less than 1/4th of an inch. The height of the jaw over the first pair of sockets preserved is 9/16ths of an inch; over the second pair it is 14/16ths of an inch; the space between these points is 9/16ths of an inch. Behind the second pair of teeth the palate is nearly 5/8ths of an inch wide.

The only species which it resembles is _O. brachyrhinus_, but differs from that in the flatter, narrower palate, which makes a greater angle with the rostral keel, and in the smaller teeth, which are separated by wider interspaces.

XIV.

Ornithocheirus nasutus (Seeley).

Case. Comp. Series. Specimen.
=J= _c2_ 11 1

A fragment of a premaxillary bone 6 inches long. It somewhat resembles _O. Cuvieri_ in the aspect of the palate, but the jaw is more elongated, and expands from side to side at the anterior end. The teeth are opposite to each other in front, but become irregular after the sixth. The palate measures behind the second pair of sockets 3/4ths of an inch, behind the third pair it is a sixteenth of an inch wider, behind the ninth pair half an inch, and in the last two inches it begins to widen again. A sharp keel arises behind the second pair of sockets and becomes more prominent to behind the tenth pair, when the channel which accompanies it on each side seems to disappear. The first pair of teeth, which look forward, is smaller than the second and third pairs; they are closer together than those which follow. The third sockets are 7/8ths of an inch from the tip of the snout. Then follow three smaller, more circular teeth, which are separated from each other by interspaces as long as the sockets. The back of the sixth sockets are 2-1/4 inches from the tip of the snout. Then follow two larger more elliptical sockets; after which the sockets become smaller and are separated by longer distances, that between the 10th and 11th pairs is nearly 3/4ths of an inch.

The height of the jaw behind the second pair of sockets is 5/8ths of an inch, behind the sixth sockets 15/16ths, behind the tenth sockets 1-1/4 inch. In front, the nose has the aspect of being compressed from above downward, and behind it is compressed from side to side. The sides are flattened and round into a narrow rostral ridge which is depressed at the anterior end.

XV.

Ornithocheirus polyodon (Seeley),

Case. Comp. Tablet.
=J= _c_ 21

This species is founded on the anterior end of a premaxillary bone; in form not unlike _O. Fittoni_. It is 5/8ths of an inch wide; the lateral margins approximate very slowly, and in front it appears to be truncated. It is an inch and a quarter long, and in that space were on each side six large round teeth, almost as close together as they could be, five on the palate and a pair in front. The terminal two are no wider apart than the rest, and point more forward. A moderate, sharp, median ridge descends in the flattened palate, making its lateral halves a little concave. The front termination of the palate is slightly reflected upward. The jaw, which is 1/2 an inch deep behind, tapers to its termination more rapidly than does _O. Fittoni_. The flat sides similarly converge, and form a well-rounded ridge, which does not get blunter in front. From their close approximation, it results that the tooth-sockets are entirely above the palatal surface, so that they are better seen from the side of the jaw than from the palate.

It is a clearly marked species, as well distinguished from _O. Fittoni_ by the closeness of its teeth, as _O. Sedgwicki_ is from _O. Cuvieri_.

XVI.

Ornithocheirus denticulatus (Seeley).

Case. Comp. Series. Tablet.
=J= _c5_ 28 1

This is a species which can only be confounded with O. polyodon. It is a fragment of premaxillary bone 1-3/4 inch long, fractured through the seventh socket. It differs from O. polyodon in having larger teeth, which are wider apart, look more downward, have a narrower palatal interspace between each pair, and a rostral keel, which is more compressed from side to side behind and from above downward in front, and makes a greater angle with the palate.

The sockets are more uniform in size and closer together than usual, the second and third pairs being but slightly larger than the others; all are broadly elliptical. The palatal keel becomes sharp and prominent behind the fourth sockets. Behind the second pair of sockets the height of the jaw is nearly 7/16ths of an inch, behind the fourth sockets the height is 10/16ths of an inch; the distance between these points is about 10/16ths of an inch.

XVII.

Ornithocheirus crassidens (Seeley).

Case. Comp. Series. Tablet.
=J= _c1_ 2 2

This is a fragment of a ?premaxillary bone, fractured behind through the socket for the fourth tooth. It approximates to O. colorhinus, but differs chiefly in the nose not extending in front of the first pair of teeth; in there not being any lunate area above the first pair of teeth; in there being but one tooth in front, which is relatively large; in the socket for the fourth tooth being quite close to that for the third tooth, and in the palatal sockets looking much more outward. The nose also appears to be better rounded.

The fragment is 1-7/8 inch long. The second and third sockets, with their interspace, measure 1-1/8 inch. On the opposite side the first socket is intermediate in position between the first and second.

Though not likely, it is just possible that this might be the premaxillary bone of O. eurygnathus.

XVIII.

Ornithocheirus brachyrhinus (Seeley).

Case. Comp. Tablet.
=J= _c_ 24

This fragment of a premaxillaiy bone is fractured behind the sockets for the third pair of teeth. It is 1-1/8 inch long, and shows one pair of small teeth in front and two pairs of large ovate teeth on the palate. The first pair are divided from each other and from the second pair by films of bone; and the second pair are separated from the third by rather more than half the length, of the third socket. Behind the third pair of sockets the palate is 5/8ths of an inch wide; it is flattened, and has a blunt moderately elevated mesial ridge. Behind the second pair of sockets the jaw is 5/8ths of an inch high; behind the third pair of sockets it is 3/4ths of an inch high; the distance between the places of measurement is 1/2 an inch. The sides are flat and converge to a rounded nose. The jaw is rounded from side to side in front, and the outline of the top of the nose rounds over the blunt termination of the snout above the teeth on to the palate.

In the shortness of the nose it somewhat resembles the _?P. giganteus_ (Bowerbank), but the jaw attenuates less rapidly, is truncated, and has larger teeth.

XIX.

Ornithocheirus enchorhynchus (Seeley).

Case. Comp. Tablet.
=J= _c_ 25

This species nearly resembles _O. brachyrhinus,_ from which it differs in larger size, with a relatively wider palate, which is without a keel, and in a larger front pair of teeth. It approximates towards _O, colorhinus_, but is smaller, and wants the rugose lunate area over the front pair of teeth characteristic of that species. There are many varieties or species nearly related to this type, but from their imperfect preservation and the small part of the head which they represent, it is not possible to give descriptions of them.

XX.

Ornithocheirus eurygnathus (Seeley).

Case. Comp. Series. Tablet.
=J= _c3_ 16 1

A fragment of a ?dentary bone, fractured behind through the socket for the third tooth. The sockets are nearly circular. It measures about an inch long,, and behind the socket for the second tooth 1-3/4 inch high. The sides of the jaw are gently concave from above downward, having a pinched aspect and approximating; they round into a narrow rostral ridge, which widens towards the tip of the snout and is truncated by a small sub-circular [or sub-pentagonal] rugose area at right angles with the part of the palate behind the first pair of sockets. The first pair of sockets are nearly as large as the second, and from the steep incline of the jaw look more than usually upward; they are 7/16ths of an inch long, are separated from each other by an interspace of 6/16 ths, and from the second sockets by an interspace of more than 1/8th of an inch, while the second socket is separated from the third by about 1/4th of an inch. The palatal space between the second pair is about 3/4ths of an inch.

XXI.

Ornithocheirus colorhinus (Seeley).

Case. Comp. Tablet. Specimen.
=J= _c_ 17 1, 2

Fragments of premaxillary bones. The largest portion is 2-1/2 inches long, and is fractured behind the socket for the fourth tooth, and the upper part of the nose is also broken away. The palate is flattened, with the median part slightly convex. The sides of the jaw converge upward, but not rapidly; in front they round into each other, but there is a slight mesial depression. The front pair of teeth are large, separated from each other and from the second pair by films of bone. Above the first pair of sockets, so as to look downward and forward, is an impressed lunate area 9/16ths of an inch wide and 5/16ths of an inch high, to which a soft lip may have been attached. This area is in the same plane with the first pair of teeth and at right angles with the upper outline of the nose. The sockets of the first pair of teeth are a little smaller than the second pair; they are both about half an inch in diameter and nearly circular. An interspace of 3/16ths of an inch separates the second socket from the third. The tooth is elliptical, the socket being narrower and longer than that of the second. The palatal interspace between the third pair is more than 3/4ths of an inch. The interspace between the third and fourth sockets is about 3/8ths of an inch. The diameter of the nearly circular fourth socket is 1/4th of an inch.

The overhanging lunate lip space, with the size of the teeth and width of the palate, abundantly distinguish this species.

XXII.

Ornithocheirus woodwardi (Owen).

Case. Comp. Tablet. Specimen.
=J= _c_ 18 1-4

I regard the fragment on which this species was founded as being the terminal end, and not a section of a jaw; partly from the rounding of the lateral surfaces to the front, and chiefly from the snapped off teeth in the middle of the truncated anterior end, for they are smaller than the pair behind them, and look forward at a greater angle, so that the converging sockets of both pairs meet behind. These characters are well shown in Mr Dinkel's excellent figure, Pl. II. fig. 3_a_. Second Sup. Palæont. The palate is destroyed, and gives no clue to the bone being either lower or upper.

Another specimen, rather smaller, shows the rostrum well rounded; the front is truncated at right angles to it: there is the same rounding of its lower part into the sides, and the stumps of the front pair of teeth are visible though they are again worn level with the rugose front of the snout.

But the finest fragment of this species is a rostral end, (perhaps of the upper jaw) three inches long, two inches deep, and with the palate as wide. It indicates 5 teeth on a side: the front pair small, 2nd and 3rd much larger, and two pairs behind, which are smaller. The palate is flat, and attains its greatest width at the third tooth, behind which it contracts noticeably. The third tooth is more than half an inch in diameter, the fourth is 5/16ths of an inch long. The spaces between teeth seem equal to the long diameter of the sockets, which are oval and straight. The sides round into the front of the muzzle more gradually in this specimen than in the others. An impressed line runs along the median ridge of the upper surface. Just as the jaw gets narrower behind, so the well-rounded upper surface becomes more acute behind.

Behind the third socket the palate measures 1-7/8 inch from side to side, and the jaw is there nearly 2 inches high.

This is the most massive Pterodactyle jaw known. In the recent state it may have indicated a creature sufficiently distinguished from those to which the smaller fossils belonged, but now the divergence of characters is so slight as to be for zoological purposes of no value.

It is related to O. Fittoni; the chief points of difference being the truncated muzzle, the compression behind the third tooth, the much sharper (?) dorsal ridge, and the large size of the head.

XXIII.

Ornithocheirus capito (Seeley).

Case. Comp. Series. Tablet.
=J= _c3_ 14 1

A fragment of premaxillary bone, well distinguished from every other specimen, except one in the collection of Mr Reed of York, which is here named _O. Reedi_. It is a large head, with larger teeth than any known species. The jaw is truncated in front, with a rugose vertical area in front reaching 1-3/4 inch high from the palate, on which the usual front pair of teeth are not seen. At the angle of this front area with the palate is a large elliptical tooth 9/16ths of an inch wide, and behind it, with an interspace of 3/16ths of an inch, is a socket measuring 10/16ths of an inch in length; the next interspace is about 1/8th of an inch, and the next nearly circular socket is 5/16ths long; then another interspace of 1/8th of an inch, and another and a smaller tooth. The palate appears to have been channelled. The sides of the jaw are flat, or slightly concave, and where fractured above, are 3 inches high. Above the rugose vertical area of the snout, is an area, concave from back to front, reaching up to the rostral keel; it is flat from side to side behind, and convex from side to side in front. So much as is preserved measures 1-3/4 inch in length, and appears to be relatively narrower than in O. Reedi.

XXIV.

Ornithocheirus Reedi (Seeley).

The anterior part of an upper jaw has flattened slightly concave sides, which converge above so as to form boundaries of (1) a flat triangular area which looks anteriorly, and of (2) an oblong area, traversed by a mesial groove, which looks upward and forward and is concave from back to front. In the lower half of the truncated triangular anterior termination are the remains of the stumps of the two anterior teeth; they are oval in outline, 9/16ths of an inch high, and 7/16ths of an inch wide; they are parted by an interspace nearly 1/4 of an inch wide, which becomes concave vertically as it rounds on to the palatal surface. All the front triangular surface above the teeth is rough: its entire height is about 1-1/4 inch, and is nearly as wide across the base. The side rounds a little into the concave median upper surface, and into the triangular front; so much as is preserved measures 2-1/2 inches high, and 1-3/8 inch long. The palatal surface, which is very small and badly preserved, is 1-3/4 inch wide behind, but gives no indication of further widening. On its outer border are seen two large circular teeth 5/8ths of an inch in diameter; they are separated by a median palatal interspace of 7/8ths of an inch. Where it is fractured behind, the specimen shows the sockets of another pair of teeth behind these, with an interspace of 1/4 of an inch in the antero-posterior direction. The palate is convex.

The superior oblong area is concave in length as well as transversely. It makes a great angle with the triangular front of which it is the upward continuation; so much as is preserved extends 1-1/2 inch in length; it is about 1/2 an inch wide.

I am indebted to W. Reed, Esq. of York, for the opportunity of making a notice of this species, which closely resembles _O. capito_.

* * * * *

The species which follow were separated in the "Index to the
Ornithosauria," &c. as a different genus. That proposal might
still be sustained, for these massive truncated jaws are unlike
the spear-shaped jaws of many of the species. And to the minds of
some readers the forms already described will arrange themselves in
groups which not improbably indicate genera. But a re-examination of
the type _Pterodactylus simus_ (Owen) has convinced me that it is a
_lower jaw_, and therefore it affords no evidence of the presence or
absence of the peculiar front premaxillary teeth which characterize
nearly all the Cretaceous species.

XXV.

Ornithocheirus simus (Owen).

Case. Comp. Specimen.
=J= _c_ 16

The palate is 2-3/4 inches long, and at the second pair of teeth about 7/8ths of an inch wide. It is fractured at the end through the fifth socket, and at the side along the palatal groove. The first pair of teeth is smaller and closer together than the others. The palatal interspace between the second pair is 3/8ths of an inch; between the third pair, which are large teeth, it is 1/2 an inch. The sockets are sub-circular, and are not separated from each other by wider interspaces than their own length. In front is a long triangular rugose area, convex from above downward, a distance of 1-1/2 inch; and concave from side to side, a width above of rather more than 1/2 an inch. Below this the flattened sides converge to a blunt keel; where, fractured, the jaw is 2-1/2 inches deep. There are several fragments of species allied to the last; one has the triangular area in front very small, only half as high as in the type and very narrow, for the sides are gently rounded into it. It is marked by short longitudinal furrows, impressed vessels I think, while in O. simus the surface is irregularly rough. The first pair of teeth are much larger than in O. simus; they are longer, more conical, and circular, and separated by as wide a space as the second pair. There is not much to found a species on, but as it appears to be quite distinct from O. simus, it is named _O. Carteri_. Another fragment, with the area very long, is marked _O. platyrhinus_. But a sufficiency of species has been indicated to make known the Ornithosaurian fauna of the Cambridge Greensand. And the detailed description of critical types and of the other parts of the skeletons is beyond the general osteology of the tribe, and will rather belong to a memoir in which this flock of Pterodactyles will be restored to their living forms.

* * * * *

A fragment of the lower jaw of a large Ornithocheirus has been
obtained from an outlier of the Upper Greensand at Rocken End in
the Isle of Wight. It appears to indicate a distinct species. It is
2-1/2 inches long, and shows three large teeth still preserved in
their sockets. The extreme width outside the third pair of sockets
is nearly 2 inches. The sides, which are slightly concave from above
downward, converge so as to give the broken end a triangular outline.
In front is a small sub-triangular area, deeply scored with vascular
markings; below this the outline slopes obliquely backward, and the
two sides there round convexly into each other. The first socket is
7/16ths of an inch long, the tooth coarsely striated, and like the
others elliptical; the interspace between the first and the second
teeth is 5/16ths of an inch. The second tooth, probably immature, is
an inch in length, smooth, and like the third traversed in front and
behind by a slight lateral ridge; at the base it measures 5/16ths
of an inch from front to back. The third tooth is rather less than
5/8ths of an inch from front to back. The interspace between the
first and second _sockets_, which the teeth do not entirely fill,
is more than 1/4 of an inch. The posterior margin of each socket is
elevated into a sort of collar.

APPENDIX.

_Enumeration of some of the principal writings on the Ornithosauria
(selected chiefly from Von Meyer's Reptilien aus dem
Lithographischen Schiefer), with references to the shelves in the
Cambridge University Library, where the books may be consulted._

Agassiz (Louis).--Memoires Soc. Nat. Neuchâtel, Vol. 1, p. 19,
_paragraph notice in a memoir_, "Résumé des travaux de la section
d'histoire naturelle, et de celle des sciences medicales
pendant l'année, 1833" B. 3. 66.

A briefer notice in a paper, "A Period in the History of our
Planet," in Edinburgh New Phil. Journal, 1843, Vol. 35,
p. 9, quoted by Von Meyer XXVIII. 36. 65.

de Blainville (D.).--Osteographie; Palæotherium, p. 9 (Vol. 2),
quoted by v. Meyer AF. 5. 9.

Bonaparte (C. L.).--Nuovi Annali delle Scienze Naturali Bologna[1],
Vol. 1, 1838, p. 391; Vol. 4, 1840, 24 Sept. p. 91.

Blumenbach.--Manuel d'Histoire naturelle, éd. 1803, Vol. 2,
p. 408 B. 12. 20.

(Vergleichende Anatomie, 1805, p. 75), § 44, Translation,
1807 Tt. 18. 51.

Handbuch der Naturgeschichte, 1825, p. 620 Yy. 39. 6.

Burmeister.--Gesellsch. zu Halle, Vol. 3, Part 2, 1855;
Viertel-jahrsbericht, 28 April, p. 11 XXVI. 50. 2.

Collini.--Acta Acad. Theod. Palat. 1784, Vol. 5,
p. 58, pl. 1. 17. 5. 34.

Cuvier.--Ossemens fossiles, Vol. 5, Pt. 2, p. 359, ed. 1824, pl. 23.
VII. 1. 36.
Annales du Museum, 1809, Vol. 13, p. 424 B. 42. 13.
Règne Animal, ed. 1850, Vol. Rept. p. 62. XVIII. 15. 15.

Dumeril et Bibron.--Erpétologie générale, Vol. 4, p. 549. B. 37. 33.

Fischer.--Bibliotheca Palæontologica, Moscow, 1834, p. 163. LR. 15. 58.

Fitzinger.--Systema Reptilium[1], 1843, p. 35.

Fraas.--Württemb. naturw. Jahreshefte, XI. 1855, p. 102. XIII. 24. 25.

Giebel.--Jahresbericht des naturwiss. Vereins zu Halle[1], 1849-50.
Fauna der Vorwelt, 1847 (Vögel und Amphib. p. 89). B. 46. 17.
Allgemeine Palæontologie[1], 1852, p. 231.

Goldfuss.--Nova Acta Leopold., XV. Part 1, p. 63, pl. 7-10. 23. 4. 63.

Van der Hoeven.--Verslagen en Mededeelingen van het K,
Nederl. Institut over den Jare, 1846, p. 430. 23. 6. 136.

Merk.--Bald. Medic. Journ. Stück. 1787, Vol. 4, p. 74. XVIII. 23. 10.

H. von Meyer.--Reptilien aus dem Lithograph. Schiefer, 1859
(Fauna der Vorwelt) KK. 1. 55.
Nova Acta Leopold., XV. Part 2, 1831, p. 198, pl. 60 23. 4. 64.
Palæologica, 1832, pp. 115, 228 X. 20. 39.
Jahrb. für Mineral. 1837, p. 316 XIII. 14. 32.
1838, pp. 415, 667 XIII. 14. 33.
1843, p. 583 XIII. 14. 38.
Palæontographica, Vol. 1, p. 1846 B. 40. 53.
Jahrb. für Mineral. 1854, p. 51 XIII. 14. 50.
1855, p. 328 XIII. 14. 61.
1856, p. 826 XIII. 14. 52.
1857, p. 535 XIII. 14. 53.
1858, p. 62 XIII. 14. 62.

Von Munster.--Jahrb. für Mineral. 1832, p. 412 XIII. 14. 27.
Nova Acad. Leopold., XV. Part 1, p. 49, pl. 6 23. 4. 63.
Jahrb. für Mineral. 1836, p. 580 XIII. 14. 31.
Beiträge zur Petrefaktenkunde, i.; p. 83, 1839 XIII. 11. 49.
Jahrb. für Mineral. 1839, p. 677 XIII. 14. 34.
1842, p. 35 XIII. 14. 37.

A. Oppel.--Württemb. naturw. Jahreshefte, XII. 1856, p. 326.
XIII. 24. 25.
Württemb. naturw. Jahreshefte, XIV. 1858, p. 55 XIII. 24. 26.

Oken.--Isis, 1818, p. 246, pl. 4 XXII. 5. 2.
1819, p. 1788 XXII. 5. 3.

Quenstedt.--Jahrb. für Mineral. 1854, p. 570 XIII. 14. 50.
Ueber Pterodactylus Suevicus[1], 4to. 1855.
Sonst und Jetzt[1], 1856, p. 130.
Württemb. naturw. Jahreshefte, XIII. 1857, p. 41; XIV. 1858,
p. 299 XIII. 24. 26.
Der Jura, 1858, p. 812 B. 44. 48.

Ritgen.--Nova Acta Leopold., XIII. Part 1, 1826, p. 329, pl. 16.
23. 4. 68.
Th. von Sömmerring.--Denkschriften Akad. München,
1812, Vol. IV. p. 89, pl. 5-7[2] 23. 3. 28.
1820, Vol. VI. pp. 89, 102, pl. 23. 3. 31.

Spix.--Denkschriften Akad. München, VI. 1820, p. 59 23. 3. 31.

Theodori.--Notiz für Nat. u. Heilk. 1830, No. 623, p. 101. 24. 2. 28.
Bericht des naturforschenden Vereins in Bamberg, 1852, p. 17.

Wagler.--System der Amphibien, 1830, p. 61, figs. 1, 2.

Wagner (A.).--Abhandl. Bayerischen Akad.,
II. 1837, p. 163, pl. 23. 3. 41.
VI. Part 1, 1851, p. 129, pl. 5, 6;
Part 3, 1852, p. 690, pl. 19 23. 3. 45.
VIII. Part 2, 1858, p. 439, pl. 15-17 23. 3. 61.

[Footnote 1: May be consulted on application to the Librarian.]

[Footnote 2: Good figure.]

_Chief English Writings on Ornithosaurians._

J. S. Bowekbank.--Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. 1846, p. 7. VII. 3. 42.
Quart Jour. Geol. Soc. 1848, p. 2. VII. 3. 44.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851, p. 14. XVIII. 18. 3.

W. Buckland.--Geol. Trans. Ser. 2, Vol. III. p. 217. XIII. 2. 8.
Geology and Mineralogy, Vol. I. p. 221, Vol. II. p. 31, pl. 21, 22.
_Zz_. 34. 10.

T. H. Huxley.--Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. 1859, p. 658. VII. 3. 35.
Introduction to Classification of Animals, 1869, p. 110 B. 41. 70.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 417. XVIII. 18. 19.

G. A. Mantell.--Geol. Trans. Ser. 2, Vol. V. p. 170. XIII. 2. 10.
Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. Vol. II. p. 104. VII. 3. 42.

R. Owen.- Geol. Trans. Ser. 2, Vol. VI. 1840, p. 411. XIII. 2. 12.
Brit. Assoc. Reports, 1841, p. 156. II. 6. 10.
Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. Vol. II. p. 96. VII. 3. 42.
British Fossil Mammals and Birds, 1846, p. 545. IX. 5. 15.
Odontography, Vol. I. p. 273. IX. 10. 23.
Dixon's Geology of Sussex, 1850, p. 401. VII. 1. 5.
Palæont. Soc. Monograph, Owen, 1851, p. 80. XVIII. 14. 17.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851, p. 21. XVIII. 18. 3.
British Assoc. Reports, 1858, p. 97, sec. II. 6. 27.
Philosophical Trans. Royal Soc, 1859, Vol. 149, p. 161. 15. 3. 61.
Palæontographical Soc. Monograph, 1859. XVIII. 14.
1860. XVIII. 14. 9.
Palæontology, p. 244. B. 46. 29.
Anat. Vertebrates, Vol. I. pp. 6, 18, 161, 175, 192, Vol. II.
p. 13. IX. 11. 22.

H. G. Seeley.--British Assoc. Reports, 1864, p. 69, sec. II. 6. 33.
Annals of Natural History, 1865, Vol. XV. p. 148. XIII. 30. 29.
1866, Vol. XVII. p. 321. XIII. 30. 31.
1869, Vol. III. p. 465. XIII. 30. 37.
Index to Aves Ornithosauria and Reptilia, p. 4, p. 89. VII. 6. 71.

INDEX.

Affinities, 24, 94
Albatross, 31
Alisphenoid, 81
Appendix, 129
Archæopteryx, 8
Aspect, 105
Astylica, 97
Atlas and axis, 64
Avian carpus, 52

Basi-occipital bone, 78
Basi-sphenoid, 80
Bat, 31, 105
Birds, 52
Blainville, 97
Body, 108
Bonaparte, 109
Brain, 25
Brain-cavity, 87
Buckland, 60
Burmeister, 17

Cambridge upper Greensand, 2
Camel, 47
Carp, 79
Carpus, 48
Carruthers (Mr), 106
Caudal vertebræ, 75
Cerebral lobes, 87
Cervical vertebræ, 65
Cetaceans, 30
Chameleon, 31, 34, 37, 41, 47, 72
Chelydra, 61
Chrysochloris, 42, 47
Ciconia marabou, 86
Circulation, 100
Classification, 108
Claw phalange, 59
Cod, 79
Coracoid, 32
Cranium, 80
Crocodile, 31, 35, 37, 41, 47, 63, 69, 83, 93, 95, 97
Cuvier, 7, 92
Cycnorhamphus, 111

Delphinidæ, 83
Dentary bone, 92
Dicynodonts, 61
Dimensions, 103
Dimorphodon, 112, 60
Dinornis, 67
Dinosaurs, 99, 61
Dipnoal reptiles, 99
Dorsal vertebræ, 69

Echidna, 61
?Eggs, 106
Epipubic bones (see prepubic bones)
Evidence that Pterodactyles were Reptiles, 5

Facial bones, 91
Families, 110
Femur, 62
Fibula, 63, 22
Food, 105
Fore-arm, 48

Gallus domesticus, 90, 82, 34
Genera, 111
German Pterodactyles, 106
Goldfuss, 11, 63
Goose, 92
Grouping of reptiles, 97
Gypogeranus serpentarius, 42

Habits, 104
Hand, 53
Hare, 87
Head 18, 77, 106
History, 3
Horse, 41
How the meaning of the word reptile is lost, 98
Humerus, 38
Huxley (Prof), 86, 116

Ichthyosaurus, 34, 37
Iguana, 41, 47, 69, 82
Ilium, 60
Ischium, 60

Jerboa, 64

Kangaroo, 55, 69

Ligamentum teres, 62
Lower jaw, 91
Llama, 77, 69

Malar bone, 107
Mammalian Affinities, 31, 34, 87, 41, 42, 61, 62, 69, 75, 79, 83,
86, 94, 105
Manubrium, 29
Marsupial bones, 61, 110
Materials, 1
Mergus merganser, 31
Metacarpus, 53
Metatarsus, 63
Meyer (H. von), 17, 109
Mole, 30, 37
Monimostylica, 97
Monitor, 41, 47, 69, 72, 86
Monotremata, 34
Mould of Brain-cavity, 87

Objections to Prof. Owen's grouping, 99
Occipital bones, 81
Oken, 10
Optic lobes, 84
Orbito-ethmo-sphenoid bone, 85
Orbits, 107
Organization, 7
Ornithocephalus, 111
Ornithocheirus, 112
Ornithorhynchus, 88
Ornithosauria, 27
Ossemens fossiles, 7
Ostrich, 52, 58, 86
Owen (Prof. R.), 3, 29, 32, 36, 48, 54, 56, 64, 66, 69, 75, 78, 88,
91, 92, 98, 108, 115

Pachyrhamphus, 111
Parrot, 87
Palæontology, 109
Parietal bones, 81
Parker (Mr W. K.), 79
Pectoral girdle, 28
Pelvis, 59
Penguin, 8, 69
Petrosal, 82
Phalange, 56
Plan of organisation, 25
Pneumatic cavities, 23, 26, 100
Porpoise, 86
Post frontal, 107
Premaxillary bones, 91, 107
Prepubic bones (prepubic), 61, 110, 111
Pterodactyle's place in nature, 102
Pterodactylus, 111
Pteroid bone, 48
Pterosauria, 99, 108
?Pterygoid end of palatine bone, 91

Quadrate bone, 89, 107
Quadrato-jugal, 90
Quenstedt, 17, 21

Radius, 42
Reptilia, 94
Respiration, 26, 100
Restoration, 103
Rhamphorhynchus, 111
Ribs, 108
Roc, 5

Sacrum, 73
Scapula, 35
Scink, 41, 72
Second phalange, 57
Sömmerring, 10
Species, 112
Squamosal bone, 81
Stannius, 97
Sternum, 28
Streptostylica, 97
Struthious birds, 31, 72

Tarso-metatarsus, 63
Teeth, 92
Tibia, 62

Ulna, 43

Vertebral column, 64
?Vomer, 88

Wagler, 11
Wagner, 14
Walker (Mr J. F.), 87
Walking, 105
Walrus, 79
Wing-finger, 66

THE END.

Cambridge:[** Old Eng]

PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

PLATE I.[AB]

Sternum and Scapula.

Fig. 1. Fore-part of sternum showing the ovate synovial facet
for the coracoid. =J=._a_.1, p. 28.

------------------

2. Outside of the proximal end of a right scapula.
Largest specimen. =J=._a_.3, no. 2, p. 35.

3. Outside of greater portion of a left scapula. =J=._a_.3, no. 13.

4. Inner side of a small right scapula. =J=._a_.3, no. 12.

5. Outside of proximal end of a right scapula. =J=._a_.3, no. 3.

6. Surface of =J=._a_.3, no. 3. articulating with humerus.

7. Outside of distal end of a scapula. =J=._a_.4, no. 1.

8. View of the distal termination of a scapula.

9. View of proximal end of left scapula looking from the distal
toward the articular end. =J=._a_.3, no. 17.

10. Proximal end of right scapula where united with coracoid,
looking at the scapula from the articulation.
=J=._c4_.18.6. Compare fig. 6.

11. Inner surface of same specimen showing the pneumatic
foramen at the union of scapula and coracoid.

12. Outer view of the same specimen.

[Footnote AB: For the Lithographic details of plates 1 to 3, the author is not answerable. Accidents happened to these plates in the printing, and they were replaced without his knowledge by good copies; which however have sometimes deprived the bones of their characters.]

SCAPULA

Pl. 1.

PLATE II.

Coracoid and Radius.

Fig. 1. Outer side view of left coracoid. =J=._c3_.16.5, p. 32.

2. Back view of the same specimen showing the surface
which unites with the scapula.

3. Outer side view of perfect right coracoid. =J=._c4_.18. 5.
Near the figure 3 is the pneumatic notch.

4. View of the proximal articular surface of a right coracoid.
=J=._a_.2, no. 23.

5. Inner view of distal end of left coracoid. =J=._a_.2, no. 18.

6. The distal articulation of the same specimen.

------------------

7. Fragment of proximal end of radius 4/5 nat. size. =J=._a_.11,
no. 7, p. 46.

8. Proximal end of radius. =J=._a_.11, no. 1.

9. Proximal articular surface of radius from the same
specimen.

CORACOID AND RADIUS

Pl. 2.

PLATE III.

Radius and Ulna.

Fig. 1. Inner view of distal end of right radius. =J=._a_.10, no. 2,
p. 44.

2. Outer view of distal end of right radius. =J=._a_.10, no. 3.

3. Distal articulation of right radius. =J=._a_.10, no. 6.

------------------

4. Inner view of proximal end of ulna with olecranon
anchylosed, p. 45.

5. Side view of the same specimen. =J=._a_.9, no. 1.

6. Proximal end of ulna from which the olecranon has come
away. =J=._a_.9, no. 5.

7. Proximal articular surface of same specimen.

8. Proximal articular sur&ce of ulna. =J=._a_.9, no. 4.

9. Proximal articular end of ulna from which the olecranon
has come away.

------------------

10. Distal end of right ulna. =J=._a_.13, no. 5, p. 43.

11. Distal articulation of the same specimen.

12. Distal end of left ulna. =J=._a_.12, no. 3.

13. Distal articulation of the same specimen.

RADIUS AND ULNA

Pl. 3.

PLATE IV.

Humerus.

Fig. 1. A nearly perfect right humerus, from Ashwell. =J=._a_.6,
no. 30, p. 38.

2. Same specimen seen from the proximal end, so as to display
the distal end, twisted at right angles with the radial
crest. The pneumatic foramen is on the anterior and
radial side.

3. Proximal end of left humerus showing the radial crest
perfect. =J=._a_.6. 25.

4. Articular surface of same specimen showing the termination
of the radial crest.

5. Posterior aspect of proximal end of right humerus. The
pneumatic foramen is on the posterior and ulnar side.

6. Proximal articular surface of left humerus. =J=._a_.6, no. 2.

7. Distal end of right humerus. =J=._a_.6, no. 29.

8. Distal articulation of left humerus. =J=._a_.6, no. 45.

9. Distal end of same specimen.

10. Distal end of left humerus. =J=._a_.6.20.

11. Distal end of right humerus. =J=._a_.6.46.

12. Distal end of left humerus. =J=._a_.6.34.

13. Distal end of left humerus from a specimen lent by
J. B. Lee, Esq.

14. Distal end of left humerus. =J=._a_.6.35.

HUMERUS

Pl. 4.

PLATE V.

Carpal Bones.

Fig. 1. Distal surface of right proximal carpal bone, p. 48.

2. Same specimen seen from outer end, showing the large
unarticular surface, above is a part of the distal
articulation. =J=._b_.1, no. 1. (figured upside down).

3. Proximal articular surface of right proximal carpal bone.
=J=._b_.1, no. 7. The right upper part is for the radius,
the left lower part for the ulna.

4. View of same specimen (upside down) from the ulnar side.

5. View of same specimen from the radial side.

------------------

6. Portion of distal articular surface of a right distal carpal
bone. =J=._b_.3, no. 23, 4/5 nat. size, p. 50.

7. Front radial side of right distal carpal. =J=._b_.3.24.

8. Back ulnar side of the same specimen.

9. Proximal articular surface of the same distal carpal.

10. Distal articular surface of the same distal carpal.

11. View of the proximal articular surface of the same
distal carpal, seen from the inside.

12. Perfect element of left distal carpal bone showing the
distal carpal bone to be composite.

13. Distal surface of a right distal carpal of another genus.
=J=._b_.3, no. 20.

------------------

14. Lateral carpal or pisiform bone, seen from the inside, the
distal articular talon partly broken. =J=._b_.4, no. 2.

15. Lateral carpal seen from the outside. =J=._b_.4.9.

16. Same bone showing the distal articulation, p. 51.

17. Lateral carpal bone of a different genus, seen from the
inside.

CARPAL BONES

Pl. 5.

PLATE VI.

Wing Metacarpal Bone, &c.

Fig. 1. Fragment of the proximal end of a large wing-metacarpal
bone. =J=._b_.5, no. 9. It is figured upside down,
a part of the surface articulating with the distal carpal
bone being over the fig. 1, p. 53.

2. Aspect of the proximal articular sur&.ce of the wing-metacarpal
bone. =J=._b_.5, no. 3.

3. Exterior aspect of the same specimen.

4. Inner aspect of another proximal end. =J=._b_.5, no. 4.

5. The greater part of a small wing-metacarpal bone.
=J=._b_.5, no. 1. Imperfect at the distal end.

6. Distal end of a wing-metacarpal bone. =J=._b_.5, no. 31.

7. Front aspect of the same specimen.

------------------

8. Distal end of metatarsal bone or of a metacarpal bone
of a small finger. =J=._b_.8, no. 1.

9. Lateral aspect of a similar bone. =J=._b_.8, no. 2.

------------------

10. Outline of the imperfect distal termination of a bone
regarded as left metatarsus of an Ornithosaurian.
=J=._b_.13, p. 63.

11. Front aspect of the same specimen.

------------------

12. Articular aspect of proximal end of first phalange of the
wing-finger, from which the terminal epiphysis has
come away. =J=._b_.6, no. 10.

13. Diagram outline of the same specimen, p. 56.

WING-METACARPAL BONE, &c.

Pl. 6.

PLATE VII.

Wing Finger.

Fig. 1. Exterior aspect of proximal end of first phalange of the
wing-finger. =J=._c3_.16.12, p. 56.

2. Inner aspect of proximal end of a small wing-metacarpal
bone which has lost its proximal epiphysis; it shows
the notch for the pneumatic foramen. =J=._c1_.8.8.

3. Fragment of the proximal end of a large wing-metacarpal
bone, showing near the fig. 3 part of the articular
surface. =J=._c3_.15. 10.

4. Distal end of 1 first phalange of the wing-finger.
=J=._c6_.31. 7, no. 1.

5. Distal articular surface of a first phalange.

6. Distal end of a first phalange. =J=._b_.6, no. 4.

------------------

7. Proximal end of the second phalange of the wing-finger.
=J=._c2_.12.12, p. 57.

8. Proximal end of a small second phalange. =J=._b_.7, no. 7.

9. Proximal end of a large second phalange. =J=._b_.7, no. 4.

------------------

10. Side view of distal end of right femur. =J=._b_.11, no. 11,
p. 62.

WING FINGER

Pl. 7.

PLATE VIII.

Pelvis, Femur, Tibia, &c.

Fig. 1. Fragment of a large right os innominatum. The faint
T-shaped lines in the acetabulum indicate the limits
of the three component pelvic bones; fig. 1 is placed
at the posterior border of the ischium. =J=._b_.10, no. 1.

2. Imperfect right os innominatum, with the anterior
and posterior wings of the ilium broken away.
=J=._b_.10, no. 4, p. 69.

3. Imperfect left os innominatum showing the small obturator
foramen which divides the pubis from the
ischium. On the anterior border of the pubis is seen a
depression, which may have given attachment to the
prepubic bone. =J=._b_.10, no. 3.

4. Visceral aspect of an imperfect right ischium. =J=._c4_.20.2.

------------------

5. Exterior side aspect of a right femur. =J=._c2_.11. 20.

6. Front aspect of the same specimen, p. 62.

7. Posterior aspect of proximal end of right femur of a
different genus, showing a pit for the obturator
muscle. =J=._b_.11, no. 1.

8. Front aspect of the same specimen.

9. Outline of the proximal articular end; the obturator pit
is darkened.

10. Posterior aspect of distal end of right femur. =J=._b_.11,
no. 20.

11. Outline of the distal articular end of the same specimen.

12. Distal end of a large right femur. =J=._b_.11, no. 12.

------------------

13. Proximal end of tibia (? front aspect). =J=._b_.12, no. 8.

14. Another view of the same specimen, p. 62.

15. Outline of the articular aspect of the same tibia. The
non-articular part is shaded.

------------------

16. Claw phalange. =J=._c1_.2.5, p. 69.

17. Claw phalange. =J=._c_.9, no. 4.

PELVIS, FEMUR, TIBIA, &c.

Pl. 8.

PLATE IX.

Neck Vertebræ.

Fig. 1. Anterior aspect of an axis to which the atlas was not
anchylosed. =J=._c3_.15. 2, p. 64.

2. Anchylosed atlas and axis seen from the base of the
vertebra. =J=._c_.1, no. 8.

3. Anchylosed atlas and axis seen from above. =J=._c_.1,
no. 14.

4. Atlas, neural arch imperfect. =J=._c_.1, no. 10.

5. Anchylosed atlas and axis seen from the side, the neural
arch of the atlas is wanting. The light space in the
centrum of the axis is the pneumatic foramen. =J=._c_.1,
no. 14.

------------------

6. Large cervical vertebra seen from below. =J=._c_.2, no. 42,
p. 65.

7. Small cervical vertebra seen from below. =J=._c_.2, no. 43.

8. Cervical vertebra seen from behind. =J=._c_.2, no. 5.

9. Cervical vertebra seen from above. =J=._c_.2, no. 23.

10. Cervical vertebra seen from the left side. =J=._c6_.27.1,
no. 4.

11. Cervical vertebra of another genus seen from the left
side. =J=._c_.2, no. 13.

12. Base of the centrum of the last true cervical vertebra.
=J=._c_.2, no. 40.

13. Right side of cervical vertebra. =J=._c_.2, no. 7.

NECK VERTEBRÆ

Pl. 9.

PLATE X.

Back and Tail Vertebræ.

Fig. 1. Centrum of a vertebra from the region between the neck
and the back, called pectoral. =J=._c_.3, no. 19, p. 69.

2. Dorsal vertebra seen from below. =J=._c2_.12.3, no. 2.

3. The same specimen seen from behind.

4. Right side view of a dorsal vertebra showing the neural
spine nearly perfect. =J=._c_.3, no. 20.

5. The same specimen seen from behind.

6. Right side of dorsal vertebra showing anterior and posterior
zygapophyses. The neural spine broken.

7. Front view of the same specimen. The centrum is seen
to form but a small part of the anterior articular
surface.

------------------

8. Bight side of a sacral vertebra =J=._c_.4, no. 1, p. 73.

9. Front aspect of the same specimen. The neural arch
forms part of the intervertebral articulation with the
centrum.

10. Side view of the anterior part of a sacrum, presented by
H. C. Raban Esq. =J=._c_.4, no. 3.

11. The same specimen seen from below.

12. Inferior aspect of posterior part of sacrum of a different
genus. =J=._c_.4, no. 2.

------------------

13. Large caudal vertebra seen from above. =J=._c_.5, no. 9.

14. The same specimen seen from beneath, p. 75.

15. Left side of the same specimen.

16. Anterior articulation of the same specimen.

17. Posterior aspect of the same specimen.

BACK & TAIL VERTEBRÆ

Pl. 10.

PLATE XI.

Cranium.

Fig. 1. Occipital aspect of the skull of a Pterosaurian. =J=._c_.8,
no. 2, p. 84.

2. Anterior aspect of the same skull, showing a transverse
section of the brain cavity fractured through the
parietal bones. At its base on each side are seen the
optic lobes.

3. Anterior aspect of a Pterodactyle skull of a different
genus. =J=._c_.8, no. 1. The frontal bones have come
away from the parietal at the suture, p. 80.

4. Superior aspect of the same specimen looking upon the
parietal, supra-occipital, and ex-occipital bones.

5. Occipital aspect of the same specimen, showing the
foramen magnum, the absence of the basi-occipital
bone, and the basi-sphenoid mass.

6. Side view of the same specimen, showing below the
girdling occipital crest the excavation for the quadrate
bone's articulation with the skull, and the forward
prolongation of the basi-sphenoid mass.

7. Palatal aspect of the basi-sphenoid bone. =J=._c_.9. To be
compared with the small triangular mass in fig. 5, p. 85.

8. Side view of the ethmo-sphenoid mass, =J=._c_.9, showing the
lateral boundary of the front of the cerebral hemispheres,
p. 85.

9. Posterior aspect of the same specimen, showing parts of
the cups which covered the anterior termination of
the cerebral lobes.

10. Anterior view of the cerebral lobes in a natural mould
of the brain, in the collection of J. F. Walker, Esq.
It may be compared with figs. 2. and 9, p. 87.

11. Superior aspect of a natural mould of the brain, showing
the outline of the cerebral lobes, and the cerebellum
between them behind. Portions of bone in the temporal
region are left attached, p. 87.

12. Side view of the same specimen; one cerebral lobe is
seen behind the other. The anterior termination of
this figure may be compared with the posterior outline
of fig. 8.

13. Side view of basi-occipital bone, p. 78.

14. Palatal aspect of quadrate bone, showing the articulation
for the lower jaw, and the thin quadrato-jugal attached
to its outside, p. 89.

15. Exterior aspect of quadrato-jugal and quadrate bones.
Above the articulation in German specimens is the
outline of the orbit of the eye.

16. Anterior aspect of the distal end of a left quadrate bone.

17. Posterior aspect of the same specimen, showing the
wing for the pterygoid articulation.

CRANIUM

Pl. 11.

PLATE XII.

Facial Bones and Lower Jaw.

Fig. 1. Side view of the dentary bone of Ornithocheirus
machærorhynchus, showing its posterior attenuation
towards the palate. =J=._c6_.33.1, p. 113.

2. Superior aspect of the same specimen, showing the
palatal groove and tooth sockets.

3. Articular end of left ramus of mandible, =J=._4_, showing
its posterior termination, p. 91.

4. Articular end of left ramus of mandible, =J=._c6_.32. 2,
fractured through the articulation.

5. Side view of anterior part of dentary bone of Ornithocheirus
Cuvieri ? =J=._c_.15, p. 113.

6. Side view of anterior part of premaxillary bone of
Ornithocheirus microdon, fractured at both ends.
=J=._c_.29, p. 116.

7. Palatal aspect of the same specimen, showing the palatal
ridge and tooth sockets.

8. Palatal aspect of anterior part of premaxillary bone of
Ornithocheirus denticulatus. =J=._c5_.28.1, p. 122.

9. Side view of the same specimen.

10. Tooth, showing absorption by the successional tooth,
on the inner side of the fang. =J=._c_.27, no. 10, p. 92.

11. Tooth. =J=._c1_.1.4.

12. Fang of a large tooth. =J=._c_.27, no. 34.

13. Undetermined [? pterygoid end of palatine bone].
=J=._c1_.2.7, p. 91.

14. Other side of same specimen.

15. 1 Vomer, side view. =J=._c_.10, no. 2, p. 88.

16. 1 Palatal view of the same specimen.

17. Pelvis with a bone attached like the middle part of
=J=._c_.10, no. 2. ?Neural arch of sacral vertebra.

FACIAL BONES AND MANDIBLE

Pl. 12.

* * * * *

Transcriber Notes

Minor typos were corrected and the Errata list changes were applied. Standardization of hyphenation was standardized to the most common form used. Headers for each genera's description was standardized to list the specimen information first.